U.S. patent application number 15/531671 was filed with the patent office on 2018-10-04 for adjuvant composition.
The applicant listed for this patent is Naational University Corporation Hokkaido University. Invention is credited to Misako Matsumoto, Tsukasa Seya.
Application Number | 20180280425 15/531671 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56091725 |
Filed Date | 2018-10-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180280425 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Seya; Tsukasa ; et
al. |
October 4, 2018 |
ADJUVANT COMPOSITION
Abstract
Provided is an adjuvant composition comprising a nucleic acid
comprising a double-stranded RNA bound to a single-stranded DNA,
the double-stranded RNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 1 and its complementary sequence, the single-stranded DNA
consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Also provided
is a vaccine composition comprising the adjuvant composition and an
antigen or an antigen component. The nucleic acid contained in the
adjuvant composition is a chemically synthesizable nucleic acid
having potent adjuvant activity and high safety.
Inventors: |
Seya; Tsukasa; (Sapporo-shi,
JP) ; Matsumoto; Misako; (Sapporo-shi, JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Naational University Corporation Hokkaido University |
Sapporo-shi |
|
JP |
|
|
Family ID: |
56091725 |
Appl. No.: |
15/531671 |
Filed: |
December 1, 2015 |
PCT Filed: |
December 1, 2015 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP2015/083825 |
371 Date: |
May 30, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 39/00 20130101;
C12N 2760/18432 20130101; C12N 2310/315 20130101; A61P 35/00
20180101; A61K 39/0011 20130101; C12N 15/09 20130101; A61K 39/39
20130101; C12N 2310/17 20130101; C12N 15/117 20130101; A61K 31/7125
20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/7125 20060101
A61K031/7125; A61K 39/00 20060101 A61K039/00; A61K 39/39 20060101
A61K039/39; C12N 15/117 20060101 C12N015/117 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 2, 2014 |
JP |
2014-244421 |
Claims
1. An adjuvant composition comprising a double-stranded nucleic
acid comprising a first single-stranded nucleic acid consisting of
a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a second single-stranded
nucleic acid consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
4.
2-7. (canceled)
8. The adjuvant composition according to claim 1, wherein the first
and second single-stranded nucleic acids are chemically synthesized
nucleic acids.
9. The adjuvant composition according to claim 1, wherein the first
and second single-stranded nucleic acids are formed of a plurality
of chemically synthesized fragments linked by ligation.
10. The adjuvant composition according to claim 1, wherein the
first and second single-stranded nucleic acids have no phosphate
group attached to either of the ends.
11. The adjuvant composition according to claim 1, wherein said
first and/or said second single-stranded nucleic acids comprise
nucleotides that are phosphorothioate modified.
12. A vaccine composition comprising the adjuvant composition
according to claim 1 and an antigen or an antigen component.
13. The vaccine composition according to claim 12, wherein the
antigen is a cancer antigen.
14. A nucleic acid comprising a first single-stranded nucleic acid
with a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a second
single-stranded nucleic acid with a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 4.
15. A method of inhibiting a cancer in a mammal comprising
administering the nucleic acid as defined in claim 14 and a cancer
antigen to a mammal.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a novel adjuvant
composition and a vaccine composition comprising the adjuvant
composition.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] Most cancer immunotherapies are conducted by administering a
peptide vaccine as a cancer antigen. For increased efficacy,
co-administration of a cancer antigen with an adjuvant that
activates dendritic cells has been proposed. The present inventors
have advanced research on adjuvants for cancer immunotherapies, and
found that measles viral diRNA (defective interference RNA)
functions as an adjuvant. In particular, the inventors have found
that the diRNA induces IFN-3 expression in human cells and enhances
NK activity of NK cells, and that the diRNA administered together
with a cancer antigen epitope induces marked tumor regression
effect in cancer-bearing mice prepared by implanting B16 melanoma
cells (Patent Literature 1). The inventors have also identified an
oligo DNA that inhibits poly(I:C)-induced TLR3-mediated IFN-.beta.
expression, and reported that the oligo DNA shares the uptake
receptor with poly(I:C) and the oligo DNA taken up in cells
partially colocalized with TLR3 (Non Patent Literature 1). The
inventors have designed a new nucleic acid based on the oligo DNA
described in Non Patent Literature 1 and the diRNA described in
Patent Literature 1, and discovered that the nucleic acid reaches
endosomal TLR3 and exhibits potent adjuvant activity (Patent
Literature 2).
[0003] Nucleic acids with adjuvant activity supplied as
pharmaceuticals must comply with the GMP standard, and are hence
required to be prepared by chemical synthesis. However, chemical
synthetic techniques for long RNAs, such as those longer than 100
mer, have not yet been established, and such RNAs are synthesized
solely by in vitro transcription. Under these circumstances,
development of a chemically synthesizable nucleic acid with potent
adjuvant activity and high safety has been greatly desired to
provide an adjuvant formulation as a pharmaceutical for humans.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
[0004] Patent Literature 1: WO 2008/065752 [0005] Patent Literature
2: WO 2012/014945
Non Patent Literature
[0005] [0006] Non Patent Literature 1: The Journal of Immunology,
2008, 181: 5522-5529
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
[0007] An object of the present invention is to provide an adjuvant
composition comprising a chemically synthesizable nucleic acid
having potent adjuvant activity and high safety, and a vaccine
composition comprising the adjuvant composition and an antigen or
an antigen component.
Solution to Problem
[0008] The present invention was made to solve the above problems
and includes the following.
