U.S. patent application number 15/542509 was filed with the patent office on 2018-09-20 for combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin d and anti-inflammitories for sustained plasma 17- estradiol levels.
The applicant listed for this patent is DSM IP Assets B.V.. Invention is credited to Shuen Ei CHEN, Thau Kiong CHUNG.
Application Number | 20180264012 15/542509 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 53051752 |
Filed Date | 2018-09-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180264012 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
CHEN; Shuen Ei ; et
al. |
September 20, 2018 |
COMBINATION OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D AND ANTI-INFLAMMITORIES FOR
SUSTAINED PLASMA 17- ESTRADIOL LEVELS
Abstract
This invention relates to the use of the combination of
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ("25-OH D3") and antioxidants (ascorbic acid
vitamin E and canthaxanthin) to make a premix or feed for use in
maintain, increasing, or ameliorating the decrease of 17
.beta.-estradiol levels in poultry which are observed when poultry
is fed ad libitum, thereby extending the poultry's egg laying
life.
Inventors: |
CHEN; Shuen Ei;
(Kaiseraugst, CH) ; CHUNG; Thau Kiong;
(Kaiseraugst, CH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
DSM IP Assets B.V. |
Heerlen |
|
NL |
|
|
Family ID: |
53051752 |
Appl. No.: |
15/542509 |
Filed: |
January 15, 2016 |
PCT Filed: |
January 15, 2016 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2016/050755 |
371 Date: |
July 10, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62103769 |
Jan 15, 2015 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/122 20130101;
A61K 31/525 20130101; A61P 15/00 20180101; A61K 33/04 20130101;
A61P 3/08 20180101; A61K 9/0056 20130101; A61K 31/593 20130101;
A23K 20/30 20160501; A23K 50/42 20160501; A61K 31/355 20130101;
A23K 50/75 20160501; A61K 33/32 20130101; A61P 39/00 20180101; A61K
31/455 20130101; A61K 33/26 20130101; A61K 31/375 20130101; A61K
31/519 20130101; A61K 31/675 20130101; A23K 20/174 20160501; A23K
20/179 20160501; A23K 50/48 20160501; A61P 15/08 20180101; A61K
31/197 20130101; A23K 50/10 20160501; A61K 31/4188 20130101; A61P
3/06 20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61K 33/34 20130101; A61K 31/015
20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/593 20060101
A61K031/593; A23K 20/174 20060101 A23K020/174; A23K 20/179 20060101
A23K020/179; A23K 50/75 20060101 A23K050/75; A61K 31/375 20060101
A61K031/375; A61K 31/355 20060101 A61K031/355; A61K 31/122 20060101
A61K031/122; A61P 15/08 20060101 A61P015/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 8, 2015 |
EP |
15166937.1 |
Claims
1. A combination comprising: 25-Hydroxy vitamin D, ascorbic acid,
Vitamin E and canthaxanthin for use in maintaining, increasing, or
ameliorating the decrease of 17 .beta.-estradiol levels in poultry,
and/or increasing the productive egg laying life in poultry.
2. A combination according to claim 1 further comprising at least
one bio-active ingredient selected from the group consisting of
Vitamin D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic
Acid, Biotin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Selenium.
3. A feed or premix comprising a combination according to claim
1.
4. A feed or premix according to claim 1 where the feed is for ad
libitum feeding.
5. A method of maintaining, increasing or ameliorating a decrease
of 17 B-estradiol levels in poultry comprising providing a feed for
the poultry comprising 25-Hydroxy vitamin D, ascorbic acid, Vitamin
E and canthaxanthin.
6. A method according to claim 5, further comprising at least one
bio-active ingredient selected from the group consisting of Vitamin
D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid,
Biotin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Selenium.
7. A method according to claim 4 wherein the feed is provided ad
libidum.
8. A method prolonging the productive egg laying life in poultry
comprising administering a feed to the poultry comprising
25-Hydroxy vitamin D, ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and
canthaxanthin.
9. A method according to claim 8, further comprising at least one
bio-active ingredient selected from the group consisting of Vitamin
D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid,
Biotin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Selenium.
