U.S. patent application number 15/873568 was filed with the patent office on 2018-08-30 for solid forms of an ask1 inhibitor.
The applicant listed for this patent is Gilead Sciences, Inc.. Invention is credited to Mark Andres, Brenda J. Burke Chan, Eenest A. Carra, Anna Chiu, Olga Viktorovna Lapina, Stephen P. Lathrop, Gregory Notte, Valeriya Smolenskaya, Lok Him Yu.
Application Number | 20180243281 15/873568 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55168336 |
Filed Date | 2018-08-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180243281 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Andres; Mark ; et
al. |
August 30, 2018 |
SOLID FORMS OF AN ASK1 INHIBITOR
Abstract
Crystalline forms of
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I) were
prepared and characterized in the solid state: ##STR00001## Also
provided are processes of manufacture and methods of using the
crystalline forms.
Inventors: |
Andres; Mark; (West
Lafayette, IN) ; Burke Chan; Brenda J.; (Foster City,
CA) ; Carra; Eenest A.; (Foster City, CA) ;
Chiu; Anna; (Burlingame, CA) ; Lapina; Olga
Viktorovna; (Newark, CA) ; Lathrop; Stephen P.;
(San Mateo, CA) ; Notte; Gregory; (Redwood City,
CA) ; Smolenskaya; Valeriya; (West Lafayette, IN)
; Yu; Lok Him; (Sacramento, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Gilead Sciences, Inc. |
Foster City |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55168336 |
Appl. No.: |
15/873568 |
Filed: |
January 17, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15481365 |
Apr 6, 2017 |
9907790 |
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15873568 |
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14757585 |
Dec 22, 2015 |
9643956 |
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15481365 |
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62269066 |
Dec 17, 2015 |
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62096406 |
Dec 23, 2014 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/4439 20130101;
C07C 59/06 20130101; C07D 413/12 20130101; A61P 37/00 20180101;
A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P 1/16 20180101; C07C 57/145 20130101; A61P
1/00 20180101; A61P 37/02 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; C07C 55/07
20130101; A61P 3/00 20180101; A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P 37/06
20180101; C07C 57/15 20130101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P 13/12
20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 25/00 20180101; C07C 309/04
20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61K 31/541 20130101; A61P 11/00
20180101; A61P 19/00 20180101; C07D 401/14 20130101; A61P 9/12
20180101; A61K 31/422 20130101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 29/00
20180101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/4439 20060101
A61K031/4439; A61K 31/541 20060101 A61K031/541; A61K 31/422
20060101 A61K031/422 |
Claims
1.-91. (canceled)
92. Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide adipate (Compound I
Adipate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.4, 14.6, and 24.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
93. Compound I Adipate Form I according to claim 92, wherein the
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 9.7, 12.1, and
19.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
94. Compound I Adipate Form I according to claim 92, wherein the
diffractogram is substantially shown in FIG. 51.
95. Compound I Adipate Form I according to claim 92, characterized
by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises
an endotherm at about 151.degree. C.
96. Compound I Adipate Form I according to claim 92, wherein the
DSC curve is substantially shown in FIG. 52.
97. A pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound I Adipate Form
I according to claim 92 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers.
98. A method of treating a disease mediated, at least in part, by
ASK1 in a patient in need thereof comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of Compound I Adipate Form I
according to claim 92.
99. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is diabetes,
diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, kidney fibrosis, lung
fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), liver fibrosis,
pulmonary hypertension, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver
disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, an
inflammatory condition, an autoimmune disease, a proliferative
disease, a transplantation rejection, a disease involving
impairment of cartilage turnover, a congenital cartilage
malformation, or a disease associated with hypersecretion of
IL6.
100. The method of claim 98, further comprising administering
another therapeutic agent.
101. The method of claim 100, wherein the another therapeutic agent
is filgotinib.
102. The method of claim 100, wherein the another therapeutic agent
is a compound of formula: ##STR00007## or a salt thereof.
103. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is an inflammatory
condition.
104. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is Crohn's
disease.
105. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is rheumatoid
arthritis.
106. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is inflammatory
bowel disease.
107. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis.
