Detoxifying Pre-treated Lignocellulose-containing Materials

Abstract

The invention relates to a process of detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material comprising subjecting the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material to one or more phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a 35 U.S.C. 371 national application of international application no. PCT/US2008/60766 filed Apr. 18, 2008, which claims priority or the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 of U.S. provisional application Nos. 60/988,949, 60/946,272 and 60/913,581 filed Nov. 9, 2007, Jun. 26, 2007 and Apr. 24, 2007 the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to processes of detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material. The invention also relates to processes of producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material using a fermenting organism including a detoxification process of the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Due to the limited reserves of fossil fuels and worries about emission of greenhouse gases there is an increasing focus on using renewable energy sources. Production of fermentation products from lignocellulose-containing material is known in the art and conventionally includes pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of the lignocellulose-containing material. Pre-treatment results in the release of, e.g., phenolics and furans, from the lignocellulose-containing material that may irreversibly bind enzymes added during hydrolysis and fermentation. These compounds may also be toxic to the fermenting organism's metabolism and inhibit the performance of the fermenting organism.

[0004] Detoxification by steam stripping has been suggested but it is a cumbersome and a costly additional process step. It has also been suggested to wash the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material before hydrolysis. This requires huge amounts of water, that needs to be removed again, and is therefore also costly.

[0005] Consequently, there is a need for providing processes for detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material suitable for fermentation product production processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention relates to processes of detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material. The invention also relates to processes of producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material using a fermenting organism including a detoxification process of the invention.

[0007] In the first aspect the invention relates to processes for detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material comprising subjecting the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material to one or more phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes and/or one or more enzymes exhibiting peroxidase activity.

[0008] In the second aspect the invention relates to processes for producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material comprising the steps of:

[0009] (a) pre-treating lignocellulose-containing material;

[0010] (b) hydrolyzing;

[0011] (c) detoxifying in accordance with a detoxification process of the invention; and

[0012] (d) fermenting using a fermenting organism.

[0013] The invention also relates to processes for producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material comprising the steps of:

[0014] (i) pre-treating lignocellulose-containing material;

[0015] (ii) detoxifying in accordance with the fermentation process of the invention;

[0016] (iii) hydrolyzing; and

[0017] (iv) fermenting using a fermenting organism.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] FIG. 1 shows the effect of laccase treatment on cellulose conversion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] In the first aspect the invention relates to processes of detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material suitable for producing a fermentation product.

Lignocellulose-Containing Material

[0020] The term "lignocellulose-containing materials" used herein refers to material that primarily consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Such material is often referred to as "biomass".

[0021] The structure of lignocellulose is not directly accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, the lignocellulose has to be pre-treated, e.g., by acid hydrolysis under adequate conditions of pressure and temperature, in order to break the lignin seal and disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose. This causes solubilization and saccharification of the hemicellulose fraction. The cellulose fraction can then be hydrolyzed enzymatically, e.g., by cellulase enzymes (or cellulolytic enzymes), to convert the carbohydrate polymers into fermentable sugars which may be fermented into a desired fermentation product, such as ethanol. Optionally the fermentation product is recovered after fermentation, e.g., by distillation.

[0022] Any lignocellulose-containing material is contemplated according to the present invention. The lignocellulose-containing material may be any material containing lignocellulose. In a preferred embodiment the lignocellulose-containing material contains at least 30 wt. %, preferably at least 50 wt. %, more preferably at least 70 wt. %, even more preferably at least 90 wt. % lignocellulose. It is to be understood that the lignocellulose-containing material may also comprise other constituents such as cellulosic material, including cellulose and hemicellulose, and may also comprise other constituents such as proteinaceous material, starch, sugars, such as fermentable sugars and/or un-fermentable sugars.

[0023] Lignocellulose-containing material is generally found, for example, in the stems, leaves, hulls, husks, and cobs of plants or leaves, branches, and wood of trees. Lignocellulose-containing material can also be, but is not limited to, herbaceous material, agricultural residues, forestry residues, municipal solid wastes, waste paper, and pulp and paper mill residues. It is understood herein that lignocellulose-containing material may be in the form of plant cell wall material containing lignin, cellulose, and hemi-cellulose in a mixed matrix.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment the lignocellulose-containing material is corn fiber, rice straw, pine wood, wood chips, poplar, bagasse, paper and pulp processing waste.

[0025] Other examples include corn stover, hardwood, such as poplar and birch, softwood, cereal straw, such as wheat straw, switchgrass, municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial organic waste, office paper, or mixtures thereof.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment the lignocellulose-containing material is corn stover. In another preferred embodiment the material is corn fiber.

Process of Detoxifying Pre-Treated Lignocellulose-Containing Material

[0027] When lignocellulose-containing material is pre-treated, degradation products that may inhibit enzymes and/or may be toxic to fermenting organisms are produced. These degradation products severely decrease both the hydrolysis and fermentation rate.

[0028] Methods for pre-treating lignocellulose-containing material are well known in the art. Examples of contemplated methods are described below in the section "Pre-treatment".

[0029] The present inventors have found that phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes can be used to detoxify pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material. The fermentation time can be reduced as a result of improved performance of the fermenting organism during fermentation. In other words, detoxification in accordance with the invention may result in a shorter "lignocellulose-containing material-to-fermentation product" process time. Furthermore, the need for a washing step after pre-treatment of the lignocellulose-containing material, to remove toxic compounds, and/or adaption of the fermentation organism to the medium/broth can be eliminated. Also, the dosing of the fermentation organism may be reduced.

[0030] In a preferred embodiment the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material may be treated with cellulase (cellulolytic enzymes) and/or hemicellulase (hemicellulolytic enzymes).

[0031] Specific examples of detoxifying compounds can be found in the "Detoxifying Compounds"-section below.

[0032] In the first aspect the invention relates to processes for detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material comprising subjecting the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material to one or more phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes and/or one or more enzymes exhibiting peroxidase activity.

[0033] The pre-treated lignocellulose degradation products include lignin degradation products, cellulose degradation products and hemicellulose degradation products. The pre-treated lignin degradation products may be phenolics in nature.

[0034] The hemicellulose degradation products include furans from sugars (such as hexoses and/or pentoses), including xylose, mannose, galactose, rhamanose, and arabinose. Examples of hemicelluloses include xylan, galactoglucomannan, arabinogalactan, arabinoglucuronoxylan, glucuronoxylan, and derivatives and combinations thereof.

[0035] Examples of inhibitory compounds, i.e., pre-treated lignocellulose degradation products, include 4-OH benzyl alcohol, 4-OH benzaldehyde, 4-OH benzoic acid, trimethyl benzaldehyde, 2-furoic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, phenol, guaiacol, veratrole, pyrogallollol, pyrogallol mono methyl ether, vanillyl alcohol, vanillin, isovanillin, vanillic acid, isovanillic acid, homovanillic acid, veratryl alcohol, veratraldehyde, veratric acid, 2-O-methyl gallic acid, syringyl alcohol, syringaldehyde, syringic acid, trimethyl gallic acid, homocatechol, ethyl vanillin, creosol, p-methyl anisol, anisaldehyde, anisic acid, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid, cinnamic acid, coniferyl aldehyde, isoeugenol, hydroquinone, eugenol or combinations thereof. Other inhibitory compounds can be found in, e.g., Luo et al., 2002, Biomass and Bioenergy 22: 125-138.

[0036] The detoxification process of the invention may preferably be carried out at a pH that is suitable of the phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes and hydrolyzing enzyme(s) and/or fermenting organism if detoxification is carried out simultaneously with hydrolysis or simultaneously with hydrolysis and fermentation. In one embodiment the pH is between 2 and 7, preferably between 3 and 6, especially between 4 and 5. In a preferred embodiment the temperature during detoxification is a temperature suitable for the phenolic compound oxidizing enzyme(s) and/or enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity and hydrolyzing enzyme(s) and/or fermenting organism if detoxification is carried out a simultaneous with hydrolysis or simultaneously with hydrolysis and fermentation. In one embodiment the temperature during detoxification is between 25.degree. C. and 70.degree. C., preferably between 30.degree. C. and 60.degree. C. In cases where detoxification is carried out simultaneously with fermentation the temperature will depend on the fermenting organism. For ethanol fermentations with yeast the temperature would be between 26-38.degree. C., such as between 26-34.degree. C. or between 30-36.degree. C., such as around 32.degree. C.

[0037] Suitable pHs, temperatures and other process conditions can easily be determined by one skilled in the art.

Detoxifying Enzymes

[0038] The detoxifying enzyme(s) may be of any origin including of mammal, plant and microbial origin, such as of bacteria and fungal origin.

[0039] Phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes may in preferred embodiments belong to any of the following EC classes including: Catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), o-Aminophenol oxidase (1.10.3.4); and Monophenol monooxygenase (1.14.18.1).

[0040] The enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may in a preferred embodiment belong to any of the following EC classes including those selected from the group consisting of a peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), Haloperoxidase (EC1.11.1.8 and EC 1.11.1.10); Lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14); manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13); and Lipoxygenase (EC.1.13.11.12).

[0041] Examples of detoxifying enzymes contemplated according to the invention can be found in the "Enzymes"-section below.

Production of Fermentation Products from Lignocellulose-Containing Material

[0042] In the second aspect the invention relates to processes of producing fermentation products from lignocellulose-containing material. Conversion of lignocellulose-containing material into fermentation products, such as ethanol, has the advantages of the ready availability of large amounts of feedstock, including wood, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, municipal solid wastes, etc.

[0043] The structure of lignocellulose is not directly accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, the lignocellulose-containing material has to be pre-treated, e.g., by acid hydrolysis under adequate conditions of pressure and temperature, in order to break the lignin seal and disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose. This causes solubilization of the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. The cellulose and hemicellulose can then be hydrolyzed enzymatically, e.g., by cellulase enzymes (cellulolytic enzymes), to convert the carbohydrate polymers into fermentable sugars which may be fermented into a desired fermentation product, such as ethanol. Optionally the fermentation product may be recovered, e.g., by distillation.

[0044] More precisely the invention relates in this embodiment to processes for producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material comprising the steps of:

[0045] (a) pre-treating lignocellulose-containing material;

[0046] (b) hydrolyzing;

[0047] (c) detoxifying; and

[0048] (d) fermenting using a fermenting organism;

wherein detoxification is carried out in accordance with a detoxification process of the invention. More details on the steps are described below in the sections "Pre-treatment", "Hydrolysis" and "Fermentation".

[0049] In another embodiment the invention relates to processes for producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material comprising the steps of:

[0050] (i) pre-treating lignocellulose-containing material;

[0051] (ii) detoxifying;

[0052] (iii) hydrolyzing; and

[0053] (iv) fermenting using a fermenting organism;

wherein detoxification is carried out in accordance with a detoxification process of the invention.

[0054] One or more detoxifying enzymes may be added after pre-treatment step (i), but before hydrolysis step (iii). Detoxifying the pre-treated material in step (ii) may be carried out before hydrolysis, but detoxification and hydrolysis may also be carried out simultaneously. The detoxification step (ii) may be carried out separately from hydrolysis. Further hydrolysis step (iii) and fermentation step (iv) may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. In one embodiment the solids (comprising mainly lignin and unconverted polysaccharides) may, after pre-treating the lignocellulose-containing material in step (i), be removed/separated from the liquor before detoxification. The removed solids and the detoxified liquor may be combined before hydrolysis in step (iii) or simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation.

[0055] The solids may be removed/separated in any suitable way know in the art. In suitable embodiments the solids are removed by filtration, or by using a filter press and/or centrifuge, or the like. The reduced inhibitory effect of the hydrolyzing enzymes is tested in Example 4.

[0056] Examples of pre-treatment methods, hydrolysis and fermentation conditions for both of above embodiment is described below.

Pre-Treatment

[0057] The lignocellulose-containing material may be pre-treated in any suitable way. Pre-treatment may be carried out before and/or during hydrolysis and/or fermentation. In a preferred embodiment the pre-treated material is hydrolyzed, preferably enzymatically, before and/or during fermentation and/or before and/or during detoxification. The goal of pre-treatment is to separate and/or release cellulose; hemicellulose and/or lignin and this way improve the rate of hydrolysis. Pre-treatment methods such as wet-oxidation and alkaline pre-treatment targets lignin, while dilute acid and auto-hydrolysis targets hemicellulose. Steam explosion is an example of a pre-treatment that targets cellulose.

[0058] According to the invention pre-treatment in step (a) or (i) may be a conventional pre-treatment step using techniques well known in the art. Examples of suitable pre-treatments are disclosed below. In a preferred embodiment pre-treatment takes place in aqueous slurry.

[0059] The lignocellulose-containing material may during pre-treatment be present in an amount between 10-80 wt. %, preferably between 20-70 wt. %, especially between 30-60 wt. %, such as around 50 wt. %.

Chemical, Mechanical and/or Biological Pre-Treatment

[0060] The lignocellulose-containing material may according to the invention be chemically, mechanically and/or biologically pre-treated before hydrolysis and/or fermentation. Mechanical treatment (often referred to as physical treatment) may be used alone or in combination with subsequent or simultaneous hydrolysis, especially enzymatic hydrolysis.

[0061] Preferably, chemical, mechanical and/or biological pre-treatment is carried out prior to the hydrolysis and/or fermentation. Alternatively, the chemical, mechanical and/or biological pre-treatment may be carried out simultaneously with hydrolysis, such as simultaneously with addition of one or more cellulase enzymes (cellulolytic enzymes), or other enzyme activities mentioned below, to release, e.g., fermentable sugars, such as glucose and/or maltose.

[0062] In an embodiment of the invention the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material may be washed before and/or after detoxification. However, washing is not mandatory and is in a preferred embodiment eliminated.

[0063] According to one embodiment of the invention one or more detoxifying enzymes may be added to the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material in step (c) or (ii). Detoxification step (c) or (ii) and hydrolysis step (b) or (iii) may be carried out either simultaneously or sequentially. The reduced toxic effect on the fermenting organism is shown in Examples 2 and 3.

[0064] The steps may in one embodiment be done in one treating solution (ie., one bath). In one embodiment the hydrolyzing enzyme(s) and the detoxifying enzyme(s) are added simultaneously to the treating solution. In another embodiment the hydrolyzing enzyme(s) are added before the detoxifying enzyme(s). It may be advantageous to complete above 50% of hydrolysis, preferably above 70% of hydrolysis, especially above 90% of hydrolysis before adding the detoxifying enzyme(s) to the treating solution. If the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material is hydrolyzed enzymatically, it is advantageous to do detoxification before and/or simultaneous with hydrolysis. However, if hydrolysis is carried out using one or more acids, i.e., acid hydrolysis, detoxification is preferably carried out after and/or simultaneously with acid hydrolysis.

[0065] In another embodiment detoxification step (c) or (ii) may be carried out separately from hydrolysis step (b) or (iii) and fermentation step (d) or (iv), respectively, which in one embodiment may be carried out simultaneously. In a further embodiment all of steps (b), (c) and (d) or (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), respectively, are carried out simultaneously or sequentially. When detoxification is done as a separate step, it typically is carried out for between 1-24 hours.