10. A method according to claim 8 wherein the feed is administered
ad libidum.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to the combination of
25-hydroxyvitamin D ("25-OH D3" and/or "25-OH D2") and
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories (ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and
canthaxanthin) for use in poultry feed for sustaining
17-.beta.-estradiol levels of female birds, thereby extending their
productive lifetime as egg layers. It also relates to feed and feed
premixes containing the combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories for this use.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Reproductive efficiency and the incidence of pathogenic
disorders are directly influenced by the extent of ovary
development and nutrition in poultry. For example, the finely tuned
reproductive system of the broiler breeder female requires ovary,
oviduct, brain, liver and skeletal system to communicate among
themselves under the influence of lighting in the production of
hatching eggs. The hypothalamus, located within the brain, is
directly stimulated by light energy at photostimulation. The mature
(reproductively functional) hypothalamus then secretes luteinizing
hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), which acts on anterior pituitary
to stimulate the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Both LH and FSH target the
ovary and stimulate ovarian hormone production and early follicle
development, respectively.
[0003] The ovary of an immature pullet has only small
undifferentiated follicles invisible to the naked eye. These
follicles, upon sexual maturity, increase in size to form an array
of small follicles as well as a hierarchy of large follicles
varying in size. The small follicles produce estrogen after
hypothalamic maturation. The large yellow follicles are usually
defined as being greater than 1 cm in diameter, and their numbers
are directly influenced by lighting program, plane of nutrition and
breeder age. Progesterone released from the largest follicle
triggers the ovulation process. Mature follicles are capable of
producing progesterone only a few hours prior to ovulation. The
liver is a key organ in egg production as it is the site of
lipogenesis, leading to formation of fatty acids and subsequently
triglycerides that contribute to egg yolk formation, which is in
turn driven by estrogen. The skeletal system is intimately
associated with egg production for its role in mobilizing, storing
and releasing calcium under the influence of estrogen.
[0004] Hyperphagia and therefore adiposity occurred in broiler
breeder females have increased in parallel with the perpetual
genetic selection for rapid growth in broiler chickens.
Overfeeding-induced ovarian dysfunction and reproductive
inefficiency as well as metabolic disorders like ascites, sudden
death syndrome and fatty liver in broiler breeder females is a
consequence of lipotoxicity development as result of fuel
overloading the biological system. Therefore, the challenge of
managing modern female broiler breeder strains is the inability of
these hens to adequately self-regulate feed intake during growth
and development to achieve an optimal body weight and composition
to support efficient egg and chick production. As such, broiler
breeder females are subject to a high degree of restricted feeding
regimen. The primary mechanism in which feed restriction benefits
reproductive efficiency in broiler breeder females is the control
of follicle development or rather limiting the formation of
excessive numbers of ovarian yellow follicles arranged in multiple
hierarchies.
[0005] Broiler breeder females overfed during reproductive
development not only produce excess large yellow ovarian follicles
but also generate a greater number of atretic yellow follicles and
commonly display erratic oviposition and defective egg syndrome
(EODES) that include several reproductive problems such as
follicular atresia, the production of soft-shelled or membranous
eggs, double-yolked eggs, egg yolk peritonitis (presence of egg
yolk in the abdominal cavity), multiple egg days and oviposition
not occurring in sequence, resulting in increased production of
unsettable eggs.
[0006] Controlled studies reported that voluntary feeding (i.e.,
broiler breeder hens to satiation) resulted in poor egg production,
high rate of mortality and abnormal ovarian structure (mainly overt
hierarchical follicle atresia. Lipotoxicity leading to impaired
ovarian dysfunctions, including follicle atresia, ovarian
regression, and a decline of circulating estradiol levels in
feed-satiated hens, was also observed.
[0007] Despite restricted feeding regimen strictly implemented in
commercial broiler breeder flocks, it is still very easy to
overfeed breeder hens due to their intrinsic hyperphagia.
Furthermore, breeder farm managers are confronted as to when and
how to feed before and during the start of egg production as well
as towards, during and after peak production. The basic fundamental
question to ask what and how management and nutritional tools
breeder farm managers can apply and implement to ameliorate the
adverse and deleterious effects of reproductive efficiency
associated with obesity in overweight hens.
[0008] Hy D.RTM. (registered trademark for 25-OH-D3; available from
DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland has been used to promote bone
health in poultry.
