U.S. patent application number 15/447751 was filed with the patent office on 2018-09-06 for extensible wifi mimo channel mapping with mmwave remote radio head.
The applicant listed for this patent is INTEL IP CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Carlos H. ALDANA, Ali S. SADRI, Liang XIAN.
Application Number | 20180254805 15/447751 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 63355348 |
Filed Date | 2018-09-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180254805 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
SADRI; Ali S. ; et
al. |
September 6, 2018 |
EXTENSIBLE WIFI MIMO CHANNEL MAPPING WITH MMWAVE REMOTE RADIO
HEAD
Abstract
One aspect provides an extensible architecture that can
optionally utilize an Intel.RTM. WiFi chipset and a mmWave Modular
Antenna Array (MAA) technology to develop an extensible system that
is capable of operating at multiple mmWave bands by connecting to
different mmWave capable Remote Radio Heads (RRH). The end result
of one exemplary aspect will be a low cost distribution network for
both access and backhaul extending the industries proven WiFi
technology thus enabling mmWave MAAs to be developed within a short
period of time.
Inventors: |
SADRI; Ali S.; (San Diego,
CA) ; ALDANA; Carlos H.; (Santa Clara, CA) ;
XIAN; Liang; (Portland, OR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
INTEL IP CORPORATION |
Santa Clara |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
63355348 |
Appl. No.: |
15/447751 |
Filed: |
March 2, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W 84/12 20130101;
H04B 7/086 20130101; H01Q 5/28 20150115; H04W 88/085 20130101; H04B
7/0617 20130101; H04B 7/0413 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04B 7/0413 20060101
H04B007/0413; H04B 7/08 20060101 H04B007/08; H04B 1/00 20060101
H04B001/00; H01Q 5/28 20060101 H01Q005/28; H04B 7/06 20060101
H04B007/06 |
Claims
1. A WiFi system comprising: a modem to output a plurality of
multiple-input multiple-output streams at a frequency, the modem
modularly connectable to one of a plurality of remote mmWave radio
heads, the modem capable of operating at multiple mmWave bands by
connecting to different ones of the plurality of remote mmWave
radio heads; and a plurality of shifters, wherein individual
streams of a first set of the plurality of streams are sent to
respective ones of a first portion of the plurality of radio heads,
and individual streams of a second set of the plurality of streams
are shifted by a frequency and sent to respective ones of a second
portion of the plurality of radio heads.
2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a phase array
controller to perform analog beamforming for the plurality of radio
heads.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate
frequency to intermediate frequency converter to convert the
frequency of the plurality of multiple-input multiple-output
streams to an input frequency of the plurality of radio heads.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a radio frequency chip
in one of the plurality of radio heads to convert the frequency of
one multiple-input multiple-output stream to an input frequency of
a radio head.
5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a clock frequency
converter.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the modem is a 4.times.4 WiFi
system.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of radio heads are
mmWave capable modular antenna arrays (MAA).
8. The system of claim 1, wherein a portion of the plurality of
radio heads are horizontal polarization and a second portion of the
plurality of radio heads are vertical polarization.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of radio
heads are associated with a respective antenna array.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the modem further performs
digital beamforming for the plurality of radio heads.
11. A non-transitory information storage media having stored
thereon one or more instructions, that when executed by one or more
processors, cause a channel mapping method comprising: associating
each output stream from a modem with a different remote mmWave
radio head, the modem being modularly connectable to one of a
plurality of remote mmWave radio heads, the modem adapted to
operate at multiple mmWave band by connecting to different ones of
the plurality of remote mmWave radio heads; performing digital
beamforming at each radio head; performing analog beamforming at
each radio head; and performing a frequency shift on a portion of
the output streams from the modem.
12. The media of claim 11, further comprising performing a
frequency conversion on each output stream.
13. The media of claim 11, further comprising converting a clock
frequency to a second clock frequency.
14. The media of claim 11, further comprising causing a phase array
controller to perform digital beamforming.
15. The media of claim 11, further comprising causing a phase array
controller to perform analog beamforming.
16. The media of claim 11, further comprising performing an
intermediate frequency conversion on each output stream.
17. The media of claim 11, wherein the modem is a WiFi modem.
18. The media of claim 11, wherein the radio heads are remote radio
heads.
19. The media of claim 11, further comprising associating a first
output stream with a vertical polarization radio head and a second
output stream with a horizontal polarization radio head.
20. A multi-band wireless communications device comprising: means
for associating each output stream from a modem with a different
remote mmWave radio head, the modem being modularly connectable to
one of a plurality of remote mmWave radio heads, the modem adapted
to operate at multiple mmWave bands by connecting to different ones
of the plurality of remote mmWave radio heads; means for performing
digital beamforming at each radio head; means for performing analog
beamforming at each radio head; and means for performing a
frequency shift on a portion of the output streams from the modem.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] An exemplary aspect is directed toward communications
systems. More specifically an exemplary aspect is directed toward
wireless communications systems and even more specifically to next
generation wireless networks. Even more particularly, an exemplary
aspect is directed toward channel mapping with remote radio heads
(intelligent and/or simple).
BACKGROUND
[0002] For example, but not by way of limitation, common and widely
adopted techniques used for communication are those that adhere to
the Institute for Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) 802.11
standards such as the IEEE 802.11n standard, the IEEE 802.11ac
standard and the IEEE 802.11ax standard.
[0003] The IEEE 802.11 standards specify a common Medium Access
Control (MAC) Layer which provides a variety of functions that
support the operation of IEEE 802.11-based Wireless LANs (WLANs)
and devices. The MAC Layer manages and maintains communications
between IEEE 802.11 stations (such as between radio network
interface cards (NIC) in a PC or other wireless device(s) or
stations (STA) and access points (APs)) by coordinating access to a
shared radio channel and utilizing protocols that enhance
communications over a wireless medium.