(1) An adjuvant composition comprising a double-stranded nucleic
acid comprising a single-stranded nucleic acid A consisting of a
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a single-stranded nucleic
acid B of SEQ ID NO: 4. (2) The adjuvant composition according to
the above (1), wherein the single-stranded nucleic acids A and B
are chemically synthesized nucleic acids. (3) The adjuvant
composition according to the above (1) or (2), wherein the
single-stranded nucleic acids A and B are formed of a plurality of
chemically synthesized fragments linked by ligation. (4) The
adjuvant composition according to any one of the above (1) to (3),
wherein the single-stranded nucleic acids A and B have no phosphate
group attached to either of the ends. (5) The adjuvant composition
according to any one of the above (1) to (4), which comprises a
single-stranded DNA whose nucleotides are all phosphorothioate
modified. (6) A vaccine composition comprising the adjuvant
composition according to any one of the above (1) to (5) and an
antigen or an antigen component. (7) The vaccine composition
according to the above (6), wherein the antigen is a cancer
antigen.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
[0009] The present invention provides an adjuvant composition
comprising a chemically synthesized nucleic acid having potent
adjuvant activity and high safety. The nucleic acid is more stable
and has fewer adverse effects than a conventional nucleic acid
produced by in vitro transcription, and is thus very useful as an
adjuvant for humans. The adjuvant composition may be combined with
an antigen or an antigen component to provide an effective vaccine
composition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1A shows the structure of cM362-140, and FIG. 1B shows
7% urea-containing 8% PAGE of the sense and antisense RNAs of
cM362-140.
[0011] FIG. 2 shows the structure of cM362-139.
[0012] FIGS. 3A and 3B show the stability of cM362-140 and
cM362-139 in serum-containing PBS, respectively.
[0013] FIGS. 4A and 4B show the stability of cM362-140 and
cM362-139 in RNase-free water containing serum, respectively.
[0014] FIG. 5 shows IFN-.beta. promoter activation by cM362-140 as
evaluated by reporter assay.
[0015] FIG. 6 shows cytokine production induced by cM362-140 as
evaluated in vitro using splenic dendritic cells from wild-type
mice and TLR3 knockout mice.
[0016] FIG. 7 shows cytokine production induced by intraperitoneal
administration of cM362-140 to wild-type mice and TLR3 knockout
mice as evaluated in vivo.
[0017] FIG. 8 shows the tumor regression effect of cM362-140 and/or
OVA in wild-type mice bearing EG7 cell tumors.
[0018] FIG. 9 shows the detection of OVA-specific CD8.sup.+ T cells
in spleen cells after administration of cM362-140 and/or OVA to
wild-type mice bearing EG7 cell tumors.
[0019] FIG. 10 shows the production levels of IFN-.gamma. in spleen
cells after administration of cM362-140 and/or OVA to wild-type
mice bearing EG7 cell tumors.
[0020] FIG. 11 shows the tumor regression effect of cM362-140 in
mice (wild-type mice or TICAM-1 knockout mice) bearing B16 melanoma
cell (B16D8) tumors.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Adjuvant Composition
[0021] The present invention provides an adjuvant composition
comprising a nucleic acid comprising a double-stranded RNA bound to
a single-stranded DNA, the double-stranded RNA consisting of a
nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and its complementary sequence,
the single-stranded DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 2. The nucleic acid (hereinafter called "the nucleic acid of
the present invention") contained in the adjuvant composition of
the present invention is only required to comprise the
double-stranded RNA bound to the single-stranded DNA, the
double-stranded RNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 1 and its complementary sequence, the single-stranded DNA
consisting of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. It has been
demonstrated that the double-stranded RNA portion of the nucleic
acid of the present invention has the ability to activate TLR3, and
that the single-stranded DNA portion is delivered to the endosomal
compartments of dendritic cells.
[0022] Therefore, the nucleic acid of the present invention is
efficiently delivered to the endosomal compartments of dendritic
cells and activates TLR3, thereby stimulating the immune
function.
[0023] The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is the nucleotide
residues at positions 1 to 140 in the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID
NO: 5) of the sense strand of diRNA of measles virus
laboratory-adapted strain of Edmonston (ED). The nucleotide
sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1 is indicated in SEQ ID NO:
4. The single-stranded DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence of
SEQ ID NO: 2 may be joined to either strand of the double-stranded
RNA. The single-stranded DNA may be directly joined to the
double-stranded RNA, or alternatively the single-stranded DNA and
the double-stranded RNA may be joined together via another nucleic
acid (e.g., a linker nucleic acid). Preferably, the single-stranded
DNA is directly joined to the double-stranded RNA. The 3' end of
the single-stranded DNA may be joined to the 5' end of the RNA, or
alternatively the 5' end of the single-stranded DNA may be joined
to the 3' end of the RNA. More preferably, the 3' end of the
single-stranded DNA is directly covalently bonded to the 5' end of
the RNA. Further preferably, the 3' end of the single-stranded DNA
is directly covalently bonded to the 5' end of the RNA sense strand
(SEQ ID NO: 1). That is, the nucleic acid of the present invention
is preferably composed of the single-stranded nucleic acid A
consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 (a chimeric
nucleic acid composed of the single-stranded DNA and the RNA sense
strand) and the single-stranded nucleic acid B of SEQ ID NO: 4 (the
RNA antisense strand).
[0024] The nucleotides of the single-stranded DNA are preferably
phosphorothioate-modified nucleotides (also called "sulfur-modified
nucleotides"). Part or all of the nucleotides of the
single-stranded DNA may be phosphorothioate modified, but
preferably all of the nucleotides of the single-stranded DNA are
phosphorothioate modified. Phosphorothioate modification increases
nuclease resistance and enhances delivery to endosomal
compartments.
[0025] The nucleic acid of the present invention is preferably
formed of two nucleic acid strands produced by chemical synthesis.
That is, the above single-stranded nucleic acids A and B are
preferably chemically synthesized nucleic acid strands. Unlike
conventional long RNAs synthesized by in vitro transcription, the
nucleic acid of the present invention is produced by
sequence-specific chemical synthesis, and thus is highly useful due
to several advantages: for example, the nucleic acid of the present
invention can be provided in a stable, lyophilized form, and has a
correctly synthesized nucleotide sequence. The chemical synthesis
method of the nucleic acid is not particularly limited, and a
conventionally known chemical synthesis method can be appropriately
used. Examples of the conventional method include the
phosphoramidite method etc.