108. The method of claim 98, wherein the disease is alcoholic
hepatitis.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit under of 35 U.S.C.
.sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application 62/096,406, filed on
Dec. 23, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application 62/269,066, filed
on Dec. 17, 2015, both of which are hereby incorporated by
reference.
FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to crystalline
forms of the compound
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide, designated herein as
Compound I, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, their therapeutic
use, and processes for making the forms.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Therapeutic agents that function as inhibitors of ASK1
signaling have the potential to remedy or improve the lives of
patients in need of treatment for diseases or conditions such as
neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, and
metabolic disorders. In particular, ASK1 inhibitors have the
potential to treat cardio-renal diseases, including kidney disease,
diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, fibrotic diseases
(including lung and kidney fibrosis), respiratory diseases
(including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute
lung injury), acute and chronic liver diseases. There is a need for
high purity single polymorph forms of compounds that are
efficacious and exhibit improved pharmacokinetic and/or
pharmacodynamic profiles for the treatment of diseases related to
ASK1 activation.
SUMMARY
[0004] Compound I is known to exhibit ASK1 inhibitory activity and
is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,126, which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Compound I has
the formula:
##STR00002##
[0005] Compound I can be synthesized according to the methods
described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,126 or U.S. Provisional
Application No. 62/096,391, U.S. Provisional Application No.
62/269,064 and PCT Application PCT/US2015/067511 (filed on even
date herewith and titled "Processes for Preparing ASK1
Inhibitors"), all of which are incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
[0006] The present disclosure provides forms of Compound I and
salts, co-crystals, hydrates, and solvates thereof. Also described
herein are processes for making the forms of Compound I,
pharmaceutical compositions comprising crystalline forms of
Compound I and methods for using such forms and pharmaceutical
compositions in the treatment of diseases mediated by ASK1
disregulation.
[0007] Thus, one embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form I)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 16.7, 21.3, and 22.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0008] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form II)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 11.2, 16.6, and 17.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0009] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form III)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 5.1, 10.2, and 25.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0010] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form IV)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 7.2, 12.6, and 19.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0011] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form V)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 9.7, 13.3, and 16.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0012] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form VI)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.8, 23.2, and 23.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0013] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form VII)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.2, 14.2, and 22.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta. as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0014] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form VIII)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.4, 19.3, and 24.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta. as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0015] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form IX)
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 6.9, 14.3, 23.7, and 24.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta. as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0016] Another embodiment is amorphous
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide.
[0017] Some embodiments provided herein relate to crystalline forms
of salts or co-crystals of Compound I.
[0018] Thus, one embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide esylate (Compound I
Esylate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.9, 23.6, and 25.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0019] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide fumarate (Compound I
Fumarate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 18.9, 23.2, and 25.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0020] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide glycolate (Compound I
Glycolate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 10.9, 15.1, and 25.2.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0021] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide hydrochloride (Compound
I HCl Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.2, 26.0, and 26.1.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0022] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide maleate (Compound I
Maleate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.7, 25.7, and 26.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0023] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide mesylate (Compound I
Mesylate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.9, 24.5, and 25.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0024] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide oxalate (Compound I
Oxalate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 13.3, 13.5, and 26.0.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0025] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide sulfate (Compound I
Sulfate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 7.1, 13.8, and 25.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0026] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide adipate (Compound I
Adipate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.4, 14.6, and 24.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0027] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide besylate (Compound I
Besylate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.9, 10.8, and 12.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0028] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide edisylate (Compound I
Edisylate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 10.3, 16.9, 19.5, and 23.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0029] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide edisylate (Compound I
Edisylate Form II) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 14.7, 20.6, and 22.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0030] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide gentisate (Compound I
Gentisate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 9.7, 12.5, and 26.2.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0031] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide gentisate (Compound I
Gentisate Form II) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 5.2, 10.7, and 12.1.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0032] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide glutarate (Compound I
Glutarate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 7.5, 20.8, and 23.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0033] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide glutarate (Compound I
Glutarate Form II) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 5.1, 13.1, and 16.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0034] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide L-tartrate (Compound I
L-Tartrate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 4.3, 12.4, and 24.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0035] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide L-tartrate (Compound I
L-Tartrate Form II) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 4.7, 9.9, 11.4 and 22.0.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0036] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide propyl gallate (Compound
I Propyl Gallate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 3.8, 7.6, and
24.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG..
