U.S. patent application number 15/543013 was filed with the patent office on 2018-09-27 for holographic waveguide light field displays.
This patent application is currently assigned to DigiLens, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is DigiLens, Inc.. Invention is credited to Alastair John GRANT, Milan Momcilo POPOVICH, Jonathan David WALDERN.
Application Number | 20180275402 15/543013 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55661476 |
Filed Date | 2018-09-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180275402 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
POPOVICH; Milan Momcilo ; et
al. |
September 27, 2018 |
HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS
Abstract
A light field display, having at least one laser emitter, an
optical modulator for modulating light from the laser emitter with
video information; a beam focus modulator; an array of beam
scanning elements; an electrically controllable beam focus
modulator; and at least one at least one waveguide having at least
one transparent substrate, an input grating and an output grating
for extracting light from the waveguide; and an eye tracker.
Inventors: |
POPOVICH; Milan Momcilo;
(LEICESTER, GB) ; WALDERN; Jonathan David; (LOS
ALTOS HILLS, CA) ; GRANT; Alastair John; (SAN JOSE,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
DigiLens, Inc. |
Sunnyvale |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
DigiLens, Inc.
SUNNYVALE
CA
|
Family ID: |
55661476 |
Appl. No.: |
15/543013 |
Filed: |
January 11, 2016 |
PCT Filed: |
January 11, 2016 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/GB2016/000003 |
371 Date: |
July 12, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62125089 |
Jan 12, 2015 |
|
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62125066 |
Jan 12, 2015 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B 27/0103 20130101;
G02B 27/48 20130101; G02B 27/0172 20130101; G02B 2027/0125
20130101; G02B 2027/0174 20130101; G02B 6/0076 20130101; G02B
6/0065 20130101; G02B 27/0093 20130101; G02B 2027/0187 20130101;
G02F 1/29 20130101; G02B 6/0035 20130101; G02B 2027/0185 20130101;
G02B 6/0016 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G02B 27/01 20060101
G02B027/01; G02B 27/00 20060101 G02B027/00; F21V 8/00 20060101
F21V008/00; G02F 1/29 20060101 G02F001/29; G02B 27/48 20060101
G02B027/48 |
Claims
1. A light field display, comprising: at least one laser emitter;
an optical modulator for modulating light from said laser emitter
with video information; an electronically controllable beam focus
modulator; an array of electronically addressable beam scanning
elements for projecting said image-modulated light over a field of
view wherein each element scans said light around an average
direction vector; an electrically controllable beam focus
modulator; at least one waveguide, said waveguide comprising at
least one transparent substrate, an input grating for coupling
image light into a TIR path and an output grating for extracting
light from said waveguide for viewing; and at least one eye tracker
for determining the gaze direction of a viewer of said display,
said beam focus modulator focusing said light onto an eye
accommodation surface determined using said eye tracker; wherein
the determination of a gaze direction vector causes the beam
scanning element with an average direction vector closest to said
gaze direction to be addressed.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said array of beam scanning
elements includes elements for high resolution foveal image
scanning and elements for low resolution peripheral image
scanning.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein separate waveguides are
provided for red, green and blue image light.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said eye tracker is a waveguide
device.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein elements of said scanner array
are one of movable fibers, movable gratings, or micro mirrors.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said beam focus modulator is
one of a lens formed in an adaptive polymer, a lens formed by a
liquid crystal layer combined with a diffractive or refractive
element, a spatial light modulator or a fluidic lens.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein separate left and right eye
trackers are provided.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 incorporating a GRIN waveguide.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said at least one laser emitter
contains at least one red, at least one green and at least one blue
die.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said output grating is
configured as a tessellated array of switchable gratings.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said gratings are one of a
Bragg Grating, a surface relief grating or a switchable Bragg
grating recorded in a HPDLC material, a uniform modulation HPDLC
material or a reverse mode HPDLC material.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a waveguide
despeckler.