[0026] Each of the single-stranded nucleic acids may be chemically
synthesized as a full-length nucleic acid. Alternatively, several
fragments of each nucleic acid may be separately synthesized and
linked by ligation to give the nucleic acid. The length (the number
of bases) of each fragment is not particularly limited, but is
preferably about 30 mer to about 80 mer, more preferably about 35
mer to about 70 mer, further preferably about 40 mer to about 60
mer. The ligation may be performed by a known ligation technique,
and is preferably performed by ligation reaction mediated by a
splint DNA, as described in, for example, Moore et al. (Moore M J,
& Sharp P A. Site-specific modification of pre-mRNA: the
2'-hydroxyl groups at the splice sites. Science 256: 992-997
(1992)) and Jing et al. (Jing Xu, Lapham J, & Crothers D M.
Determining RNA solution structure by segmental isotopic labeling
and NMR: Application to Caenorhabditis elegans spliced leader RNA
1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 44-48 (1996)) (see Example
1).
[0027] Each of the single-stranded nucleic acids that are combined
together to form the nucleic acid of the present invention
preferably has no phosphate group at either of the ends. In in
vitro transcription, synthesized RNA strands have triphosphoric
acid attached to the 5' end, but since the nucleic acid of the
present invention is produced by chemical synthesis, the
single-stranded nucleic acids that are combined together to form
the nucleic acid of the present invention have no phosphate group
at the 5' end or the 3' end. If a nucleic acid having a phosphate
group attached to the 5' end is administered to a living body at a
high dose, the nucleic acid will activate the cytoplasmic RIG-I
pathway to induce the production of a large amount of cytokines,
and in turn will cause adverse effects (Robinson R A, DeVita V T,
Levy H B, Baron S, Hubbard S P, Levine A S. A phase I-II trial of
multiple-dose polyriboinosic-polyribocytidylic acid in patients
with leukemia or solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976 September;
57(3): 599-602). In contrast, the nucleic acid of the present
invention can be used to provide a highly safe adjuvant
composition.
[0028] Unlike poly(I:C), the nucleic acid of the present invention
preferentially activates the TICAM-1-mediated signaling system
downstream of TLR3, and does not activate the intracellular RNA
sensors other than TLR3. Hence, the nucleic acid of the present
invention has been confirmed to have no risk of inducing cytokine
storm and to be thus highly safe (see Examples 5 and 7). The
nucleic acid of the present invention has also been confirmed to be
more stable than a nucleic acid with a similar structure formed of
RNA strands synthesized by in vitro transcription (see Example
2).
[0029] As described above, the nucleic acid of the present
invention is delivered to the endosomal compartments of dendritic
cells and activates TLR3, thereby enhancing various immune
responses. The nucleic acid of the present invention is highly safe
and stable, and is thus very useful as an active ingredient of an
adjuvant composition. The adjuvant composition of the present
invention can be formulated into a dosage form by appropriately
blending the nucleic acid of the present invention with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or additive. In particular, the
adjuvant composition can be formulated into an oral formulation,
such as a tablet, a coated tablet, a pill, a powder, granules, a
capsule, a solution, a suspension and an emulsion, or a parenteral
formulation, such as an injection, an infusion, a suppository, an
ointment and a patch. The amount of the carrier or additive to be
added can be determined as appropriate based on the range typically
used in the pharmaceutical field. The carrier or additive that may
be added is not particularly limited and examples thereof include
various types of carriers, such as water, physiological saline,
other aqueous solvents, and aqueous or oily vehicles; and various
types of additives, such as excipients, binders, pH adjusters,
disintegrants, absorption promoters, lubricants, colorants, flavors
and fragrances.
[0030] Examples of the additives that may be added to a tablet, a
capsule, etc. include binders such as gelatin, corn starch,
tragacanth and gum arabic; excipients such as crystalline
cellulose; swelling agents such as corn starch, gelatin, and
alginic acid; lubricants such as magnesium stearate; sweeteners
such as sucrose, lactose and saccharin; and flavors such as
peppermint flavor, wintergreen oil and cherry flavor. When the unit
dosage form is a capsule, a liquid carrier such as oils and fats
can be further added in addition to the above types of ingredients.
A sterile composition for injection can be formulated in accordance
with the usual pharmaceutical practice, for example, by dissolving
or suspending the active ingredient in a vehicle, such as water for
injection, or a natural vegetable oil, such as sesame oil and
coconut oil. An aqueous liquid for injection that may be used is,
for example, physiological saline or an isotonic solution
containing glucose and/or other auxiliary substances (for example,
D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, sodium chloride, etc.). The aqueous liquid
for injection may be used in combination with an appropriate
solubilizer, such as alcohols (e.g., ethanol), polyalcohols (e.g.,
propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc.), and nonionic
surfactants (e.g., polysorbate 80.TM., HCO-50, etc.). An oily
liquid that may be used is, for example, sesame oil or soybean oil.
The oily liquid may be used in combination with a solubilizer such
as benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol. Other additives that may be
added are, for example, buffering agents (e.g., a phosphate buffer,
a sodium acetate buffer, etc.), soothing agents (e.g., benzalkonium
chloride, procaine hydrochloride, etc.), stabilizers (e.g., human
serum albumin, polyethylene glycol, etc.), preservatives (e.g.,
benzyl alcohol, phenol, etc.) and antioxidants.
[0031] The formulations produced in the above manner can be
administered to, for example, humans and other mammals (e.g., rats,
mice, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cattle, cats, dogs, monkeys, etc.). The
dose and dosing frequency of the adjuvant composition of the
present invention can be determined, as appropriate, in accordance
with the purpose of administration, the age, body weight, sex and
past medical history of the subject, the mode of administration,
etc.