[0037] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide succinate (Compound I
Succinate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 12.7, 21.2, and 24.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0038] Another embodiment is crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide tosylate (Compound I
Tosylate Form I) characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.6, 12.1, and 12.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG..
[0039] Another embodiment is directed to pharmaceutical
compositions comprising a form or forms of Compound I as described
herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0040] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the treatment of a disease in a patient in need
of treatment with an ASK1 inhibitor.
[0041] Another embodiment is directed to a method of treating a
disease mediated, at least in part, by ASK1 in a patient in need
thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount
of a form of Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical
composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the disease
is diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, kidney fibrosis,
lung fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), liver fibrosis,
pulmonary hypertension, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver
disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, an
inflammatory condition, an autoimmune disease, a proliferative
disease, a transplantation rejection, a disease involving
impairment of cartilage turnover, a congenital cartilage
malformation, or a disease associated with hypersecretion of
IL6.
[0042] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
diabetic nephropathy, or complications of diabetes, comprising
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein.
[0043] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
kidney disease, or diabetic kidney disease comprising administering
a therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein.
[0044] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
kidney fibrosis, lung fibrosis, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
(IPF) comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount
of a form of Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical
composition as described herein.
[0045] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
diabetic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, kidney fibrosis,
liver fibrosis, or lung fibrosis comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form of Compound
I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein.
[0046] Another embodiment is directed to a method of treating
pulmonary hypertension in a patient in need thereof, said method
comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective
amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a
pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The pulmonary
hypertension, in one aspect, is pulmonary arterial hypertension
(PAH) which may be selected from idiopathic PAH, familial PAH,
pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD), pulmonary capillary
hemangiomatosis (PCH), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the
newborn, or PAH associated with another disease or condition. In
some embodiments, the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial
hypertension.
[0047] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein. Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
liver fibrosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective
amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a
pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0048] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
liver disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective
amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a
pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0049] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
alcoholic liver disease comprising administering a therapeutically
effective amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a
pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0050] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
alcoholic hepatitis comprising administering a therapeutically
effective amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a
pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0051] Another embodiment is directed to the method of preventing
and/or treating inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases,
proliferative diseases, transplantation rejection, diseases
involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage
malformations, and diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6
in mammals including humans comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein in combination with a therapeutically effective
amount of filgotinib. In one embodiment, the inflammatory condition
is rheumatoid arthritis. In one embodiment, the inflammatory
condition is Crohn's disease.
[0052] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
preventing and/or treating inflammatory conditions, autoimmune
diseases, proliferative diseases, transplantation rejection,
diseases involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital
cartilage malformations, and diseases associated with
hypersecretion of IL6 in mammals including humanscomprising
administering therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a form of Compound I as described herein and
filgotinib. In one embodiment, the inflammatory condition is
rheumatoid arthritis. In one embodiment, the inflammatory condition
is Crohn's disease. In one embodiment, the disease is inflammatory
bowel disease.
[0053] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the treatment of a disease mediated, at least
in part, by ASK1 in a patient in need thereof.
[0054] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the treatment of a chronic kidney disease.
[0055] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the treatment of a diabetic kidney disease.
[0056] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of a chronic kidney disease.
[0057] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of a diabetic kidney disease.
[0058] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
[0059] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of liver disease.
[0060] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
[0061] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of alcoholic hepatitis.
[0062] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a form of
Compound I as described herein in combination with filgotinib in
the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of
inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, proliferative
diseases, transplantation rejection, diseases involving impairment
of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage malformations, and
diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6 in mammals including
humans.
[0063] Another embodiment is directed to the use of a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I as
described herein in combination with filgotinib in the manufacture
of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory
conditions, autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases,
transplantation rejection, diseases involving impairment of
cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage malformations, and
diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6 in mammals including
humans.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0064] FIG. 1 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form I.