[0009] The combination of 25-OH D3 and canthaxanthin has also been
used in poultry. WO2010/057811 (DSM IP ASSETS, BV) describes this
combination for use in improving hatchability, fertility, and lower
embryo mortality in poultry. The combination is commercially
available under the trademark MAXICHICK. There is no mention in the
patent publication of the inclusion of ascorbic acid and high
vitamin E levels, nor the uses to increase, maintain, or ameliorate
the decrease in 17-.beta.-estradiol levels in animals fed ad
libitum.
[0010] Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is often not included as a
supplement in poultry diets, as the chicken can under normal
rearing conditions can produce sufficient Vitamin C. However, it
has been used in some specific conditions, such as in heat stress
situations.
[0011] Vitamin E is generally added to poultry feed. Recommended
doses for poultry species tends to range from about 50-100 IU/kg
feed, depending on the age of the animal.
[0012] WO14/191153 (DSM IP ASSETS B.V) teaches the combination of
canthaxanthin and at least one of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium,
and optionally at least one of thymol, eugenol, vanillin and
gamma-terpinene can improve immune statues, bone health, skeletal
development and growth and feed conversion, particularly when
flocks are subject to stress associated with vaccination.
[0013] WO14/202433 (DSM IP ASSETS B.V) teaches the combination of
canthaxanthin and 25-OH D3 to improve internal egg quality, i.e.
enhancing the strength of vitelline membrane that envelops the
yolk. There is no teaching to add ascorbic acid to the combination,
nor for its use in ameliorating the adverse effects of hyperphagia
on 17-.beta. estradiol levels.
[0014] Thus there is a need to control, maintain, increase, or
lessen a decrease of 17-.beta. estradiol levels in poultry.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0015] It has been found, accordance with this invention that the
combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D3 and/or 25-OH D2) and
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories ameliorates the decrease of
17-.beta. estradiol levels observed when poultry is fed ad libitum
or experiences hyperphagia-related obesity. It has also been found
in accordance with this invention, that the bio-actives
traditionally included in the feed as antioxidants also possess an
anti-inflammatory activity which mitigates the drop in 17-.beta.
estradiol levels. Thus, one aspect of this invention is the use of
25-OHD and antioxidants/anti-inflammatories to ameliorate a
decrease of 17-.beta. estradiol levels of poultry experiencing
hyperphagia-related obesity, and thereby extend their productive
life as egg layers.
[0016] Another aspect of this invention is a method of extending
the productive life of poultry which are kept as egg layers
comprising adding a combination of 25-OH D and
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories to its basal diet.
[0017] As 25-OH D2 and 25-OH D3 may act in a similar fashion after
administration, it is envisioned that either may be used separately
in combination with antioxidants/anti-inflammatories, or a mixture
of both 25-OH D3 and 25-OH D2 may be used in combination with
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories. If used together, the ratio of
25-OH D3:25-OH D3 is not a critical part of the invention.
[0018] The antioxidants/anti-inflammatories of this invention
comprise the combination of ascorbic acid, vitamin E and
canthaxanthin. Thus one aspect of this invention is the combination
of 25-OH D3, canthaxanthin, vitamin E and ascorbic acid for the use
of increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta. estradiol
levels. Another embodiment is the combination of 25-OHD2,
canthaxanthin, Vitamin E and ascorbic acid acid for the use of
increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta. estradiol
levels. Another embodiment is the combination of 25-OHD3, 25-OHD2,
canthaxanthin, Vitamin E and ascorbic acid acid for the use of
increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta. estradiol
levels.
[0019] Another aspect of this invention is the combination of 25-OH
D, canthaxanthin, vitamin E and ascorbic acid, which optionally
further comprises at least one further bio-active ingredient
selected from the group consisting of: [0020] Vitamin D, Vitamin
B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Selenium acid
for the use of increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta.
estradiol levels. Preferably the 25-OH D is 25-OH D3. Preferably at
least Vitamin D is a further bio-active ingredient. Sometimes the
further bio-active ingredients include at least Vitamin D and
selenium. In some cases, all the further bio-active ingredients are
added.