[0066] In a preferred embodiment the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material is unwashed.

[0067] In an embodiment the phenolic compound oxidizing enzyme(s) is(are) dosed in the range from above 0, such as 0.01 to 1 mg/g DS or in the range from above 0 to 100 LACU/g DS. In an embodiment the enzyme(s) exhibiting peroxidase activity is(are) dosed in the range from above 0, such as 0.01 to 10 mg/g DS or above 0, such as 0.01 to 100 PODU/g DS.

Chemical Pre-Treatment

[0068] The term "chemical treatment" refers to any chemical pre-treatment which promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or lignin. Examples of suitable chemical pre-treatments include treatment with; for example, dilute acid, lime, alkaline, organic solvent, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide. Further, wet oxidation and pH-controlled hydrothermolysis are also considered chemical pre-treatment.

[0069] In a preferred embodiment the chemical pre-treatment is acid treatment, more preferably, a continuous dilute and/or mild acid treatment, such as, treatment with sulfuric acid, or another organic acid, such as acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, hydrogen chloride or mixtures thereof. Other acids may also be used. Mild acid treatment means that the treatment pH lies in the range from 1-5, preferably 1-3. In a specific embodiment the acid concentration is in the range from 0.1 to 2.0 wt. % acid, preferably sulphuric acid. The acid may be contacted with the lignocellulose-containing material and the mixture may be held at a temperature in the range of 160-220.degree. C., such as 165-195.degree. C., for periods ranging from minutes to seconds, e.g., 1-60 minutes, such as 2-30 minutes or 3-12 minutes. Addition of strong acids, such as sulphuric acid, may be applied to remove hemicellulose. This enhances the digestibility of cellulose.

[0070] Other techniques are also contemplated. Cellulose solvent treatment has been shown to convert about 90% of cellulose to glucose. It has also been shown that enzymatic hydrolysis could be greatly enhanced when the lignocellulose structure is disrupted. Alkaline H.sub.2O.sub.2, ozone, organosolv (uses Lewis acids, FeCl.sub.3, (Al).sub.2SO.sub.4 in aqueous alcohols), glycerol, dioxane, phenol, or ethylene glycol are among solvents known to disrupt cellulose structure and promote hydrolysis (Mosier et al., 2005, Bioresource Technology 96: 673-686).

[0071] Alkaline chemical pre-treatment with base, e.g., NaOH, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and/or ammonia or the like, is also contemplated according to the invention. Pre-treatment methods using ammonia are described in, e.g., WO 2006/110891, WO 2006/110899, WO 2006/110900, and WO 2006/110901 (which are hereby incorporated by reference).

[0072] Wet oxidation techniques involve use of oxidizing agents, such as: sulphite based oxidizing agents or the like. Examples of solvent pre-treatments include treatment with DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) or the like. Chemical pre-treatment is generally carried out for 1 to 60 minutes, such as from 5 to 30 minutes, but may be carried out for shorter or longer periods of time dependent on the material to be pre-treated.

[0073] Other examples of suitable pre-treatment methods are described by Schell et al., 2003, Appl. Biochem and Biotechn. Vol. 105-108: 69-85, and Mosier et al., 2005, Bioresource Technology 96: 673-686, and U.S. Publication No. 2002/0164730, which references are hereby all incorporated by reference.

Mechanical Pre-Treatment

[0074] The term "mechanical pre-treatment" refers to any mechanical (or physical) treatment which promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or lignin from lignocellulose-containing material. For example, mechanical pre-treatment includes various types of milling, irradiation, steaming/steam explosion, and hydrothermolysis.

[0075] Mechanical pre-treatment includes comminution (mechanical reduction of the size). Comminution includes dry milling, wet milling and vibratory ball milling. Mechanical pre-treatment may involve high pressure and/or high temperature (steam explosion). In an embodiment of the invention high pressure means pressure in the range from 300 to 600 psi, preferably 400 to 500 psi, such as around 450 psi. In an embodiment of the invention high temperature means temperatures in the range from about 100 to 300.degree. C., preferably from about 140 to 235.degree. C. In a preferred embodiment mechanical pre-treatment is a batch-process, steam gun hydrolyzer system which uses high pressure and high temperature as defined above. A Sunds Hydrolyzer (available from Sunds Defibrator AB (Sweden) may be used for this.

Combined Chemical and Mechanical Pre-Treatment

[0076] In a preferred embodiment both chemical and mechanical pre-treatments are carried out. For instance, the pre-treatment step may involve dilute or mild acid treatment and high temperature and/or pressure treatment. The chemical and mechanical pre-treatment may be carried out sequentially or simultaneously, as desired.

[0077] Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the lignocellulose-containing material is subjected to both chemical and mechanical pre-treatment to promote the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or lignin.

[0078] In a preferred embodiment the pre-treatment is carried out as a dilute and/or mild acid steam explosion step. In another preferred embodiment pre-treatment is carried out as an ammonia fiber explosion step (or AFEX pre-treatment step).

Biological Pre-Treatment

[0079] As used in the present invention the term "biological pre-treatment" refers to any biological pre-treatment which promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin from the lignocellulose-containing material. Biological pre-treatment techniques can involve applying lignin-solubilizing microorganisms (see, for example, Hsu, 1996, Pretreatment of biomass, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212; Ghosh and Singh, 1993, Physicochemical and biological treatments for enzymatic/microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 39: 295-333; McMillan, 1994, Pretreating lignocellulosic biomass: a review, in Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production, Himmel, Baker, and Overend, eds., ACS Symposium Series 566, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., chapter 15; Gong, Cao, Du, and Tsao, 1999, Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, ed., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65: 207-241; Olsson and Hahn-Hagerdal, 1996, Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for ethanol production, Enz. Microb. Tech. 18: 312-331; and Vallander and Eriksson, 1990, Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: State of the art, Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 42: 63-95).

Hydrolysis

[0080] Before and/or simultaneously with fermentation the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material may be hydrolyzed to break down cellulose and hemicellulose.

[0081] The dry solids content during hydrolysis may be in the range from 5-50 wt. %, preferably 10-40 wt. %, preferably 20-30 wt. %. Hydrolysis may in a preferred embodiment be carried out as a fed batch process where the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material (substrate) is fed gradually to an, e.g., enzyme containing hydrolysis solution.

[0082] In an embodiment of the invention detoxification takes place before, during and/or after hydrolysis.

[0083] In a preferred embodiment hydrolysis is carried out enzymatically. According to the invention the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material may be hydrolyzed by one or more hydrolases (class EC 3 according to Enzyme Nomenclature), preferably one or more carbohydrases selected from the group consisting of cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase, such as alpha-amylase, protease, carbohydrate-generating enzyme, such as glucoamylase, esterase, such as lipase. Alpha-amylase, glucoamylase and/or the like may be present during hydrolysis and/or fermentation as the lignocellulose-containing material may include some starch.

[0084] The enzyme(s) used for hydrolysis is(are) capable of directly or indirectly converting carbohydrate polymers into fermentable sugars which can be fermented into a desired fermentation product, such as ethanol.

[0085] In a preferred embodiment the carbohydrase has cellulase enzyme activity. Suitable carbohydrases are described in the "Enzymes"-section below.

[0086] Hemicellulose polymers can be broken down by hemicellulases and/or acid hydrolysis to release its five and six carbon sugar components. The six carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose, can readily be fermented to, e.g., ethanol, acetone, butanol, glycerol, citric acid, fumaric acid, etc. by suitable fermenting organisms including yeast. Preferred for ethanol fermentation is yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, preferably strains which are resistant towards high levels of ethanol, i.e., up to, e.g., about 10, 12 or 15 vol. % ethanol or more, such as 20 vol. % ethanol.

[0087] In a preferred embodiment the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material is hydrolyzed using a hemicellulase, preferably a xylanase, esterase, cellobiase, or combination thereof.

[0088] Hydrolysis may also be carried out in the presence of a combination of hemicellulases and/or cellulases, and optionally one or more of the other enzyme activities mentioned in the "Enzyme" section below.

[0089] In a preferred embodiment hydrolysis and fermentation is carried out as a simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation step (SSF). In general this means that combined/simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation are carried out at conditions (e.g., temperature and/or pH) suitable, preferably optimal, for the fermenting organism(s) in question.

[0090] In another preferred embodiment hydrolysis and fermentation are carried out as hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF). HHF typically begins with a separate partial hydrolysis step and ends with a simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation step. The separate partial hydrolysis step is an enzymatic cellulose saccharification step typically carried out at conditions (e.g., at higher temperatures) suitable, preferably optimal, for the hydrolyzing enzyme(s) in question. The subsequent simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation step is typically carried out at conditions suitable for the fermenting organism(s) (often at lower temperatures than the separate hydrolysis step). Finally, hydrolysis and fermentation may also be carried out a separate hydrolysis and fermentation, where the hydrolysis is taken to completion before initiation of fermentation. This often referred to as "SHF".

[0091] Enzymatic treatments may be carried out in a suitable aqueous environment under conditions which can readily be determined by one skilled in the art.

[0092] In a preferred embodiment hydrolysis is carried out at suitable, preferably optimal conditions for the enzyme(s) in question.

[0093] Suitable process time, temperature and pH conditions can readily be determined by one skilled in the art present invention. Preferably, hydrolysis is carried out at a temperature between 25 and 70.degree. C., preferably between 40 and 60.degree. C., especially around 50.degree. C. The process is preferably carried out at a pH in the range from 3-8, preferably pH 4-6, especially around pH 5.

[0094] Preferably, hydrolysis is carried out for between 12 and 96 hours, preferable 16 to 72 hours, more preferably between 24 and 48 hours.

[0095] According to the invention hydrolysis in step (b) or (iii) and fermentation in step (d) or (iv) may be carried out simultaneously (SSF process) or sequentially (SHF process) or as a hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF).

Fermentation

[0096] According to the invention the pre-treated (and hydrolyzed) lignocellulose-containing material is fermented by at least one fermenting organism capable of fermenting fermentable sugars, such as glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose directly or indirectly into a desired fermentation product.

[0097] The fermentation is preferably ongoing for between 8 to 96 hours, preferably 12 to 72 hours, more preferable from 24 to 48 hours.

[0098] In an embodiment the fermentation is carried out at a temperature between 20 to 40.degree. C., preferably 26 to 34.degree. C., in particular around 32.degree. C. In an embodiment the pH is from pH 3 to 6, preferably around pH 4 to 5.

[0099] Contemplated according to the invention is simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SSF). In an embodiment there is no separate holding stage for the hydrolysis, meaning that the hydrolyzing enzyme(s) and the fermenting organism are added together. When the fermentation (e.g., ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces yeast) is performed simultaneous with hydrolysis the temperature is preferably between 26.degree. C. and 35.degree. C., more preferably between 30.degree. C. and 34.degree. C., such as around 32.degree. C. A temperature program comprising at least two holding stages at different temperatures may be applied according to the invention.

[0100] The process of the invention may be performed as a batch, fed-batch or as a continuous process.

Recovery

[0101] Subsequent to fermentation the fermentation product may be separated from the fermentation medium/broth. The medium/broth may be distilled to extract the fermentation product or the fermentation product may be extracted from the fermentation medium/broth by micro or membrane filtration techniques. Alternatively the fermentation product may be recovered by stripping. Recovery methods are well known in the art.

Fermentation Products

[0102] Processes of the invention may be used for producing any fermentation product. Especially contemplated fermentation products include alcohols (e.g., ethanol, methanol, butanol); organic acids (e.g., citric acid, acetic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid); ketones (e.g., acetone); amino acids (e.g., glutamic acid); gases (e.g., H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2); antibiotics (e.g., penicillin and tetracycline); enzymes; vitamins (e.g., riboflavin, B12, beta-carotene); and hormones.

[0103] Also contemplated products include consumable alcohol industry products, e.g., beer and wine; dairy industry products, e.g., fermented dairy products; leather industry products and tobacco industry products. In a preferred embodiment the fermentation product is an alcohol, especially ethanol. The fermentation product, such as ethanol, obtained according to the invention, may preferably be fuel alcohol/ethanol. However, in the case of ethanol it may also be used as potable ethanol.

Fermenting Organism

[0104] The term "fermenting organism" refers to any organism, including bacterial and fungal organisms, suitable for producing a desired fermentation product. Especially suitable fermenting organisms according to the invention are able to ferment, i.e., convert, sugars, such as glucose, directly or indirectly into the desired fermentation product. Examples of fermenting organisms include fungal organisms, such as yeast. Preferred yeast includes strains of the genus Saccharomyces, in particular a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces uvarum; a strain of Pichia, in particular Pichia stipitis or Pichia pastoris; a strain of the genus Candida, in particular a strain of Candida utilis, Candida arabinofermentans, Candida diddensii, or Candida boidinii. Other contemplated yeast includes strains of Hansenula, in particular Hansenula polymorpha or Hansenula anomala; strains of Kluyveromyces, in particular Kluyveromyces marxianus or Kluyveromyces fagilis, and strains of Schizosaccharomyces, in particular Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

[0105] Preferred bacterial fermenting organisms include strains of Escherichia, in particular Escherichia coli, strains of Zymomonas, in particular Zymomonas mobilis, strains of Zymobacter in particular Zymobactor palmae, strains of Klebsiella, in particular Klebsiella oxytoca, strains of Leuconostoc, in particular Leuconostoc mesenteroides, strains of Clostridium, in particular Clostridium butyricum, strains of Enterobacter in particular Enterobacter aerogenes and strains of Thermoanaerobacter, in particular Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 (Appl. Micrbiol. Biotech. 77: 61-86) and Thermoanarobacter ethanolicus.

[0106] Commercially available yeast includes, e.g., RED STAR.TM. or ETHANOL RED.TM. yeast (available from Fermentis/Lesaffre, USA), FALI (available from Fleischmann's Yeast, USA), SUPERSTART and THERMOSACC.TM. fresh yeast (available from Ethanol Technology, WI, USA), BIOFERM AFT and XR (available from NABC--North American Bioproducts Corporation, GA, USA), GERT STRAND (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden), and FERMIOL (available from DSM Specialties).

Enzymes

[0107] Even though not specifically mentioned in context of processes of the invention, it is to be understood that the enzymes (as well as other compounds) are used in an "effective amount". For instance, "effective amount" means, in context of phenolic compound oxidizing enzyme(s) that it has an improving effect compared to a corresponding process where no phenolic compound oxidizing enzyme(s) was (were) added.

Phenolic Compound Oxidizing Enzymes

[0108] Preferred phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes belong to any of the following EC classes: Catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), o-Aminophenol oxidase (1.10.3.4); and Monophenol monooxygenase (1.14.18.1).

Laccase

[0109] Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds. Laccases are produced by plants, bacteria and also a wide variety of fungi, including Ascomycetes such as Aspergillus, Neurospora, and Podospora; Deuteromycete including Botrytis, and Basidiomycetes such as Collybia, Fomes, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Trametes, and perfect forms of Rhizoctonia. A number of fungal laccases have been isolated. For example, Choi et al. (Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions 5: 119-128, 1992) describe the molecular characterization and cloning of the gene encoding the laccase of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Kojima et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 265: 15224-15230, 1990; JP 2-238885) provide a description of two allelic forms of the laccase of the white-rot basidiomycete Coriolus hirsutus. Germann and Lerch (Experientia 41: 801, 1985; PNAS USA 83: 8854-8858, 1986) have reported the cloning and partial sequencing of the Neurospora crassa laccase gene. Saloheimo et al. (J. Gen. Microbiol. 137: 1537-1544, 1985; WO 92/01046) have disclosed a structural analysis of the laccase gene from the fungus Phlebia radiata.