Vaccine Composition
[0032] The present invention also provides a vaccine composition
comprising the adjuvant composition of the present invention and an
antigen or an antigen component. Examples of the antigen or the
antigen component include a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen, a
cancer antigen, a component thereof, etc. Preferred is a cancer
antigen. Combined administration of the nucleic acid of the present
invention and a cancer antigen has been revealed to induce marked
tumor regression in tumor-bearing mice prepared by subcutaneously
implanting cancer cells. Thus, the vaccine composition of the
present invention has been confirmed to be very useful as a cancer
vaccine. The vaccine composition of the present invention can be
produced by adding an antigen or an antigen component to the
adjuvant composition of the present invention. The vaccine
composition of the present invention can be formulated into a
dosage form in the same manner as in the dosage formulation of the
adjuvant composition of the present invention.
[0033] Examples of the viral antigen include, for example, viral
antigens from adenovirus, retrovirus, picornavirus, herpesvirus,
rotavirus, hantavirus, coronavirus, togavirus, flavivirus,
rhabdovirus, paramyxovirus, orthomyxovirus, bunyavirus, arenavirus,
reovirus, papillomavirus, parvovirus, poxvirus, hepadnavirus,
spongiform virus, HIV, CMV, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus,
hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, measles virus, poliovirus,
smallpox virus, rubella virus, herpes simplex virus,
varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Japanese encephalitis
virus, rabies virus, influenza virus, etc., or a combination
thereof.
[0034] Examples of the bacterial antigen include, for example,
bacterial antigens from Bacillus spp., Escherichia spp., Listeria
spp., Neisseria spp., Nocardia spp., Salmonella spp.,
Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., etc., or a combination
thereof.
[0035] Examples of the cancer antigen include, for example, cancer
antigens from leukemia, lymphoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma,
melanoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer,
digestive system tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver
cancer, pancreatic cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal
cancer, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, penile cancer, bone
tumors, blood vascular tumors, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer,
rectal cancer, large intestine cancer, pancreatic cancer, gall
bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, laryngeal cancer, lung cancer,
bronchial cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, brain tumors,
thyroid cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple
myeloma, etc., or a combination thereof.
[0036] The present invention further includes the following.
(1) A nucleic acid formed of the single-stranded nucleic acid A
consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and the
single-stranded nucleic acid B of SEQ ID NO: 4. (2) A method for
treating a cancer, comprising administering the nucleic acid
according to the above (1) and a cancer antigen to a mammal. (3)
The nucleic acid according to the above (1) for use in the
treatment of a cancer. (4) Use of the nucleic acid according to the
above (1) for the production of a therapeutic drug for a
cancer.
EXAMPLES
[0037] The present invention will be described in more detail below
with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not
limited thereto.
Example 1: Preparation of Nucleic Acids
[0038] (1) Preparation of cM362-140 (Chemically Synthesized Nucleic
Acid)
[0039] The single-stranded nucleic acids (S1, S2, S3, AS1, AS2 and
AS3) shown in Table 1 were synthesized by GeneDesign, Inc. The RNA
fragments were chemically synthesized using tBDMS RNA amidites, the
DNA fragment was chemically synthesized using standard DNA
amidites, and phosphorothioate linkages (sulfur modification) were
introduced using PADS. The synthesis was performed based on the
phosphoramidite method (Scaringe, S. A. et al, J Am Chem 1998; 120:
11820-11821) using a solid-phase carrier with optimized parameters.
After completion of the synthesis, the protecting groups on the
bases and on the 2' position were removed by the usual method. The
products were purified by reverse-phase HPLC and desalted to give
the single-stranded nucleic acids.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Fragment RNA Sense MV-RNA sequence Antisense
MV-RNA sequence S1 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 5'-t{circumflex over (
)}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over (
)}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over (
)}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over (
)}t{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over (
)}a{circumflex over ( )}a{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over (
)}c{circumflex over ( )}a{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over (
)} c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over (
)}g{circumflex over ( )}a{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over (
)} + MV(ED)DI RNA 1-14 S2 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5'-p + MV(ED)DI RNA 15-74
S3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5'-p + MV(ED)DI RNA 75-140 AS1 (SEQ ID NO: 9)
MV(ED)DI RNA 1013-1064 AS2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5'-p + MV(ED)DI RNA
1065-1104 AS3 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5'-p + MV(ED)DI RNA 1105-1152 Bases
in lower-case letters are oligodeoxpucleotides. {circumflex over (
)}, phosphorothioate; 5'-p, 5' phosphate.
[0040] The chemically synthesized long RNA cM362-140 was
constructed by ligation reactions mediated by a splint DNA as
described below (references: Moore M J & Sharp P A.
Site-specific modification of pre-mRNA: the 2'-hydroxyl groups at
the splice sites. Science 256: 992-997 (1992), and Jing Xu, Lapham
J, & Crothers D M. Determining RNA solution structure by
segmental isotopic labeling and NMR: Application to Caenorhabditis
elegans spliced leader RNA 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 44-48
(1996)).
[0041] To prepare the sense RNA (single-stranded nucleic acid A) of
cM362-140, the ligation reactions were performed in two steps. As
the first ligation, S2 fragment (SEQ ID NO: 7, 40 nmol), S3
fragment (SEQ ID NO: 8, 40 nmol) and a splint DNA (SEQ ID NO: 12,
40-48 nmol) specific for the ligation site were mixed, heated at
95.degree. C. for 5 minutes and then slowly cooled to 4.degree. C.
to allow hybridization to take place. T4 DNA ligase (Takara Bio)
was added and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 16
to 22 hours. The ligation reaction mixture contained 15.4 M
annealed complex, 66 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 6.6 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM
DTT, 0.1 mM ATP and .about.31 U/.mu.L T4 DNA ligase. As the second
ligation, S1 fragment (SEQ ID NO: 6, 40 nmol) and a splint DNA (SEQ
ID NO: 13, 40-48 nmol) specific for the second ligation site were
added to the first ligation reaction mixture, and hybridized in the
same manner as in the first ligation. T4 DNA ligase was added and
the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 16 to 22 hours.