[0021] A further aspect is the combination of 25-OH D,
canthaxanthin, vitamin E and ascorbic acid which optionally further
comprises at least one further bio-active ingredient selected from
the group consisting of Vitamin D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin,
Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, Biotin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese,
Selenium, and combinations thereof acid for the use of increasing,
maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta. estradiol levels. Preferably
the 25-OH D is 25-OH D3. Sometimes, the further bio-active
ingredient includes biotin. Sometimes the further bio-active
ingredient includes Vitamin D and biotin. Sometimes the further
bio-active ingredient includes all the aforementioned optionally
bio-active ingredients.
[0022] Another aspect of this invention is a poultry feed acid for
the use of increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta.
estradiol levels comprising the combination of 25-OH D2 or 25-OH D3
or mixtures thereof, ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and
canthaxanthin.
[0023] Yet another embodiment is poultry feed acid for the use of
increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta. estradiol levels
comprising the combination of 25-OH D, canthaxanthin, vitamin E and
ascorbic acid, which optionally further comprises at least one
further bio-active ingredient selected from the group consisting
of: Vitamin D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Zinc, Copper,
Manganese, Selenium and combinations thereof. Preferably the 25-OH
D is 25-OH D3. Sometimes the further bio-active ingredients include
at least Vitamin D and Selenium. In some cases, all the further
bio-active ingredients are added.
[0024] Another embodiment is poultry feed acid for the use of
increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta. estradiol
levels. comprising the combination of 25-OH D, canthaxanthin,
vitamin E and ascorbic acid, which optionally further comprises at
least one further bio-active ingredient selected from the group
consisting of: Vitamin D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin,
Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, Biotin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese,
Selenium and combinations thereof. Sometimes, the further
bio-active ingredient includes biotin. Preferably the 25-OH D is
25-OH D3. Sometimes the further bio-active ingredient includes
Vitamin D and biotin. Sometimes the further bio-active ingredient
includes all the aforementioned optionally bio-active
ingredients.
[0025] Another aspect of this invention are premixes for poultry
feed acid for the use of increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating
17-.beta. estradiol levels which comprise the combination of 25-OH
D, vitamin E, ascorbic acid and canthaxanthin. Preferably, the
25-OH D is 25-OH D3. In some embodiments the feed and premix acid
for the use of increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating 17-.beta.
estradiol levels also comprises at least one further bio-active
ingredient selected from the group consisting of: [0026] Vitamin D,
Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Selenium
and combinations thereof. Sometimes the further bio-active
ingredients include at least Vitamin D and Selenium. In some cases,
all the further bio-active ingredients are added.
[0027] Another aspect of this invention are premixes for poultry
feed acid for the use of increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating
17-.beta. estradiol levels which comprise at least one further
bio-active ingredient selected from the group consisting of:
Vitamin D, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic
Acid, Biotin, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Selenium and combinations
thereof. Sometimes, the further bio-active ingredient includes
biotin. Sometimes the further bio-active ingredient includes
Vitamin D and biotin. Sometimes the further bio-active ingredient
includes all the aforementioned optionally bio-active
ingredients.
[0028] When using the poultry feed of this invention, the animals
may be fed ad libitum and the ill effects of obesity, including
decreasing 17-.beta. estradiol levels will be experienced to a
lesser degree or not at all. As lowering 17-.beta. estradiol levels
results in a shortening of the poultry's productive egg laying life
span, maintaining the 17-.beta. estradiol levels will result in
prolonging the poultry's usefulness.
[0029] As used throughout this specification and claims, the
following definitions apply:
[0030] "25-OH D" refers to any form of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (i.e.
either 25-OH D2 or 25-OH D3, or mixes thereof). 25-OH D3
specifically refers to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 25-OH D2 specifically
refers to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2.
[0031] "Poultry" means any domesticated fowl, including chickens
(including broiler, layers and breeding hens), ducks, geese,
turkeys, quail, and ostriches.
[0032] "Hyperphagia" is excessive eating; the animal does not
voluntarily limit its feeding.
[0033] "Ascorbic Acid" and "Vitamin C" are used interchangeably
throughout the specification and claims.
[0034] "Increasing, maintaining, or ameliorating the decline of
17-.beta. estradiol levels" means that [0035] the 17-.beta.
estradiol level of poultry fed the combination of this invention ad
libitum is higher than that which would be observed in the same
type of poultry fed the same base diet (i.e. the same diet except
for the combination of this invention) ad libitum.