13. A waveguide light field display comprising: an input image
generator providing image light projected over a field of view; at
least one imaging waveguide, said imaging waveguide comprising an
input grating for coupling image light into a TIR path and an
output grating for extracting light from said imaging waveguide to
form an intermediate image; a diffuser disposed in proximity to
said intermediate image; and a lens array having a focal surface
disposed in proximity to said diffuse for forming a viewable
image.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein separate imaging waveguides
are provided for red, green and blue image light.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein a waveguide eye tracker is
disposed as a layer on top of said imaging waveguide.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said image generator
comprises a microdisplay and a collimating lens.
17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said image generator is a
laser scanner.
18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said output grating is a two
dimensional array of selectively switching grating elements.
19. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a waveguide
despeckler.
20. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said output grating is one of
a Bragg Grating, a surface relief grating or a switchable Bragg
grating recorded in a HPDLC material, a uniform modulation HPDLC
material or a reverse mode HPDLC material.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIMS
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 62/125,089 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE
LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS filed on 12 Jan. 2015 and U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 62/125,066 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS
FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS filed on 12 Jan. 2015, each of which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] The following patent applications are incorporated by
reference herein in their entireties: U.S. Pat. No. 6,115,152
entitled HOLOGRAPHIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, U.S. Pat. No. 8,233,204
entitled OPTICAL DISPLAYS, PCT Application No.: US2006/043938,
entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY,
PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2012/000680, entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO
HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES,
PCT Application No.: GB2012/000677 entitled WEARABLE DATA DISPLAY,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/317,468 entitled COMPACT EDGE
ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY, U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/869,866 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY, and U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/844,456 entitled TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE
DISPLAY, PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2013/000500 entitled WAVEGUIDE
FOR HOMOGENIZING ILLUMININATION, U.S. Pat. No. 8,224,133 entitled
LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE and PCT Application No: GB2010/001920
entitled COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED DIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] This invention relates to a display device, and more
particularly to a light field display based on holographic
waveguides.
[0004] Light field displays convert the phase distribution of a
wavefront into angular distribution of light rays allowing the
correction perception of a 3D scene. The light field is essentially
a set of image surfaces distributed within a viewing volume. The
number of surfaces required depends on the application but in some
cases can be as few as four. Traditionally light field displays
have used arrays of lens to project a phase distribution recorded
into a photographic emulsion or spatial light modulator. A more
recent approach to light field displays is one disclosed in United
States Patent Application No. US2014/0003762 by Macnamara entitled
MULTIPLE DEPTH PLANE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY USING WAVEGUIDE
REFLECTOR ARRAY PROJECTOR.
[0005] There is growing interest in applying light field displays
in applications such as virtual reality and augmented reality. A
wearable light field display would be an advantage in such
applications. However, current designs are bulky and lack the
transparency required for applications such as augmented reality.
Waveguide displays are the key to provide high optical performance
in a compact, transparent display.
[0006] There is a requirement for a compact transparent light field
display based on a holographic waveguide.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] It is a first object of the invention to provide a compact
transparent light field display based on a holographic
waveguide.
[0008] The objects of the invention are achieved in one embodiment
of the invention in which there is provided a light field display,
comprising: at least one laser emitter; an optical modulator for
modulating light from the laser emitter with video information; an
electronically controllable beam focus modulator; an array of
electronically addressable beam scanning elements for projecting
the image-modulated light over a field of view wherein each element
scans the light around an average direction vector; an electrically
controllable beam focus modulator; at least one waveguide and at
least one eye tracker. The waveguide comprises at least one
transparent substrate, an input grating for coupling image light
into a TIR path and an output grating for extracting light from the
waveguide for viewing. The beam focus modulator focuses the light
onto an eye accommodation surface determined using the eye tracker.
The beam scanning element addressed at any time is the one with an
average direction vector most closely corresponding to the gaze
direction determined using the eye tracker.
[0009] In one embodiment the array of beam scanning elements
includes elements for high resolution foveal image scanning and
elements for low resolution peripheral image scanning.
[0010] In one embodiment separate waveguides are provided for red,
green and blue image light.
[0011] In one embodiment the eye tracker is a waveguide device.
[0012] In one embodiment the elements of the scanner array are
movable fibers, movable gratings, or micro mirrors.
[0013] In one embodiment the beam focus modulator is a lens formed
in an adaptive polymer, a lens formed by a liquid crystal layer
combined with a diffractive or refractive element, a spatial light
modulator or a fluidic lens.