The second ligation reaction mixture contained 8.9 .mu.M annealed
complex, 66 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 6.6 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM of DTT,
0.1 mM of ATP and .about.31 U/L T4 DNA ligase. The derived
full-length 165 mer sense RNA (single-stranded nucleic acid A) was
isolated by 8% PAGE containing 7 M urea. After visualization by UV
irradiation, the band of interest was excised and eluted with 0.3 M
sodium acetate. The eluted RNA was ethanol precipitated and
resuspended in RNase-free water. For large-scale preparation of the
RNA, electro-elution was performed using D-tube Dialyzer Maxi
(Novagen) and eluted RNA was dialyzed, concentrated and
precipitated with ethanol. The concentration of RNA was determined
by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm in a spectrometer. The yield
was 8 to 10%.
[0042] To prepare the antisense RNA (single-stranded nucleic acid
B) of cM362-140, three fragments, AS1 (SEQ ID NO: 9, 33 nmol), AS2
(SEQ ID NO: 10, 33 nmol) and AS3 (SEQ ID NO: 11, 33 nmol) and two
splint DNAs (SEQ ID NOs: 14 and 15, 33 nmol each) specific for two
different ligation sites were mixed, and hybridized. T4 DNA ligase
was added and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 16
to 22 hours. The ligation reaction mixture contained 15 .mu.M
annealed complex, 66 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 6.6 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM
DTT, 0.1 mM ATP and .about.31 U/L T4 DNA ligase. The derived
full-length 140 mer antisense RNA (single-stranded nucleic acid B)
was purified by the same procedure as in the preparation of the
sense RNA. The yield was 15 to 22%.
[0043] To generate cM362-140, the sense RNA (single-stranded
nucleic acid A) and the antisense RNA (single-stranded nucleic acid
B) were annealed. FIG. 1A shows the structure of cM362-140, and
FIG. 1B shows 8% PAGE of the 165 mer sense RNA (single-stranded
nucleic acid A) and the 140 mer antisense RNA (single-stranded
nucleic acid B) synthesized above. The sense and antisense RNAs
were each detected as a single band with a size consistent with the
nucleotide length.
(2) Preparation of Control Nucleic Acid cM362-139
[0044] The structure of cM362-139 is shown in FIG. 2, and the
nucleotide sequence of cM362-139 is shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 DNA sequence of ODN (sODN and linker DNA)
(SEQ ID NO: 16) 5'-t{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over (
)}c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over (
)}c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over (
)}c{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over (
)}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over ( )}a{circumflex over (
)}a{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over (
)}a{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over ( )}c{circumflex over (
)}t{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over ( )}g{circumflex over (
)}a{circumflex over ( )}t{circumflex over ( )} accgtggtcatgctcc-3'
Sense MV-RNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17) Antisense MV-RNA sequence
(SEQ ID NO: 18) GGG + MV (ED) DI RNA 1-136 MV (ED) DI RNA 1017-1152
+ cccggagcaugaccacgg {circumflex over ( )}: phosphorothioate
[0045] The single-stranded DNA (ODN+linker DNA) was synthesized by
GeneDesign, Inc. The defective interference RNA (diRNA) of measles
virus (MV) laboratory-adapted strain of Edmonston (ED) was used as
the template of the double-stranded RNA. DNA fragments covering
this region of the MV genome and the T7 promoter sequence were
amplified by PCR using the plasmid pCR-T7 MV as a template. The
primers used are shown below.
TABLE-US-00003 ODN-139 sense RNA (5' primer) (SEQ ID NO: 19)
5'-tgtaatacgactcactatagggaccagacaaagctggga-3'
[0046] T7 promoter sequence is underlined.
TABLE-US-00004 ODN-139 sense RNA (3' primer) (SEQ ID NO: 20)
5'-ggatacagtgccctgattaa-3' ODN-139 antisense RNA (5' primer) (SEQ
ID NO: 21) 5'-tgtaatacgactcactataggatacagtgccctgattaa-3'
[0047] T7 promoter sequence is underlined.
TABLE-US-00005 ODN-139 antisense RNA (3' primer) (SEQ ID NO: 22)
5'-ccgtggtcatgctccgggaccagacaaagctggga-3'
[0048] The sense and antisense RNAs were in vitro transcribed from
the PCR products using AmpliScribe.TM. T7 transcription kit
(Epicentre Technologies) in accordance with the manufacturer's
protocol. The transcribed products were isolated by 8% PAGE
containing 7 M urea and purified in the same manner as in Example
1. Finally, the single-stranded DNA (ODN+linker DNA) and the sense
and antisense RNAs were mixed and annealed to give cM362-139.
Example 2: Stability of Nucleic Acids
(1) Stability in Serum-Containing PBS
[0049] cM362-140 and cM362-139 were separately dissolved at 20
.mu.g/mL in serum-free PBS, PBS containing 10% heat-inactivated
fetal bovine serum (FBS), PBS containing 10% mouse serum (MS) or
PBS containing 10% human serum (HS), and incubated at 37.degree. C.
or 42.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Aliquots containing 0.1 .mu.g of
the treated nucleic acids were taken before start of incubation (0
minute-incubation, only for serum-free PBS) and after 5-, 15-, 30-
and 60-minute incubation, mixed with 10.times. loading dye (Takara
Bio), and electrophoresed on 4% agarose gel (Nusieve 3:1 Agarose,
Lonza) containing ethidium bromide.
[0050] The results are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIGS. 3A and 3B
show the electrophoretic patterns of cM362-140 and cM362-139,
respectively. Both nucleic acids were stable during the 30-minute
incubation at 37.degree. C., but cM362-139, which was prepared by
in vitro transcription, was slightly degraded during the 30-minute
incubation in PBS containing serum (FBS, MS or HS) at 42.degree.
C.
(2) Stability in RNase-Free Water Containing Serum
[0051] The stability of the nucleic acids was examined by
electrophoresis on 3% agarose gel using RNase-free water instead of
PBS under the same conditions as above.
[0052] The results are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIGS. 4A and 4B
show the electrophoretic patterns of cM362-140 and cM362-139,
respectively. cM362-140 was stable under all the conditions, but
cM362-139 was slightly degraded during incubation in the presence
of serum (FBS, MS or HS).