[0036] "Basal diet" means that the feed used supplies the poultry
with sufficient vitamins and minerals so that the poultry are
vitamin and mineral replete.
[0037] It has been found in accordance with this invention, that
the use of feed comprising 25-OH D3, vitamin E, canthaxanthin and
ascorbic acid can increase, maintain, or ameliorate the decline of
17-.beta. estradiol levels.
[0038] Increasing, maintaining or ameliorating the decline of
17-.beta. estradiol levels is important for breeding poultry in
that it contributes to the longevity of the period during which the
animal is productive.
[0039] Doses
[0040] 25-OH D3: The amount of 25-OH D3 can range from 15-200
.mu.g/kg feed. Preferably, the amount of 25-OH D3 is from 35-150
.mu.g/kg feed. For feed with a low dose of the combination of the
invention, 35 .mu.g per kg 25-OH D3/feed is preferred; for food
with a medium dose of the combination, 69 .mu.g per kg feed is
preferred; and for food with a high dose of 150 .mu.g feed is
preferred.
[0041] Vitamin E: The amount of Vitamin E can range from 40-400
mg/kg feed. Preferably the amount is 80-300 mg/kg feed. For feed
with a low dose of the combination of the invention, 80 mg/kg
Vitamin E is preferred. For feed with a medium dose, 150 mg Vitamin
E is preferred; for feed with a high dose, 300 mg/kg Vitamin E is
preferred.
[0042] Canthaxanthin: The amount of canthaxanthin can range from
1-15 mg/kg feed. Preferably the amount is 3-12 mg/kg feed. For feed
with a low dose of the combination of the invention, 3 mg/kg
canthaxanthin is preferred. For feed with a medium dose, 6 mg
canthaxanthin is preferred; for feed with a high dose, 12 mg/kg
canthaxanthin is preferred.
[0043] Ascorbic Acid: The amount of ascorbic acid can range from
40-400 mg/kg feed. Preferably the amount is 100-300 mg feed. For
feed with a low dose of the combination of the invention, 100 mg/kg
ascorbic acid is preferred. For feed with a medium dose, 150 mg
ascorbic acid is preferred; for feed with a high dose, 300 mg/kg
ascorbic acid is preferred.
[0044] Thus specific preferred feeds of this invention comprise the
following dosages (all amounts are per kg/feed): Preferred Feed #1:
[0045] 25-OH D3: 15-200 .mu.g, [0046] Vitamin E: 40-400 mg, [0047]
Canthaxanthin: 1-15 mg; and [0048] Ascorbic acid: 40-400 mg.
[0049] Preferred Feed #2: [0050] 25-OH D3: 35-150 .mu.g, [0051]
Vitamin E: 80-300 mg, [0052] Canthaxanthin: 3-12 mg, and [0053]
Ascorbic acid: 80-300 mg
[0054] Preferred Feed #3: (Low dose feed) This feed is preferred
for mildly obese poultry. [0055] 25-OH D3: 35 .mu.g [0056] Vitamin
E: 80 mg [0057] Canthaxanthin: 3 mg [0058] Ascorbic acid: 80
mg.
[0059] Preferred Feed #4 (medium dose feed) This feed is preferred
for moderately to severely obese poultry: [0060] 25-OH D3: 69 .mu.g
[0061] Vitamin E: 150 mg [0062] Canthaxanthin: 6 mg [0063] Ascorbic
acid: 150 mg.
[0064] Preferred Feed #5 (high dose feed) This feed is preferred
for severely obese poultry: [0065] 25-OH D3: 150 .mu.g [0066]
Vitamin E: 300 mg [0067] Canthaxanthin: 12 mg [0068] Ascorbic acid:
300 mg.
