U.S. patent application number 15/945833 was filed with the patent office on 2018-09-13 for beta-glucan compounds, compositions, and methods.
The applicant listed for this patent is Biothera, Inc.. Invention is credited to Mary A. Antonysamy, Nandita Bose, Anissa S.H. Chan, Michael E. Danielson, Keith B. Gorden, William J. Grossman, Steven M. Leonardo, John P. Vasilakos.
Application Number | 20180256738 15/945833 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47139619 |
Filed Date | 2018-09-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180256738 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bose; Nandita ; et
al. |
September 13, 2018 |
BETA-GLUCAN COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, AND METHODS
Abstract
Described herein are beta-glucan compounds, compositions, and
methods. Generally, the methods exploit the observation that
beta-glucan compounds can bind to B cells. Thus, the methods
generally include administering a beta-glucan compound to a subject
in an amount effective for the beta-glucan compound to bind to a B
cell and modulate at least one biological function of the B
cell.
Inventors: |
Bose; Nandita; (Plymouth,
MN) ; Chan; Anissa S.H.; (Arden Hills, MN) ;
Danielson; Michael E.; (St. Paul, MN) ; Antonysamy;
Mary A.; (Woodbury, MN) ; Vasilakos; John P.;
(Woodbury, MN) ; Gorden; Keith B.; (Woodbury,
MN) ; Leonardo; Steven M.; (Eagan, MN) ;
Grossman; William J.; (Third Lake, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Biothera, Inc. |
Eagan |
MN |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47139619 |
Appl. No.: |
15/945833 |
Filed: |
April 5, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14116550 |
Apr 16, 2014 |
9943607 |
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PCT/US2012/037073 |
May 9, 2012 |
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15945833 |
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61483983 |
May 9, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 47/643 20170801;
A61K 31/716 20130101; A61K 39/39 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 47/64 20060101
A61K047/64; A61K 39/39 20060101 A61K039/39; A61K 31/716 20060101
A61K031/716 |
Claims
1. A method comprising: administering to a subject an amount of a
.beta.-glucan compound effective to bind to B cells and modulate at
least one biological function of the B cells, the composition
comprising: a .beta.-glucan moiety; and an active moiety coupled to
the .beta.-glucan moiety, the active moiety comprising a
danger-associated molecular pattern.
2-18. (canceled)
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the .beta.-glucan moiety
comprises a soluble .beta.-glucan or a particulate
.beta.-glucan.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the .beta.-glucan moiety
comprises a derivatized .beta.-glucan.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the .beta.-glucan moiety is
isolated from yeast.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the yeast comprises
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
23. The method of claim 1 wherein the danger-associated molecular
pattern comprises a heat-shock protein, high-mobility group box 1
protein, a protein generated following tissue injury, a hyaluronan
fragment, ATP, uric acid, heparin sulfate or DNA.
24. The method of claim 1 wherein the .beta.-glucan moiety and the
active moiety are coupled through a covalent linkage.
25. The method of claim 1 wherein the .beta.-glucan moiety and the
active moiety are coupled through an affinity linkage.
26. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one biological function
of the B cells comprises making an immunoglobulin involved in
cancer therapy.
27. The method of claim 1 wherein modulating at least one
biological function of the B cells comprises making an
immunoglobulin involved in infectious disease treatment.
28. A .beta.-glucan compound comprising: a .beta.-glucan moiety;
and an active moiety coupled to the .beta.-glucan moiety, the
active moiety comprising a danger-associated molecular pattern.
29. The .beta.-glucan compound of claim 28 wherein the active
moiety comprises a heat-shock protein, high-mobility group box 1
protein, a protein generated following tissue injury, a hyaluronan
fragment, ATP, uric acid, heparin sulfate or DNA.
30. The .beta.-glucan moiety of claim 28 wherein the .beta.-glucan
moiety is isolated from yeast.
31. The .beta.-glucan moiety of claim 30 wherein the yeast
comprises Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
32. The .beta.-glucan moiety of claim 28 wherein the .beta.-glucan
moiety and the active moiety are coupled through a covalent linkage
or an affinity linkage.
33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a .beta.-glucan
compound comprising: a .beta.-glucan moiety; and an active moiety
coupled to the .beta.-glucan moiety, the active moiety comprising a
danger-associated molecular pattern; and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33 wherein the active
moiety comprises a heat-shock protein, high-mobility group box 1
protein, a protein generated following tissue injury, a hyaluronan
fragment, ATP, uric acid, heparin sulfate or DNA.
35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33 wherein the
.beta.-glucan moiety is isolated from yeast.
36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35 wherein the yeast
comprises Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33 wherein the
.beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety are coupled through a
covalent linkage or an affinity linkage.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
application Ser. No. 14/116,550, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,934,607, filed
Apr. 16, 2014, which is a U.S. National Stage Application of
International Application No. PCT/US2012/037073, entitled (3-GLUCAN
COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, AND METHODS, filed on May 9, 2012, which
claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
61/483,983, filed May 9, 2011, each of which is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] IMPRIME PGG
(.beta.(1,6)-[poly-1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-b(1,3)-D-glucopyranose,
Biothera, Eagan, Minn.) is a soluble form of yeast-derived
.beta.-glucan. Laminarin is another example of a .beta.-1,3/1,6
glucan, however laminarin is derived from algae and differs
chemically from IMPRIME PGG.
[0003] Yeast .beta.-glucans are conserved microbial structures not
found in mammalian cells. IMPRIME PGG is a soluble .beta.-glucan
isolated from yeast. Since IMPRIME PGG is a conserved microbial
structure not found in mammals, and IMPRIME PGG is recognized by
innate immune cells, IMPRIME PGG is classified as a
pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). In general, PAMPs are
microbial components that are first recognized by the innate immune
system resulting in immune activation.
[0004] Activation of the innate immune system with soluble
.beta.-glucans can result in anti-tumor activity in mice (Allendorf
et al., 2005, J Immunol., 174(11):7050-7056; Li et al., 2006, J
Immunol., 177(3):1661-1669; Salvador et al., 2008, Clinical Cancer
Research, 14:1239-1247). Unlike other PAMPs (e.g., LPS, Pam3Cys,
poly I:C), IMPRIME PGG does not appear to induce overt production
of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as, for example, the
NF-.kappa.B-regulated cytokines tumor necrosis factor-.alpha.