[0110] Especially contemplated laccases include those derived from a strain of Polyporus, preferably Polyporus pinsitus; Melanocarpus, preferably Melanocarpus albomyces; Myceliophtora, preferably Myceliophtora thermophila; Coprinus, preferably Coprinus cinereus; Rhizoctonia, preferably Rhizoctonia solani or Rhizoctonia praticola; Scytalidium, preferably Scytalidium thermophilum; Pyricularia, preferably Pyricularia oryzae.

[0111] In an embodiment the laccase is derived from the tree Rhus vernicifera (Yoshida, 1983, Chemistry of Lacquer (Urushi) part 1. J. Chem. Soc. 43: 472-486).

[0112] In another embodiment the laccase is derived from Myceliopthora thermophila, e.g., the one described in WO 95/33836 (Novozymes).

[0113] In another embodiment the laccase is derived from Polyporus pinsitus, e.g., the one described in WO 96/00290 (Novozymes).

[0114] Jonsson et al., 1998, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49: 691-697, also discloses a suitable laccase derived from Polyporus versicolar.

[0115] Other laccases include the one derived from Pyricularia oryzae concerned in, e.g., Muralikrishna et al., 1995, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(12): 4374-4377, or the laccase derived from Scytalidium thermophilum, which is disclosed in Abstract of Papers American Chemical Society vol. 209, no. 1-2, 1995.

[0116] The laccase may also be one derived from Coprinus cinereus, e.g., the one concerned in Schneider et al., 1999, Enzyme and Microbial Technology 25: 502-508.

[0117] Other suitable laccases include those derived from Rhizoctonia solani concerned in Waleithner et al., Curr. Genet., 1996, 29: 395-403, or derived from Melanocarpus albomyces concerned in Kiiskinen et al., 2004, Microbiology 150: 3065-3074.

[0118] Suitable bacterial laccase include those derived from Streptomyces coelicolor, e.g., disclosed by Machczynski et al. in Protein Science, 2004, 13: 2388-2397.

Enzymes Exhibiting Peroxidase Activity

[0119] According to the invention any enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may be used.

[0120] The enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may be selected from the group consisting of a peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), haloperoxidase (EC1.11.1.8 and EC 1.11.1.10), lignin perocidase (EC 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13); and lipoxygenase (EC.1.13.11.12).

Peroxidase

[0121] The enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may be any peroxidase classified as EC 1.11.1.7.

[0122] Peroxidases suitable in processes of the invention may be of plant (e.g., horseradish or soybean peroxidase), or microbial origin, such as of fungal or bacteria origin. Examples include peroxidases derived from fungi of the subdivision Deuteromycotina, class Hyphomycetes, e.g., Fusarium, Humicola, Tricoderma, Myrothecium, Verticillum, Arthromyces, Caldariomyces, Ulocladium, Embellisia, Cladosporium or Dreschlera, in particular Fusarium oxysporum (DSM 2672), Humicola insolens, Trichoderma reesii, Myrothecium verrucana (IFO 6113), Verticillum alboatrum, Verticillum dahlia, Arthromyces ramosus (FERM P-7754), Caldariomyces fumago, Ulocladium chartarum, Embellisia alli or Dreschlera halodes.

[0123] Other suitable peroxidases are derived from fungi including strains of the subdivision Basidiomycotina, class Basidiomycetes, e.g., Coprinus, Phanerochaete, Coriolus or Trametes, in particular Coprinus cinereus f. microsporus (IFO 8371), Coprinus macrorhizus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (e.g., NA-12) or Trametes (previously called Polyporus), e.g., T. versicolor (e.g., PR4 28-A).

[0124] Other peroxidases may be derived from fungi including strains belonging to the subdivision Zygomycotina, class Mycoraceae, e.g., Rhizopus or Mucor, in particular Mucor hiemalis.

[0125] Bacterial peroxidases may be derived from strains of the order Actinomycetales, e.g., Streptomyces spheroides (ATTC 23965), Streptomyces thermoviolaceus (IFO 12382) or Streptoverticillum verticillium ssp. Verticillium; Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 12905), Bacillus stearothermophilus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodomonas palustri, Streptococcus lactis, Pseudomonas purrocinia (ATCC 15958) or Pseudomonas fluorescens (NRRL B-11); Myxococcus, e.g., M. virescens.

[0126] Recombinantly produced peroxidases derived from Coprinus sp., in particular C. macrorhizus or C. cinereus are described in WO 92/16634. Variants thereof are described in WO 94/12621.

Haloperoxidase

[0127] The enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may be any haloperoxidase. Haloperoxidases are widespread in nature and are known to be produced by mammals, plants, algae, lichen, bacteria, and fungi. There are three types of haloperoxidases, classified according to their specificity for halide ions: Chloroperoxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.10) which catalyze the chlorination, bromination and iodination of compounds; bromoperoxidases which show specificity for bromide and iodide ions; and iodoperoxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.8) which solely catalyze the oxidation of iodide ions.

[0128] Haloperoxidases include the haloperoxidase from Curvularia, in particular, C. verruculosa, such as, C. verruculosa CBS 147.63 or C. verruculosa CBS 444.70. Curvularia haloperoxidase and recombinant production hereof is described in WO97/04102.

[0129] Bromide peroxidase has been isolated from algae (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,192). Haloperoxidases are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,465 (Novozymes A/S).

[0130] In a preferred embodiment, the haloperoxidase is a chloroperoxidase (E.C.1.11.1.10). Chloroperoxidases are known in the art and may be obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens, Streptomyces lividans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Caldariomyces fumago, Curvularia inaequalis, and Corallina officinalis. A preferred chloroperoxidase is the chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago (available from SIGMA, C-0278).

[0131] Haloperoxidases containing a vanadium prosthetic group are known to include at least two types of fungal chloroperoxidases from Curvularia inaequalis (van Schijndel et al., 1993, Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1161:249-256; Simons et al., 1995, European Journal of Biochemistry 229: 566-574; WO 95/27046) and Curvularia verruculosa (WO 97/04102) or Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae haloperoxidase (WO 2001/079461).

Lipoxygenase (LOX)

[0132] The enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may be any lipoxygenase (LOX). Lipoxygenases are classified as EC 1.13.11.12, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially cis,cis-1,4-dienes, e.g., linoleic acid and produces a hydroperoxide. But also other substrates may be oxidized, e.g., monounsaturated fatty acids. Microbial lipoxygenases may be derived from, e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Pyricularia oryzae, and strains of Geotrichum. The preparation of a lipoxygenase derived from Gaeumannomyces graminis is described in Examples 3-4 of WO 02/20730. The expression in Aspergillus oryzae of a lipoxygenase derived from Magnaporthe salvinii is described in Example 2 of WO 02/086114, and this enzyme can be purified using standard methods, e.g., as described in Example 4 of WO 02/20730.

[0133] Lipoxygenase (LOX) may also be extracted from plant seeds, such as soybean, pea, chickpea, and kidney bean. Alternatively, lipoxygenase may be obtained from mammalian cells, e.g., rabbit reticulocytes.

Cellulases or Cellulolytic Enzymes

[0134] The term "cellulases" or "cellulolytic enzymes" as used herein are understood as comprising the cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91), e.g., cellobiohydrolase I and cellobiohydrolase II, as well as the endo-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4), and beta-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21).

[0135] In order to be efficient, the digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose requires several types of enzymes acting cooperatively. At least three categories of enzymes are important to convert cellulose into fermentable sugars: endo-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) cut cellulose chains at random; cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91) cleave cellobiosyl units from the cellulose chain ends and beta-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) convert cellobiose and soluble cellodextrins into glucose. Among these three categories of enzymes involved in the biodegradation of cellulose, cellobiohydrolases are the key enzymes for the degradation of native crystalline cellulose. The term "cellobiohydrolase I" is defined herein as a cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (also referred to as exo-glucanase, exo-cellobiohydrolase or 1,4-beta-cellobiohydrolase) activity, as defined in the enzyme class EC 3.2.1.91, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and cellotetraose, by the release of cellobiose from the non-reducing ends of the chains. The definition of the term "cellobiohydrolase II activity" is identical, except that cellobiohydrolase II attacks from the reducing ends of the chains.

[0136] Endoglucanases (EC No. 3.2.1.4) catalyze endo hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (such as carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans and other plant material containing cellulosic parts. The authorized name is endo-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase, but the abbreviated term endoglucanase is used in the present specification.

[0137] The cellulases or cellulolytic enzymes may comprise a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) which enhances the binding of the enzyme to a cellulose-containing fiber and increases the efficacy of the catalytic active part of the enzyme. A CBM is defined as contiguous amino acid sequence within a carbohydrate-active enzyme with a discreet fold having carbohydrate-binding activity. For further information on CBMs see, e.g., the CAZy internet server (Supra) or Tomme et al., 1995, in Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Polysaccharides (Saddler & Penner, eds.), Cellulose-binding domains: classification and properties. pp. 142-163, American Chemical Society, Washington.

[0138] The cellulase activity may, in a preferred embodiment, be derived from a fungal source, such as a strain of the genus Trichoderma, preferably a strain of Trichoderma reesei; a strain of the genus Humicola, such as a strain of Humicola insolens; or a strain of Chrysosporium, preferably a strain of Chrysosporium lucknowense.

[0139] In a preferred embodiment cellulase or cellulolytic enzyme preparation is a composition concerned in co-pending application U.S. provisional application No. 60/941,251, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In a preferred embodiment the cellulase or cellulolytic enzyme preparation comprising a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, preferably a family GH61A polypeptide, preferably one disclosed in WO 2005/074656 (Novozymes). The cellulolytic enzyme preparation may further comprise a beta-glucosidase, such as a beta-glucosidase derived from a strain of the genus Trichoderma, Aspergillus, or Penicillium, including the fusion protein having beta-glucosidase activity disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/832,511 (PCT/US2007/074038) (Novozymes). In a preferred embodiment the cellulolytic enzyme preparation may also comprises a CBH II enzyme, preferably Thielavia terrestris cellobiohydrolase II (CEL6A). In another preferred embodiment the cellulolytic enzyme preparation may also comprise cellulolytic enzymes, preferably one derived from Trichoderma reesei or Humicola insolens.

[0140] In a specific embodiment the cellulolytic enzyme preparation may also comprise a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (GH61A) disclosed in WO 2005/074656; a CBH II from Thielavia terrestris cellobiohydrolase II (CEL6A); and a beta-glucosidase (fusion protein disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/832,511 (or PCT/US2007/074038)), and cellulolytic enzymes derived from Trichoderma reesei.

[0141] In another specific embodiment the cellulolytic enzyme preparation may also comprise a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (GH61A) disclosed in WO 2005/074656; a beta-glucosidase (fusion protein disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/832,511 (or PCT/US2007/074038)), and cellulolytic enzymes derived from Trichoderma reesei.

[0142] In preferred embodiments the cellulase or cellulolytic preparations are Cellulolytic preparations A and B used in Examples 1 and 4, respectively, disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/941,251.

[0143] In an embodiment the cellulase is the commercially available product CELLUCLAST.RTM. 1.5 L or CELLUZYME.TM. (Novozymes A/S, Denmark) or ACCELERASE.TM. 1000 (from Genencor Inc., USA).

[0144] A cellulase or cellulolytic enzyme may be added for hydrolyzing the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material. The cellulase may be dosed in the range from 0.1-100 FPU per gram total solids (TS), preferably 0.5-50 FPU per gram TS, especially 1-20 FPU per gram TS.

Hemicellulases

[0145] Hemicellulose can be broken down by hemicellulases and/or acid hydrolysis to release its five and six carbon sugar components. In an embodiment of the invention the lignocellulose derived material may be treated with one or more hemicellulase.

[0146] Any hemicellulase suitable for use in hydrolyzing hemicellulose may be used. Preferred hemicellulases include xylanases, arabinofuranosidases, acetyl xylan esterase, feruloyl esterase, glucuronidases, endo-galactanase, mannases, endo or exo arabinases, exo-galactanases, and mixtures of two or more thereof. Preferably, the hemicellulase for use in the present invention is an exo-acting hemicellulase, and more preferably, the hemicellulase is an exo-acting hemicellulase which has the ability to hydrolyze hemicellulose under acidic conditions of below pH 7, preferably pH 3-7. An example of hemicellulase suitable for use in the present invention includes VISCOZYME.TM. (available from Novozymes A/S, Denmark).

[0147] Arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoside residues in alpha-L-arabinosides.

[0148] Galactanase (EC 3.2.1.89), arabinogalactan endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase, catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactans.

[0149] Pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15) catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans.

[0150] Xyloglucanase catalyzes the hydrolysis of xyloglucan.

[0151] The hemicellulase may be added in an amount effective to hydrolyze hemicellulose, such as, in amounts from about 0.001 to 0.5 wt. % of total solids (TS), more preferably from about 0.05 to 0.5 wt. % of TS.

Alpha-Amylase

[0152] According to the invention an alpha-amylase may be used. In a preferred embodiment the alpha-amylase is an acid alpha-amylase, e.g., fungal acid alpha-amylase or bacterial acid alpha-amylase. The term "acid alpha-amylase" means an alpha-amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1) which added in an effective amount has activity optimum at a pH in the range of 3 to 7, preferably from 3.5 to 6, or more preferably from 4-5.

Bacterial Alpha-Amylase

[0153] According to the invention the bacterial alpha-amylase is preferably derived from the genus Bacillus.

[0154] In a preferred embodiment the Bacillus alpha-amylase is derived from a strain of B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis or B. stearothermophilus, but may also be derived from other Bacillus sp. Specific examples of contemplated alpha-amylases include the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 in WO 99/19467, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase SEQ ID NO: 5 in WO 99/19467 and the Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 in WO 99/19467 (all sequences hereby incorporated by reference). In an embodiment of the invention the alpha-amylase may be an enzyme having a degree of identity of at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferred at least 80%, even more preferred at least 90%, such as at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% to any of the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 or 3, respectively, in WO 99/19467.

[0155] The Bacillus alpha-amylase may also be a variant and/or hybrid, especially one described in any of WO 96/23873, WO 96/23874, WO 97/41213, WO 99/19467, WO 00/60059, and WO 02/10355 (all documents hereby incorporated by reference). Specifically contemplated alpha-amylase variants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,562, 6,297,038 or 6,187,576 (hereby incorporated by reference) and include Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase (BSG alpha-amylase) variants having a deletion of one or two amino acid in positions R179 to G182, preferably a double deletion disclosed in WO 1996/023873--see e.g., page 20, lines 1-10 (hereby incorporated by reference), preferably corresponding to delta(181-182) compared to the wild-type BSG alpha-amylase amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 disclosed in WO 99/19467 or deletion of amino acids R179 and G180 using SEQ ID NO:3 in WO 99/19467 for numbering (which reference is hereby incorporated by reference). Even more preferred are Bacillus alpha-amylases, especially Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, which have a double deletion corresponding to delta(181-182) and further comprise a N193F substitution (also denoted 1181*+G182*+N193F) compared to the wild-type BSG alpha-amylase amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 disclosed in WO 99/19467.