[0014] In one embodiment separate left and right eye trackers are
provided.
[0015] In one embodiment the light field display incorporates a
GRIN waveguide.
[0016] In one embodiment the laser array contains at least one red,
at least one green and at least one blue die.
[0017] In one embodiment the output grating is configured as a
tessellated array of switchable gratings.
[0018] In one embodiment the grating is a holographic grating
recorded in a Bragg Grating, a surface relief grating or a
switchable Bragg grating recorded in a HPDLC material, a uniform
modulation HPDLC material or a reverse mode HPDLC material.
[0019] In one embodiment the light field display further comprises
a waveguide despeckler.
[0020] In one embodiment a waveguide light field display comprises:
an input image generator providing image light projected over a
field of view; at least one imaging waveguide, the imaging
waveguide comprising an input grating for coupling image light into
a TIR path and an output grating for extracting light from the
imaging waveguide to form an intermediate image; a diffuser
disposed in proximity to the intermediate image; and a lens array
having a focal surface disposed in proximity to the diffuse layer
for forming a viewable image.
[0021] In one embodiment separate imaging waveguides are provided
for red, green and blue image light.
[0022] In one embodiment a waveguide eye tracker is disposed as a
layer on top of the imaging waveguide.
[0023] In one embodiment the image generator comprises a
microdisplay and a collimating lens.
[0024] In one embodiment the image generator is a laser
scanner.
[0025] In one embodiment output grating is a two dimensional array
of selectively switching grating elements.
[0026] In one embodiment the light field display further comprises
a waveguide despeckler.
[0027] In one embodiment at least one of the gratings is a
holographic grating recorded in a Bragg Grating, a surface relief
grating or a switchable Bragg grating recorded in a HPDLC material,
a uniform modulation HPDLC material or a reverse mode HPDLC
material.
[0028] A more complete understanding of the invention can be
obtained by considering the following detailed description in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like index
numerals indicate like parts. For purposes of clarity, details
relating to technical material that is known in the technical
fields related to the invention have not been described in
detail.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a holographic waveguide light
field display in one embodiment.
[0030] FIG. 1B is a schematic view showing the image field formed
by holographic waveguide light field display in one embodiment.
[0031] FIG. 1C is a schematic view of a scanner module use in a
holographic waveguide light field display in one embodiment.
[0032] FIG. 2A is a cross section view of a monochrome light field
display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0033] FIG. 2B is a cross section view of a detail of a monochrome
light field display using a holographic lens array in one
embodiment.
[0034] FIG. 2C is a plan view of a detail of a monochrome light
field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0035] FIG. 2D is a plan view of a microdisplay panel used in a
monochrome light field display using a holographic lens array in
one embodiment.
[0036] FIG. 2E is a plan view of a detail of a monochrome light
field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0037] FIG. 3A is a cross section view of a color light field
display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0038] FIG. 3B is a plan view of a detail of color light field
display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0039] FIG. 3C is a cross section view of a detail of a color light
field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0040] FIG. 3D is a plan view of a microdisplay panel used in a
color light field display using a holographic lens array in one
embodiment.
[0041] FIG. 3E is a plan view of a detail of a color light field
display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
[0042] FIG. 4 is a general architecture for a light field display
based on GRIN waveguide and diffractive waveguide optics in one
embodiment.
[0043] FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of a GRIN waveguide in
embodiment of the invention.
[0044] FIG. 6 is a general architecture for a light field display
based on GRIN waveguide and diffractive waveguide optics in one
embodiment.
[0045] FIG. 7 is a general architecture for a light field display
based on GRIN waveguide and diffractive waveguide optics in one
embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0046] The invention will now be further described by way of
example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will
apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may
be practiced with some or all of the present invention as disclosed
in the following description. For the purposes of explaining the
invention well-known features of optical technology known to those
skilled in the art of optical design and visual displays have been
omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the basic principles
of the invention. Unless otherwise stated the term "on-axis" in
relation to a ray or a beam direction refers to propagation
parallel to an axis normal to the surfaces of the optical
components described in relation to the invention. In the following
description the terms light, ray, beam and direction may be used
interchangeably and in association with each other to indicate the
direction of propagation of light energy along rectilinear
trajectories. Parts of the following description will be presented
using terminology commonly employed by those skilled in the art of
optical design. It should also be noted that in the following
description of the invention repeated usage of the phrase "in one
embodiment" does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.