[0004] IEEE 802.11ax is the successor to IEEE 802.11ac and is
proposed to increase the efficiency of WLAN networks, especially in
high density areas like public hotspots and other dense traffic
areas. IEEE 802.11ax also uses orthogonal frequency-division
multiple access (OFDMA), and related to IEEE 802.11ax, the High
Efficiency WLAN Study Group (HEW SG) within the IEEE 802.11 working
group is considering improvements to spectrum efficiency to enhance
system throughput/area in high density scenarios of APs (Access
Points) and/or STAs (Stations).
[0005] IEEE 802.11ac and other standards have proposed full duplex
WiFi radios that can simultaneously transmit and receive on the
same channel using standard WiFi 802.11ac PHYs. These radios
achieve close to the theoretical doubling of throughput in all
practical deployment scenarios. The IEEE 802.11ac-2013 update, or
IEEE 802.11ac Wave 2, is an addendum to the original IEEE 802.11ac
wireless specification. IEEE 802.11ac Wave 2 utilizes MU-MIMO
(Multi-User-Multi-Input Multi-Output) technology and other
advancements to help increase theoretical maximum wireless speeds
from 3.47 Gbps to 6.93 Gbps in IEEE 802.11ac Wave 2.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure
and its advantages, reference is now made to the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in
which like reference numerals represent like parts:
[0007] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary small cell network
topology;
[0008] FIG. 2 illustrates bands that can be used for
communications;
[0009] FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of components of a WiFi
architecture for mmWave band operation;
[0010] FIG. 4 illustrates bands in 5 GHz WiFi channels;
[0011] FIG. 5 illustrates another block diagram of components of a
WiFi architecture for mmWave band operation;
[0012] FIG. 6 illustrates a third block diagram of components of a
WiFi architecture for mmWave band operation;
[0013] FIG. 7 illustrates a fourth block diagram of components of a
WiFi architecture for mmWave band operation;
[0014] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary communications device that
can be used with the techniques disclosed herein; and
[0015] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for
channel mapping.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0016] Data usage increases exponentially year over year and the
traditional macro cell architecture may no longer be scalable with
higher data demands. Consequently, by utilizing smaller cell
topology one can increase network capacity significantly for next
generation communications systems or 5G.
[0017] It is also known that 5G systems can utilize both the
licensed and unlicensed bands as well as lower microwave and higher
mmWave frequency bands. WiFi is known to be a proven technology for
data communications. There is no limitation of WiFi technology that
prevents the technology from operating in other frequency bands. To
that effect, one can assume and demonstrate that a WiFi
architecture can operate in both unlicensed and/or licensed bands.
Consequently, one solution may deploy the licensed WiFi in
standalone mode or utilize a LWA (LTE/WLAN Aggregation)
architecture for both collocated and non-collocated topologies. It
is also known that due to mmWave propagation characteristics and
different regulatory regimes, 5G systems typically utilize multiple
frequency bands for data transmissions.
[0018] One exemplary embodiment takes advantage of the best of both
WiFi technology, mmWave radios and RFEMs (Radio Front End
Module(s)) to extend the usability of communications
technology.
[0019] One aspect provides an extensible architecture that can
optionally utilize an Intel.RTM. WiFi chipset and a mmWave Modular
Antenna Array (MAA) technology to develop an extensible system that
is capable of operating at multiple mmWave bands by connecting to
different mmWave capable Remote Radio Heads (RRH) in a modular
manner as needed. Remote Radio Heads are becoming more prevalent
with base station architectures. RRHs typically comprise a base
station's RF circuits/components and analog-to-digital converters,
digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters. RRHs are
usually connected to the base station via an optical link and
associated interface. RRHs typically support several wireless
standards and corresponding technologies. FPGAs are customarily
used for RRH functionalities such as digital up conversion, digital
down conversion, crest factor reduction and digital pre-distortion
as well as one or more of the other technologies discussed
herein.
[0020] While exemplary embodiments may be discussed in relation to
particular standards, it is to be appreciated that the technology
discussed herein is also applicable to other standards provided
they are based on an N.times.N MIMO system. Effectively, an
exemplary aspect breaks the system in to 2.times.2 s. So if there
is an 8.times.8 system, that system can be broken down into 4
2.times.2 systems with H (Horizontal) and V (Vertical) polarization
for each pair. Thus, the architecture is easily scaled and
adaptable to different implementations.
[0021] The end result of one exemplary aspect will be a low cost
distribution network for both access and backhaul extending the
industries proven WiFi technology thus enabling mmWave MAAs to be
developed within a short period of time.
[0022] As will be seen herein, one aspect can optionally use the
Intel.RTM. Wave500 chipset (or in general any modem) with a network
processor, such as the optional Intel.RTM. GRX350 network
processor, and optional Puma platform (which is a family of modem
technologies) utilizing mmWave MAAs, although in general any MAA
can be used as will be appreciated from the description herein.
[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary top level macro-micro system
topology 100 utilizing mmWave capable small cells operating
standalone or in collaboration with the existing LTE systems
embodied as a LWA architecture. For example, in FIG. 1, a HetNet
with mmWave capable small cells (MCSC) is shown. In FIG. 1, one
element of the LTE Radio Access Network eNB aggregates over a
backhaul information from other eNBs on the fronthaul. The
heterogeneous network with large and small cells as shown in FIG. 1
can include one or more large cells, with each large cell typically
having a higher-power eNB, and a plurality of smaller cells, with
the smaller cells typically having a lower-powered base station or
remote radio head, providing hot-spot coverage, providing coverage
at the cell edge of the large cell, providing coverage in an area
not covered by the macro network, providing indoor coverage,
providing indoor coverage and/or providing off-load for one or more
larger cells.
[0024] Recently the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
announce an extension to the available frequency bands that
includes several bands in the mmWave frequency regions. FIG. 2
shows the latest mmWave band allocation for use in the 5G systems.
In FIG. 2, the bands marked as "new" are denoted as new
allocations.
[0025] As discussed, an exemplary aspect is directed toward a
single architecture that can utilize all available frequency bands
with a simple and proven extensible architecture. FIG. 3 shows a
single architecture that is capable of using well-known WiFi
technology, up converting the analog output to the center frequency
of the IF (Intermediate Frequency) used for the input to the mmWave
array at the desired operating frequency.