Bacterial Hybrid Alpha-Amylase

[0156] A hybrid alpha-amylase specifically contemplated comprises 445 C-terminal amino acid residues of the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase (shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 of WO 99/19467) and the 37 N-terminal amino acid residues of the alpha-amylase derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 of WO 99/19467), with one or more, especially all, of the following substitution: G48A+T49I+G107A+H156Y+A181T+N190F+I201F+A209V+Q264S (using the Bacillus licheniformis numbering in SEQ ID NO: 4 of WO 99/19467). Also preferred are variants having one or more of the following mutations (or corresponding mutations in other Bacillus alpha-amylase backbones): H154Y, A181T, N190F, A209V and Q264S and/or deletion of two residues between positions 176 and 179, preferably deletion of E178 and G179 (using the SEQ ID NO: 5 numbering of WO 99/19467).

Fungal Alpha-Amylase

[0157] Fungal alpha-amylases include alpha-amylases derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillis kawachii alpha-amylases.

[0158] A preferred acidic fungal alpha-amylase is a Fungamyl-like alpha-amylase which is derived from a strain of Aspergillus oryzae. According to the present invention, the term "Fungamyl-like alpha-amylase" indicates an alpha-amylase which exhibits a high identity, i.e., more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, more than 85% more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, more than 99% or even 100% identity to the mature part of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10 in WO 96/23874.

[0159] Another preferred acidic alpha-amylase is derived from a strain Aspergillus niger. In a preferred embodiment the acid fungal alpha-amylase is the one from A. niger disclosed as "AMYA_ASPNG" in the Swiss-prot/TeEMBL database under the primary accession no. P56271 and described in WO 89/01969 (Example 3). A commercially available acid fungal alpha-amylase derived from Aspergillus niger is SP288 (available from Novozymes A/S, Denmark).

[0160] Other contemplated wild-type alpha-amylases include those derived from a strain of the genera Rhizomucor and Meripilus, preferably a strain of Rhizomucor pusillus (WO 2004/055178 incorporated by reference) or Meripilus giganteus.

[0161] In a preferred embodiment the alpha-amylase is derived from Aspergillus kawachii and disclosed by Kaneko et al., 1996, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 81: 292-298, "Molecular-cloning and determination of the nucleotide-sequence of a gene encoding an acid-stable alpha-amylase from Aspergillus kawachii; and further as EMBL: #AB008370.

[0162] The fungal alpha-amylase may also be a wild-type enzyme comprising a starch-binding domain (SBD) and an alpha-amylase catalytic domain (i.e., non-hybrid), or a variant thereof. In an embodiment the wild-type alpha-amylase is derived from a strain of Aspergillus kawachii.

Fungal Hybrid Alpha-Amylase

[0163] In a preferred embodiment the fungal acid alpha-amylase is a hybrid alpha-amylase. Preferred examples of fungal hybrid alpha-amylases include the ones disclosed in WO 2005/003311 or U.S. Publication No. 2005/0054071 (Novozymes) or U.S. provisional application No. 60/638,614 (Novozymes) which is hereby incorporated by reference. A hybrid alpha-amylase may comprise an alpha-amylase catalytic domain (CD) and a carbohydrate-binding domain/module (CBM), such as a starch binding domain, and optional a linker.

[0164] Specific examples of contemplated hybrid alpha-amylases include those disclosed in Table 1 to 5 of the examples in U.S. provisional application No. 60/638,614, including Fungamyl variant with catalytic domain JA118 and Athelia rolfsii SBD (SEQ ID NO:100 in U.S. provisional application No. 60/638,614), Rhizomucor pusillus alpha-amylase with Athelia rolfsii AMG linker and SBD (SEQ ID NO:101 in U.S. provisional application No. 60/638,614), Rhizomucor pusillus alpha-amylase with Aspergillus niger glucoamylase linker and SBD (which is disclosed in Table 5 as a combination of amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:72 and SEQ ID NO:96 in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/316,535 and further as SEQ ID NO: 13 herein) or as V039 in Table 5 in WO 2006/069290, and Meripilus giganteus alpha-amylase with Athelia rolfsii glucoamylase linker and SBD (SEQ ID NO: 102 in U.S. provisional application No. 60/638,614). Other specifically contemplated hybrid alpha-amylases are any of the ones listed in Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6 in Example 4 in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/316,535 and WO 2006/069290 (hereby incorporated by reference).

[0165] Other specific examples of contemplated hybrid alpha-amylases include those disclosed in U.S. Publication no. 2005/0054071, including those disclosed in Table 3 on page 15, such as Aspergillus niger alpha-amylase with Aspergillus kawachii linker and starch binding domain.

[0166] Contemplated are also alpha-amylases which exhibit a high identity to any of above mention alpha-amylases, i.e., more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, more than 85% more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, more than 99% or even 100% identity to the mature enzyme sequences.

[0167] An acid alpha-amylases may according to the invention be added in an amount of 0.1 to 10 AFAU/g DS, preferably 0.10 to 5 AFAU/g DS, especially 0.3 to 2 AFAU/g DS.

Commercial Alpha-Amylase Products

[0168] Preferred commercial compositions comprising alpha-amylase include MYCOLASE from DSM, BAN.TM., TERMAMYL.TM. SC, FUNGAMYL.TM., LIQUOZYME.TM. X and SAN.TM. SUPER, SAN.TM. EXTRA L (Novozymes A/S) and CLARASE.TM. L-40,000, DEX-LO.TM., SPEZYME.TM. FRED, SPEZYME.TM. AA, and SPEZYME.TM. DELTA AA (Genencor Int.), and the acid fungal alpha-amylase sold under the trade name SP288 (available from Novozymes A/S, Denmark).

Carbohydrate-Source Generating Enzyme

[0169] The term "carbohydrate-source generating enzyme" includes glucoamylase (being glucose generators), beta-amylase and maltogenic amylase (being maltose generators). A carbohydrate-source generating enzyme is capable of producing a carbohydrate that can be used as an energy-source by the fermenting organism(s) in question, for instance, when used in a process of the invention for producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol. The generated carbohydrate may be converted directly or indirectly to the desired fermentation product, preferably ethanol. According to the invention a mixture of carbohydrate-source generating enzymes may be used. Especially contemplated mixtures are mixtures of at least a glucoamylase and an alpha-amylase, especially an acid amylase, even more preferred an acid fungal alpha-amylase. The ratio between acidic fungal alpha-amylase activity (AFAU) per glucoamylase activity (AGU) (AFAU per AGU) may in an embodiment of the invention be at least 0.1, in particular at least 0.16, such as in the range from 0.12 to 0.50 or more. Alternatively the ratio between acid fungal alpha-amylase activity (FAU-F) and glucoamylase activity (AGU) (i.e., FAU-F per AGU) may in an embodiment of the invention be between 0.1 and 100 AGU/FAU-F, in particular between 2 and 50 AGU/FAU-F, such as in the range from 10-40 AGU/FAU-F.

Glucoamylase

[0170] A glucoamylase used according to the invention may be derived from any suitable source, e.g., derived from a microorganism or a plant. Preferred glucoamylases are of fungal or bacterial origin, selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus glucoamylases, in particular A. niger G1 or G2 glucoamylase (Boel et al., 1984, EMBO J. 3(5): 1097-1102), or variants thereof, such as those disclosed in WO 92/00381, WO 00/04136 and WO 01/04273 (from Novozymes, Denmark); the A. awamori glucoamylase disclosed in WO 84/02921, A. oryzae glucoamylase (Agric. Biol. Chem., 1991, 55(4): 941-949), or variants or fragments thereof. Other Aspergillus glucoamylase variants include variants with enhanced thermal stability: G137A and G139A (Chen et al., 1996, Prot. Eng. 9: 499-505); D257E and D293E/Q (Chen et al., 1995, Prot. Eng. 8: 575-582); N182 (Chen et al., 1994, Biochem. J. 301: 275-281); disulphide bonds, A246C (Fierobe et al., 1996, Biochemistry 35: 8698-8704; and introduction of Pro residues in position A435 and S436 (Li et al., 1997, Protein Eng. 10: 1199-1204.

[0171] Other glucoamylases include Athelia rolfsii (previously denoted Corticium rolfsi) glucoamylase (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,026 and Nagasaka et al., 1998, "Purification and properties of the raw-starch-degrading glucoamylases from Corticium rolfsii, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50: 323-330), Talaromyces glucoamylases, in particular derived from Talaromyces emersonii (WO 99/28448), Talaromyces leycettanus (U.S. Pat. No. Re. 32,153), Talaromyces duponti, Talaromyces thermophilus (U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,215).

[0172] Bacterial glucoamylases contemplated include glucoamylases from the genus Clostridium, in particular C. thermoamylolyticum (EP 135,138), and C. thermohydrosulfuricum (WO 86/01831) and Trametes cingulata disclosed in WO 2006/069289 (which is hereby incorporated by reference).

[0173] Also hybrid glucoamylase are contemplated according to the invention. Examples the hybrid glucoamylases disclosed in WO 2005/045018. Specific examples include the hybrid glucoamylase disclosed in Table 1 and 4 of Example 1 (which hybrids are hereby incorporated by reference.).

[0174] Contemplated are also glucoamylases which exhibit a high identity to any of above mention glucoamylases, i.e., more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, more than 85% more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, more than 99% or even 100% identity to the mature enzymes sequences.

[0175] Commercially available compositions comprising glucoamylase include AMG 200L; AMG 300 L; SAN.TM. SUPER, SAN.TM. EXTRA L, SPIRIZYME.TM. PLUS, SPIRIZYME.TM. FUEL, SPIRIZYME.TM. B4U and AMG.TM. E (from Novozymes A/S); OPTIDEX.TM. 300 (from Genencor Int.); AMIGASE.TM. and AMIGASE.TM. PLUS (from DSM); G-ZYME.TM. G900, G-ZYME.TM. and G990 ZR (from Genencor Int.).

[0176] Glucoamylases may in an embodiment be added in an amount of 0.02-20 AGU/g DS, preferably 0.1-10 AGU/g DS, especially between 1-5 AGU/g DS, such as 0.5 AGU/g DS.

Beta-Amylase

[0177] At least according to the invention beta-amylase (E.C 3.2.1.2) is the name traditionally given to exo-acting maltogenic amylases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in amylose, amylopectin and related glucose polymers. Maltose units are successively removed from the non-reducing chain ends in a step-wise manner until the molecule is degraded or, in the case of amylopectin, until a branch point is reached. The maltose released has the beta anomeric configuration, hence the name beta-amylase.

[0178] Beta-amylases have been isolated from various plants and microorganisms (Fogarty and Kelly, 1979, Progress in Industrial Microbiology 15: 112-115). These beta-amylases are characterized by having optimum temperatures in the range from 40.degree. C. to 65.degree. C. and optimum pH in the range from 4.5 to 7. A commercially available beta-amylase from barley is NOVOZYM.TM. WBA from Novozymes A/S, Denmark and SPEZYME.TM. BBA 1500 from Genencor Int., USA.

Maltogenic Amylase

[0179] The amylase may also be a maltogenic alpha-amylase. A "maltogenic alpha-amylase" (glucan 1,4-alpha-maltohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.133) is able to hydrolyze amylose and amylopectin to maltose in the alpha-configuration. A maltogenic amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NCIB 11837 is commercially available from Novozymes A/S. Maltogenic alpha-amylases are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,598,048, 4,604,355 and 6,162,628, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0180] The maltogenic amylase may in a preferred embodiment be added in an amount of 0.05-5 mg total protein/gram DS or 0.05-5 MANU/g DS.

Proteases

[0181] The protease may according to the invention be any protease. In a preferred embodiment the protease is an acid protease of microbial origin, preferably of fungal or bacterial origin.

[0182] Suitable proteases include microbial proteases, such as fungal and bacterial proteases. Preferred proteases are acidic proteases, i.e., proteases characterized by the ability to hydrolyze proteins under acidic conditions below pH 7.

[0183] Contemplated acid fungal proteases include fungal proteases derived from Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Candida, Coriolus, Endothia, Enthomophtra, Irpex, Penicillium, Scierotiumand, and Torulopsis. Especially contemplated are proteases derived from Aspergillus niger (see, e.g., Koaze et al., 1964, Agr. Biol. Chem. Japan 28: 216), Aspergillus saitoi (see, e.g., Yoshida, 1954, J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 28: 66), Aspergillus awamori (Hayashida et al., 1977, Agric. Biol. Chem. 42(5): 927-933, Aspergillus aculeatus (WO 95/02044), or Aspergillus oryzae, such as the pepA protease; and acidic proteases from Mucor pusillus or Mucor miehei.

[0184] Contemplated are also neutral or alkaline proteases, such as a protease derived from a strain of Bacillus. A particular protease contemplated for the invention is derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and has the sequence obtainable at Swissprot as Accession No. P06832. Also contemplated are the proteases having at least 90% identity to amino acid sequence obtainable at Swissprot as Accession No. P06832 such as at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or particularly at least 99% identity.

[0185] Further contemplated are the proteases having at least 90% identity to amino acid sequence disclosed as SEQ.ID.NO:1 in the WO 2003/048353 such as at 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or particularly at least 99% identity.

[0186] Also contemplated are papain-like proteases such as proteases within E.C. 3.4.22.* (cysteine protease), such as EC 3.4.22.2 (papain), EC 3.4.22.6 (chymopapain), EC 3.4.22.7 (asclepain), EC 3.4.22.14 (actinidain), EC 3.4.22.15 (cathepsin L), EC 3.4.22.25 (glycyl endopeptidase) and EC 3.4.22.30 (caricain).

[0187] Proteases may be added in the amounts of 0.1-1000 AU/kg dm, preferably 1-100 AU/kg DS and most preferably 5-25 AU/kg DS.

Use

[0188] In the third aspect the invention relates to the use of one or more phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes and/or enzymes exhibiting peroxidase activity for detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material.

[0189] In a preferably embodiment the phenolic compound oxidizing enzyme may be selected from the group comprising catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), o-aminophenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.4); and monophenol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.18.1) for detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material.

[0190] In another preferred embodiment the enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity may be selected from the group comprising peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), haloperoxidase (EC1.11.1.8 and EC 1.11.1.10); lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14); manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13); and lipoxygenase (EC.1.13.11.12) for detoxifying pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material.

[0191] The detoxification may be part of a fermentation product production process of the invention.

Materials & Methods

Enzymes:

Laccase PpL:

[0192] Laccase derived from Polyporus pinsitus disclosed in WO 1996/000290 (Novozymes).

Laccase MtL:

[0193] Laccase derived from Myceliopthora thermophila disclosed in WO 1995/033836 (Novozymes).

Laccase CcL:

[0194] Laccase derived from Coprinus cinereus disclosed in WO 97/08325 (Novozymes)

Peroxidase CcP:

[0195] Peroxidase is derived from Coprinus cinereus disclosed in Petersen et al., 1994, FEBS Letters 339: 291-296.