[0069] Optional Additional Ingredients
[0070] To each of the feeds listed above, at least one of the
additional ingredients may be added. Preferably at least one, and
more preferably more than one of the following ingredients are
added. In other embodiments, all the following ingredients are
added: [0071] Vitamin D3--generally this is present in poultry
diets at approximately 2500 IU per kg feed. In accordance with this
invention, if desired, the amount of Vitamin D is increased to at
least 3000 IU per kg. [0072] Vitamin B2: this can be added at 3-25
mg per kg; preferably from 6-20 mg/kg. For low dose feed, 6 mg/kg
is preferred. For medium dose feed, 14 mg/kg is preferred; and for
high dose feed 20 mg/kg is preferred. [0073] Niacin: this can be
added at 25-300 mg per kg feed. Preferably it ranges from 60-200
mg/kg. For low dose feed, 60 mg/kg is preferred. For medium dose
feed, 120 mg/kg is preferred; and for high dose feed 200 mg/kg is
preferred. [0074] Pantothenic acid: this can be added at 10-120 mg
per kg feed. Preferably it ranges from 15-80 mg/kg. For low dose
feed, 15 mg/kg is preferred. For medium dose feed, 30 mg/kg is
preferred; and for high dose feed 80 mg/kg is preferred. [0075]
Folic acid: this can be added at 1-8 mg per kg feed. Preferably it
ranges from 2-6 mg/kg. For low dose feed, 2 mg/kg is preferred. For
medium dose feed, 4 mg/kg is preferred; and for high dose feed 6
mg/kg is preferred. [0076] Biotin: this can be added at 0.05-1.0
mg/kg feed. Preferably it ranges from 0.2-0.8 mg/kg. For low dose
feed, 0.2 mg/kg is preferred. For medium dose feed, 0.4 mg/kg is
preferred; and for high dose feed 0.8 mg/kg is preferred. [0077]
Zinc: this can be added at 50-300 mg/kg feed. Preferably it ranges
from 70-250 mg/kg. For low dose feed, 70 mg/kg is preferred. For
medium dose feed, 125 mg/kg is preferred; and for high dose feed
250 mg/kg is preferred. [0078] Copper: this can be added at 5-50
mg/kg feed. Preferably it ranges from 10-30 mg/kg. For low dose
feed, 10 mg/kg is preferred. For medium dose feed, 20 mg/kg is
preferred; and for high dose feed 30 mg/kg is preferred. [0079]
Manganese: this can be added at 50-300 mg/feed. Preferably it
ranges from 80-270 mg/kg. For low dose feed, 80 mg/kg is preferred.
For medium dose feed, 150 mg/kg is preferred; and for high dose
feed 270 mg/kg is preferred. [0080] Selenium: this can be added at
0.05-0.6 mg/kg feed. Preferably it ranges from 0.1-0.4 mg/kg. For
low dose feed, 0.1 mg/kg is preferred. For medium dose feed, 0.2
mg/kg is preferred; and for high dose feed 0.4 mg/kg is
preferred.
[0081] In one aspect of this invention the combination of 25-OH D3
and the antioxidants/anti-inflammatories are given to poultry which
are vitamin replete rather than vitamin deficient. The vitamin
replete status is preferably due to the use of a basal feed which
supplies at least the minimum amount of vitamins and minerals for
the poultry. The combination of this invention is thus preferably
used in addition to the basal diet.
[0082] Further, it is envisioned that the combinations specified
herein may be added to any commercially available poultry food, and
thus the total amount of 25-OHD3 and
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories present may be equal to the amount
originally present in the food plus the addition as specified
herein. It is also envisioned that the 25-OHD3 and
antioxidants/anti-inflammatories as specified herein are the sole
additions to a basal diet which contains at least the minimum
required nutrients for poultry nutrition.
[0083] While not wishing to be bound by theory, it appears that the
increase egg-laying life observed in hens fed the combination of
this invention could possibly be explained by the combination of
this invention imparting better bone health, better gut health,
better liver and better ovarian health. However, it is highly
likely that estrogen is the hormone interlinking all these organs
to successfully sustain prolonged hatching egg production. In
essence, less incidence of degenerated and tumor-like morphology is
likely resulted in a more sustained estrogen production by the hen
and therefore longer egg-laying life.