[0026] More specifically, in this exemplary aspect, a 4.times.4
WiFi system (modem) 310 feeds the mmWave MAA 320 which includes in
this example 4 radio heads 322, 324, 326 and 328 and associated
respective antenna arrays. Due to the characteristics of the mmWave
signal and the beamforming requirements of the system, the
4.times.4 MIMO outputs of the WiFi system 310 are mapped as two
2.times.2 systems (one set of outputs eventually output by radio
heads 322 and 324, and the other set of outputs eventually output
by radio heads 326 and 328, after having been frequency converted
and shifted by the frequency shifters 330, 332) and then connected
to the vertical and horizontal radio heads 322/326 and 324/328,
respectively.
[0027] The first MIMO pair is output by the modem 310 to the
frequency converter 340 (which can be for example an intermediate
frequency to intermediate frequency converter, capable of
converting 5GHz, 10 GHz, 9 GHz, 10.56 GHz, or in general any
frequency to any frequency). In this aspect, the modem outputs at
5GHz which is then up converted by the frequency converter 340 to
match the frequency of the antenna array 320, which is here 10.56
GHz. This first up converted MIMO pair of the streams (here the
upper 2 streams output by modem 310) are then output after
frequency conversion as IF(1)/IF(2) to the vertical pole radio head
322 and horizontal pole radio head 324, respectively.
[0028] The second MIMO pair (the lower 2 streams output by modem
310) are similarly up converted by the frequency converter 340 to
the IF frequency of the array with additional shifting of the
carrier performed by the shifters 330/332 by the bandwidth of the
2.times.2 system. This exemplary configuration uses an 80 MHz
capable WiFi system that effectively can produce 2 streams of 80
MHz channels to map the 4.times.4 system. For example, the signal
that becomes IF(3) can be shifted up or down by 80 MHz and the
signal that becomes IF(4) is shifted opposite that of IF(3). As one
example, IF(3) is shifted +80 MHz and IF(4) is shifted -80 MHz,
however it is to be appreciated that the shifting can be any
amount.
[0029] Thus, thus use of the vertical and horizontal polarization,
coupled with the shifting of the lower 2 streams, occupies 160 MHz.
This can be important in that when the 4 streams leave the modem
310, they have a random distribution. However, this random
distribution can be lost after the IF to IF conversion. By
introducing the horizontal and vertical polarization (2.times.2
MIMO) at the radio heads coupled with the +/- shifting (additional
2.times.2 MIMO), the random distribution (4.times.4 MIMO) is
maintained. If for example there is line-of-site (LOS) between the
system and a device, the +/- shifting can optionally be eliminated
in that there may be sufficient randomness such that the shifting
is not required. 2.times.2 is optional for LOS with 2 streams, and
in accordance with one aspect the system can decide based on the
environment (such as interference, feedback, QoS, and/or the like)
whether or not to also use the +/- shifting as shown in FIG. 3.
[0030] The modem 310 is also capable of outputting a control signal
(CNTL) that can be used by the phase array controller 320 is assist
with, for example, beamforming in the array. The antenna array can
operate at any frequency(ies), and in accordance with this aspect
is shown as capable of operating at 28 GHz, 39 GHz, 60 GHz and 70
GHz. Each array is also capable of being intelligent and selecting
an operating frequency, for example based on one or more of
interference, feedback, QoS, or any other common metric, and has a
plurality of antennas 321 as discussed herein.
[0031] While the frequency converter 340 is discussed in accordance
with this aspect as being an IF to IF converter, the frequency
converter could alternatively be an IF to RF converter. For
example, the frequency could up convert a 5GHz input to a 28 GHz
output. This could be especially useful where the radio heads are
not intelligent and the 28 GHz output is used by the radio
heads.
[0032] One exemplary advantage of the architecture as shown in FIG.
3, is that the system is capable of operation in any band with a
single architecture. This can be of further benefit in terms of
reducing costs, complexity and increasing extensibility to, for
example, technologies beyond 4.times.4 MIMO and/or at different
frequencies.
[0033] In the FIG. 3 architecture, the modem 310 is also optionally
connected to a phase array controller 350 which is capable of
performing analog beamforming and can be embodied as a FPGA and/or
micro controller (uController). The phase array controller can
output a signal (WRI) that can control the radio heads 322-328 and
associated respective antenna arrays. The modem 310, in addition to
optionally performing digital beamforming and outputting 4.times.4
MIMO in accordance with this aspect, can also output a clock signal
which can similarly and optionally be converted as needed by the
frequency converter 340 before being sent to the radio
heads/antennas 321, 322-328, which can also be referred to as a
phase array.
[0034] In the aspect shown in FIG. 3, the modem 310 outputs at 5GHz
and the input to the radio heads is 10.56 GHz. However, it should
be appreciated that the output of the modem 310 can be at any
frequency, and similarly the inputs to the radio heads can be at
any frequency, and can even be the same as shown hereafter.
[0035] FIG. 4. illustrates the channelization of the 80 MHz+80 MHz
up converted to the 10.56 GHz IF frequency as shown in FIG. 3.
[0036] FIG. 5 illustrates another aspect of an extensible
architecture for WiFi MIMO channel mapping with radio heads. This
architecture is similar to that of FIG. 3 and includes modem 510, a
converter 520, a phase array controller 530 and a plurality of
radio heads 540. In this aspect, the converter 520 can be embodied
as a synthesizer and/or a mixer and is capable of converting any
output frequency of the plurality of streams (X Hz/kHz/MHz/GHz)
from the modem 510 to any frequency (Y Hz/kHz/MHz/GHz) for the
array 540. Additionally, the converter 520 is capable of optionally
converting the incoming clock signal to any frequency clock
signal(s) as appropriate for the phase array controller 530 and/or
the radio heads 540.
[0037] FIG. 6 illustrates another aspect of an extensible
architecture for WiFi MIMO channel mapping with radio heads. This
architecture is also similar to that of FIG. 3 and includes
modem/network processor 610, a phase array controller 520 and a
plurality of radio heads 540. However, for this aspect a converter
is not needed in that the output frequency of the modem 610 is
matched to that of the radio heads 630. While any frequency is
possible, the modem 610 could output the 4 MIMO streams at 10.56
GHz, which is directly compatible with the radio heads 630.