Cellulolutic Preparation A:

[0196] Cellulolytic composition comprising a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (GH61A) disclosed in WO 2005/074656; a beta-glucosidase (fusion protein disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/832,511), Thielavia terrestris cellobiohydrolase II (CEL6A), and cellulolytic enzymes preparation derived from Trichoderma reesei. Cellulase preparation A is disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/941,251.

Cellulolytic Preparation B:

[0197] Cellulolytic composition comprising a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (GH61A) disclosed in WO 2005/074656; a beta-glucosidase (fusion protein disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/832,511); and cellulolytic enzymes preparation derived from Trichoderma reesei. Cellulase preparation A is disclosed in U.S. provisional application No. 60/941,251.

Yeast:

[0198] RED STAR.TM. available from Red Star/Lesaffre, USA

Pre-Treated Corn Stover:

[0199] dilute acid-catalyzed steam explosion corn stover (28.6% DS) was obtained from NREL (National Renewable Research Laboratory, USA).

Determination of Identity

[0200] The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter "identity".

[0201] The degree of identity between two amino acid sequences may be determined by the Clustal method (Higgins, 1989, CABIOS 5: 151-153) using the LASERGENE.TM. MEGALIGN.TM. software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.) with an identity table and the following multiple alignment parameters: Gap penalty of 10 and gap length penalty of 10. Pairwise alignment parameters are Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3, windows=5, and diagonals=5.

[0202] The degree of identity between two nucleotide sequences may be determined by the Wilbur-Lipman method (Wilbur and Lipman, 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 80: 726-730) using the LASERGENE.TM. MEGALIGN.TM. software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.) with an identity table and the following multiple alignment parameters: Gap penalty of 10 and gap length penalty of 10. Pairwise alignment parameters are Ktuple=3, gap penalty=3, and windows=20.

Determination of Laccase Activity (LACU)

[0203] Laccase activity is determined from the oxidation of syringaldazin under aerobic conditions. The violet color produced is photometered at 530 nm. The analytical conditions are 19 mM syringaldazin, 23.2 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.5, 30.degree. C., 1 min. reaction time.

[0204] 1 laccase unit (LACU) is the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1.0 micromole syringaldazin per minute at these conditions.

Determination of Peroxidase Activity (PODU)

[0205] One peroxidase unit (PODU) is defined as the amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e., pH 7.0; temperature 30.degree. C.; reaction time 3 minutes) catalyzes the conversion of 1 micromole hydrogen peroxide per minute. The activity is determined using an assay based on ABTS.RTM. (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)) as the chromophore, the greenish-blue colour produced being photometered at 418 nm. A folder AF 279/2 describing this analytical method in more detail is available upon request to Novozymes A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.

Glucoamylase Activity

[0206] Glucoamylase activity may be measured in Glucoamylase Units (AGU).

Glucoamylase Activity (AGU)

[0207] The Novo Glucoamylase Unit (AGU) is defined as the amount of enzyme, which hydrolyzes 1 micromole maltose per minute under the standard conditions 37.degree. C., pH 4.3, substrate: maltose 23.2 mM, buffer: acetate 0.1 M, reaction time 5 minutes.

[0208] An autoanalyzer system may be used. Mutarotase is added to the glucose dehydrogenase reagent so that any alpha-D-glucose present is turned into beta-D-glucose. Glucose dehydrogenase reacts specifically with beta-D-glucose in the reaction mentioned above, forming NADH which is determined using a photometer at 340 nm as a measure of the original glucose concentration.

TABLE-US-00001 AMG incubation: Substrate: maltose 23.2 mM Buffer: acetate 0.1M pH: 4.30 .+-. 0.05 Incubation temperature: 37.degree. C. .+-. 1 Reaction time: 5 minutes Enzyme working range: 0.5-4.0 AGU/mL

TABLE-US-00002 Color reaction: GlucDH: 430 U/L Mutarotase: 9 U/L NAD: 0.21 mM Buffer: phosphate 0.12M; 0.15M NaCl pH: 7.60 .+-. 0.05 Incubation temperature: 37.degree. C. .+-. 1 Reaction time: 5 minutes Wavelength: 340 nm

[0209] A folder (EB-SM-0131.02/01) describing this analytical method in more detail is available on request from Novozymes A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.

Alpha-Amylase Activity (KNU)

[0210] The alpha-amylase activity may be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.

[0211] One Kilo Novo alpha amylase Unit (KNU) is defined as the amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e., at 37.degree. C.+/-0.05; 0.0003 M Ca.sup.2+; and pH 5.6) dextrinizes 5260 mg starch dry substance Merck Amylum solubile.

[0212] A folder EB-SM-0009.02/01 describing this analytical method in more detail is available upon request to Novozymes A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.

Acid Alpha-Amylase Activity

[0213] When used according to the present invention the activity of an acid alpha-amylase may be measured in AFAU (Acid Fungal Alpha-amylase Units) or FAU-F (Fungal Alpha-Amylase Units).

Acid Alpha-Amylase Activity (AFAU)

[0214] Acid alpha-amylase activity may be measured in AFAU (Acid Fungal Alpha-amylase Units), which are determined relative to an enzyme standard. 1 AFAU is defined as the amount of enzyme which degrades 5.260 mg starch dry matter per hour under the below mentioned standard conditions.

[0215] Acid alpha-amylase, an endo-alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan-glucanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.1) hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in the inner regions of the starch molecule to form dextrins and oligosaccharides with different chain lengths. The intensity of color formed with iodine is directly proportional to the concentration of starch. Amylase activity is determined using reverse colorimetry as a reduction in the concentration of starch under the specified analytical conditions.

##STR00001##

[0216] Standard Conditions/Reaction Conditions: [0217] Substrate: Soluble starch, approx. 0.17 g/L [0218] Buffer: Citrate, approx. 0.03 M [0219] Iodine (12): 0.03 g/L [0220] CaC.sub.2: 1.85 mM [0221] pH: 2.50.+-.0.05 [0222] Incubation temperature: 40.degree. C. [0223] Reaction time: 23 seconds [0224] Wavelength: 590 nm [0225] Enzyme concentration: 0.025 AFAU/mL [0226] Enzyme working range: 0.01-0.04 AFAU/mL

[0227] A folder EB-SM-0259.02/01 describing this analytical method in more detail is available upon request to Novozymes A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.

Determination of FAU-F

[0228] FAU-F Fungal Alpha-Amylase Units (Fungamyl) is measured relative to an enzyme standard of a declared strength.

TABLE-US-00003 Reaction conditions Temperature 37.degree. C. pH 7.15 Wavelength 405 nm Reaction time 5 min Measuring time 2 min

[0229] A folder (EB-SM-0216.02) describing this standard method in more detail is available on request from Novozymes A/S, Denmark, which folder is hereby included by reference.

Measurement of Cellulase Activity Using Filter Paper Assay (FPU Assay)

1. Source of Method

[0230] 1.1 The method is disclosed in a document entitled "Measurement of Cellulase Activities" by Adney and Baker, 1996, Laboratory Analytical Procedure, LAP-006, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). It is based on the IUPAC method for measuring cellulase activity (Ghose, 1987, Measurement of Cellulase Activities, Pure & Appl. Chem. 59: 257-268.

2. Procedure

[0231] 2.1 The method is carried out as described by Adney and Baker, 1996, supra, except for the use of a 96 well plates to read the absorbance values after color development, as described below.

2.2 Enzyme Assay Tubes:

[0232] 2.2.1 A rolled filter paper strip (#1 Whatman; 1.times.6 cm; 50 mg) is added to the bottom of a test tube (13.times.100 mm). [0233] 2.2.2 To the tube is added 1.0 mL of 0.05 M Na-citrate buffer (pH 4.80). [0234] 2.2.3 The tubes containing filter paper and buffer are incubated 5 min. at 50.degree. C. (.+-.0.1.degree. C.) in a circulating water bath. [0235] 2.2.4 Following incubation, 0.5 mL of enzyme dilution in citrate buffer is added to the tube. [0236] Enzyme dilutions are designed to produce values slightly above and below the target value of 2.0 mg glucose. [0237] 2.2.5 The tube contents are mixed by gently vortexing for 3 seconds. [0238] 2.2.6 After vortexing, the tubes are incubated for 60 mins. at 50.degree. C. (.+-.0.1.degree. C.) in a circulating water bath. [0239] 2.2.7 Immediately following the 60 min. incubation, the tubes are removed from the water bath, and 3.0 mL of DNS reagent is added to each tube to stop the reaction. The tubes are vortexed 3 seconds to mix.

2.3 Blank and Controls

[0239] [0240] 2.3.1 A reagent blank is prepared by adding 1.5 mL of citrate buffer to a test tube. [0241] 2.3.2 A substrate control is prepared by placing a rolled filter paper strip into the bottom of a test tube, and adding 1.5 mL of citrate buffer. [0242] 2.3.3 Enzyme controls are prepared for each enzyme dilution by mixing 1.0 mL of citrate buffer with 0.5 mL of the appropriate enzyme dilution. [0243] 2.3.4 The reagent blank, substrate control, and enzyme controls are assayed in the same manner as the enzyme assay tubes, and done along with them.

[0244] 2.4 Glucose Standards [0245] 2.4.1 A 100 mL stock solution of glucose (10.0 mg/mL) is prepared, and 5 mL aliquots are frozen. Prior to use, aliquots are thawed and vortexed to mix. [0246] 2.4.2 Dilutions of the stock solution are made in citrate buffer as follows: G1=1.0 mL stock+0.5 mL buffer=6.7 mg/mL=3.3 mg/0.5 mL G2=0.75 mL stock+0.75 mL buffer=5.0 mg/mL=2.5 mg/0.5 mL G3=0.5 mL stock+1.0 mL buffer=3.3 mg/mL=1.7 mg/0.5 mL G4=0.2 mL stock+0.8 mL buffer=2.0 mg/mL=1.0 mg/0.5 mL [0247] 2.4.3 Glucose standard tubes are prepared by adding 0.5 mL of each dilution to 1.0 mL of citrate buffer. [0248] 2.4.4 The glucose standard tubes are assayed in the same manner as the enzyme assay tubes, and done along with them.

[0249] 2.5 Color Development [0250] 2.5.1 Following the 60 min. incubation and addition of DNS, the tubes are all boiled together for 5 mins. in a water bath. [0251] 2.5.2 After boiling, they are immediately cooled in an ice/water bath. [0252] 2.5.3 When cool, the tubes are briefly vortexed, and the pulp is allowed to settle. Then each tube is diluted by adding 50 microL from the tube to 200 microL of ddH.sub.2O in a 96-well plate. Each well is mixed, and the absorbance is read at 540 nm.

[0253] 2.6 Calculations (Examples are Given in the NREL Document) [0254] 2.6.1 A glucose standard curve is prepared by graphing glucose concentration (mg/0.5 mL) for the four standards (G1-G4) vs. A.sub.540. This is fitted using a linear regression (Prism Software), and the equation for the line is used to determine the glucose produced for each of the enzyme assay tubes. [0255] 2.6.2 A plot of glucose produced (mg/0.5 mL) vs. total enzyme dilution is prepared, with the Y-axis (enzyme dilution) being on a log scale. [0256] 2.6.3 A line is drawn between the enzyme dilution that produced just above 2.0 mg glucose and the dilution that produced just below that. From this line, it is determined the enzyme dilution that would have produced exactly 2.0 mg of glucose. [0257] 2.6.4 The Filter Paper Units/mL (FPU/mL) are calculated as follows: FPU/mL=0.37/enzyme dilution producing 2.0 mg glucose

Protease Assay Method--AU(RH)

[0258] The proteolytic activity may be determined with denatured hemoglobin as substrate. In the Anson-Hemoglobin method for the determination of proteolytic activity denatured hemoglobin is digested, and the undigested hemoglobin is precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The amount of TCA soluble product is determined with phenol reagent, which gives a blue color with tyrosine and tryptophan.

[0259] One Anson Unit (AU-RH) is defined as the amount of enzyme which under standard conditions (i.e., 25.degree. C., pH 5.5 and 10 min. reaction time) digests hemoglobin at an initial rate such that there is liberated per minute an amount of TCA soluble product which gives the same color with phenol reagent as one milliequivalent of tyrosine.

[0260] The AU(RH) method is described in EAL-SM-0350 and is available from Novozymes A/S Denmark on request.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Effect of Laccase on Ethanol Yield During Enzymatic Hydrolysis

[0261] Dilute acid-catalyzed steam exploded pre-treated corn stover was obtained from NREL. The pre-treated corn stover (15% DS) was hydrolyzed at pH 4.5, 50.degree. C. for 75 hours with Cellulolytic preparation A (5 FPU/g DS) with and without Laccase PpL (20-30 LACU/g DS). The enzymatic treatment was carried out with open lid so that consistent air flow was provided during the treatment. Evaporation was control by daily water supplement based on weight loss. The enzyme treated samples were used for ethanol fermentation at 32.degree. C. for up to 88 hours in a closed vessel where a needle was punched in the cap, with yeast (RED STAR.TM.) at initial dosage of 0.2 g/L. The fermentation mixture also contains YPU (5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L peptone and 10 g/L Urea). After 25 hours fermentation, the laccase treated sample resulted in 10 g/L ethanol production, whereas the non-laccase treated sample resulted in no ethanol yield. With initial yeast dosage of 1.6 g/L, about 10-fold higher ethanol production was observed with laccase treated sample after 25 hours fermentation (18.87 g/L for laccase treated samples vs 1.83 for non-laccase treated sample).

Example 2

Effect of Laccase on Ethanol Yield During Fermentation

[0262] The pre-treated corn stover (28.6% DS) used was the same as in Example 1. The pre-treated corn stover (15% DS) was hydrolyzed with Cellulolytic preparation A (5 FPU/g DS) at pH 4.5, 50.degree. C. for 75 hours in the absence of laccase with covered lid. After the enzymatic hydrolysis, material was fermented at 32.degree. C. for up to 88 hours in a closed vessel where a needle was punched in the cap, with yeast (RED STAR.TM.) at dosage of 1.6 g/L with and without laccase PpL (20-30 LACU/g DS). The fermentation mixture also contains YPU (5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L peptone and 10 g/L Urea). After 25 hours, the ethanol production was doubled in the sample where laccase was present during fermentation (4.59 g/L laccase treated vs 1.83 non-laccase treated).

Example 3

Effect of Oxidoreductases Treatment in Between Hydrolysis and Yeast Fermentation

[0263] The pre-treated corn stover (28.6% DS) used was the same as in Example 1. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out with pre-treated corn stover (15% DS) at pH 4.5, 50.degree. C. for 72 hours in the absence of laccase with covered lid. Oxidoreductase treatment was conducted at 50.degree. C. for one or two hours before fermentation at 32.degree. C. (up to 48 hours) with yeast (RED STAR.TM.) at dosage of 0.5 g/L in a closed vessel where a needle was punched in the cap. During oxidoreductase treatment, lids were opened every 20 minutes. The fermentation mixture also contains YPU (5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/l peptone and 10 g/L Urea). Up to 40% increase in ethanol production was observed with Laccase PpL (4.5-30 LACU/g DS). Up to 27% increase in ethanol production was observed with Laccase MtL (0.5-30 LACU/g DS). About 27% increase in ethanol production was observed with Laccase CcL (36 LACU/g DS). About 40% increase in ethanol production was observed with peroxidase CcP in the presence of 5% H.sub.2O.sub.2.