(TNF-.alpha.) and interferons (e.g., IFN-.alpha. and IFN-.gamma.).
Thus, IMPRIME PGG may modulate immune responses in a different
manner than other PAMPs.
SUMMARY
[0005] In one aspect, this disclosure describes a method that
generally includes administering to a subject an amount of a
.beta.-glucan compound effective to bind to B cells and modulate at
least one biological function of the B cells.
[0006] In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan compound generally
includes a .beta.-glucan moiety and an active moiety. In some such
embodiments, the active moiety can include an immunomodulator, an
antibody, an antigen, a cytotoxic agent, a cytokine, an inhibitor
of Bcl-2, a kinase inhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor, a proteosome
inhibitor, or an immunosuppressive agent. In some such embodiments,
the .beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety may be coupled
through a covalent linkage. In other such embodiments, the
.beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety may be coupled through
an affinity linkage.
[0007] In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan can be a soluble
.beta.-glucan, while in other embodiments the .beta.-glucan can be
a particulate .beta.-glucan. In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan
compound can include a derivatized .beta.-glucan or a modified
.beta.-glucan.
[0008] In some embodiments, the biological function of the B cells
comprises making an immunoglobulin.
[0009] In some embodiments, modulating at least one B cell
biological function comprises killing B cells.
[0010] In another aspect, the invention provides a .beta.-glucan
compound that generally includes a .beta.-glucan moiety coupled to
an active moiety.
[0011] In some embodiments, the active moiety can include an
immunomodulator, an antibody, an antigen, a cytotoxic agent, a
cytokine, or an immunosuppressive agent. In some of these
embodiments, the .beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety may be
coupled through a covalent linkage. In other such embodiments, the
.beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety may be coupled through
an affinity linkage.
[0012] In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan moiety is derived
from yeast. In some of these embodiments, the yeast can include
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one particular embodiment, the
.beta.-glucan moiety can include
r3(1,6)-[poly-1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-b(1,3)-D-glucopyranose.
[0013] In another aspect, this disclosure describes a
pharmaceutical composition that generally includes a .beta.-glucan
compound as described herein.
[0014] The above summary is not intended to describe each disclosed
embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The
description that follows more particularly exemplifies illustrative
embodiments. In several places throughout the application, guidance
is provided through lists of examples, which examples can be used
in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list serves
only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an
exclusive list.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0015] FIG. 1. Truncated structure of
.beta.(1,6)-[poly-1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-b(1,3)-D-glucopyranose.
[0016] FIG. 2A. IMPRIME PGG binding to B cells in whole blood.
[0017] FIG. 2B. IMPRIME PGG binding to B cells in PBMCs.
[0018] FIG. 2C. Laminarin binding to B cells in PBMCs.
[0019] FIG. 3A. Surface CR2 expression on PBMC subsets (shaded
peak-No IMPRIME PGG; open peaks-MPRIME PGG+Isotype ctrl and IMPRIME
PGG+anti-CR2 blocking antibody).
[0020] FIG. 3B. Blocking of IMPRIME PGG binding on B cells in whole
blood by anti-CR2 antibody (shaded peak-No IMPRIME PGG; open
peaks-IMPRIME PGG+Isotype ctrl and IMPRIME PGG+anti-CR2 blocking
antibody).
[0021] FIG. 3C. Blocking of IMPRIME PGG binding on B cells in PBMCs
by anti-CR2 antibody (shaded peak-No IMPRIME PGG; open
peaks-IMPRIME PGG+Isotype ctrl and IMPRIME PGG+anti-CR2 blocking
antibody).
[0022] FIG. 4A. CR2 surface expression on human Daudi and Raji B
cell tumor cell lines (shaded peak-isotype; open peak-anti-CR2)
(shaded peak-No IMPRIME PGG; open peaks-50 mcg/mL IMPRIME PGG and
200 mcg/mL IMPRIME PGG).
[0023] FIG. 4B. Binding of IMPRIME PGG to Daudi and Raji B cell
tumor cell lines (shaded peak-No IMPRIME PGG; open peaks-50 mcg/mL
IMPRIME PGG and 200 mcg/mL IMPRIME PGG).
[0024] FIG. 5. IMPRIME PGG vs. BSA-conjugated IMPRIME PGG (BT-1110)
binding to human B cells in whole blood.
[0025] FIG. 6. IMPRIME PGG vs. Benzyl-amine derivatized IMPRIME PGG
(BT-1222) binding to human B cells in whole blood.
[0026] FIG. 7. Targeted binding of (3 glucan (IMPRIME PGG) and
.beta.-glucan conjugate to B cells. (A) .beta.-glucan (IMPRIME
PGG-treated) and .beta. glucan-ERBITUX conjugate (ERBITUX-IMPRIME
PGG conjugated-treated) bind to B cells and are detected using an
anti-.beta.-glucan antibody. (B) .beta.-glucan-ERBITUX conjugate
binds to B cells and is detected using an anti-Human IgG
antibody.
[0027] FIG. 8. Calcium flux in cells treated in vitro with soluble
.beta.-glucan, then stimulated with IgM.
[0028] FIG. 9. Calcium flux in cells of subjects treated in vivo
with particulate .beta.-glucan, then stimulated with IgM.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0029] The invention generally involves binding of .beta.-glucan
compounds to B cells, including B cell tumors, and methods that
exploit this binding activity. As a result, .beta.-glucan compounds
may be used as a modulator of B cell function. Thus, .beta.-glucan
compounds may be used to target B cells in circumstances in which
it may be desired to activate one or more B cell functions such as,
for example, the production of a neutralizing or growth-inhibiting
antibody. This may be useful for prophylactic or therapeutic
treatments of, for example, infectious and/or neoplastic
conditions. Alternatively, .beta.-glucan compounds may be used to
target B cells in circumstances in which it may be desirable to
inhibit B cell functions. This may be useful for treatments of, for
example, B cell neoplasms such as, for example, B cell chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, or autoimmune conditions such as, for
example, any condition in which one component of the condition
involves dysregulation of antibody production such as, for example,
Lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.