Alternatively, the radio heads 630 can perform frequency conversion
in the radio head itself for example as part of the functionality
of the RF chip. Similar to FIG. 3, the modem 610 can also perform
digital beamforming and the phase array controller 620 can perform
analog beamforming.
[0038] FIG. 7 illustrates another aspect of an extensible
architecture for WiFi MIMO channel mapping with multi-frequency
radio heads. This architecture is also similar to that of FIG. 3
and includes modem/network processor 710, an optional phase array
controller 720 and a plurality of multi-frequency radio heads 730.
However, for this aspect, the radio heads can operate at any
frequency as indicated by Z1-Z4 Hz/kHz/MHz/GHz in the figure.
Additionally, in this aspect, which illustratively occupies 320
MHz, the shift is +/-160 MHz. In this example, the system is using
a 160 Mhz capable WiFi that effectively can produce 2 streams of
160 MHz channels to map to the 4.times.4 MIMO system. Also in this
system, the clock frequency is the same for all components, thereby
not needing any conversion.
[0039] Exemplary aspects capitalize on mmWave system design, MAA
architecture and proven WiFi technology by developing a single
architecture that can enable mmWave connectivity at Gbps rate for
both access and backhaul usages. The aspects can also leverage
extensible RF and RFEMs at 28, 39, and 60 GHz bands to provide a
low cost and quick deployment for enabling pre-5G deployment using
standard WiFi chipsets, mmWave RFEMs and technology for access
points and home gateways.
[0040] In the detailed description, numerous specific details are
set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some
embodiments. However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary
skill in the art that some embodiments may be practiced without
these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods,
procedures, components, units and/or circuits have not been
described in detail so as not to obscure the discussion.
[0041] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various
devices and systems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile
Device (MD), a wireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a
desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook
computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld
computer, a handheld device, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board
device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular
device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a
non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication
station, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point
(AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a
video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired
or wireless network, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area
Network (WVAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN),
a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the
like.
[0042] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices
and/or networks operating in accordance with existing
Wireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (Wireless Gigabit
Alliance, Inc. WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April
2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or
derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating in
accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (IEEE 802.11-2012,
IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area
networks--Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, Mar. 29,
2012; IEEE802.11ac-2013 ("IEEE P802.11ac-2013, IEEE Standard for
Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange
Between Systems--Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific
Requirements--Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications--Amendment 4: Enhancements for
Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz", December,
2013); IEEE 802.11ad ("IEEE P802.11ad-2012, IEEE Standard for
Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange
Between Systems--Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific
Requirements--Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications--Amendment 3: Enhancements for
Very High Throughput in the 60 GHz Band", 28 Dec., 2012);
IEEE-802.11REVmc ("IEEE 802.11-REVmcTM/D3.0, June 2014 draft
standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area
networks Specific requirements; Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification");
IEEE802.11-ay (P802.11ay Standard for Information
Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between
Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific Requirements
Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) Specifications--Amendment: Enhanced Throughput for
Operation in License-Exempt Bands Above 45 GHz)) and/or future
versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks
operating in accordance with existing Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
Alliance (WFA) Peer-to-Peer (P2P) specifications (WiFi P2P
technical specification, version 1.5, August 2014) and/or future
versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks
operating in accordance with existing cellular specifications
and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or future versions and/or
derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are part of the
above networks, or operate using any one or more of the above
protocols, and the like.
[0043] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way
and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular
radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular
telephone, a wireless telephone, a Personal Communication Systems
(PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless
communication device, a mobile or portable Global Positioning
System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or
transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or
chip, a
[0044] Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver or device,
a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a
Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device
having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas,
Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard
radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device,
e.g., a Smartphone, a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) device,
or the like.
[0045] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more
types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for
example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra-Red (IR), Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), FDM Time-Division
Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA),
Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),
extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA
(WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,
Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT),
Bluetooth , Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max,
ZigBee.TM., Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, Fifth Generation (5G),
or Sixth Generation (6G) mobile networks, 3GPP, Long Term Evolution
(LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE),
or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other
devices, systems and/or networks.
[0046] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction
with a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), e.g., a WiFi network.
Other embodiments may be used in conjunction with any other
suitable wireless communication network, for example, a wireless
area network, a "piconet", a WPAN, a WVAN, and the like.
[0047] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction
with a wireless communication network communicating over a
frequency band of 5 GHz and/or 60 GHz. However, other embodiments
may be implemented utilizing any other suitable wireless
communication frequency bands, for example, an Extremely High
Frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band),
e.g., a frequency band within the frequency band of between 20 Ghz
and 300 GHZ, a WLAN frequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a
frequency band according to the WGA specification, and the
like.
[0048] While the above provides just some simple examples of the
various device configurations, it is to be appreciated that
numerous variations and permutations are possible. Moreover, the
technology is not limited to any specific channels, but is
generally applicable to any frequency range(s)/channel(s).
Moreover, and as discussed, the technology may be particularly
useful in the unlicensed spectrum.
[0049] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary hardware diagram of a device
800, such as the device shown in FIG. 3, a wireless device, mobile
device, access point, station, and/or the like, that is adapted to
implement the technique(s) discussed herein. Operation will be
discussed in relation to the components in FIG. 8 appreciating that
each separate device in a system, e.g., station, AP, proxy server,
etc., can include one or more of the components shown in the
figure, with the components each being optional and each capable of
being collocated or non-collocated.