[0065] FIG. 2 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curve
of Compound I Form I.
[0066] FIG. 3 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form I.
[0067] FIG. 4 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form II.
[0068] FIG. 5 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curve
of Compound I Form II.
[0069] FIG. 6 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form II.
[0070] FIG. 7 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form III.
[0071] FIG. 8 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curve
of Compound I Form III.
[0072] FIG. 9 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form III.
[0073] FIG. 10 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form IV.
[0074] FIG. 11 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Form IV.
[0075] FIG. 12 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form IV.
[0076] FIG. 13 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form V and Compound I Form II.
[0077] FIG. 14 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Form V and Compound I Form II.
[0078] FIG. 15 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form V and Compound I Form II.
[0079] FIG. 16 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form VI.
[0080] FIG. 17 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Form VI.
[0081] FIG. 18 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form VI.
[0082] FIG. 19 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Esylate Form I.
[0083] FIG. 20 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Esylate Form I.
[0084] FIG. 21 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Esylate Form I.
[0085] FIG. 22 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Fumarate Form I.
[0086] FIG. 23 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Fumarate Form I.
[0087] FIG. 24 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Fumarate Form I.
[0088] FIG. 25 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Glycolate Form I.
[0089] FIG. 26 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Glycolate Form I.
[0090] FIG. 27 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Glycolate Form I.
[0091] FIG. 28 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I HCl Form I.
[0092] FIG. 29 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I HCl Form I.
[0093] FIG. 30 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I HCl Form I.
[0094] FIG. 31 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Maleate Form I.
[0095] FIG. 32 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Maleate Form I.
[0096] FIG. 33 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Maleate Form I.
[0097] FIG. 34 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Mesylate Form I.
[0098] FIG. 35 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Mesylate Form I.
[0099] FIG. 36 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Mesylate Form I.
[0100] FIG. 37 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Oxalate Form I.
[0101] FIG. 38 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Oxalate Form I.
[0102] FIG. 39 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Oxalate Form I.
[0103] FIG. 40 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Sulfate Form I.
[0104] FIG. 41 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form VII.
[0105] FIG. 42 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Form VII.
[0106] FIG. 43 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form VII.
[0107] FIG. 44 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form VIII.
[0108] FIG. 45 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Form VIII.
[0109] FIG. 46 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form VIII.
[0110] FIG. 47 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Form IX.
[0111] FIG. 48 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Form IX.
[0112] FIG. 49 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Form IX.
[0113] FIG. 50 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I (Amorphous).
[0114] FIG. 51 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Adipate Form I.
[0115] FIG. 52 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Adipate Form I.
[0116] FIG. 53 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Adipate Form I.
[0117] FIG. 54 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Besylate Form I.
[0118] FIG. 55 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Edisylate Form I.
[0119] FIG. 56 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Edisylate Form I.
[0120] FIG. 57 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Edisylate Form I.
[0121] FIG. 58 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Edisylate Form II.
[0122] FIG. 59 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Edisylate Form II.
[0123] FIG. 60 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Edisylate Form II.
[0124] FIG. 61 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Gentisate Form I.
[0125] FIG. 62 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Gentisate Form II.
[0126] FIG. 63 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Gentisate Form II.
[0127] FIG. 64 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Gentisate Form II.
[0128] FIG. 65 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Glutarate Form I.
[0129] FIG. 66 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Glutarate Form I.
[0130] FIG. 67 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Glutarate Form I.
[0131] FIG. 68 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Glutarate Form II.
[0132] FIG. 69 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Glutarate Form II.
[0133] FIG. 70 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Glutarate Form II.
[0134] FIG. 71 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I L-Tartrate Form I.
[0135] FIG. 72 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I L-Tartrate Form I.
[0136] FIG. 73 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I L-Tartrate Form I.
[0137] FIG. 74 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I L-Tartrate Form II.
[0138] FIG. 75 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I L-Tartrate Form II.
[0139] FIG. 76 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I L-Tartrate Form II.
[0140] FIG. 77 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Propyl Gallate Form I.
[0141] FIG. 78 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Propyl Gallate Form I.