[0030] Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides methods that
generally include administering to a subject an amount of a
.beta.-glucan compound effective to bind to B cells and modulate at
least one biological function of the B cells.
[0031] The .beta.-glucan compound or as in certain embodiments
discussed in more detail below, a .beta.-glucan moiety of a
.beta.-glucan compound can be or be derived from, for example,
.beta.-glucan derived from a fungal yeast source such as, for
example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torula (candida utilis), Candida
albicans, Pichia stipitis, or any other yeast source; .beta.-glucan
derived from another fungal source such as, for example,
scleroglucan from Sclerotium rofsii or any other non-yeast fungal
source; .beta.-glucan from an algal source such as, for example,
laminarin or phycarine from Laminaria digitata or any other algal
source; .beta.-glucan from a bacterial source such as, for example,
curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis or any other bacterial source;
.beta.-glucan from a mushroom source such as, for example,
schizophyllan from Schizophyllan commune, lentinan from Lentinan
edodes, grifolan from Grifola frondosa, ganoderan from Ganoderma
lucidum, krestin from Coriolus versicolor, pachyman from Poria
cocos Wolf or any other mushroom source; .beta.-glucan derived from
a cereal grain source such as, for example, oat glucan, barley
glucan, or any other cereal grain source; .beta.-glucan derived
from a lichen source such as, for example, pustulan from
Umbilicaris pustulata, lichenan from Cetraria islandica, or any
other lichen source. The form of glucan used to make these
conjugates can be either soluble or insoluble in water. In some
embodiments, the .beta.-glucan or .beta.-glucan moiety is
water-soluble.
[0032] In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan or .beta.-glucan
moiety may be, or be derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One
such form of .beta.-glucan derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
.beta.(1,6)-[poly-1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-b(1,3)-D-glucopyranose.
.beta.(1,6)-[poly-1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-b(1,3)-D-glucopyranose
can be provided in various forms. One form of this .beta.-glucan is
a particulate form described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
7,981,447. The .beta.-glucan can form particles ranging in size
from a minimum of 0.1 .mu.M to about 6.0 .mu.M. In some cases, the
particles are not water-soluble. A water-soluble form of this
.beta.(1,6)-[poly-1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-b(1,3)-D-glucopyranose
is referred to herein as IMPRIME PGG and is described in, for
example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2008/0103112 A1.
Laminarin is another example of a .beta.-1,3/1,6 glucan. Laminarin,
however, is derived from algae and differs chemically from the
particulate and IMPRIME PGG forms of yeast .beta.-glucan. Some of
those differences are reflected in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Compound IMPRIME PGG Laminarin Biological
source Saccharomyces cerevisiae Laminaria digitata (yeast) (algae)
Average Mol. Wt. 150,000 8,000 % Branching 4% 8%
[0033] In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan compound can include
a .beta.-glucan moiety coupled to an active moiety. As used herein,
the term "moiety" and variations thereof refer to a portion of a
chemical compound that exhibits a particular character such as, for
example, a particular biological or chemical function such as, for
example, immunomodulation, cytotoxicity, solubility,
bioavailability, metabolism and/or target specificity.
[0034] The active moiety may include any compound that possesses a
particular activity toward B cells. The activity may, for example,
include modulating one or more B cell biological functions or
cytotoxic activity. As used herein, "modulate" and variations
thereof refer to a substantial increase or decrease in biological
function. A substantial increase or decrease in biological activity
is an increase or decrease beyond a predetermined threshold
increase or decrease in the biological function. Thus, the active
moiety may induce or, alternatively, inhibit one or more B cell
biological functions. As used herein, "induce" and variations
thereof refer to any measurable increase in biological function.
For example, induction of B cells may be reflected by, for example,
inducing the B cells to produce an antigen-specific antibody.
"Inhibit" and variations thereof refer to any measurable reduction
of biological function. For example, inhibition of B cells can
include, for example, causing the B cells to produce less
antigen-specific antibody than in the absence of the inhibitory
stimulus. The extent of inhibition may be characterized as a
percentage of a normal level of activity. "Biological function"
refers to cellular activity (e.g., antibody production, cytokine
production, surface receptor modulation, cellular proliferation)
that is characteristic of an identified cell type.
[0035] The active moiety may be, or be derived from, an adjuvant or
immunomodulator. Exemplary immunomodulators include, for example,
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or
danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
[0036] PAMPs include molecules that are often associated with
groups of pathogens and are recognized by cells of the innate
immune system. PAMPs can be referred to as small molecular motifs
conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs). PAMPs can activate innate immune responses by identifying
some conserved non-self molecules. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), an endotoxin found on the bacterial cell membrane of many
bacteria, is an exemplary PAMP. LPS is specifically recognized by
TLR 4, a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other
PAMPs include, for example, bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR
5), lipoteichoic acid from Gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan,
and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such
as, for example, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA, recognized by TLR 3),
unmethylated CpG motifs (recognized by TLR 9), or certain
imidazoquinoline amine derivatives that are recognized by TLR 7
and/or TLR 8.
[0037] DAMPs include molecules that can initiate and perpetuate
immune response in the noninfectious inflammatory response. Many
DAMPs are nuclear or cytosolic proteins with defined intracellular
functions that, when released outside the cell following tissue
injury, move from a reducing to an oxidizing milieu resulting in
their functional denaturation. Also, following necrosis, tumor DNA
may be released into the extranuclear space/extracellular
micro-environment and functions as a DAMP. DAMPs can vary greatly
depending on the type of cell (e.g., epithelial versus mesenchymal)
and injured tissue. Protein DAMPs include, for example,
intracellular proteins such as, for example, heat-shock proteins or
HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1), and proteins derived from the
extracellular matrix that are generated following tissue injury,
such as hyaluronan fragments. Examples of non-protein DAMPs include
ATP, uric acid, heparin sulfate, and DNA.