[0047] A waveguide light field display according to the principles
of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Referring first to FIG. 1A we
see that the apparatus comprises a stack of waveguide layer
generally indicated by 130, each layer containing an input grating
131 a fold grating 132 and an output grating 133. The input grating
has high efficiency for maximum light in-coupling efficiency. In
one embodiment output grating is a lossy grating for extracting
light uniformly out of the waveguide along the beam path. In
contrast to the input and output gratings which deflect light in a
plane orthogonal to the waveguide the fold grating deflects light
substantially in the plane of the waveguide. Input images are
provided by a scanning module 137 comprising the laser array 138
which contains multiple red, green, blue die. The intensities of
the beams are modulated with image information by the video
modulator 139. A beam focus modulator 140 controls the
instantaneous beam divergence or accommodation of each beam.
Finally, a scanner array device 141 scans the focus-adjusted beams
1230 providing a multiplicity of ray directions in 3D space as
indicated by 1231. Each ray direction corresponds to a unique
viewing direction as perceived by a person viewing the display. The
scanning module operates under the control of an eye tracker which
supplies instantaneous eye gaze direction vector and accommodation
state. The eye tracker is waveguide devices represented by the
layer 143. The data links from the eye tracker waveguide to the eye
tracker processing module 142 and from the eye tracker processing
module to the scanning module are indicated by 144,145.
Advantageously, the eye tracker is based on one of the embodiments
of PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2014/000197 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC
WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER by Popovich et al. The scanning module may
also include a laser despeckler. Advantageously the despeckler is
an electro optical device and specifically a waveguide SBG device
based on the embodiments of PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2013/000500
entitled WAVEGUIDE FOR HOMOGENIZING ILLUMINATION, and U.S. Pat. No.
8,224,133 entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE both of which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The gratings
in different layers may be staggered or rotated as indicted by the
laterally displace input gratings 134-136.
[0048] The gratings may be switching (SBGs) or non-switching. The
inventors believe that a passive solution is achievable by
controlling the wavelength and beam angle diversity of the scanning
input beams we can create Bragg-separated paths through the
waveguides, thus minimising the risk of crosstalk and re-coupling.
The design variables are the grating K-vectors and the fibre output
beam vectors.
[0049] In one embodiment the scanning module further comprises a
microlens array in front of the laser module for beam
expansion.
[0050] The output image provided by the display is shown in FIG.
1B. The image 1237 which is represented in field of view space
comprises tiles including a high resolution tile 1238 corresponding
to the detected gaze direction of the viewer's eye and low
resolution tiles such as 1239. This type of image rendering scheme
is commonly referred to, in computer graphics, as foveated
rendering the goal being to reducing image processing latency by
concentrating detail in small field of view region corresponding to
the human eye's foveal field.
[0051] The scanner array device 141 is shown in more detail in FIG.
1C which represents the output surfaces of the array and shows the
output ray directions at different array elements. The scanner
array comprises discrete 3D scanning elements such as 146 which
sweep collimated (focus adjusted) beams over an angular range
around a defined direction vector 1236, each scanner element having
a unique direction vector. In one embodiment scanner elements can
be switched between high and low resolution scanning correspond to
foveal and background resolution in the final image. In one
embodiment the scanner resolution can be controlled to provide a
larger number of resolutions steps from foveal resolution to a very
low background resolution thereby providing a better match to the
eye's resolution response curve. In one embodiment each scanner
element operates on red, green and blue light sequentially.
[0052] The invention does not assume any specific method for
scanning the beam. In one embodiment the scanner array comprises an
array of optical fibers having optical axes translated or rotated
by one or more mechanical transducers according to the teachings of
United States Patent Application No. US2014/0003762 by Macnamara.
In one embodiment the scanner array comprises an array of gratings
having surface normal translated or rotated by one or more
mechanical transducers. In one embodiment the scanner array
comprises an array of microlens having their optical axes
translated or rotated by one or more mechanical transducers. In one
embodiment the scanner array is provided by time-varying
diffractive structures written into a spatial light modulator
array. In one embodiment the scanner array is provided by a micro
electro mechanical mirror array. Other schemes for providing a beam
scanning array are to be found in the literature of optical
scanners and optical radar systems.