Example 4

Laccase-Mediated Improvement of PCS Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Collection of Pretreatment Liquor:

[0264] Liquor was collected from both neutral, steam exploded corn stover and from acid, steam exploded corn stover. Each PCS was slurried in deionized water to a final total solids (TS) level of 15 wt. % with mixing at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Each slurry was stored at 4.degree. C. for 16-20 hours. Slurries were then mixed at ambient temperature for 1 hour, and liquor was collected by vacuum filtration through a glass fiber filter (Whatman GF/D). Sodium azide was added to a final concentration of 0.02% w/w. The pH of each was adjusted to 5.0. After mixing for 1 hour at ambient temperature, liquor was vacuum filtered through a 0.2 micro m membrane and stored at 4.degree. C.

Laccase Treatment:

[0265] All PCS liquors were adjusted to pH 5.0. Laccase MtL was dosed into PCS liquor to a final concentration of 100 ppm. The liquor containing laccase was incubated alongside a negative control liquor for 18 hours at 50.degree. C. with 150 rpm of agitation. Any precipitated material was removed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes prior to further characterization.

Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) Method for Phenolics:

[0266] The method was modified from a published procedure (Singleton, Orthofer, and Lamuela-Raventos, 1999, Methods Enzymol. 299: 152-178). Catechol (Sigma #135011) calibration standards and sample dilutions were prepared in deionized water. Fifty microL of diluted sample or catechol calibration standard were transferred to the wells of a microtiter plate. Deionized water (50 microL) was added to each well followed by 50 microL/well of FC reagent (Sigma #F9252). The plate was incubated for 5 minutes at ambient temperature. Sodium carbonate (15% w/v, 100 microL) was then added to each well and the plate was incubated for 30 minutes at ambient temperature in the dark. The absorbance at 770 nm of each well was collected. Unknown total phenolic concentrations were calculated from the catechol standard curve by linear regression analysis in Microsoft Excel.

PCS Hydrolysis and Glucose Monitoring.

[0267] Washed PCS solids were slurried in the appropriate PCS liquor at a final concentration of 4% total solids and dosed with Cellulolytic preparation B (3 mg protein/g cellulose). Hydrolysis reactions were incubated at 50.degree. C. with shaking (150 rpm) for 48 hours. Glucose concentrations were monitored over time using an enzyme-coupled glucose assay.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1 Effect of laccase treatment on soluble phenolics as measured by FC method Phenolics, mg/mL Liquor -laccase +laccase % Decrease Neutral PCS 2.30 .+-. 0.05 1.63 .+-. 0.01 29.1 Acid PCS 1.96 .+-. 0.02 1.34 .+-. 0.02 31.8

CONCLUSIONS

[0268] Enzymatic hydrolysis of PCS was improved by treating PCS liquor with a laccase. Laccase treatment of either neutral or acid PCS liquors resulted in an 8-10% improvement in cellulose conversion.

[0269] The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case of conflict, the present disclosure, including definitions will be controlling.

[0270] Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Sequence CWU 1

1

131483PRTB. licheniformis 1Ala Asn Leu Asn Gly Thr Leu Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr Met Pro 1 5 10 15 Asn Asp Gly Gln His Trp Arg Arg Leu Gln Asn Asp Ser Ala Tyr Leu 20 25 30 Ala Glu His Gly Ile Thr Ala Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Tyr Lys Gly 35 40 45 Thr Ser Gln Ala Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Asp Leu 50 55 60 Gly Glu Phe His Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Gly Glu Leu Gln Ser Ala Ile Lys Ser Leu His Ser Arg Asp Ile Asn 85 90 95 Val Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Ile Asn His Lys Gly Gly Ala Asp Ala Thr 100 105 110 Glu Asp Val Thr Ala Val Glu Val Asp Pro Ala Asp Arg Asn Arg Val 115 120 125 Ile Ser Gly Glu His Leu Ile Lys Ala Trp Thr His Phe His Phe Pro 130 135 140 Gly Arg Gly Ser Thr Tyr Ser Asp Phe Lys Trp His Trp Tyr His Phe 145 150 155 160 Asp Gly Thr Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg Lys Leu Asn Arg Ile Tyr Lys 165 170 175 Phe Gln Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Ser Asn Glu Asn Gly Asn 180 185 190 Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Ile Asp Tyr Asp His Pro Asp Val 195 200 205 Ala Ala Glu Ile Lys Arg Trp Gly Thr Trp Tyr Ala Asn Glu Leu Gln 210 215 220 Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Leu Asp Ala Val Lys His Ile Lys Phe Ser Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Arg Asp Trp Val Asn His Val Arg Glu Lys Thr Gly Lys Glu Met 245 250 255 Phe Thr Val Ala Glu Tyr Trp Gln Asn Asp Leu Gly Ala Leu Glu Asn 260 265 270 Tyr Leu Asn Lys Thr Asn Phe Asn His Ser Val Phe Asp Val Pro Leu 275 280 285 His Tyr Gln Phe His Ala Ala Ser Thr Gln Gly Gly Gly Tyr Asp Met 290 295 300 Arg Lys Leu Leu Asn Gly Thr Val Val Ser Lys His Pro Leu Lys Ser 305 310 315 320 Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Thr Gln Pro Gly Gln Ser Leu Glu 325 330 335 Ser Thr Val Gln Thr Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu 340 345 350 Thr Arg Glu Ser Gly Tyr Pro Gln Val Phe Tyr Gly Asp Met Tyr Gly 355 360 365 Thr Lys Gly Asp Ser Gln Arg Glu Ile Pro Ala Leu Lys His Lys Ile 370 375 380 Glu Pro Ile Leu Lys Ala Arg Lys Gln Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Ala Gln His 385 390 395 400 Asp Tyr Phe Asp His His Asp Ile Val Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu Gly Asp 405 410 415 Ser Ser Val Ala Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp Gly Pro 420 425 430 Gly Gly Ala Lys Arg Met Tyr Val Gly Arg Gln Asn Ala Gly Glu Thr 435 440 445 Trp His Asp Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Glu Pro Val Val Ile Asn Ser 450 455 460 Glu Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe His Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser Ile Tyr 465 470 475 480 Val Gln Arg 2480PRTB. amyloliquefaciens 2Val Asn Gly Thr Leu Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr Thr Pro Asn Asp 1 5 10 15 Gly Gln His Trp Lys Arg Leu Gln Asn Asp Ala Glu His Leu Ser Asp 20 25 30 Ile Gly Ile Thr Ala Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Tyr Lys Gly Leu Ser 35 40 45 Gln Ser Asp Asn Gly Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Asp Leu Gly Glu 50 55 60 Phe Gln Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly Thr Lys Ser Glu 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Asp Ala Ile Gly Ser Leu His Ser Arg Asn Val Gln Val Tyr 85 90 95 Gly Asp Val Val Leu Asn His Lys Ala Gly Ala Asp Ala Thr Glu Asp 100 105 110 Val Thr Ala Val Glu Val Asn Pro Ala Asn Arg Asn Gln Glu Thr Ser 115 120 125 Glu Glu Tyr Gln Ile Lys Ala Trp Thr Asp Phe Arg Phe Pro Gly Arg 130 135 140 Gly Asn Thr Tyr Ser Asp Phe Lys Trp His Trp Tyr His Phe Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg Lys Ile Ser Arg Ile Phe Lys Phe Arg 165 170 175 Gly Glu Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Ser Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn 180 185 190 Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Val Asp Tyr Asp His Pro Asp Val 195 200 205 Val Ala Glu Thr Lys Lys Trp Gly Ile Trp Tyr Ala Asn Glu Leu Ser 210 215 220 Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Ile Asp Ala Ala Lys His Ile Lys Phe Ser Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Arg Asp Trp Val Gln Ala Val Arg Gln Ala Thr Gly Lys Glu Met 245 250 255 Phe Thr Val Ala Glu Tyr Trp Gln Asn Asn Ala Gly Lys Leu Glu Asn 260 265 270 Tyr Leu Asn Lys Thr Ser Phe Asn Gln Ser Val Phe Asp Val Pro Leu 275 280 285 His Phe Asn Leu Gln Ala Ala Ser Ser Gln Gly Gly Gly Tyr Asp Met 290 295 300 Arg Arg Leu Leu Asp Gly Thr Val Val Ser Arg His Pro Glu Lys Ala 305 310 315 320 Val Thr Phe Val Glu Asn His Asp Thr Gln Pro Gly Gln Ser Leu Glu 325 330 335 Ser Thr Val Gln Thr Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu 340 345 350 Thr Arg Glu Ser Gly Tyr Pro Gln Val Phe Tyr Gly Asp Met Tyr Gly 355 360 365 Thr Lys Gly Thr Ser Pro Lys Glu Ile Pro Ser Leu Lys Asp Asn Ile 370 375 380 Glu Pro Ile Leu Lys Ala Arg Lys Glu Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Pro Gln His 385 390 395 400 Asp Tyr Ile Asp His Pro Asp Val Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu Gly Asp 405 410 415 Ser Ser Ala Ala Lys Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp Gly Pro 420 425 430 Gly Gly Ser Lys Arg Met Tyr Ala Gly Leu Lys Asn Ala Gly Glu Thr 435 440 445 Trp Tyr Asp Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Asp Thr Val Lys Ile Gly Ser 450 455 460 Asp Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe His Val Asn Asp Gly Ser Val Ser Ile Tyr 465 470 475 480 3514PRTB. stearothermophilus 3Ala Ala Pro Phe Asn Gly Thr Met Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr Leu 1 5 10 15 Pro Asp Asp Gly Thr Leu Trp Thr Lys Val Ala Asn Glu Ala Asn Asn 20 25 30 Leu Ser Ser Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Pro Ala Tyr Lys 35 40 45 Gly Thr Ser Arg Ser Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Val Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Asp 50 55 60 Leu Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Gly Ala Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly Thr 65 70 75 80 Lys Ala Gln Tyr Leu Gln Ala Ile Gln Ala Ala His Ala Ala Gly Met 85 90 95 Gln Val Tyr Ala Asp Val Val Phe Asp His Lys Gly Gly Ala Asp Gly 100 105 110 Thr Glu Trp Val Asp Ala Val Glu Val Asn Pro Ser Asp Arg Asn Gln 115 120 125 Glu Ile Ser Gly Thr Tyr Gln Ile Gln Ala Trp Thr Lys Phe Asp Phe 130 135 140 Pro Gly Arg Gly Asn Thr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Lys Trp Arg Trp Tyr His 145 150 155 160 Phe Asp Gly Val Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg Lys Leu Ser Arg Ile Tyr 165 170 175 Lys Phe Arg Gly Ile Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp Thr Glu 180 185 190 Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Leu Asp Met Asp His 195 200 205 Pro Glu Val Val Thr Glu Leu Lys Ser Trp Gly Lys Trp Tyr Val Asn 210 215 220 Thr Thr Asn Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Leu Asp Ala Val Lys His Ile Lys 225 230 235 240 Phe Ser Phe Phe Pro Asp Trp Leu Ser Asp Val Arg Ser Gln Thr Gly 245 250 255 Lys Pro Leu Phe Thr Val Gly Glu Tyr Trp Ser Tyr Asp Ile Asn Lys 260 265 270 Leu His Asn Tyr Ile Met Lys Thr Asn Gly Thr Met Ser Leu Phe Asp 275 280 285 Ala Pro Leu His Asn Lys Phe Tyr Thr Ala Ser Lys Ser Gly Gly Thr 290 295 300 Phe Asp Met Arg Thr Leu Met Thr Asn Thr Leu Met Lys Asp Gln Pro 305 310 315 320 Thr Leu Ala Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Thr Glu Pro Gly Gln 325 330 335 Ala Leu Gln Ser Trp Val Asp Pro Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala Tyr Ala 340 345 350 Phe Ile Leu Thr Arg Gln Glu Gly Tyr Pro Cys Val Phe Tyr Gly Asp 355 360 365 Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro Gln Tyr Asn Ile Pro Ser Leu Lys Ser Lys Ile 370 375 380 Asp Pro Leu Leu Ile Ala Arg Arg Asp Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Thr Gln His 385 390 395 400 Asp Tyr Leu Asp His Ser Asp Ile Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu Gly Val 405 410 415 Thr Glu Lys Pro Gly Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp Gly Pro 420 425 430 Gly Gly Ser Lys Trp Met Tyr Val Gly Lys Gln His Ala Gly Lys Val 435 440 445 Phe Tyr Asp Leu Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Asp Thr Val Thr Ile Asn Ser 450 455 460 Asp Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe Lys Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser Val Trp 465 470 475 480 Val Pro Arg Lys Thr Thr Val Ser Thr Ile Ala Trp Ser Ile Thr Thr 485 490 495 Arg Pro Trp Thr Asp Glu Phe Val Arg Trp Thr Glu Pro Arg Leu Val 500 505 510 Ala Trp 4485PRTBacillus sp. 4His His Asn Gly Thr Asn Gly Thr Met Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr 1 5 10 15 Leu Pro Asn Asp Gly Asn His Trp Asn Arg Leu Arg Asp Asp Ala Ala 20 25 30 Asn Leu Lys Ser Lys Gly Ile Thr Ala Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Trp 35 40 45 Lys Gly Thr Ser Gln Asn Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr 50 55 60 Asp Leu Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly 65 70 75 80 Thr Arg Asn Gln Leu Gln Ala Ala Val Thr Ser Leu Lys Asn Asn Gly 85 90 95 Ile Gln Val Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Met Asn His Lys Gly Gly Ala Asp 100 105 110 Gly Thr Glu Ile Val Asn Ala Val Glu Val Asn Arg Ser Asn Arg Asn 115 120 125 Gln Glu Thr Ser Gly Glu Tyr Ala Ile Glu Ala Trp Thr Lys Phe Asp 130 135 140 Phe Pro Gly Arg Gly Asn Asn His Ser Ser Phe Lys Trp Arg Trp Tyr 145 150 155 160 His Phe Asp Gly Thr Asp Trp Asp Gln Ser Arg Gln Leu Gln Asn Lys 165 170 175 Ile Tyr Lys Phe Arg Gly Thr Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp 180 185 190 Thr Glu Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Val Asp Met 195 200 205 Asp His Pro Glu Val Ile His Glu Leu Arg Asn Trp Gly Val Trp Tyr 210 215 220 Thr Asn Thr Leu Asn Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Ile Asp Ala Val Lys His 225 230 235 240 Ile Lys Tyr Ser Phe Thr Arg Asp Trp Leu Thr His Val Arg Asn Thr 245 250 255 Thr Gly Lys Pro Met Phe Ala Val Ala Glu Phe Trp Lys Asn Asp Leu 260 265 270 Gly Ala Ile Glu Asn Tyr Leu Asn Lys Thr Ser Trp Asn His Ser Val 275 280 285 Phe Asp Val Pro Leu His Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Asn Ala Ser Asn Ser Gly 290 295 300 Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Met Arg Asn Ile Leu Asn Gly Ser Val Val Gln Lys 305 310 315 320 His Pro Thr His Ala Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Ser Gln Pro 325 330 335 Gly Glu Ala Leu Glu Ser Phe Val Gln Gln Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Leu Val Leu Thr Arg Glu Gln Gly Tyr Pro Ser Val Phe Tyr 355 360 365 Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro Thr His Gly Val Pro Ala Met Lys Ser 370 375 380 Lys Ile Asp Pro Leu Leu Gln Ala Arg Gln Thr Phe Ala Tyr Gly Thr 385 390 395 400 Gln His Asp Tyr Phe Asp His His Asp Ile Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu 405 410 415 Gly Asn Ser Ser His Pro Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Ile Met Ser Asp 420 425 430 Gly Pro Gly Gly Asn Lys Trp Met Tyr Val Gly Lys Asn Lys Ala Gly 435 440 445 Gln Val Trp Arg Asp Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Thr Gly Thr Val Thr Ile 450 455 460 Asn Ala Asp Gly Trp Gly Asn Phe Ser Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser 465 470 475 480 Val Trp Val Lys Gln 485 5485PRTBacillus sp. 5His His Asn Gly Thr Asn Gly Thr Met Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp His 1 5 10 15 Leu Pro Asn Asp Gly Asn His Trp Asn Arg Leu Arg Asp Asp Ala Ser 20 25 30 Asn Leu Arg Asn Arg Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Trp 35 40 45 Lys Gly Thr Ser Gln Asn Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr 50 55 60 Asp Leu Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly 65 70 75 80 Thr Arg Ser Gln Leu Glu Ser Ala Ile His Ala Leu Lys Asn Asn Gly 85 90 95 Val Gln Val Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Met Asn His Lys Gly Gly Ala Asp 100 105 110 Ala Thr Glu Asn Val Leu Ala Val Glu Val Asn Pro Asn Asn Arg Asn 115 120 125 Gln Glu Ile Ser Gly Asp Tyr Thr Ile Glu Ala Trp Thr Lys Phe Asp 130 135 140 Phe Pro Gly Arg Gly Asn Thr Tyr Ser Asp Phe Lys Trp Arg Trp Tyr 145 150 155 160 His Phe Asp Gly Val Asp Trp Asp Gln Ser Arg Gln Phe Gln Asn Arg 165 170 175 Ile Tyr Lys Phe Arg Gly Asp Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp 180 185 190 Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Val Asp Met 195 200 205 Asp His Pro Glu Val Val Asn Glu Leu Arg Arg Trp Gly Glu Trp Tyr 210 215 220 Thr Asn Thr Leu Asn Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Ile Asp Ala Val Lys His 225 230 235 240 Ile Lys Tyr Ser Phe Thr Arg Asp Trp Leu Thr His Val Arg Asn Ala 245 250 255 Thr Gly Lys Glu Met Phe Ala Val Ala Glu Phe Trp Lys Asn Asp Leu 260 265 270 Gly Ala Leu Glu Asn Tyr Leu Asn Lys Thr Asn Trp Asn His Ser Val 275 280 285 Phe Asp Val Pro Leu His Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Asn Ala Ser Asn Ser Gly 290 295 300 Gly Asn Tyr Asp Met Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Gly Thr Val Val Gln Lys 305 310 315 320 His Pro Met His Ala Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Ser Gln Pro 325 330