[0038] Thus, in some embodiments, the active moiety may be, or be
derived from a PAMP or a DAMP such as, for example, an agonist of
one or more Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In some embodiments, the
active moiety may be an agonist of TLR 1 (e.g., a triacyl
lipopeptide), an agonist of TLR 2 (e.g. lipoteichoic acid), an
agonist of TLR 3 (e.g., dsRNA), an agonist of TLR 4 (e.g.,
lipopolysaccharide), an agonist of TLR 5 (e.g., flagellin), an
agonist of TLR 6 (e.g., peptidoglycan), an agonist of TLR 7 (e.g.,
ssRNA, imidazoquinolines, loxoribine), an agonist of TLR 8 (e.g.,
imidazoquinolines, loxoribine), or an agonist of TLR 9 (e.g., an
unmethylated CpG oligonucleotide).
[0039] In other embodiments, the active moiety can include, or be
derived from an antibody. Certain antibodies are known to activate
B cells and, therefore, induce B cells biological functions. Such
an antibody can include or be derived from, for example, an
anti-CD20 antibody (e.g., rituximab), an anti-CD22 antibody (e.g.,
epratuzumab), an anti-CD70 antibody, an anti-CD40 antibody, or an
anti-CD137 antibody. CD137 is also known as 4-1BB, so an anti-CD137
antibody may alternatively be referred to as an anti-4-1BB
antibody. An active moiety may include an immunologically active
fragment of an antibody such as, for example, a scFv, a Fab, a
F(ab').sub.2, a Fv, or other modified antibody fragment.
[0040] In other embodiments, the active moiety can include an
antigen. As used herein, "antigen" and variations thereof refer to
any material capable of raising an immune response in a subject
challenged with the material. In various embodiments, an antigen
may raise a cell-mediated immune response, a humoral immune
response, or both. Suitable antigens may be synthetic or occur
naturally and, when they occur naturally, may be endogenous (e.g.,
a self-antigen) or exogenous. Suitable antigenic materials include
but are not limited to peptides or polypeptides; lipids;
glycolipids; polysaccharides; carbohydrates; polynucleotides;
prions; live or inactivated bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites;
and bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, tumor-derived, or
organism-derived immunogens, toxins or toxoids.
[0041] Thus, exemplary antigens include viral antigens such as, for
example, antigens associated with influenza, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis
B, Hepatitis C, adenovirus, Herpes Simplex B, or other suitable
virus.
[0042] Exemplary antigens also can include an antigen associated
with a particular type of neoplasm or tumor. Such antigens include,
for example, MUC-1, CA 125, telomerase/hTERT, PSA, NY-ESO-1, MAGE,
AML1 fusions, EGFR, HER2/NEU, gp100, WT1, CEA, or other antigen
having a known association with one or more tumors.
[0043] Exemplary antigens also can include bacterial antigens such
as, for example, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, a
Staphylococcus spp. antigen, a Pneumococcus spp. antigen, a
Klebsiella spp. antigen, or another bacterial antigen.
[0044] Exemplary antigens also can include parasitic antigens such
as, for example, a Trypanosoma spp. antigen, a Toxoplasma spp.
antigen, a Leishmania spp. antigen, a Plasmodium spp. antigen, a
Schistosoma spp. antigen, or another parasitic antigen.
[0045] In other embodiments, the active moiety can include, or be
derived from, a cytotoxic agent. Such embodiments may have
particular utility where the B cell may be targeted for killing
such as, for example, in the case of certain B cell lymphomas.
Thus, the targeted delivery of such agents can permit systemic
delivery while reducing the likelihood, extent, and/or severity of
systemic side effects. Cytotoxic agents can include, for example,
chemotherapeutic agents such as, for example, cisplatin,
fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine,
carboplatin, ifosfamide, etoposide, cytarabine, paclitaxel, or
ABRAXANE (Celgene Corp., Summit, N.J.). Other exemplary cytotoxic
agents include, for example, ricin A chain or diphtheria toxin.
Cytotoxic agents also can include certain radioactive isotopes such
as, for example, yttrium-90 or iodine-131.
[0046] In some embodiments, the active moiety can include a
cytokine such as, for example, IL-10, IL-12, or recombinant forms
thereof.
[0047] In other embodiments, the active moiety can be, or be
derived from, immunosuppressive agents. Exemplary immunosuppressive
agents include, for example, a corticosteroid, tacrolimus, or
methotrexate.
[0048] In other embodiments, the active moiety can be, or be
derived from, inhibitors of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Exemplary
inhibitors include, for example, small molecules, antisense
oligonucleotides, or Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) mimetic peptides.
[0049] In other embodiments, the active moiety can be, or be
derived from, small molecule inhibitors of kinases that modulate B
cell function. Exemplary examples of kinases include, for example,
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), or
phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K).
[0050] In other embodiments, the active moiety can be, or be
derived from, small molecule inhibitors of other targeted kinases
for oncology. Exemplary examples of targeted kinases include, for
example, Bcr-Abl, PDGFR, c-KIT, DDR1, EGFR, ERBB2 (HER2), HER4,
VEGFR, VEGFR (b-raf), SRC family, or TEC family. Exemplary examples
of approved kinase inhibitors that could be the active moiety, or
from which the active moiety may be derived, include, for example,
imatinib (e.g., GLEEVEC, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East
Hanover, N.J.), nilotinib (e.g., TASIGNA, Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Corp., East Hanover, N.J.), erlotinib (e.g., TARCEVA, Genentech,
Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.), gefitinib (e.g., IRESSA,
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Del.), sorafenib (e.g.,
NEXAVAR, Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.),
sunitinib (e.g., SUTENT, Pfizer, Inc., New York, N.Y.), lapatinib
(e.g., TYKERB, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Philadelphia, Pa.), and
dasatinib (e.g., SPRYCEL, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton,
N.J.).
[0051] In other embodiments, the active moiety can be, or be
derived from, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors
(e.g., approved mTOR inhibitors include everolimus (e.g., AFINITOR
and ZORTRESS, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, N.J.)
and temsirolimus (TORISEL, Pfizer, Inc., New York, N.Y.).
[0052] In other embodiments, the active moiety can be, or be
derived from, proteasome inhibitors that inhibit the NF-.kappa.B
pathway such as, for example, bortezomib (e.g., VELCADE, Millennium
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.)