[0053] In one embodiment at least one grating in at least one of
the layers is a multiplexed grating operating on more than one
wavelength or image field of view range. That is the two or more
gratings having prescription covering different wavelength bands or
angular bands are combined in holographic layer. Multiplexing
offers potential for a significant reduction in the number of
waveguide layers required. A key prerequisite for multiplexing is a
high refractive index modulation.
[0054] In one embodiment the gratings are recorded in uniform
modulation liquid crystal-polymer gratings such as the ones
disclosed in United State Patent Application Publication No.:
US2007/0019152 by Caputo et al and PCT Application No.:
PCT/EP2005/006950 by Stumpe et al. both of which are incorporated
herein by reference in their entireties. Uniform modulation
gratings are characterized by high refractive index modulation (and
hence high diffraction efficiency) and low scatter. The latter is a
key factor in reducing the number of waveguide layers.
[0055] The inventors believe that the embodiment of FIG. 1 can
provide 100.degree..times.50.degree. field of view light field
display using four waveguide layers each providing a pupil expanded
25.degree..times.50.degree. tile. This applies to a monochrome
display. If we assume that reasonable colour gamut can be provided
by have separate waveguides for red and blue/green the number of
layers is increased by .times.2. However, multiplexing (in angular
or colour space) decreases the number of layers by .times.2.
[0056] In one embodiment the output gratings are tessellated in the
manner disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866
entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY Accommodation control is a
key component of a practical light field display. It can be
implemented in several different ways. In one embodiment the beam
focus modulator 140 is based on the approach disclosed in
US2014/0003762 by Macnamara of using a miniature deformable
membrane mirror before it is raster-scanned and projected to the
viewer's eyes. However, accommodation control a dynamic research
field and there are several other approaches that may be considered
for use with the present invention including fluidic lenses,
adaptive polymers, liquid crystal lenses, and hybrid LC-diffractive
refractive lens systems. Any of these approaches may be used to
provide the beam focus modulator 140. Liquid crystal lens
accommodation control is based on a mixture of liquid-crystal
molecules and smaller monomers placed between two glass substrates
coated with a layer of conducting indium tin oxide. A concave glass
lens is then placed on top of one of the substrates. Without
applying any voltage, the liquid-crystal/monomer is uniformly
distributed throughout the substrates. After applying a voltage
across the two substrates, however, the liquid-crystal molecules
move to either end of the gap, where the electric field is higher,
while the monomers move toward the middle, where the electric field
is lower. Thus, the refractive index can be varied across the
device allowing it to function as a lens. Exemplary liquid crystal
lenses are manufactured by OKO Technologies (Delft, The
Netherlands. Fluidic lenses comprise a transparent optical fluid
encapsulated within a flexible lens membrane and substrate (top).
Upon compression of the lens body, the shape of the flexible lens
membrane is modified, which results in an adjustment of the focal
length of the lens (bottom). Exemplary electro active polymer
lenses have been developed by the University of Central Florida
(Orlando, Fla., USA; www.ucf.edu). In one embodiment the beam focus
modulator 140 may also be used to provide dynamic aberration
correction (if the aberrations can be defined a priori).