[0050] In addition to well-known componentry (which has been
omitted for clarity), the device 800 includes interconnected
elements (with links 5 generally omitted for clarity) including one
or more of: one or more antennas/antenna arrays 804, an
interleaver/deinterleaver 808, an analog front end (AFE) 812,
memory/storage/cache 816, controller/microprocessor 820, MAC
circuitry 822, modulator/demodulator 824, encoder/decoder 828, GPU
836, accelerator 842, a multiplexer/demultiplexer 840, clock 844,
phase array controller 848, an intermediate frequency converter
850, stream frequency shifter 852, a Wi-Fi/BT/BLE
(Bluetooth.RTM./Bluetooth.RTM. Low Energy) PHY module 856, a
Wi-Fi/BT/BLE MAC module 860, transmitter(s) 864 and receiver(s)
868. The various elements in the device 800 are connected by one or
more links (not shown, again for sake of clarity).
[0051] The device 800 can have one more antennas 804, for use in
wireless communications such as multi-input multi-output (MIMO)
communications, multi-user multi-input multi-output (MU-MIMO)
communications Bluetooth.RTM., LTE, RFID, 4G, 5G, LTE, LWA, etc.
The antenna(s) 804 can include, but are not limited to one or more
of directional antennas, omnidirectional antennas, monopoles, patch
antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, dipoles,
multi-element antennas, and any other antenna(s) suitable for
communication transmission/reception. In an exemplary embodiment,
transmission/reception using MIMO may require particular antenna
spacing. In another exemplary embodiment, MIMO
transmission/reception can enable spatial diversity allowing for
different channel characteristics at each of the antennas. In yet
another embodiment, MIMO transmission/reception can be used to
distribute resources to multiple users.
[0052] Antenna(s) 804 generally interact with the Analog Front End
(AFE) 812, which is needed to enable the correct processing of the
received modulated signal and signal conditioning for a transmitted
signal. The AFE 812 can be functionally located between the antenna
and a digital baseband system in order to convert the analog signal
into a digital signal for processing and vice-versa.
[0053] The device 800 can also include a controller/microprocessor
820 and a memory/storage/cache 816. The device 800 can interact
with the memory/storage/cache 816 which may store information and
operations necessary for configuring and transmitting or receiving
the information described herein and/or operating the device as
described herein. The memory/storage/cache 816 may also be used in
connection with the execution of application programming or
instructions by the controller/microprocessor 820, and for
temporary or long term storage of program instructions and/or data.
As examples, the memory/storage/cache 820 may comprise a
computer-readable device, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, and/or other
storage device(s) and media.
[0054] The controller/microprocessor 820 may comprise a general
purpose programmable processor or controller for executing
application programming or instructions related to the device 800.
Furthermore, the controller/microprocessor 820 can perform
operations for configuring and transmitting information as
described herein. The controller/microprocessor 820 may include
multiple processor cores, and/or implement multiple virtual
processors. Optionally, the controller/microprocessor 820 may
include multiple physical processors. By way of example, the
controller/microprocessor 820 may comprise a specially configured
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or other integrated
circuit, a digital signal processor(s), a controller, a hardwired
electronic or logic circuit, a programmable logic device or gate
array, a special purpose computer, or the like.
[0055] The device 800 can further include a transmitter(s) 864 and
receiver(s) 868 which can transmit and receive signals,
respectively, to and from other wireless devices and/or access
points using the one or more antennas 804. Included in the device
800 circuitry is the medium access control or MAC Circuitry 822.
MAC circuitry 822 provides for controlling access to the wireless
medium. In an exemplary embodiment, the MAC circuitry 822 may be
arranged to contend for the wireless medium and configure frames or
packets for communicating over the wireless medium as
discussed.
[0056] The PHY module/circuitry 856 controls the electrical and
physical specifications for device 800. In particular, PHY
module/circuitry 856 manages the relationship between the device
800 and a transmission medium. Primary functions and services
performed by the physical layer, and in particular the PHY
module/circuitry 856, include the establishment and termination of
a connection to a communications medium, and participation in the
various process and technologies where communication resources
shared between, for example, among multiple STAs. These
technologies further include, for example, contention resolution
and flow control and modulation or conversion between a
representation of digital data in user equipment and the
corresponding signals transmitted over the communications channel.
These are signals are transmitted over the physical cabling (such
as copper and optical fiber) and/or over a radio communications
(wireless) link. The physical layer of the OSI model and the PHY
module/circuitry 856 can be embodied as a plurality of sub
components. These sub components or circuits can include a Physical
Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) which acts as an adaption layer.
The PLCP is at least responsible for the Clear Channel Assessment
(CCA) and building packets for different physical layer
technologies. The Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer specifies
modulation and coding techniques used by the device and a PHY
management layer manages channel tuning and the like. A station
management sub layer and the MAC circuitry 822 handle co-ordination
of interactions between the MAC and PHY layers.
[0057] The MAC layer and components, and in particular the MAC
module 860 and MAC circuitry 822 provide functional and procedural
means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. The
MAC module 850 and MAC circuitry 822 also provide access to
contention-based and contention-free traffic on different types of
physical layers, such as when multiple communications technologies
are incorporated into the device 800. In the MAC layer, the
responsibilities are divided into the MAC sub-layer and the MAC
management sub-layer. The MAC sub-layer defines access mechanisms
and packet formats while the MAC management sub-layer defines power
management, security and roaming services, etc.
[0058] The device 800 can also optionally contain a security module
(not shown). This security module can contain information regarding
but not limited to, security parameters required to connect the
device to an access point or other device or other available
network(s), and can include WEP or WPA/WPA-2 (optionally+AES and/or
TKIP) security access keys, network keys, etc. The WEP security
access key is a security password used by Wi-Fi networks. Knowledge
of this code can enable a wireless device to exchange information
with the access point and/or another device. The information
exchange can occur through encoded messages with the WEP access
code often being chosen by the network administrator. WPA is an
added security standard that is also used in conjunction with
network connectivity with stronger encryption than WEP.
[0059] The accelerator 842 can cooperate with MAC circuitry 822 to,
for example, perform real-time MAC functions. The GPU 836 can be a
specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and
alter memory to accelerate the creation of data such as images in a
frame buffer. GPUs are typically used in embedded systems, mobile
phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. GPUs
are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image
processing, and their highly parallel structure makes them more
efficient than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where the
processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.