[0142] FIG. 79 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Propyl Gallate Form I.
[0143] FIG. 80 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Succinate Form I.
[0144] FIG. 81 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Succinate Form I.
[0145] FIG. 82 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Succinate Form I.
[0146] FIG. 83 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of Compound
I Tosylate Form I.
[0147] FIG. 84 shows a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
curve of Compound I Tosylate Form I.
[0148] FIG. 85 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Compound
I Tosylate Form I.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0149] The compound,
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (also known as
5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-fluoro-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-t-
riazole-3-yl)pyridine-2-yl)-4-methylbenzamide)) designated herein
as Compound I, has the formula:
##STR00003##
[0150] Compound I exhibits an EC.sub.50 value of about 2 nanomolar
in an ASK1 293 cell-based assay. The experimental protocol for this
assay is known in the art and is described in U.S. Pat. No.
8,742,126, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0151] The present disclosure relates to various crystalline forms
of Compound I, and processes for making the crystalline forms.
Compound I also provides forms further described herein as
"Compound I Form I," "Compound I Form II," "Compound I Form III,"
"Compound I Form IV," "Compound I Form V," "Compound I Form VI,"
"Compound I Form VII," "Compound I Form VIII," "Compound I Form
IX," and "amorphous Compound I." In some embodiments, such forms of
Compound I may be a solvate or a hydrate.
[0152] Additional crystalline forms of Compound I are also further
described herein. In some embodiments, crystalline forms of
Compound I may include salts or co-crystals of Compound I. Salts or
co-crystals of Compound I may have the following formula:
##STR00004##
[0153] In some embodiments, X may be esylate, fumarate, glycolate,
hydrochloride, maleate, mesylate, oxalate, sulfate, adipate,
besylate, edisylate, gentisate, glutarate, L-tartrate, propyl
gallate, succinate, and tosylate. The following exemplary forms are
further described herein: "Compound I Esylate Form I," "Compound I
Fumarate Form I," "Compound I Glycolate Form I," "Compound I HCl
Form I," "Compound I Maleate Form I," "Compound I Mesylate Form I,"
"Compound I Oxalate Form I," "Compound I Sulfate Form I," "Compound
I Adipate Form I," "Compound I Besylate Form I," "Compound I
Edisylate Form I," "Compound I Edisylate Form II," "Compound I
Gentisate Form I," "Compound I Gentisate Form II," "Compound I
Glutarate Form I," "Compound I Glutarate Form II," "Compound I
L-tartrate Form I," "Compound I L-tartrate Form II," "Compound I
Propyl Gallate Form I," "Compound I Succinate Form I," and
"Compound I Tosylate Form I."
Definitions
[0154] As used in the present specification, the following words
and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set
forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they
are used indicates otherwise.
[0155] As used herein, the term "about" used in the context of
quantitative measurements means the indicated amount .+-.10%, or
alternatively the indicated amount .+-.5% or .+-.1%.
[0156] The term "complex" refers to a formation resulting from the
interaction between Compound I and another molecule.
[0157] The term "solvate" refers to a complex formed by combining
Compound I and a solvent. As used herein, the term "solvate"
includes a hydrate (i.e., a solvate when the solvent is water).
[0158] The term "co-crystal" refers to a molecular complex of an
ionized or non-ionized Compound I (or any other compound disclosed
herein) and one or more non-ionized co-crystal formers (such as a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt) connected through non-covalent
interactions. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal can have an
improved property as compared to the free form (i.e., the free
molecule, zwitter ion, hydrate, solvate, etc.) or a salt (which
includes salt hydrates and solvates). In further embodiments, the
improved property is selected from the group consisting of:
increased solubility, increased dissolution, increased
bioavailability, increased dose response, decreased hygroscopicity,
a crystalline form of a normally amorphous compound, a crystalline
form of a difficult to salt or unsaltable compound, decreased form
diversity, more desired morphology, and the like.
[0159] The term "co-crystal former" or "co-former" refers to one or
more pharmaceutically acceptable bases and/or pharmaceutically
acceptable acids disclosed herein in association with Compound I,
or any other compound disclosed herein.