[0053] In some embodiments, the .beta.-gluc an moiety may be
coupled to the active moiety. The .beta.-gluc an moiety and the
active moiety may be covalently coupled or, in some embodiments,
may include at least one affinity or ionic bond. As used herein,
"covalently coupled" refers to direct or indirect coupling of two
components exclusively through covalent bonds. Direct covalent
coupling may involve direct covalent binding between an atom of the
.beta.-glucan moiety and an atom of the active moiety.
Alternatively, the covalent coupling may occur through a linking
group covalently attached to the .beta.-glucan moiety, the active
moiety, or both, that facilitates covalent coupling of the
.beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety. Indirect covalent
coupling may include a third component such as, for example, a
solid support to which the .beta.-glucan moiety and the active
moiety are separately covalently attached. As used herein,
"covalently coupled" and "covalently attached" are used
interchangeably.
[0054] When present, the linking group can be any suitable organic
linking group that allows the .beta.-glucan moiety to be covalently
coupled to the active moiety while preserving the B cell targeting
activity of the .beta.-glucan moiety and an effective amount of
activity of the active moiety.
[0055] The linking group can includes a reactive group capable of
reacting with the active moiety to form a covalent bond. Suitable
reactive groups include, for example, those discussed in Hermanson,
G. (1996), Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press, Chapter 2 "The
Chemistry of Reactive Functional Groups", 137-166. For example, the
linking group may react with a primary amine (e.g., an
N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester or an N-hydroxysulfosuccinimidyl
ester); it may react with a sulfhydryl group (e.g., a maleimide or
an iodoacetyl), or it may be a photoreactive group (e.g. a phenyl
azide including 4-azidophenyl, 2-hydroxy-4-azidophenyl,
2-nitro-4-azidophenyl, and 2-nitro-3-azidophenyl).
[0056] A chemically active group accessible for covalent coupling
to the linking group includes groups that may be used directly for
covalent coupling to the linking group or groups that may be
modified to be available for covalent coupling to the linking
group. For example, suitable chemically active groups include but
are not limited to primary amines and sulfhydryl groups. Because
certain active moieties e.g., proteins and other peptides may
include a plurality of chemically active groups, certain
.beta.-glucan compounds may include a plurality of .beta.-glucan
moieties coupled to an active moiety.
[0057] Certain .beta.-glucan compounds may contain chemical
associations between the .beta.-glucan moiety and the active moiety
other than covalent coupling. For example, a .beta.-glucan compound
may include an affinity interaction between the .beta.-glucan
moiety and the active moiety. Avidin-biotin affinity represents one
example of a non-covalent interaction that may be utilized to
couple an active moiety and a .beta.-glucan moiety. For example, a
biotin molecule may be covalently attached to a proteinaceous
active moiety via one of a number of functional groups present on
amino acids (e.g., primary amines or sulfhydryl groups), a
.beta.-glucan may be coupled to an avidin molecule by appropriate
derivatization of the .beta.-glucan moiety, and the two moieties
may be non-covalently coupled to one another through the
avidin-biotin affinity interaction. Methods for biotinylating
proteins and linking chemical groups to avidin are well known to
one of skill in the art. Alternative affinity interactions that may
be useful for making .beta.-glucan compounds include, for example,
antigen/antibody interactions and glycoprotein/lectin
interactions.
[0058] In some embodiments, the .beta.-glucan compound can include
a derivatized .beta.-glucan. Generally, .beta.-glucan may be
derivatized by, for example, alkylation, adding an amine-containing
moiety, side chain modification, or oxidation of primary hydroxyl
groups to yield glucuronic acid moieties.
[0059] Thus, the methods described herein can exploit the B cell
binding properties of the .beta.-glucan compound to directly
modulate one or more B cell biological functions or, alternatively,
to deliver an active agent that can modulate one or more B cell
biological functions. Since the .beta.-glucan compound can modulate
B cell biological functions, the .beta.-glucan compounds described
herein also can be used to modulate B cell-induced functions or
phenomena.
[0060] The .beta.-glucan compound can, therefore, be used to target
and activate B cells. Such a method may be used, for example, to
induce neutralizing or growth-inhibiting antibody for treating an
infectious disease or cancer. As another example, FIG. 7 shows the
targeted delivery of a therapeutic compound ERBITUX (Eli Lilly and
Co., New York, N.Y. and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, N.J.)
to B cells by conjugating the compound to a .beta.-glucan (IMPRIME
PGG).
[0061] .beta.-glucan compounds described herein can be used to
target immune potentiating or immune modulating agents to B cells.
For example, one may target an antigen to B cells in order to
generate an immune response to that antigen. The data presented in
FIG. 8 demonstrate that IMPRIME PGG can activate B cells. Calcium
flux is an indicator of B cell activation. FIG. 8 shows that B
cells incubated in the presence of IMPRIME PGG and then stimulated
with goat anti-human IgM exhibit an increased and prolonged period
of calcium flux and, therefore, an increased and prolonged period
of activation. This native B cell activating activity of certain
.beta.-glucans may be used to induce a B cell response against a
particular antigen by coupling an antigen of interest to the B
cell-activating .beta.-glucan.
[0062] In other cases, the .beta.-glucan may be used to target and
inhibit B cell function. Such a method may be used, for example, to
inhibit antibody production by B cells where B cell function is
dysregulated such as, for example, in autoimmune conditions such as
Lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. For example, data presented in FIG.
9 demonstrate that a particulate form of .beta.-glucan, orally
administered to a subject, can decrease calcium flux in B cells
stimulated with goat anti-human IgM. Thus, activation of B cells in
the .beta.-glucan-treated subjects was inhibited compared to the
untreated control subjects. This B cell inhibiting activity of
certain .beta.-glucans may be used to inhibit the B cell response
against a particular antigen by coupling the antigen of interest to
the B cell-inhibiting .beta.-glucan.
[0063] As yet another example, one may target an inducer of
immunoglobulin production to B cells e.g., a TLR7 agonist or a TLR9
agonist in order to generate antibody against infectious diseases
and cancer. Non-targeted TLR agonists can be poorly tolerated and
may have relatively narrow therapeutic window. Thus, targeting
their delivery to B cells as part of a .beta.-glucan molecule can
allow systemic delivery of the TLR agonists with targeted activity,
thereby reducing potential systemic side effects of such agents.