[0053] Thus, cM362-140 was found to be more stable than
cM362-139.
Example 3: Activation of IFN-.beta. Promoter
[0054] HEK293 cells (8.times.10.sup.5 cells/well) were seeded in
6-well culture plates. The HEK293 cells were transfected with a
human TLR3 expression vector (400 ng/well) or an empty vector (400
ng/well) together with a reporter plasmid p-125 (400 ng/well) and
an internal control vector phRL-TK (20 ng/well, Promega) using
Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). The reporter plasmid p-125
containing the human IFN-.beta. promoter region (-125 to +19) was
provided by Dr. Taniguchi (the University of Tokyo). Dulbecco's
Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Invitrogen) supplemented with 10%
heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FCS, Invitrogen) and
antibiotics was used as medium.
[0055] Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were
recovered, resuspended in medium and seeded in 96-well culture
plates. The nucleic acids, i.e., cM362-140, cM362-139, poly(I:C)
(Amersham) and the double-stranded RNA portion (dsRNA140) of
cM362-140, were separately added to a concentration of 10 .mu.g/mL
in the following manner:
(A) each nucleic acid was directly added to medium containing
HEK293 cells expressing human TLR3, (B) each nucleic acid and DOTAP
liposomal transfection reagent (Roche) were added to medium
containing HEK293 cells expressing human TLR3, or (C) each nucleic
acid and Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) were added to medium
containing HEK293 cells.
[0056] Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) was used for
luciferase activity measurement. The luciferase activity was
measured 6 hours after addition of the nucleic acids in (A) and (B)
and 24 hours after addition of the nucleic acids in (C).
[0057] The results are shown in FIG. 5. The left panel shows the
results of (A), the center panel shows the results of (B) and the
right panel shows the results of (C). The data were expressed as
the mean value.+-.SD (n=3). cM362-140 efficiently induced
IFN-.beta. promoter activation similar to cM362-139 in (A) the
simple addition of cM362-140 to the extracellular matrix (medium)
of the HEK293 cells expressing human TLR3, and in (B) the endosomal
delivery of cM362-140 to the HEK293 cells expressing human TLR3
(FIG. 5, left and center panels). Activation of the IFN-.beta.
promoter was not observed in (C) the cytoplasmic delivery of
cM362-140 to the HEK293 cells not expressing human TLR3. The
results indicate that cM362-140 induces TLR3-mediated IFN-.beta.
promoter activation but does not induce other IFN-.beta. promoter
activation via other RNA/DNA sensors.
Example 4: Induction of In Vitro Cytokine Production
[0058] The spleen was harvested from wild-type C57BL/6J mice (WT)
and TLR3 knockout mice (TLR3KO) (provided by Dr. Akira, Osaka
University), and treated with collagenase. The splenocyte
suspension was passed through a filter, erythrocytes were lysed,
and the splenocytes were washed with medium. The splenocytes were
subjected to MACS system (Miltenyi Biotech) using anti-CD11c
microbeads to isolate CD11c.sup.+ cells as splenic DCs. Dulbecco's
Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Invitrogen) supplemented with 10%
heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FCS, Invitrogen) and
antibiotics was used as medium. All the animal experiments herein
were performed according to the guideline issued by the Hokkaido
University Animal Care and Use Committee.
[0059] The splenic DCs were seeded at 5.times.10.sup.5 cells in 500
.mu.L of medium per well in 24-well plates, then 20 .mu.g/mL
nucleic acid (cM362-140, cM362-139, poly(I:C), or dsRNA140) was
added (A) alone, (B) together with DOTAP liposomal transfection
reagent (Roche), or (C) together with Lipofectamine 2000
(Invitrogen), and the cells were cultured for 24 hours. After 24
hours of culture, the culture supernatants were recovered, and the
production levels of TNF-.alpha., IL-6 and IFN-.beta. were
measured. BD CBA Flex Set system was used for measurement of
TNF-.alpha. and IL-6, and Mouse IFN-.beta. ELISA Kit (PBL Assay
Science) was used for measurement of IFN-3.
[0060] The results are shown in FIG. 6. The left panels show the
production levels in the case of (A) the addition of the nucleic
acid alone to the medium, the center panels show the production
levels in the case of (B) the addition of the nucleic acid and
DOTAP liposomal transfection reagent, and the right panels show the
production levels in the case of (C) the addition of the nucleic
acid and Lipofectamine 2000. The upper panels show TNF-.alpha.
production, the middle panels show IL-6 production, and the lower
panels show IFN-.beta. production. The data from three independent
experiments were expressed as the mean value .+-.SD. As is clear
from the results shown in the left panels, extracellular addition
of cM362-140 alone to the splenic DCs induced a subtle increase in
TNF-.alpha., IL-6 and IFN-.beta. production in the splenic DCs from
the wild-type mice. As shown in the results in the center panels,
endosomal delivery of cM362-140 using DOTAP liposomal transfection
reagent induced an increase in TNF-.alpha., IL-6 and IFN-.beta.
production in the splenic DCs from the wild-type mice. On the other
hand, as apparent from the results in the right panels, when
cM362-140 was delivered to the cytoplasm using Lipofectamine 2000,
the production levels of TNF-.alpha., IL-6 and IFN-.beta. were
lower than those in the endosomal delivery. No induction of
cytokine production by cM362-140 was observed in the splenic DCs
from the TLR3KO mice in either delivery condition. The results
indicate that cM362-140 targets the endosomal TLR3, but does not
target the cytoplasmic RNA/DNA sensors.
Example 5: Induction of In Vivo Cytokine Production
[0061] Fifty micrograms of cM362-140, cM362-139 or poly(I:C) was
intraperitoneally administered to wild-type C57BL/6J mice (9 weeks
old, female) or TLR3KO mice (9 weeks old, female). Three mice were
used per group. Each of the nucleic acids was prepared as a
solution in RNase-free water. At 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours after
nucleic acid administration, the blood was collected from the tail
vein, and the serum levels of TNF-.alpha., IL-6 and IL-10 were
measured. BD CBA Flex Set system was used for the measurement.