[0084] The following non-limiting Examples are presented to better
illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0085] Materials and Methods
[0086] A total of thirty 45-week-old broiler breeder hens (ROSS
308) were obtained from a commercial flock for the study. A basal
broiler breeder laying diet was formulated as shown in Table 1. The
calculated nutrient composition is shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ingredient composition of the basal broiler
breeder laying diets. Composition %, w/w Corn 66.9 Soybean meal
22.2 Oil fat 1.67 Ca Carbonate (ground 6.36 oyster shell) Dicalcium
phosphate 1.8 Choline-Cl (70%) 0.1 Mineral Premix.sup.1 0.1 Copper
sulfate 0.05 Vitamin Premix.sup.2 0.1 .sup.1Mineral premix provided
(per kg of diet for treatment groups 1, 2 and 3): Cu 18 mg; I 1.1
mg; Fe 80 mg; Mn 150 mg; Zn 125 mg; and Se 0.25 mg. .sup.2Refer to
Table 2 for further detail.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Vitamin premix composition (provided per kg
of diet) Treatments 1 and 2 Treatment 3 1 = restricted feeding 3 =
ad libitum feeding + Vitamin 2 = ad libitum feeding 25-OH-D3 +
antioxidants A (IU) 10000 12000 D3 (IU) 2500 3000 E (mg) 100 150 K3
(mg) 3 5 B1 (mg) 3 5 B2 (mg) 8 14 B6 (mg) 6 8 B12 (mg) 0.03 0.03
Niacin (mg) 60 120 Pantothenic acid (mg) 18 30 Folic acid (mg) 1 4
Biotin (mg) 0.2 0.4 C (ascorbic acid) (mg) 0 150 25-OH-D3 (mcg) 0
69 Canthaxanthin (mg) 0 6
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Calculated nutrient composition (%) of the
basal broiler breeder laying diets. Composition % w/w Crude protein
16 Crude fat 4.2 Calcium 3.1 Sodium 0.16 Total Phosphorus 0.64
Total ME 2910 kcal/kg
[0087] Diet was supplemented with or without 25-OH D3 at 69 mcg/kg
diet in combination with antioxidants (ascorbic acid,
canthaxanthin) and enriched levels of selected vitamins. Hens were
randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups according to feeding
regimen (restricted and ad libitum) as follows:
[0088] 1. Basal diet--restricted feeding (140 g/day)
[0089] 2. Basal diet--ad libitum feeding
[0090] 3. Basal diet--ad libitum feeding+25-OH-D3 at 69 mcg/kg
diet+antioxidants
[0091] They were individually-housed in wire cages placed in a
controlled room with 14 h:10 h light:dark period and at a
temperature of 25.+-.3.degree. C. Water was available ad libitum.
The experimental period was lasted for 10 weeks. Three weeks after
the feeding trial, some birds were used for relevant plasma
parameter analyses. At the end of experiment, hens were euthanized
and sacrificed for tissue sample collection for further
studies:
A. 25-Hydroxy D3 and Antioxidants Lowered Mortality and Improved
Egg Production, Ovarian Morphology and Plasma 17.beta. Estradiol
Level
[0092] Secretion of estradiol is the hallmark of successful
ovulatory follicles. In addition to its role in triggering the
preovulatory surge of gonadotropins, estradiol is an important
intra-ovarian growth, differentiation, and survival factor.
Inclusion of 25-hydroxy D3 and antioxidants reduced mortality and
incidence of ovarian degeneration and ovarian-tumor-like
morphology, increased egg production and sustained plasma estradiol
levels in birds under ad libitum feed intake (Table 4).
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 25-hydroxy D3 and antioxidants on mortality,
egg production and plasma 17.beta.-estradiol level of ad
libitum-fed broiler breeder hens Ad libitum Ad feeding + Restricted
libitum 25-OH-D3 + Pooled feeding feeding antioxidants SEM.sup.1
Mortality (death/total) 1/7 4/10 2/10 Egg production (%) 36.8.sup.a
17.6.sup.b 28.5.sup.a 6.72 Plasma 17.beta.-estradiol 0.78.sup.a
0.34.sup.c 0.61.sup.b 0.07 (nmole/mL) .sup.a-cWithin a row, means
without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05). .sup.1Pooled
standard error of the mean.
[0093] Conclusions
[0094] Supplemental 25-hydroxy D3 and antioxidants ameliorated
deleterious effects associated with overfeeding of broiler breeder
females by:
[0095] a. lowering mortality rate and improving ovary function and
therefore reproductive performance of overfed broiler breeder
hens.
* * * * *