[0057] One important class of light field displays uses microlens
array overlaying a spatial light modulator as disclosed in United
States Patent Application Publication No.: US2014/0168783 by Luebke
et al entitled NEAR-EYE MICROLENS ARRAY DISPLAYS. The following
series of embodiments addresses how the microlens array scheme can
be translated to a waveguide optical architecture with the goal of
providing a thin transparent holographic waveguide light field
display. The embodiment of FIG. 2 provides a monochrome light field
display. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are cross sectional views of portions
of the display. FIGS. 2C-2E are plan views. The display comprises
an input waveguide 150 coupled to a microdisplay panel 151 on a
backplane 152. The input waveguide contains a
polarization-selective grating beamsplitter 153 the microdisplay, a
waveguide despeckler 15 and a further grating 155 for in-coupling
light from a source which may be a laser or LED die 156 on a
backplane 157. FIG. 2B shows the light path from the source to the
microdisplay as indicated by the rays 1250-1252 and the path of the
reflected light 1253 from the microdisplay panel. Note that the
grating 153 is polarization selection: in the case of a SBG high
diffraction efficiency is obtained for P-polarization. The
waveguide 160 contains fold grating comprising elements such as
161, an output grating array comprising elements such as 162-163
and input grating 165. In the embodiment shown a 1.times.3 fold
grating array and a 3.times.3 output grating array are used. In one
embodiment the waveguide also contains a thin beamsplitter
homogenizer layer for vertical and horizontal homogenization. The
input grating has high efficiency for maximum light in-coupling
efficiency. In one embodiment output grating is a lossy grating for
extracting light uniformly out of the waveguide along the beam
path. In contrast to the input and output gratings which deflect
light in a plane orthogonal to the waveguide the fold grating
deflects light substantially in the plane of the waveguide. The
elements of the two arrays are switching gratings (SBGs). The
output grating array is overlaid by a holographic diffuser layer
166, holographic microlens array 167 and an eye tracker comprising
separated waveguides for illumination 168 and detection 169. In one
embodiment the holographic diffuser and microlens array are each
recorded in a layer of HPDLC material sandwiched between
transparent substrates. Desirably the microdisplay is of high
resolution, ideally at least 2000.times.4000 pixels. Referring to
FIG. 2E at any time on element of the fold grating array, for
example 161 and one element of the adjacent row of output array
elements, for example one of 162-163, is in its active (that is,
diffracting) state. At the same time the microdisplay displays
image information corresponding to a particular field of view
region or tile. The active element diffracts the image light out of
the waveguide 160 to form an image region on the holographic
diffuser. In one embodiment the output gratings have lens power for
focusing the image light onto the diffuser. In one embodiment the
microdisplay is illuminated by a parallel beams formed by
collimated optics disposed between the source and waveguide. The
subsequent beam propagation from source to microdisplay and from
microdisplay to the holographic diffuser is in collimated space
with the image formed on the holographic diffuser having a
resolution substantially equal to that of the microdisplay. In
anther embodiment an afocal magnifier is disposed along the optical
path between the source and holographic diffuser to provide a
larger effective pixel size on the holographic diffuser. By
switching each element of the output grating in turn with the input
image updated accordingly a composite image is provided at the
holographic diffuser during an eye integration time. The
subsequently imaging of this intermediate image by the microlens
array forms the viewable light field image according to the well
known principles of light field imaging.
[0058] The embodiment of FIG. 3 addresses the problem of
implementing the embodiment of FIG. 2 in a full colour light field
display. The embodiment of FIG. 3 provides a color light field
display. FIG. 3A and FIG. 3C are cross sectional views of portions
of the display. FIG. 3B and FIGS. 3D-3E are plan views. The display
comprises an input waveguide 170 coupled to a microdisplay panel
171 on a backplane 176. The input waveguide contains red, green and
blue polarization-selective grating beamsplitters 171A-171C the
microdisplay 171, red green and blue waveguide despecklers 172-174
and red, green and blue gratings 175A-175C for in-coupling light
from a source which may be a laser or LED die 177R-177G on a
backplane 178. FIG. 3C shows the light path from the source to the
microdisplay and the path of the reflected light from the
microdisplay panel as indicated by the rays 1266-1267. The
waveguide 180 comprises separate layers one of which as shown in
plan view in FIG. 3E contains fold grating comprising elements such
as 203, an output grating array comprising elements such as 204 and
an input grating divided into the three regions 202A-202C. In the
embodiment shown a 1.times.3 fold grating array and a 3.times.3
output grating array are used. In one embodiment the waveguide also
contains a thin beamsplitter homogenizer layer for vertical and
horizontal homogenization. The input grating has high efficiency
for maximum light in-coupling efficiency. In one embodiment output