Furthermore, .beta.-glucans can act as vaccine adjuvants. Thus, a
.beta.-glucan compound that includes a .beta.-glucan moiety and,
for example, a PAMP or a DAMP, used in combination with an antigen
may enhance immune responses and reduce systemic exposure of the
DAMP and/or PAMP. Thus, a .beta.-glucan compound that includes an
immunomodulator as an active moiety, when formulated with an
antigen in a vaccine, may be retained at a site of injection and,
therefore, may enhance the adjuvant activity of the active moiety.
Such a .beta.-glucan compound may not only be targeted to B cells,
but also may activate B cells near the introduced vaccine antigen,
thereby enhancing the presentation of the desired antigen to the
immune system. Moreover, a .beta.-glucan compound that includes a
small molecule TLR agonist e.g., an imidazoquinoline amine as an
active moiety can be retained at the site of administration (e.g.,
injection or vaccination). Some small molecule immunomodulators can
be dispersed systemically due to their small size and,
consequently, be of limited efficacy at the site of administration.
When coupled to a .beta.-glucan as the active moiety of a
.beta.-glucan compound, however, the .beta.-glucan/immunomodulator
.beta.-glucan compound may be of sufficient size so that the small
molecule active moiety is better retained at the site of
administration.
[0064] Certain .beta.-glucan molecules described herein can be used
to eliminate B cells that are neoplastic or that produce
autoantibodies. In these embodiments, a cytotoxic agent may be
targeted to B cells by coupling the cytotoxic active agent to a
.beta.-glucan moiety.
[0065] In still other cases, .beta.-glucan compounds described
herein may be used to target B cell activators to B cells so that
the combination of the B cell activator and the .beta.-glucan
moiety can produce additive or synergistic effects.
[0066] Thus, one or more .beta.-glucan compounds described herein
may be formulated in a composition along with a "carrier." As used
herein, "carrier" includes any solvent, dispersion medium, vehicle,
coating, diluent, antibacterial and/or antifungal agent, isotonic
agent, absorption delaying agent, buffer, carrier solution,
suspension, colloid, and the like. The use of such media and/or
agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the
art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is
incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic
compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients also
can be incorporated into the compositions.
[0067] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to a
material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e.,
the material may be administered to an individual along with the
.beta.-glucan compound without causing any undesirable biological
effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the
other components of the pharmaceutical composition.
[0068] One or more .beta.-glucan compounds may be formulated into a
pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may be
formulated in a variety of forms adapted to a preferred route of
administration. Thus, a composition can be administered via known
routes including, for example, oral, parenteral (e.g., intradermal,
transcutaneous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous,
intraperitoneal, etc.), or topical (e.g., intranasal,
intrapulmonary, intramammary, intravaginal, intrauterine,
intradermal, transcutaneous, rectally, etc.). A pharmaceutical
composition can be administered to a mucosal surface, such as by
administration to, for example, the nasal or respiratory mucosa
(e.g., by spray or aerosol). A composition also can be administered
via a sustained or delayed release.
[0069] Such pharmaceutical compositions may be used in methods for
treating certain conditions where the condition may be treatable
through modulation of B cell biological function. As noted above,
such B cell modulation can include, depending upon the specific
condition, increasing B cell biological function, decreasing B cell
biological function, or targeted killing of B cells.
[0070] As used herein, "treat," "treating," or variations thereof
refer to reducing, limiting progression, ameliorating, or
resolving, to any extent, the symptoms or signs related to a
condition. "Ameliorate" refers to any reduction in the extent,
severity, frequency, and/or likelihood of a symptom or clinical
sign characteristic of a particular condition. "Sign" or "clinical
sign" refers to an objective physical finding relating to a
particular condition capable of being found by one other than the
patient. "Symptom" refers to any subjective evidence of disease or
of a patient's condition.
[0071] The methods may be used to treat a condition
prophylactically or therapeutically. As used herein, "prophylactic"
and variations thereof refer to a treatment that limits, to any
extent, the development and/or appearance of a symptom or clinical
sign of a condition. In many cases, prophylactic treatment can
occur before any symptom or clinical sign of the condition is
apparent. As used herein, "therapeutic" and variations thereof
refer to a treatment that ameliorates one or more existing symptoms
or clinical signs associated with a condition. "Treatment" refers
to a course of action or one of a series of actions for treating a
condition.
[0072] A formulation may be conveniently presented in unit dosage
form and may be prepared by methods well known in the art of
pharmacy. Methods of preparing a composition with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier include the step of bringing
the one or more .beta.-glucan compounds into association with a
carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In
general, a formulation may be prepared by uniformly and/or
intimately bringing the active compound into association with a
liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then,
if necessary, shaping the product into the desired
formulations.
[0073] One or more .beta.-glucan compounds may be provided in any
suitable form including but not limited to a solution, a
suspension, an emulsion, a spray, an aerosol, or any form of
mixture. The composition may be delivered in formulation with any
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or vehicle. For
example, the formulation may be delivered in a conventional topical
dosage form such as, for example, a cream, an ointment, an aerosol
formulation, a non-aerosol spray, a gel, a lotion, and the like.
The formulation may further include one or more additives including
such as, for example, an adjuvant, a skin penetration enhancer, a
colorant, a fragrance, a flavoring, a moisturizer, a thickener, and
the like.
[0074] Generally, the methods include administering to a subject in
need of treatment an amount of a .beta.-glucan compound described
herein effective to modulate at least one B cell biological
function.
[0075] The amount of .beta.-glucan compound administered can vary
depending on various factors including, but not limited to, the
specific .beta.-glucan compound or compounds being administered,
the weight, physical condition, and/or age of the subject, and/or
the route of administration. Thus, the absolute weight of
.beta.-glucan compound included in a given unit dosage form can
vary widely, and depends upon factors such as the species, age,
weight and physical condition of the subject, as well as the method
of administration. Accordingly, it is not practical to set forth
generally the amount that constitutes an amount of .beta.-glucan
compound effective for all possible applications. Those of ordinary
skill in the art, however, can readily determine the appropriate
amount with due consideration of such factors.