[0060] The intermediate frequency converter 850 as discussed can
handle the conversion from any frequency to any intermediate
frequency. As discussed, the intermediate frequency converter 850
can handle frequency discrepancies between modem components and the
radio heads. The phase array controller 848 can be embodied as a
micro controller, FPGA, or the like, and is adapted to perform
analog beamforming for the antenna arrays. The stream frequency
shifter 852 shifts the frequency of one or more of the streams
output by the modem components as discussed. The various
elements/components in FIG. 8 cooperate to perform the
functionality as discussed herein.
[0061] FIG. 9 outlines an exemplary method for channel mapping to
mmWave remote radio heads. In particular control begins in step
S900 and continues to step S904. In step S904, the frequency of one
or more modem output streams is optionally converted to match one
or more radio heads. Next, in step S908, the clock frequency can be
converted to match one or more radio heads and/or other
controllers. Then, in step S912, a frequency shift can be performed
for one or more of the streams output by the modem components.
Control then continues to step S916.
[0062] In step S916, each stream output from the modem is
associated with a different radio head. Next, in step S920, one or
more of analog and digital beamforming is applied to the signals
output by one or more of the radio heads. Control then continues to
step S924 where the control sequence ends.
[0063] In yet another aspect, the communications system can be
described as comprising a N.times.N MIMO system wherein the output
of the system is split into 2.times.2 s, or viewed another way, an
M.times.M system is split into X modular 2.times.2 systems with
Horizontal and Vertical polarization for each respective 2.times.2
modular pair and N, M and X are integers. Therefore, as an example
of the modularity and scalability, an 8.times.8 MIMO system of
streams from a MIMO modem is converted into 4, 2.times.2 systems,
each of the 4 2.times.2 systems having horizontal and vertical
polarization radio heads and associated antenna arrays. (See as an
example the ellipses in FIG. 3) This modularity and scalability is
applicable to any of the embodiments/aspects disclosed herein.
[0064] In the detailed description, numerous specific details are
set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the
disclosed techniques. However, it will be understood by those
skilled in the art that the present techniques may be practiced
without these specific details. In other instances, well-known
methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been
described in detail so as not to obscure the present
disclosure.
[0065] Although embodiments are not limited in this regard,
discussions utilizing terms such as, for example, "processing,"
"computing," "calculating," "determining," "establishing",
"analysing", "checking", or the like, may refer to operation(s)
and/or process(es) of a computer, a computing platform, a computing
system, a communication system or subsystem, or other electronic
computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented
as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer's
registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as
physical quantities within the computer's registers and/or memories
or other information storage medium that may store instructions to
perform operations and/or processes.
[0066] Although embodiments are not limited in this regard, the
terms "plurality" and "a plurality" as used herein may include, for
example, "multiple" or "two or more". The terms "plurality" or "a
plurality" may be used throughout the specification to describe two
or more components, devices, elements, units, parameters, circuits,
or the like. For example, "a plurality of stations" may include two
or more stations.
[0067] It may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain
words and phrases used throughout this document: the terms
"include" and "comprise," as well as derivatives thereof, mean
inclusion without limitation; the term "or," is inclusive, meaning
and/or; the phrases "associated with" and "associated therewith,"
as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included
within, interconnect with, interconnected with, contain, be
contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be
communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be
proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the
like; and the term "controller" means any device, system or part
thereof that controls at least one operation, such a device may be
implemented in hardware, circuitry, firmware or software, or some
combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that
the functionality associated with any particular controller may be
centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely.
Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout
this document and those of ordinary skill in the art should
understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions
apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and
phrases.
[0068] The exemplary embodiments will be described in relation to
communications systems, as well as protocols, techniques, means and
methods for performing communications, such as in a wireless
network, or in general in any communications network operating
using any communications protocol(s). Examples of such are home or
access networks, wireless home networks, wireless corporate
networks, and the like. It should be appreciated however that in
general, the systems, methods and techniques disclosed herein will
work equally well for other types of communications environments,
networks and/or protocols.
[0069] For purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth
in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present
techniques. It should be appreciated however that the present
disclosure may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the
specific details set forth herein. Furthermore, while the exemplary
embodiments illustrated herein show various components of the
system collocated, it is to be appreciated that the various
components of the system can be located at distant portions of a
distributed network, such as a communications network, node, within
a Domain Master, and/or the Internet, or within a dedicated
secured, unsecured, and/or encrypted system and/or within a network
operation or management device that is located inside or outside
the network. As an example, a Domain Master can also be used to
refer to any device, system or module that manages and/or
configures or communicates with any one or more aspects of the
network or communications environment and/or transceiver(s) and/or
stations and/or access point(s) described herein.
[0070] Thus, it should be appreciated that the components of the
system can be combined into one or more devices, or split between
devices, such as a transceiver, an access point, a station, a
Domain Master, a network operation or management device, a node or
collocated on a particular node of a distributed network, such as a
communications network. As will be appreciated from the following
description, and for reasons of computational efficiency, the
components of the system can be arranged at any location within a
distributed network without affecting the operation thereof. For
example, the various components can be located in a Domain Master,
a node, a domain management device, such as a MIB, a network
operation or management device, a transceiver(s), a station, an
access point(s), or some combination thereof. Similarly, one or
more of the functional portions of the system could be distributed
between a transceiver and an associated computing
device/system.
[0071] Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the various links
5, including the communications channel(s) connecting the elements,
can be wired or wireless links or any combination thereof, or any
other known or later developed element(s) capable of supplying
and/or communicating data to and from the connected elements. The
term module as used herein can refer to any known or later
developed hardware, circuitry, software, firmware, or combination
thereof, that is capable of performing the functionality associated
with that element. The terms determine, calculate, and compute and
variations thereof, as used herein are used interchangeable and
include any type of methodology, process, technique, mathematical
operational or protocol.
[0072] Moreover, while some of the exemplary embodiments described
herein are directed toward a transmitter portion of a transceiver
performing certain functions, or a receiver portion of a
transceiver performing certain functions, this disclosure is
intended to include corresponding and complementary
transmitter-side or receiver-side functionality, respectively, in
both the same transceiver and/or another transceiver(s), and vice
versa.