grating is a lossy grating for extracting light uniformly out of
the waveguide along the beam path. The elements of the two arrays
are switching gratings (SBGs). The output grating array is overlaid
by red, green and blue holographic diffuser layers 1193-195, and
red, green and blue holographic microlens arrays 190-192 and an eye
tracker comprising separated waveguides for illumination 198 and
detection 199. In one embodiment the holographic diffuser and
microlens array are each recorded in a layer of HPDLC material
sandwiched between transparent substrates. Desirably the
microdisplay is of high resolution, ideally at least
2000.times.4000 pixels. Referring to FIG. 3E at any time one
element of the fold grating array, for example 203 and one element
of the adjacent row of output array elements is in its active (that
is, diffracting) state. At the same time the microdisplay displays
image information corresponding to a particular field of view
region or tile. The information is displayed in colour bands as
illustrated in FIG. 3B which shows the illumination regions on the
microdisplay 171A-171C correspond to the illumination color bands
175A-175C. In one embodiment the region 171A displays red
information and is illumination by light from the illumination
source region 175A. The red image light enters the waveguide 180 in
the input grating region 202A which transmits the light into the
fold grating where the active grating element 203 transmits the
image to an active grating element in an adjacent row of the output
grating. The region 205A of this element is illuminated by red
image light which is deflected out of the waveguide into the
holographic diffuser/holographic lens array stack. In one
embodiment this above process is repeated cyclically for red, green
and blue light, that is, only one color propagates at any time with
each of the regions labeled A-C being illuminated by red, green and
blue light. A more efficient process is to present red blue and
green image information simultaneously. There for in one embodiment
the illuminator provides red illumination in region 175A, green in
175B and blue in 175C while the microdisplay simultaneously display
red image information in region 171A, green in 171B and blue in
171C. The active element of the output grating array then
simultaneously outputs red image light in region 205A, green in
205B and blue in 205C.
[0059] The active element of the output grating array diffracts the
image light out of the waveguide 180 to form red green and blue
image region on the red green and blue holographic diffuser. In one
embodiment the output gratings have lens power for focusing the
image light onto the diffuser. In one embodiment the microdisplay
is illuminated by a parallel beams formed by collimated optics
disposed between the source and waveguide. The subsequent beam
propagation from source to microdisplay and from microdisplay to
the holographic diffuser is in collimated space with the image
formed on the holographic diffuser having a resolution
substantially equal to that of the microdisplay. In anther
embodiment an afocal magnifier is disposed along the optical path
between the source and holographic diffuser to provide a larger
effective pixel size on the holographic diffuser. By switching each
element of the output grating in turn with the input image updated
accordingly a composite image is provided at the holographic
diffuser during an eye integration time. The subsequently imaging
of this intermediate image by the red green and blue microlens
arrays forms the viewable light field image according to the well
known principles of light field imaging.
[0060] In one embodiment shown in FIG. 4 a light field display
comprises an image generator 280 and a waveguide device 281
comprising multiple waveguide layers. Each layer contains at least
one GRIN structure and at least one diffractive structure. Each
waveguide layer provides a portion of the total field of view of
the display. The display forms a light field as represented by the
rays 1301-1303 and the image surfaces 1304-1306. The image
generator may comprise a microdisplay panel or a scanner.
[0061] The above described embodiments may be used in conjunction
with the GRIN embodiments disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application
Ser. No. 62/125,066 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR
INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS filed on 12 Jan. 2015. For example, in a
wearable display application the GRIN embodiments may be used to
relay image light from the image generator around a curved
waveguide up to the grating waveguide devices.
[0062] FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of a GRIN waveguide 290 in
embodiment of the invention comprising a curved GRIN substrate 291
having a curved output surface structure 292 and an input surface
structure 293 which is in proximity to an intermediate focal
surface. First and second ray paths through the GRIN medium are
generally indicated by 1310 and 1311. The light beams refracted out
of the output surface are generally indicated by 1312,1313. The
waveguide forms a series of image surfaces 1314-16. The input
surface structure 293 may be a microlens array formed using
discrete refractive elements or a diffractive or holographic lens
array. The input surface structure may comprise several layers. The
output surface structure 292 may comprise a grating located on the
output surface, within the GRIN waveguide or in a separate layer
disposed in proximity to the output surface.