335 Gly Glu Ser Leu Glu Ser Phe Val Gln Glu Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Leu Ile Leu Thr Arg Glu Gln Gly Tyr Pro Ser Val Phe Tyr 355 360 365 Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro Thr His Ser Val Pro Ala Met Lys Ala 370 375 380 Lys Ile Asp Pro Ile Leu Glu Ala Arg Gln Asn Phe Ala Tyr Gly Thr 385 390 395 400 Gln His Asp Tyr Phe Asp His His Asn Ile Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu 405 410 415 Gly Asn Thr Thr His Pro Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Ile Met Ser Asp 420 425 430 Gly Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Trp Met Tyr Val Gly Gln Asn Lys Ala Gly 435 440 445 Gln Val Trp His Asp Ile Thr Gly Asn Lys Pro Gly Thr Val Thr Ile 450 455 460 Asn Ala Asp Gly Trp Ala Asn Phe Ser Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser 465 470 475 480 Ile Trp Val Lys Arg 485 6478PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic construct 6Ala Thr Pro Ala Asp Trp Arg Ser Gln Ser Ile Tyr Phe Leu Leu Thr 1 5 10 15 Asp Arg Phe Ala Arg Thr Asp Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Thr Cys Asn Thr 20 25 30 Ala Asp Gln Lys Tyr Cys Gly Gly Thr Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Asp Lys 35 40 45 Leu Asp Tyr Ile Gln Gly Met Gly Phe Thr Ala Ile Trp Ile Thr Pro 50 55 60 Val Thr Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Thr Thr Ala Tyr Gly Asp Ala Tyr His 65 70 75 80 Gly Tyr Trp Gln Gln Asp Ile Tyr Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Tyr Gly Thr 85 90 95 Ala Asp Asp Leu Lys Ala Leu Ser Ser Ala Leu His Glu Arg Gly Met 100 105 110 Tyr Leu Met Val Asp Val Val Ala Asn His Met Gly Tyr Asp Gly Ala 115 120 125 Gly Ser Ser Val Asp Tyr Ser Val Phe Lys Pro Phe Ser Ser Gln Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Phe His Pro Phe Cys Phe Ile Gln Asn Tyr Glu Asp Gln Thr Gln 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Asp Cys Trp Leu Gly Asp Asn Thr Val Ser Leu Pro Asp Leu 165 170 175 Asp Thr Thr Lys Asp Val Val Lys Asn Glu Trp Tyr Asp Trp Val Gly 180 185 190 Ser Leu Val Ser Asn Tyr Ser Ile Asp Gly Leu Arg Ile Asp Thr Val 195 200 205 Lys His Val Gln Lys Asp Phe Trp Pro Gly Tyr Asn Lys Ala Ala Gly 210 215 220 Val Tyr Cys Ile Gly Glu Val Leu Asp Gly Asp Pro Ala Tyr Thr Cys 225 230 235 240 Pro Tyr Gln Asn Val Met Asp Gly Val Leu Asn Tyr Pro Ile Tyr Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Leu Leu Asn Ala Phe Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Ser Met Asp Asp Leu 260 265 270 Tyr Asn Met Ile Asn Thr Val Lys Ser Asp Cys Pro Asp Ser Thr Leu 275 280 285 Leu Gly Thr Phe Val Glu Asn His Asp Asn Pro Arg Phe Ala Ser Tyr 290 295 300 Thr Asn Asp Ile Ala Leu Ala Lys Asn Val Ala Ala Phe Ile Ile Leu 305 310 315 320 Asn Asp Gly Ile Pro Ile Ile Tyr Ala Gly Gln Glu Gln His Tyr Ala 325 330 335 Gly Gly Asn Asp Pro Ala Asn Arg Glu Ala Thr Trp Leu Ser Gly Tyr 340 345 350 Pro Thr Asp Ser Glu Leu Tyr Lys Leu Ile Ala Ser Ala Asn Ala Ile 355 360 365 Arg Asn Tyr Ala Ile Ser Lys Asp Thr Gly Phe Val Thr Tyr Lys Asn 370 375 380 Trp Pro Ile Tyr Lys Asp Asp Ile Thr Ile Ala Met Arg Lys Gly Thr 385 390 395 400 Asp Gly Ser Gln Ile Val Thr Ile Leu Ser Asn Lys Gly Ala Ser Gly 405 410 415 Asp Ser Tyr Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Gly Ala Gly Tyr Thr Ala Gly Gln 420 425 430 Gln Leu Thr Glu Val Ile Gly Cys Thr Thr Val Thr Val Gly Ser Asp 435 440 445 Gly Asn Val Pro Val Pro Met Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Arg Val Leu Tyr 450 455 460 Pro Thr Glu Lys Leu Ala Gly Ser Lys Ile Cys Ser Ser Ser 465 470 475 7586PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic construct 7Ala Thr Pro Ala Asp Trp Arg Ser Gln Ser Ile Tyr Phe Leu Leu Thr 1 5 10 15 Asp Arg Phe Ala Arg Thr Asp Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Thr Cys Asn Thr 20 25 30 Ala Asp Gln Lys Tyr Cys Gly Gly Thr Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Asp Lys 35 40 45 Leu Asp Tyr Ile Gln Gly Met Gly Phe Thr Ala Ile Trp Ile Thr Pro 50 55 60 Val Thr Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Thr Thr Ala Tyr Gly Asp Ala Tyr His 65 70 75 80 Gly Tyr Trp Gln Gln Asp Ile Tyr Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Tyr Gly Thr 85 90 95 Ala Asp Asp Leu Lys Ala Leu Ser Ser Ala Leu His Glu Arg Gly Met 100 105 110 Tyr Leu Met Val Asp Val Val Ala Asn His Met Gly Tyr Asp Gly Pro 115 120 125 Gly Ser Ser Val Asp Tyr Ser Val Phe Val Pro Phe Asn Ser Ala Ser 130 135 140 Tyr Phe His Pro Phe Cys Phe Ile Gln Asn Trp Asn Asp Gln Thr Gln 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Asp Cys Trp Leu Gly Asp Asn Thr Val Ser Leu Pro Asp Leu 165 170 175 Asp Thr Thr Lys Asp Val Val Lys Asn Glu Trp Tyr Asp Trp Val Gly 180 185 190 Ser Leu Val Ser Asn Tyr Ser Ile Asp Gly Leu Arg Ile Asp Thr Val 195 200 205 Lys His Val Gln Lys Asp Phe Trp Pro Gly Tyr Asn Lys Ala Ala Gly 210 215 220 Val Tyr Cys Ile Gly Glu Val Leu Asp Gly Asp Pro Ala Tyr Thr Cys 225 230 235 240 Pro Tyr Gln Glu Val Leu Asp Gly Val Leu Asn Tyr Pro Ile Tyr Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Leu Leu Asn Ala Phe Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Ser Met Asp Asp Leu 260 265 270 Tyr Asn Met Ile Asn Thr Val Lys Ser Asp Cys Pro Asp Ser Thr Leu 275 280 285 Leu Gly Thr Phe Val Glu Asn His Asp Asn Pro Arg Phe Ala Ser Tyr 290 295 300 Thr Asn Asp Ile Ala Leu Ala Lys Asn Val Ala Ala Phe Ile Ile Leu 305 310 315 320 Asn Asp Gly Ile Pro Ile Ile Tyr Ala Gly Gln Glu Gln His Tyr Ala 325 330 335 Gly Gly Asn Asp Pro Ala Asn Arg Glu Ala Thr Trp Leu Ser Gly Tyr 340 345 350 Pro Thr Asp Ser Glu Leu Tyr Lys Leu Ile Ala Ser Ala Asn Ala Ile 355 360 365 Arg Asn Tyr Ala Ile Ser Lys Asp Thr Gly Phe Val Thr Tyr Lys Asn 370 375 380 Trp Pro Ile Tyr Lys Asp Asp Thr Thr Ile Ala Met Arg Lys Gly Thr 385 390 395 400 Asp Gly Ser Gln Ile Val Thr Ile Leu Ser Asn Lys Gly Ala Ser Gly 405 410 415 Asp Ser Tyr Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Gly Ala Gly Tyr Thr Ala Gly Gln 420 425 430 Gln Leu Thr Glu Val Ile Gly Cys Thr Thr Val Thr Val Asp Ser Ser 435 440 445 Gly Asp Val Pro Val Pro Met Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Arg Val Leu Tyr 450 455 460 Pro Thr Glu Lys Leu Ala Gly Ser Lys Ile Cys Ser Ser Ser Gly Ala 465 470 475 480 Thr Ser Pro Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Val Glu Val Thr Phe Asp Val 485 490 495 Tyr Ala Thr Thr Val Tyr Gly Gln Asn Ile Tyr Ile Thr Gly Asp Val 500 505 510 Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Thr Pro Ala Asn Gly Val Ala Leu Ser Ser 515 520 525 Ala Asn Tyr Pro Thr Trp Ser Ala Thr Ile Ala Leu Pro Ala Asp Thr 530 535 540 Thr Ile Gln Tyr Lys Tyr Val Asn Ile Asp Gly Ser Thr Val Ile Trp 545 550 555 560 Glu Asp Ala Ile Ser Asn Arg Glu Ile Thr Thr Pro Ala Ser Gly Thr 565 570 575 Tyr Thr Glu Lys Asp Thr Trp Asp Glu Ser 580 585 8558PRTArtificial SequenceRhizomucor pusillus amylase with linker and SBD from A. rolfsii 8Ser Pro Leu Pro Gln Gln Gln Arg Tyr Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Ser Asp 1 5 10 15 Asp Trp Lys Ser Lys Ala Ile Tyr Gln Leu Leu Thr Asp Arg Phe Gly 20 25 30 Arg Ala Asp Asp Ser Thr Ser Asn Cys Ser Asn Leu Ser Asn Tyr Cys 35 40 45 Gly Gly Thr Tyr Glu Gly Ile Thr Lys His Leu Asp Tyr Ile Ser Gly 50 55 60 Met Gly Phe Asp Ala Ile Trp Ile Ser Pro Ile Pro Lys Asn Ser Asp 65 70 75 80 Gly Gly Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Thr Asp Phe Tyr Gln Leu Asn Ser 85 90 95 Asn Phe Gly Asp Glu Ser Gln Leu Lys Ala Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala His 100 105 110 Glu Arg Asp Met Tyr Val Met Leu Asp Val Val Ala Asn His Ala Gly 115 120 125 Pro Thr Ser Asn Gly Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Gly Asp Ala Ser Leu 130 135 140 Tyr His Pro Lys Cys Thr Ile Asp Tyr Asn Asp Gln Thr Ser Ile Glu 145 150 155 160 Gln Cys Trp Val Ala Asp Glu Leu Pro Asp Ile Asp Thr Glu Asn Ser 165 170 175 Asp Asn Val Ala Ile Leu Asn Asp Ile Val Ser Gly Trp Val Gly Asn 180 185 190 Tyr Ser Phe Asp Gly Ile Arg Ile Asp Thr Val Lys His Ile Arg Lys 195 200 205 Asp Phe Trp Thr Gly Tyr Ala Glu Ala Ala Gly Val Phe Ala Thr Gly 210 215 220 Glu Val Phe Asn Gly Asp Pro Ala Tyr Val Gly Pro Tyr Gln Lys Tyr 225 230 235 240 Leu Pro Ser Leu Ile Asn Tyr Pro Met Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Asn Asp Val 245 250 255 Phe Val Ser Lys Ser Lys Gly Phe Ser Arg Ile Ser Glu Met Leu Gly 260 265 270 Ser Asn Arg Asn Ala Phe Glu Asp Thr Ser Val Leu Thr Thr Phe Val 275 280 285 Asp Asn His Asp Asn Pro Arg Phe Leu Asn Ser Gln Ser Asp Lys Ala 290 295 300 Leu Phe Lys Asn Ala Leu Thr Tyr Val Leu Leu Gly Glu Gly Ile Pro 305 310 315 320 Ile Val Tyr Tyr Gly Ser Glu Gln Gly Phe Ser Gly Gly Ala Asp Pro 325 330 335 Ala Asn Arg Glu Val Leu Trp Thr Thr Asn Tyr Asp Thr Ser Ser Asp 340 345 350 Leu Tyr Gln Phe Ile Lys Thr Val Asn Ser Val Arg Met Lys Ser Asn 355 360 365 Lys Ala Val Tyr Met Asp Ile Tyr Val Gly Asp Asn Ala Tyr Ala Phe 370 375 380 Lys His Gly Asp Ala Leu Val Val Leu Asn Asn Tyr Gly Ser Gly Ser 385 390 395 400 Thr Asn Gln Val Ser Phe Ser Val Ser Gly Lys Phe Asp Ser Gly Ala 405 410 415 Ser Leu Met Asp Ile Val Ser Asn Ile Thr Thr Thr Val Ser Ser Asp 420 425 430 Gly Thr Val Thr Phe Asn Leu Lys Asp Gly Leu Pro Ala Ile Phe Thr 435 440 445 Ser Ala Gly Ala Thr Ser Pro Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Val Glu Val 450 455 460 Thr Phe Asp Val Tyr Ala Thr Thr Val Tyr Gly Gln Asn Ile Tyr Ile 465 470 475 480 Thr Gly Asp Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Thr Pro Ala Asn Gly Val 485 490 495 Ala Leu Ser Ser Ala Asn Tyr Pro Thr Trp Ser Ala Thr Ile Ala Leu 500 505 510 Pro Ala Asp Thr Thr Ile Gln Tyr Lys Tyr Val Asn Ile Asp Gly Ser 515 520 525 Thr Val Ile Trp Glu Asp Ala Ile Ser Asn Arg Glu Ile Thr Thr Pro 530 535 540 Ala Ser Gly Thr Tyr Thr Glu Lys Asp Thr Trp Asp Glu Ser 545 550 555 9450PRTRhizomucor pusillus 9Ser Pro Leu Pro Gln Gln Gln Arg Tyr Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Ser Asp 1 5 10 15 Asp Trp Lys Gly Lys Ala Ile Tyr Gln Leu Leu Thr Asp Arg Phe Gly 20 25 30 Arg Ala Asp Asp Ser Thr Ser Asn Cys Ser Asn Leu Ser Asn Tyr Cys 35 40 45 Gly Gly Thr Tyr Glu Gly Ile Thr Lys His Leu Asp Tyr Ile Ser Gly 50 55 60 Met Gly Phe Asp Ala Ile Trp Ile Ser Pro Ile Pro Lys Asn Ser Asp 65 70 75 80 Gly Gly Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Thr Asp Phe Tyr Gln Leu Asn Ser 85 90 95 Asn Phe Gly Asp Glu Ser Gln Leu Lys Ala Leu Ile Gln Ala Ala His 100 105 110 Glu Arg Asp Met Tyr Val Met Leu Asp Val Val Ala Asn His Ala Gly 115 120 125 Pro Thr Ser Asn Gly Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Gly Asp Ala Ser Leu 130 135 140 Tyr His Pro Lys Cys Thr Ile Asp Tyr Asn Asp Gln Thr Ser Ile Glu 145 150 155 160 Gln Cys Trp Val Ala Asp Glu Leu Pro Asp Ile Asp Thr Glu Asn Ser 165 170 175 Asp Asn Val Ala Ile Leu Asn Asp Ile Val Ser Gly Trp Val Gly Asn 180 185 190 Tyr Ser Phe Asp Gly Ile Arg Ile Asp Thr Val Lys His Ile Arg Lys 195 200 205 Asp Phe Trp Thr Gly Tyr Ala Glu Ala Ala Gly Val Phe Ala Thr Gly 210 215 220 Glu Val Phe Asn Gly Asp Pro Ala Tyr Val Gly Pro Tyr Gln Lys Tyr 225 230 235 240 Leu Pro Ser Leu Ile Asn Tyr Pro Met Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Asn Asp Val 245 250 255 Phe Val Ser Lys Ser Lys Gly Phe Ser Arg Ile Ser Glu Met Leu Gly 260 265 270 Ser Asn Arg Asn Ala Phe Glu Asp Thr Ser Val Leu Thr Thr Phe Val 275 280 285 Asp Asn His Asp Asn Pro Arg Phe Leu Asn Ser Gln Ser Asp Lys Ala 290 295 300 Leu Phe Lys Asn Ala Leu Thr Tyr Val Leu Leu Gly Glu Gly Ile Pro 305 310 315 320 Ile Val Tyr Tyr Gly Ser Glu Gln Gly Phe Ser Gly Gly Ala Asp Pro 325 330 335 Ala Asn Arg Glu Val Leu Trp Thr Thr Asn Tyr Asp Thr Ser Ser Asp 340 345 350 Leu Tyr Gln Phe Ile Lys Thr Val Asn Ser Val Arg Met Lys Ser Asn 355 360 365 Lys Ala Val Tyr Met Asp Ile Tyr Val Gly Asp Asn Ala Tyr Ala Phe 370 375 380 Lys His Gly Asp Ala Leu Val Val Leu Asn Asn Tyr Gly Ser Gly Ser 385 390 395 400 Thr Asn Gln Val Ser Phe Ser Val Ser Gly Lys Phe Asp Ser Gly Ala 405 410 415 Ser Leu Met Asp Ile Val Ser Asn Ile Thr Thr Thr Val Ser Ser Asp 420 425 430 Gly Thr Val Thr Phe Asn Leu Lys Asp Gly Leu Pro Ala Ile Phe Thr 435 440 445 Ser Ala 450 1037PRTAspergillus niger 10Thr Gly Gly Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Thr Pro Thr Gly Ser Gly Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Thr Ser Thr Ser Lys Thr Thr Ala Thr Ala Ser Lys Thr Ser Thr Ser 20 25 30 Thr Ser Ser Thr Ser 35 11108PRTAspergillus niger 11Cys Thr Thr Pro Thr Ala Val Ala Val Thr Phe Asp Leu Thr Ala Thr 1 5 10