[0062] The results are shown in FIG. 7. The left panels show
poly(I:C) administration, the center panels show cM362-139
administration, and the right panels show cM362-140 administration.
The upper panels show TNF-.alpha. production, the middle panels
show IL-6 production, and the lower panels show IL-10 production.
The data were expressed as the mean value.+-.SE (n=3). As apparent
from FIG. 7, the in vivo cytokine production levels induced by
cM362-140 were markedly low as compared with those induced by
poly(I:C). The results indicate that cM362-140 has no risk of
causing adverse effects such as cytokine storm when administered to
a living body and is highly safe.
Example 6: Induction of Antigen-Specific CTL
(1) Tumor Regression Effect
[0063] C57BL/6J mice were shaved at the back, and 2.times.10.sup.6
EG7 cells (cancer cells established from EL4 cells from thymic
carcinoma of C57BL/6 mice by forced expression of ovalbumin
antigen) in 200 .mu.L of PBS were subcutaneously implanted to
establish tumors. Tumor volumes (cm.sup.3=(long
diameter).times.(short diameter).sup.2.times.0.4) were measured
over time. Day 8 after implantation (tumor volume: about 0.6
cm.sup.3), cM362-140 alone, OVA alone, or cM362-140+OVA was
subcutaneously administered around the tumor. As a control, PBS (-)
alone was administered in the same manner. Four mice were used per
group. cM362-140 and OVA were at doses of 50 .mu.g and 100 .mu.g,
respectively, and were prepared as a solution in PBS (-). The
dosing volume was 50 .mu.L. Seven days after the first
administration (day 15 after implantation), the second
administration was performed. Endotoxin-free OVA (Hyglos) was used
as OVA.
[0064] The results are shown in FIG. 8. The cM362-140 single
administration group induced barely any regression of the tumors,
whereas the cM362-140+OVA administration group induced significant
tumor regression (*: p<0.05). The data were expressed as the
mean value .+-.SE, and the statistical analysis was performed by
one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's test.
(2) Tetramer Assay
[0065] The tetramer assay was performed using spleen cells prepared
from mice bearing EG7 tumors to evaluate the adjuvant activity of
cM362-140. Spleen cells were prepared by the usual method seven
days after the second administration of PBS, cM362-140 alone, OVA
alone, or cM362-140+OVA in the above (1) (at day 22 after
implantation). The spleen cells were dyed with FITC-CD8.alpha.
(BioLegend), PerCP/Cy5.5-7AAD (BD Biosciences), APC-CD3.epsilon.
(BioLegend) and PE-OVA-Tetramer (MBL) to detect OVA-specific
CD8.sup.+ T cells (tetramer.sup.+/CD8.sup.+/CD3.sup.+ cells), and
the proportion of the cells was calculated.
[0066] The results are shown in FIG. 9. As is clear from FIG. 9,
the proportion of OVA-specific CD8.sup.+ T cells in spleen cells
was significantly large in the cM362-140+OVA administration group,
as compared with those in the other groups (**: p<0.01). The
statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with
Bonferroni's test.
(3) IFN-.gamma. Production
[0067] The spleen cells prepared in the above (2) were seeded in
96-well culture plates (2.times.10.sup.6 cells in 200 .mu.L per
well). The cells were cultured in the presence of 100 nM OVA
peptide (SL8) for 3 days, and the IFN-.gamma. levels in the culture
supernatants were measured by BD CBA Flex Set System.
[0068] The results are shown in FIG. 10. As is clear from FIG. 10,
the IFN-.gamma. production level in spleen cells was significantly
large in the cM362-140+OVA administration group, as compared with
those in the other groups (**: p<0.01). The data were expressed
as the mean value .+-.SE, and the statistical analysis was
performed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's test.
(4) Summary
[0069] The results in Example 6 indicate that cM362-140 induces the
proliferation and activation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells,
and serves as an effective adjuvant when used together with a
cancer antigen.
Example 7: Tumor Regression Effect Via Activation of NK Cells
[0070] Regression of implanted cancer induced by activation of NK
cells was evaluated using a C57BL/6-B16 syngeneic NK-sensitive
tumor-implant model (Akazawa T., T. Ebihara, M. Okuno, Y. Okuda, K.
Tsujimura, T. Takahashi, M. Ikawa, M. Okabe, T. Ebihara, M.
Shingai, N. Inoue, M. Tanaka-Okamoto, H. Ishizaki, J. Miyoshi, M.
Matsumoto, and T. Seya. 2007. Antitumor NK activation induced by
the Toll-like receptor 3-TICAM-1 (TRIF) pathway in myeloid
dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104: 252-257.).
Wild-type C57BL/6J mice (WT) and TICAM-1 knockout mice (TICAM-1 KO,
established by the inventors) were shaved at the back, and
6.times.10.sup.5 B16 melanoma cells (B16D8) in 200 .mu.L of PBS
were subcutaneously implanted to establish tumors. Tumor volumes
(cm.sup.3=(long diameter).times.(short diameter).sup.2.times.0.4)
were measured over time. Day 12 after implantation, distilled water
(DW) or 150 .mu.g of cM362-140 mixed with in vivo-JetPEI was
subcutaneously administered around the tumor. Three mice were used
per group.
[0071] The results are shown in FIG. 11. The left panel shows tumor
volumes in the wild-type mice, and the right panel shows tumor
volumes in the TICAM-1 KO mice. As apparent from FIG. 11,
significant tumor regression effect was observed in the wild-type
mice that received cM362-140 compared with the group with distilled
water (DW) administration. No tumor regression effect was observed
in the TICAM-1 KO mice. The results indicate that the nucleic acid
of the present invention exhibits its effect via TICAM-1-mediated
signaling.