[0076] In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention
include administering sufficient .beta.-glucan compound to provide
a dose of, for example, from about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg to
the subject, although in some embodiments the methods may be
performed by administering the .beta.-glucan compound in a dose
outside this range. In some of these embodiments, the method
includes administering sufficient .beta.-glucan compound to provide
a dose of from about 10 .mu.g/kg to about 5 mg/kg to the subject,
for example, a dose of from about 100 .mu.g/kg to about 1
mg/kg.
[0077] Alternatively, the dose may be calculated using actual body
weight obtained just prior to the beginning of a treatment course.
For the dosages calculated in this way, body surface area (m.sup.2)
is calculated prior to the beginning of the treatment course using
the Dubois method: m.sup.2=(wt kg.sup.0.425.times.height
cm.sup.0.725).times.0.007184.
[0078] In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention
may include administering sufficient .beta.-glucan compound to
provide a dose of, for example, from about 0.01 mg/m.sup.2 to about
1000 mg/m.sup.2 such as, for example, a dose of about 500
mg/m.sup.2. In some cases, a .beta.-glucan compound can be
administered at one initial dose of, for example, 500 mg/m.sup.2,
then followed by subsequent lesser doses such as, for example, 250
mg/m.sup.2.
[0079] In some embodiments, .beta.-glucan compound may be
administered, for example, from a single dose to multiple doses per
week, although in some embodiments the methods of the present
invention may be performed by administering .beta.-glucan compound
at a frequency outside this range. In certain embodiments,
.beta.-glucan compound may be administered from about once every 12
weeks, once every eight weeks, once every four weeks, or once every
week.
[0080] As used herein, the term "and/or" means one or all of the
listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed
elements; the term "comprises" and variations thereof do not have a
limiting meaning where these terms appear in the description and
claims; unless specifically stated otherwise, "a," "an," "the," and
"at least one" are used interchangeably and mean one or more than
one; and recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all
numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5,
2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).
[0081] In the preceding description, particular embodiments may be
described in isolation for clarity. Unless otherwise expressly
specified that the features of a particular embodiment are
incompatible with the features of another embodiment, certain
embodiment can include a combination of compatible features
described herein in connection with one or more embodiments.
[0082] For any method disclosed herein that includes discrete
steps, the steps may be conducted in any feasible order. And, as
appropriate, any combination of two or more steps may be conducted
simultaneously.
[0083] The present invention is illustrated by the following
examples. It is to be understood that the particular examples,
materials, amounts, and procedures are to be interpreted broadly in
accordance with the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth
herein.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0084] FIG. 2 demonstrates that some .beta.-glucans, such as
IMPRIME PGG and Laminarin, bind directly to human B cells in whole
blood and enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)
population in a concentration-dependent manner. This ability was
evaluated by comparing the levels of B cell-bound .beta.-glucans
detected by BfD IV, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for
.beta.-1,3/1,6 glucans (U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,321). The histograms in
FIG. 2 show the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of BfD IV
staining of various concentrations of .beta.-glucans on B cells in
whole blood (A) and enriched PBMC (B and C).
.beta.-Glucan Binding Methodology:
[0085] A) Binding in Whole Blood:
[0086] Blood was collected from a healthy donor with 10 Units/mL
Heparin. 100 .mu.L of blood was mixed with IMPRIME PGG
concentrations and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Cells
were washed with 2 mL of PBS and supernatant removed by aspiration.
Cells were then stained with 20 .mu.L of BfD IV (U.S. Pat. No.
6,294,321) for 30 minutes before washing again with PBS. 10 .mu.L
of goat anti-mouse IgM FITC added to stain for BfD IV positive
cells, while 10 .mu.L of anti-CD19 APC was added to stain the B
cell population for FACS analysis. Cells were incubated for 30
minutes at room temperature before washing with PBS. The red cells
in the blood were lysed by the addition of 2 mL of BD Lyse and
fixed with 2% paraformadehyde before analysis on an LSR II flow
cytometer. Analysis was performed using FlowJo software. Results
are shown in FIG. 2A.
[0087] B) Binding in PBMC:
[0088] Enriched PBMC were resuspended at 1.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL
in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% serum. The .beta.-glucans
(IMPRIME PGG (B) and laminarin (C)) at various hexose concentration
were added to the cells and incubated in a 37.degree. C., 5% C02
humidified incubator for two hours. After incubation, cells were
washed twice with FACS buffer (HBSS supplemented with 1% FBS and
0.1% sodium azide) to remove any unbound .beta.-glucan, and
subsequently treated with Fc block. After the Fc block step, cells
were stained with the monoclonal antibody BfD IV (U.S. Pat. No.
6,294,321) for 30 minutes at 4.degree. C. and washed twice with
cold FACS buffer. Cells were then incubated with FITC-conjugated
F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgM for 30 minutes at 4.degree. C. and
washed once with cold FACS buffer before fixing with 1%
paraformaldehyde. Events were collected on a LSRII flow cytometer
and analysis was performed using FlowJo software. Results are shown
in FIG. 2B (IMPRIME PGG) and FIG. 2C (laminarin).
Example 2
[0089] This example demonstrates that IMPRIME PGG binds to
complement receptor 2, (CR2; aka CD21) on B cells. FIG. 3A shows
that CR2 is abundantly expressed on human B-cells, but not on
monocytes, neutrophils, or NK cells.
[0090] CR2 Staining Methodology:
[0091] Enriched PMNs, B cells, monocytes, or NK cells were
resuspended at 1.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL in FACS buffer (HBSS
supplemented with 1% FBS and 0.1% sodium azide were stained with
PE-conjugated anti-CR2 mouse Ab (LT-21) or mouse IgG1 isotype
control and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. Results are
shown in FIG. 3A.
[0092] .beta.-Glucan Binding and CR2 Blocking Methodology:
[0093] Whole blood or PBMC were pre-incubated with specific
receptor blocking antibodies or the relevant isotype controls at
4.degree. C. for 30-45 minutes before addition of IMPRIME PGG at
100 .mu.g/mL. Binding to B cells was performed as described in
Example 1. Clone 1048, the mouse mAb against CR2, and mouse IgG1
isotype control was used at 10 .mu.g/mL/1.times.10.sup.6 cells.
Results are shown in FIG. 3B (Whole Blood) and FIG. 3C (PBMC).