15 Thr Thr Tyr Gly Glu Asn Ile Tyr Leu Val Gly Ser Ile Ser Gln Leu 20 25 30 Gly Asp Trp Glu Thr Ser Asp Gly Ile Ala Leu Ser Ala Asp Lys Tyr 35 40 45 Thr Ser Ser Asp Pro Leu Trp Tyr Val Thr Val Thr Leu Pro Ala Gly 50 55 60 Glu Ser Phe Glu Tyr Lys Phe Ile Arg Ile Glu Ser Asp Asp Ser Val 65 70 75 80 Glu Trp Glu Ser Asp Pro Asn Arg Glu Tyr Thr Val Pro Gln Ala Cys 85 90 95 Gly Thr Ser Thr Ala Thr Val Thr Asp Thr Trp Arg 100 105 12574PRTArtificial SequenceHybrid of Meripilus giganteus amylase with A.rolfsii SBD 12Arg Pro Thr Val Phe Asp Ala Gly Ala Asp Ala His Ser Leu His Ala 1 5 10 15 Arg Ala Pro Ser Gly Ser Lys Asp Val Ile Ile Gln Met Phe Glu Trp 20 25 30 Asn Trp Asp Ser Val Ala Ala Glu Cys Thr Asn Phe Ile Gly Pro Ala 35 40 45 Gly Tyr Gly Phe Val Gln Val Ser Pro Pro Gln Glu Thr Ile Gln Gly 50 55 60 Ala Gln Trp Trp Thr Asp Tyr Gln Pro Val Ser Tyr Thr Leu Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 Lys Arg Gly Asp Arg Ser Gln Phe Ala Asn Met Ile Thr Thr Cys His 85 90 95 Ala Ala Gly Val Gly Val Ile Val Asp Thr Ile Trp Asn His Met Ala 100 105 110 Gly Val Asp Ser Gly Thr Gly Thr Ala Gly Ser Ser Phe Thr His Tyr 115 120 125 Asn Tyr Pro Gly Ile Tyr Gln Asn Gln Asp Phe His His Cys Gly Leu 130 135 140 Glu Pro Gly Asp Asp Ile Val Asn Tyr Asp Asn Ala Val Glu Val Gln 145 150 155 160 Thr Cys Glu Leu Val Asn Leu Ala Asp Leu Ala Thr Asp Thr Glu Tyr 165 170 175 Val Arg Gly Arg Leu Ala Gln Tyr Gly Asn Asp Leu Leu Ser Leu Gly 180 185 190 Ala Asp Gly Leu Arg Leu Asp Ala Ser Lys His Ile Pro Val Gly Asp 195 200 205 Ile Ala Asn Ile Leu Ser Arg Leu Ser Arg Ser Val Tyr Ile Thr Gln 210 215 220 Glu Val Ile Phe Gly Ala Gly Glu Pro Ile Thr Pro Asn Gln Tyr Thr 225 230 235 240 Gly Asn Gly Asp Val Gln Glu Phe Arg Tyr Thr Ser Ala Leu Lys Asp 245 250 255 Ala Phe Leu Ser Ser Gly Ile Ser Asn Leu Gln Asp Phe Glu Asn Arg 260 265 270 Gly Trp Val Pro Gly Ser Gly Ala Asn Val Phe Val Val Asn His Asp 275 280 285 Thr Glu Arg Asn Gly Ala Ser Leu Asn Asn Asn Ser Pro Ser Asn Thr 290 295 300 Tyr Val Thr Ala Thr Ile Phe Ser Leu Ala His Pro Tyr Gly Thr Pro 305 310 315 320 Thr Ile Leu Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly Phe Thr Asn Thr Asp Ala Gly Ala 325 330 335 Pro Asn Asn Asn Val Gly Thr Cys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Ala Asn Gly 340 345 350 Trp Leu Cys Gln His Arg Trp Thr Ala Ile Ala Gly Met Val Gly Phe 355 360 365 Arg Asn Asn Val Gly Ser Ala Ala Leu Asn Asn Trp Gln Ala Pro Gln 370 375 380 Ser Gln Gln Ile Ala Phe Gly Arg Gly Ala Leu Gly Phe Val Ala Ile 385 390 395 400 Asn Asn Ala Asp Ser Ala Trp Ser Thr Thr Phe Thr Thr Ser Leu Pro 405 410 415 Asp Gly Ser Tyr Cys Asp Val Ile Ser Gly Lys Ala Ser Gly Ser Ser 420 425 430 Cys Thr Gly Ser Ser Phe Thr Val Ser Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr Ala Thr 435 440 445 Val Pro Ala Arg Ser Ala Ile Ala Val His Thr Gly Gln Lys Gly Ser 450 455 460 Gly Gly Gly Ala Thr Ser Pro Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Ser Val Glu Val 465 470 475 480 Thr Phe Asp Val Tyr Ala Thr Thr Val Tyr Gly Gln Asn Ile Tyr Ile 485 490 495 Thr Gly Asp Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Thr Pro Ala Asn Gly Val 500 505 510 Ala Leu Ser Ser Ala Asn Tyr Pro Thr Trp Ser Ala Thr Ile Ala Leu 515 520 525 Pro Ala Asp Thr Thr Ile Gln Tyr Lys Tyr Val Asn Ile Asp Gly Ser 530 535 540 Thr Val Ile Trp Glu Asp Ala Ile Ser Asn Arg Glu Ile Thr Thr Pro 545 550 555 560 Ala Ser Gly Thr Tyr Thr Glu Lys Asp Thr Trp Asp Glu Ser 565 570 131344DNAThermoascus aurantiacus 13aagtctaccc agtatcctgt caacatgcgg ctcgttgctt ccctaacggc cttggtggcc 60ttgtccgtac ctgtctttcc cgctgctgtc aacgtgaagc gtgcttcgtc ctacctggag 120atcactctga gccaggtcag caacactctg atcaaggccg tggtccagaa cactggtagc 180gacgagttgt ccttcgttca cctgaacttc ttcaaggacc ccgctcctgt caaaaaggta 240tcggtctatc gcgatgggtc tgaagtgcag ttcgagggca ttttgagccg ctacaaatcg 300actggcctct ctcgtgacgc ctttacttat ctggctcccg gagagtccgt cgaggacgtt 360tttgatattg cttcgactta cgatctgacc agcggcggcc ctgtaactat ccgtactgag 420ggagttgttc cctacgccac ggctaacagc actgatattg ccggctacat ctcatactcg 480tctaatgtgt tgaccattga tgtcgatggc gccgctgctg ccactgtctc caaggcaatc 540actcctttgg accgccgcac taggatcagt tcctgctccg gcagcagaca gagcgctctt 600actacggctc tcagaaacgc tgcttctctt gccaacgcag ctgccgacgc ggctcagtct 660ggatcagctt caaagttcag cgagtacttc aagactactt ctagctctac ccgccagacc 720gtggctgcgc gtcttcgggc tgttgcgcgg gaggcatctt cgtcttcttc gggagccacc 780acgtactact gcgacgatcc ctacggctac tgttcctcca acgtcctggc ttacaccctg 840ccttcataca acataatcgc caactgtgac attttctata cttacctgcc ggctctgacc 900agtacctgtc acgctcagga tcaagcgacc actgcccttc acgagttcac ccatgcgcct 960ggcgtctaca gccctggcac ggacgacctg gcgtatggct accaggctgc gatgggtctc 1020agcagcagcc aggctgtcat gaacgctgac acctacgctc tctatgcgaa tgccatatac 1080cttggttgct aagcgcagag cggtccattg gcgagttggt cgcggtccag ctctagctgg 1140gatcggccat ggatggtttg agctctgtaa atgacggtcc cgatcttgca gctttgattc 1200catctaaacg cgcaggaagg aatattagga tgaggatgtt tctatgagac ggctgtgcgc 1260agagttccga cgagtgacgg taactatttt tgccatagct acataatgca tctacaagtt 1320atctaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaa 1344

Claims

1-20. (canceled)

21. A process for producing a fermentation product from lignocellulose-containing material, comprising the steps of: (a) pre-treating lignocellulose-containing material; (b) detoxifying comprising subjecting the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material to one or more phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes and/or one or more enzymes exhibiting peroxidase activity; (c) hydrolyzing; and (d) fermenting using a fermenting organism, wherein the detoxification is carried out simultaneously with hydrolysis or fermentation.

22. The process of claim 21, wherein the one or more phenolic compound oxidizing enzymes are selected from the group consisting of a catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), o-aminophenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.4); and monophenol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.18.1).

23. The process of claim 21, wherein the enzyme exhibiting peroxidase activity is selected from the group consisting of a peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), haloperoxidase (EC1.11.1.8 and EC 1.11.1.10); lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14); manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13); and lipoxygenase (EC.1.13.11.12).

24. The process of claim 21, wherein the solids after pre-treating the lignocellulose-containing material in step (a) are removed/separated from the liquor before detoxification.

25. The process of claim 21, wherein the lignocellulose-containing material is chemically, mechanically and/or biologically pre-treated in step (a).

26. The process of claim 21, wherein hydrolysis and/or fermentation is carried out using one or more carbohydrases selected from the group consisting of cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase, protease, esterase, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylanase, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, glucoamylase, protease and lipase.

27. The process of claim 21, wherein the fermenting organism is a yeast strain of the genus Saccharomyces.

28. The process of claim 1, wherein the fermentation product is an alcohol.