[0073] The exemplary embodiments are described in relation to
enhanced GFDM communications. However, it should be appreciated,
that in general, the systems and methods herein will work equally
well for any type of communication system in any environment
utilizing any one or more protocols including wired communications,
wireless communications, powerline communications, coaxial cable
communications, fiber optic communications, and the like.
[0074] The exemplary systems and methods are described in relation
to IEEE 802.11 and/or Bluetooth.RTM. and/or Bluetooth.RTM. Low
Energy transceivers and associated communication hardware, software
and communication channels. However, to avoid unnecessarily
obscuring the present disclosure, the following description omits
well-known structures and devices that may be shown in block
diagram form or otherwise summarized.
[0075] Exemplary aspects are directed toward:
[0076] A WiFi system comprising:
[0077] a modem to output a plurality of multiple-input
multiple-output streams at a frequency;
[0078] a plurality of radio heads; and
[0079] a plurality of shifters, wherein individual streams of a
first set of the plurality of streams are sent to respective ones
of a first portion of the plurality of radio heads, and individual
streams of a second set of the plurality of streams are shifted by
a frequency and sent to respective ones of a second portion the
plurality of radio heads.
[0080] Any of the above aspects, further comprising a phase array
controller to perform analog beamforming for the plurality of radio
heads.
[0081] Any of the above aspects, further comprising an intermediate
frequency to intermediate frequency converter to convert the
frequency of the plurality of multiple-input multiple-output
streams to an input frequency of the plurality of radio heads.
[0082] Any of the above aspects, further comprising a radio
frequency chip in one of the plurality of radio heads to convert
the frequency of one multiple-input multiple-output stream to an
input frequency of a radio head.
[0083] Any of the above aspects, further comprising a clock
frequency converter.
[0084] Any of the above aspects, wherein the modem is a 4.times.4
WiFi system.
[0085] Any of the above aspects, wherein the plurality of radio
heads are mmWave capable modular antenna arrays (MAA).
[0086] Any of the above aspects, wherein a portion of the plurality
of radio heads are horizontal polarization and a second portion of
the plurality of radio heads are vertical polarization.
[0087] Any of the above aspects, wherein each of the plurality of
radio heads are associated with a respective antenna array.
[0088] Any of the above aspects, wherein the modem further performs
digital beamforming for the plurality of radio heads.
[0089] A non-transitory information storage media having stored
thereon one or more instructions, that when executed by one or more
processors, cause a channel mapping method comprising:
[0090] associating each output stream from a modem with a different
radio head;
[0091] performing digital beamforming at each radio head;
[0092] performing analog beamforming at each radio head; and
[0093] performing a frequency shift on a portion of the output
streams from the modem.
[0094] Any of the above aspects, further comprising performing a
frequency conversion on each output stream.
[0095] Any of the above aspects, further comprising converting a
clock frequency to a second clock frequency.
[0096] Any of the above aspects, further comprising performing
digital beamforming.
[0097] Any of the above aspects, further comprising performing
analog beamforming.
[0098] Any of the above aspects, further comprising performing an
intermediate frequency conversion on each output stream.
[0099] Any of the above aspects, wherein the modem is a WiFi
modem.
[0100] Any of the above aspects, wherein the radio heads are remote
radio heads.
[0101] Any of the above aspects, further comprising associating a
first output stream with a vertical polarization radio head and a
second output stream with a horizontal polarization radio head.
[0102] A multi-band wireless communications device comprising:
[0103] means for associating each output stream from a modem with a
different radio head;
[0104] means for performing digital beamforming at each radio
head;
[0105] means for performing analog beamforming at each radio head;
and
[0106] means for performing a frequency shift on a portion of the
output streams from the modem.
[0107] Any of the above aspects, further comprising means for
performing analog beamforming for the plurality of radio heads.
[0108] Any of the above aspects, further comprising means for
converting the frequency of the plurality of multiple-input
multiple-output streams to an input frequency of the plurality of
radio heads.
[0109] Any of the above aspects, further comprising means for, in
one of the plurality of radio heads, to convert the frequency of
one multiple-input multiple-output stream to an input frequency of
a radio head.
[0110] Any of the above aspects, further comprising means for a
clock frequency conversion.
[0111] Any of the above aspects, wherein the modem is a 4.times.4
WiFi system.
[0112] Any of the above aspects, wherein the plurality of radio
heads are mmWave capable modular antenna arrays (MAA).
[0113] Any of the above aspects, wherein a portion of the plurality
of radio heads are horizontal polarization and a second portion of
the plurality of radio heads are vertical polarization.
[0114] Any of the above aspects, wherein each of the plurality of
radio heads are associated with a respective antenna array.
[0115] Any of the above aspects, wherein the modem further performs
digital beamforming for the plurality of radio heads.
[0116] A communications system comprising: a N.times.N MIMO system
wherein the system is split into 2.times.2 s, such that an
M.times.M system is broken into X 2.times.2 systems with Horizontal
and Vertical polarization for each 2.times.2 pair and N, M and X
are integers.
[0117] Any of the above aspects, wherein an 8.times.8 system of
streams is converted into 4, 2.times.2 systems, each of the 4
systems having a horizontal and a vertical polarization pair output
by respective radio heads.
[0118] A system on a chip (SoC) including any one or more of the
above aspects.
[0119] One or more means for performing any one or more of the
above aspects.
[0120] Any one or more of the aspects as substantially described
herein.
[0121] For purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth
in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present
embodiments. It should be appreciated however that the techniques
herein may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the specific
details set forth herein.
[0122] Furthermore, while the exemplary embodiments illustrated
herein show the various components of the system collocated, it is
to be appreciated that the various components of the system can be
located at distant portions of a distributed network, such as a
communications network and/or the Internet, or within a dedicated
secure, unsecured and/or encrypted system. Thus, it should be
appreciated that the components of the system can be combined into
one or more devices, such as an access point or station, or
collocated on a particular node/element(s) of a distributed
network, such as a telecommunications network. As will be
appreciated from the following description, and for reasons of
computational efficiency, the components of the system can be
arranged at any location within a distributed network without
affecting the operation of the system. For example, the various
components can be located in a transceiver, an access point, a
station, a management device, or some combination thereof.