Example 3
[0094] This example demonstrates that IMPRIME PGG not only binds to
normal human cells, but also to B cell tumor lines. The histograms
in FIG. 4 show that a) human B-cell tumor lines, Daudi and Raji
express CR2, and b) IMPRIME PGG bound to these tumor lines in a
concentration-dependent manner.
[0095] Staining of CR2 and Binding of IMPRIME PGG to B-Cell Lines
Methodology:
[0096] Daudi or Raji cells, resuspended at 1.times.10.sup.6
cells/mL in FACS buffer (HBSS supplemented with 1% FBS and 0.1%
sodium azide were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CR2 (LT-21) mouse
mAb or mouse IgG1 isotype control and subsequently analyzed by flow
cytometry as described in Example 1. Results are shown in FIG. 4A
and FIG. 4B.
Example 4
[0097] This example demonstrates that conjugating bovine serum
albumin (BSA) to IMPRIME PGG enhances its binding capacity to human
B cells. The histogram in FIG. 5 shows that the mean fluorescent
intensity (MFI) of BfD IV staining on IMPRIME PGG-BSA conjugate
(BT-1110)-treated B cells is higher at the tested concentration (50
.mu.g/mL) compared to parent cells treated with unconjugated
IMPRIME PGG.
[0098] The binding of the conjugated and unconjugated
.beta.-glucans, subsequent staining with BfD IV (U.S. Pat. No.
6,294,321), and flow cytometry were performed as described in
Example 1. Results are shown in FIG. 5.
Example 5
[0099] This example demonstrates that derivatization of IMPRIME PGG
enhances its binding capacity to human B cells. The histogram of
FIG. 6 shows that the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of BfD IV
staining on B cells treated with a benzyl amine derivative of
IMPRIME PGG (BT-1222) is higher at the tested concentration (10
.mu.g/mL) compared to parent cells treated with underivatized
IMPRIME PGG.
Example 6
[0100] Whole blood was incubated with 10 .mu.g/mL IMPRIME PGG,
ERBITUX (Eli Lilly and Co., New York, NY and Bristol-Myers Squibb
Co., Princeton, N.J.), ERBITUX-IMPRIME PGG conjugate, or citrate
buffer (as a control) for 30 minutes at 37.degree. C. Cells were
washed twice with PBS before staining with the .beta.-glucan
specific antibody BfD IV (U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,321). Cells were
washed again and stained with an antibodies specific for human IgG
to detect ERBITUX and CD19 to label B cells. Cells were analyzed on
and LSRII flow cytometer and the groups were compared by gating on
CD19.sup.+B cells. In the left panel, cells treated with either
IMPRIME PGG or the ERBITUX conjugate were positive for
.beta.-glucan but only the conjugate treated group had an increase
in anti-human IgG binding in the right panel showing the conjugated
.beta.-glucan was able to target the CD19.sup.+ B cell population.
Results are shown in FIG. 7.
Example 7
PBMC Staining With 3 .mu.M Fura Red and Fluo-4
[0101] FURA RED and FLUO-4 (each from Invitrogen, Life Technologies
Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) calcium stain was added to serum free RPMI
medium to a final concentration of 3 .mu.M for each dye, then
incubated at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes. PBMCs mixed 1:1 with
media containing 10% FCS and incubated an additional 10 minutes.
The cells were washed 2.times. with media containing 10% FCS. Cells
were resuspended in RPMI with 10% human serum.
[0102] The resuspended cells were incubated with or without the
addition of 100 .mu.g/mL IMPRIME PGG at 37.degree. C. for one hour.
The monoclonal antibody CD20 APC (BioLegend, Inc., San Diego,
Calif.) was added to each tube for 10 minute incubation before
washing 2.times. with RPMI containing 10% FCS. Cells were
resuspended in RPMI with 10% FCS for FACS analysis. Calcium flux
was induced by stimulating the B cells with goat anti-human IgM at
2.6 .mu.g/mL. Results are shown in FIG. 8 and demonstrate the
ability of IMPRIME PGG-treated B cells to have a larger and more
sustained calcium flux, which corresponds to increased B cell
responsiveness to antigen challenges and/or B cell receptor
stimulation.
Example 8
[0103] Blood was drawn from untreated donors (n=15) or donors
(n=12) treated with particulate oral .beta.-glucan (U.S. Pat. No.
7,981,447) at dosages ranging from 100 mg/day to 1000 mg/day. PBMCs
were isolated from blood using a ficoll gradient.
[0104] The isolated PBMCs were treated with 6 .mu.M FURA RED and 3
.mu.M FLUO-4 (each from Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corp.,
Carlsbad, Calif.) in PBS for 45 minutes at 37.degree. C. The cells
were washed 2' with PBS and stained with anti-CD20 APC (BioLegend,
Inc., San Diego, Calif.) for 20 minutes at room temperature. Cells
were washed 2.times. and resuspended in RPMI containing 2.5% FCS
for FACS analysis. Calcium flux was induced by stimulating the B
cells with goat anti-human IgM at 10 .mu.g/mL, 2 .mu.g/mL, or 0.4
.mu.g/mL.
[0105] The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications,
and publications, and electronically available material (including,
for instance, nucleotide sequence submissions in, e.g., GenBank and
RefSeq, and amino acid sequence submissions in, e.g., SwissProt,
PIR, PRF, PDB, and translations from annotated coding regions in
GenBank and RefSeq) cited herein are incorporated by reference in
their entirety. In the event that any inconsistency exists between
the disclosure of the present application and the disclosure(s) of
any document incorporated herein by reference, the disclosure of
the present application shall govern. The foregoing detailed
description and examples have been given for clarity of
understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood
therefrom. The invention is not limited to the exact details shown
and described, for variations obvious to one skilled in the art
will be included within the invention defined by the claims.
[0106] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of components, molecular weights, and so forth used in
the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified
in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless otherwise
indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in
the specification and claims are approximations that may vary
depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the
present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to
limit the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each
numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the
number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary
rounding techniques.
[0107] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters
setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations,
the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are
reported as precisely as possible. All numerical values, however,
inherently contain a range necessarily resulting from the standard
deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
[0108] All headings are for the convenience of the reader and
should not be used to limit the meaning of the text that follows
the heading, unless so specified.
* * * * *