[0063] In one embodiment shown in FIG. 6 a light field display
according to the principles of the invention comprises an image
generator 260 and a waveguide device 261 in which are combined at
least one GRIN structure and at least one grating structure. The
display forms a light field as represented by the rays 1282-1284
and the image surfaces 1285-1287. The image generator may comprise
a microdisplay panel or a scanner as disclosed above. In one
embodiment shown in FIG. 7 a light field display according to the
principles of the invention comprises an image generator 270 and a
waveguide device 271 comprising a GRIN image relay waveguide and a
grating. The display forms a light field as represented by the rays
1292-1294 and the image surfaces 1295-1297. The image generator may
comprise a microdisplay panel or a scanner.
[0064] GRIN optics reproduces the optical properties of spherical
lenses by gradual varying the refractive index of a material. In
the most common application, GRIN fibers, the lens properties
result from a radially varying index. Since the optical properties
rely on the index distraction the input and output faces of a GRIN
lens may be planar. GRIN lenses are manufactured by using various
methods including neutron irradiation, chemical vapor deposition,
ion exchange and partial polymerization, in which an organic
monomer is partially polymerized using UV light at varying
intensities. By precisely varying their refractive index, gradient
index lenses are able to continuously bend light within the lens.
This contrasts with conventional spherical lenses, which bend light
only twice: when light meets the front surface of the lens and when
it exits the back of the lens. Gradient index lenses can be
positive (converging) or negative (diverging). GRIN lenses are
capable of high quality imaging as demonstrated by their successful
application in endoscopes.
[0065] GRIN waveguides several key advantages over TIR waveguides
as used in the above-cited related patent applications. The first
one is the GRIN eliminates the problem of banding. A major design
challenge in waveguide optics is coupling the image content into
the waveguide efficiently and in such a way the waveguide image is
free from chromatic dispersion and brightness non uniformity. To
overcome chromatic dispersion and to achieve the best possible
collimation it is desirable to use lasers. However, lasers and
other narrow band sources such as LEDs suffer from the problem of
pupil banding artifacts which manifest themselves as output
illumination non uniformity. Banding artifacts are formed when the
collimated pupil is replicated (expanded) in a TIR waveguide. In
very basic terms the light beams diffracted out of the waveguide
each time the beam interacts with the grating have gaps or
overlaps. This leads to an illumination ripple. The degree of
ripple is a function of field angle, waveguide thickness, and
aperture thickness. The effects are therefore most noticed in
narrowband (e.g. laser) illumination sources. Banding can be
smoothed by dispersion with broadband sources such as LEDs.
However, current LEDs do not provide enough light output for
waveguide displays. A second major benefit of GRIN waveguides is
that the guided beams do not interact with the faces of the
waveguide making the waveguides immune to external contaminants.
Additional optical layers may be applied without interfering with
the wave guiding. The third major benefit of GRIN is that curved
waveguides can be engineered much more easily than with TIR
waveguides.
[0066] A light field display according to the principles of the
invention may be configured in many different ways including as a
wearable display, a heads up display (HUD) or a head down display
(HDD). The invention is applicable to displays of any size.
[0067] A display according to the principles of the invention may
include a waveguide despeckler based on principles disclosed in PCT
Application No.: PCT/GB2013/000500 entitled WAVEGUIDE FOR
HOMOGENIZING ILLUMINATION, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,224,133 entitled
LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE both of which are incorporated herein by
reference in their entireties.
[0068] It should be emphasized that the drawings are exemplary and
that the dimensions have been exaggerated.
[0069] Any of the above-described embodiments may be implemented
using plastic substrates using the materials and processes
disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2012/000680, entitled
IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL
MATERIALS AND DEVICES. Advantageously, the switchable gratings are
recorded in a reverse mode HPDLC material in which the diffracting
state of the switchable grating occurs when an electric field is
applied across the electrodes. An eye tracker based on any of the
above-described embodiments may be implemented using reverse mode
materials and processes disclosed in the above PCT application.
[0070] The method of fabricating the switchable gratings and the
ITO electrodes used in any of the above-described embodiments of
the invention may be based on the process disclosed in the PCT
Application No. US2006/043938, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY.
[0071] It should be understood by those skilled in the art that
while the present invention has been described with reference to
exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is
not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Various
modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may
occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as
they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents
thereof.
* * * * *
References