[0072] The present invention is not limited to each of the
embodiments and Examples described above, and various modifications
are possible within the scope of the claims. Embodiments obtainable
by appropriately combining the technical means disclosed in the
different embodiments of the present invention are also included in
the technical scope of the present invention. The contents of the
scientific literature and the patent literature cited herein are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
221140RNAMeasles virus 1accagacaaa gcugggaaua gaaacuucgu auuuucaaag
uuuucuuuaa uauauugcaa 60auaaugccua accaccuagg gcaggauuag gguuccggag
uucaaccaau uaguccuuaa 120ucagggcacu guauccgacu
140225DNAArtificialsynthetic DNA 2tgctgctgct tgcaagcagc ttgat
253165DNAArtificialDNA/RNA chimeric molecule for
cM362-140misc_feature(26)..(165)RNA 3tgctgctgct tgcaagcagc
ttgataccag acaaagcugg gaauagaaac uucguauuuu 60caaaguuuuc uuuaauauau
ugcaaauaau gccuaaccac cuagggcagg auuaggguuc 120cggaguucaa
ccaauuaguc cuuaaucagg gcacuguauc cgacu 1654140RNAMeasles virus
4agucggauac agugcccuga uuaaggacua auugguugaa cuccggaacc cuaauccugc
60ccuagguggu uaggcauuau uugcaauaua uuaaagaaaa cuuugaaaau acgaaguuuc
120uauucccagc uuugucuggu 14051152RNAMeasles virus 5accagacaaa
gcugggaaua gaaacuucgu auuuucaaag uuuucuuuaa uauauugcaa 60auaaugccua
accaccuagg gcaggauuag gguuccggag uucaaccaau uaguccuuaa
120ucagggcacu guauccgacu aacuugccua acaaagauac uauagagaag
cuagaggaau 180uggcagccau cuuaucgaug gcucugcucc ugggcaaaau
aggaucaaua cuggugauua 240agcuuaugcc uuucagcggg gauuuuguuc
agggauuuau aaguuaugua gggucucauu 300auagagaagu gaaccuugua
uacccuagau acagcaacuu cauaucuacu gaaucuuauu 360ugguuaugac
agaucucaag gcuaaccggc uaaugaaucc ugaaaagauu aagcagcaga
420uaauugaauc aucugugagg acuucaccug gacuuauagg ucacauccua
uccauuaagc 480aacuaagcug cauacaagca auugugggag acgcaguuag
uagaggugau aucaauccua 540cucugaaaaa acuuacaccu auagagcagg
ugcugaucaa uugcggguug gcaauuaacg 600gaccuaagcu gugcaaagaa
uugauccacc augauguugc cucagggcaa gauggauugc 660uuaauucuau
acucauccuc uacagggagu uggcaagauu caaagacaac caaagaaguc
720aacaagggau guuccacgcu uaccccguau ugguaaguag caggcaacga
gaacuuauau 780cuaggaucac ccgcaaauuu ugggggcaca uucuucuuua
cuccgggaac agaaaguuga 840uaaauaaguu uauccagaau cucaaguccg
gcuaucugau acuagacuua caccagaaua 900ucuucguuaa gaaucuaucc
aagucagaga aacagauuau uaugacgggg gguuugaaac 960gugagugggu
uuuuaaggua acagucaagg agaccaaaga augguauaag uuagucggau
1020acagugcccu gauuaaggac uaauugguug aacuccggaa cccuaauccu
gcccuaggug 1080guuaggcauu auuugcaaua uauuaaagaa aacuuugaaa
auacgaaguu ucuauuccca 1140gcuuugucug gu 1152639DNAArtificialDNA/RNA
chimeric molecule for cM362-140misc_feature(26)..(39)RNA
6tgctgctgct tgcaagcagc ttgataccag acaaagcug 39760RNAMeasles virus
7ggaauagaaa cuucguauuu ucaaaguuuu cuuuaauaua uugcaaauaa ugccuaacca
60866RNAMeasles virus 8ccuagggcag gauuaggguu ccggaguuca accaauuagu
ccuuaaucag ggcacuguau 60ccgacu 66952RNAMeasles virus 9agucggauac
agugcccuga uuaaggacua auugguugaa cuccggaacc cu 521040RNAMeasles
virus 10aauccugccc uaggugguua ggcauuauuu gcaauauauu
401148RNAMeasles virus 11aaagaaaacu uugaaaauac gaaguuucua
uucccagcuu ugucuggu 481230DNAArtificialsplint DNA 12cgaagtttct
attcccagct ttgtctggta 301330DNAArtificialsplint DNA 13taatcctgcc
ctaggtggtt aggcattatt 301430DNAArtificialsplint DNA 14acctagggca
ggattagggt tccggagttc 301530DNAArtificialsplint DNA 15ttcaaagttt
tctttaatat attgcaaata 301641DNAArtificialsynthetic DNA for
cM362-139 16tgctgctgct tgcaagcagc ttgataccgt ggtcatgctc c
4117139RNAArtificialin vitro transcriptional RNA for cM362-139
17gggaccagac aaagcuggga auagaaacuu cguauuuuca aaguuuucuu uaauauauug
60caaauaaugc cuaaccaccu agggcaggau uaggguuccg gaguucaacc aauuaguccu
120uaaucagggc acuguaucc 13918154RNAArtificialin vitro
transcriptional RNA for cM362-139 18ggauacagug cccugauuaa
ggacuaauug guugaacucc ggaacccuaa uccugcccua 60ggugguuagg cauuauuugc
aauauauuaa agaaaacuuu gaaaauacga aguuucuauu 120cccagcuuug
ucuggucccg gagcaugacc acgg 1541939DNAArtificialPrimer 19tgtaatacga
ctcactatag ggaccagaca aagctggga 392020DNAArtificialPrimer
20ggatacagtg ccctgattaa 202139DNAArtificialPrimer 21tgtaatacga
ctcactatag gatacagtgc cctgattaa 392235DNAArtificialPrimer
22ccgtggtcat gctccgggac cagacaaagc tggga 35
* * * * *