Similarly, one or more functional portions of the system could be
distributed between a transceiver, such as an access point(s) or
station(s) and an associated computing device.
[0123] Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the various
links, including communications channel(s), connecting the elements
(which may not be not shown) can be wired or wireless links, or any
combination thereof, or any other known or later developed
element(s) that is capable of supplying and/or communicating data
and/or signals to and from the connected elements. The term module
as used herein can refer to any known or later developed hardware,
software, firmware, or combination thereof that is capable of
performing the functionality associated with that element. The
terms determine, calculate and compute, and variations thereof, as
used herein are used interchangeably and include any type of
methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique.
[0124] While the above-described flowcharts have been discussed in
relation to a particular sequence of events, it should be
appreciated that changes to this sequence can occur without
materially effecting the operation of the embodiment(s).
Additionally, the exact sequence of events need not occur as set
forth in the exemplary embodiments, but rather the steps can be
performed by one or the other transceiver in the communication
system provided both transceivers are aware of the technique being
used for initialization. Additionally, the exemplary techniques
illustrated herein are not limited to the specifically illustrated
embodiments but can also be utilized with the other exemplary
embodiments and each described feature is individually and
separately claimable.
[0125] The above-described system can be implemented on a wireless
telecommunications device(s)/system, such an IEEE 802.11
transceiver, or the like. Examples of wireless protocols that can
be used with this technology include IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b,
IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE
802.11af, IEEE 802.11ah, IEEE 802.11ai, IEEE 802.11aj, IEEE
802.11aq, IEEE 802.11ax, Wi-Fi, LTE, 4G, Bluetooth.RTM.,
WirelessHD, WiGig, WiGi, 3GPP, Wireless LAN, WiMAX, DensiFi SIG,
Unifi SIG, 3GPP LAA (licensed-assisted access), and the like.
[0126] The term transceiver as used herein can refer to any device
that comprises hardware, software, circuitry, firmware, or any
combination thereof and is capable of performing any of the
methods, techniques and/or algorithms described herein.
[0127] Additionally, the systems, methods and protocols can be
implemented to improve one or more of a special purpose computer, a
programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral
integrated circuit element(s), an ASIC or other integrated circuit,
a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic
circuit such as discrete element circuit, a programmable logic
device such as PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, a modem, a
transmitter/receiver, any comparable means, or the like. In
general, any device capable of implementing a state machine that is
in turn capable of implementing the methodology illustrated herein
can benefit from the various communication methods, protocols and
techniques according to the disclosure provided herein.
[0128] Examples of the processors as described herein may include,
but are not limited to, at least one of Qualcomm.RTM.
Snapdragon.RTM. 800 and 801, Qualcomm.RTM. Snapdragon.RTM. 610 and
615 with 4G LTE Integration and 64-bit computing, Apple.RTM. A7
processor with 64-bit architecture, Apple.RTM. M7 motion
coprocessors, Samsung.RTM. Exynos.RTM. series, the Intel.RTM.
Core.TM. family of processors, the Intel.RTM. Xeon.RTM. family of
processors, the Intel.RTM. Atom.TM. family of processors, the Intel
Itanium.RTM. family of processors, Intel.RTM. Core.RTM. i5-4670K
and i7-4770K 22 nm Haswell, Intel.RTM. Core.RTM. i5-3570K 22 nm Ivy
Bridge, the AMD.RTM. FX.TM. family of processors, AMD.RTM. FX-4300,
FX-6300, and FX-8350 32 nm Vishera, AMD.RTM. Kaveri processors,
Texas Instruments.RTM. Jacinto C6000.TM. automotive infotainment
processors, Texas Instruments.RTM. OMAP.TM. automotive-grade mobile
processors, ARM.RTM. Cortex.TM.-M processors, ARM.RTM. Cortex-A and
ARM926EJ-S.TM. processors, Broadcom.RTM. AirForce BCM4704/BCM4703
wireless networking processors, the AR7100 Wireless Network
Processing Unit, other industry-equivalent processors, and may
perform computational functions using any known or future-developed
standard, instruction set, libraries, and/or architecture.
[0129] Furthermore, the disclosed methods may be readily
implemented in software using object or object-oriented software
development environments that provide portable source code that can
be used on a variety of computer or workstation platforms.
Alternatively, the disclosed system may be implemented partially or
fully in hardware using standard logic circuits or VLSI design.
Whether software or hardware is used to implement the systems in
accordance with the embodiments is dependent on the speed and/or
efficiency requirements of the system, the particular function, and
the particular software or hardware systems or microprocessor or
microcomputer systems being utilized. The communication systems,
methods and protocols illustrated herein can be readily implemented
in hardware and/or software using any known or later developed
systems or structures, devices and/or software by those of ordinary
skill in the applicable art from the functional description
provided herein and with a general basic knowledge of the computer
and telecommunications arts.
[0130] Moreover, the disclosed methods may be readily implemented
in software and/or firmware that can be stored on a storage medium
to improve the performance of: a programmed general-purpose
computer with the cooperation of a controller and memory, a special
purpose computer, a microprocessor, or the like. In these
instances, the systems and methods can be implemented as program
embedded on personal computer such as an applet, JAVA..TM.. or CGI
script, as a resource residing on a server or computer workstation,
as a routine embedded in a dedicated communication system or system
component, or the like. The system can also be implemented by
physically incorporating the system and/or method into a software
and/or hardware system, such as the hardware and software systems
of a communications transceiver.
[0131] It is therefore apparent that there has at least been
provided systems and methods for enhancing and improving
communications. While the embodiments have been described in
conjunction with a number of embodiments, it is evident that many
alternatives, modifications and variations would be or are apparent
to those of ordinary skill in the applicable arts. Accordingly,
this disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives,
modifications, equivalents and variations that are within the
spirit and scope of this disclosure.
* * * * *