[0160] Any formula or structure given herein, including Compound I,
is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as
isotopically labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled
compounds have structures depicted by the formulae given herein
except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a
selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can
be incorporated into compounds of the disclosure include isotopes
of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and
chlorine, such as, but not limited to .sup.2H (deuterium, D),
.sup.3H (tritium), .sup.11C, .sup.13C, .sup.14C, .sup.15N,
.sup.18F, .sup.31P, .sup.32P, .sup.35S, .sup.36Cl and .sup.125I.
Various isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure,
for example those into which isotopes such as .sup.3H, .sup.13C and
.sup.14C are incorporated, may be prepared. Such isotopically
labeled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction
kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron
emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution
assays or in radioactive treatment of patients.
[0161] The disclosure also includes Compound I in which from 1 to
"n" hydrogens attached to a carbon atom is/are replaced by
deuterium, in which n is the number of hydrogens in the molecule.
Such compounds exhibit increased resistance to metabolism and may
be thus useful for increasing the halflife of any Compound I when
administered to a mammal. See, for example, Foster, "Deuterium
Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism", Trends Pharmacol.
Sci. 5(12):524-527 (1984). Such compounds are synthesized by means
well known in the art, for example by employing starting materials
in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by
deuterium.
[0162] Deuterium labeled or substituted compounds of the disclosure
may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics)
properties, relating to distribution, metabolism and excretion
(ADME). Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may
afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater
metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or
reduced dosage requirements. An .sup.18F labeled compound may be
useful for PET or SPECT studies. Isotopically labeled compounds of
this disclosure and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by
carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the
examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily
available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically
labeled reagent. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes,
particularly deuterium (i.e., .sup.2H or D) may afford certain
therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability,
for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage
requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index. It is
understood that deuterium in this context is regarded as a
substituent in Compound I.
[0163] The concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically
deuterium, may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor. In the
compounds of this disclosure any atom not specifically designated
as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of
that atom. Unless otherwise stated, when a position is designated
specifically as "H" or "hydrogen", the position is understood to
have hydrogen at its natural abundance isotopic composition.
Accordingly, in the compounds of this disclosure any atom
specifically designated as a deuterium (D) is meant to represent
deuterium.
[0164] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier"
includes excipients or agents such as solvents, diluents,
dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,
isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like that are not
deleterious to the compound of the invention or use thereof. The
use of such carriers and agents to prepare compositions of
pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art (see,
e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 17th Ed. (1985); and Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel
Dekker, Inc. 3rd Ed. (G. S. Banker & C. T. Rhodes, Eds.)
[0165] The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an
amount of the compound as described herein that is sufficient to
effect treatment as defined below, when administered to a patient
(particularly a human) in need of such treatment in one or more
doses. The therapeutically effective amount will vary, depending
upon the patient, the disease being treated, the weight and/or age
of the patient, the severity of the disease, or the manner of
administration as determined by a qualified prescriber or care
giver.
[0166] The term "treatment" or "treating" means administering a
compound as described herein for the purpose of: [0167] (i)
delaying the onset of a disease, that is, causing the clinical
symptoms of the disease not to develop or delaying the development
thereof; [0168] (ii) inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the
development of clinical symptoms; and/or [0169] (iii) relieving the
disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms or
the severity thereof. In addition, abbreviations as used herein
have respective meanings as follows:
TABLE-US-00001 [0169] % AN/% ES % Area normalized versus % external
standard .mu.L Microliter .mu.m Micrometer 2-MeTHF 2-methyl
tetrahydrofuran ACN Acetonitrile API Active pharmaceutical
ingredient ASK1 Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 BE Butyl ether
BN Butyronitrile DCM Dichloromethane DSC Differential scanning
calorimetry DVS Dynamic vapor sorption eq. Equivalents EtOAc Ethyl
acetate EtOH Ethanol g Gram h Hour IC Ion chromatography IPA
Isopropanol IPE Diisopropyl ether IPAc/iPrOAc Isopropyl acetate KF
Karl Fischer titration kV kilovolts MEK Methyl ethyl ketone MeOH
Methanol MIBK Methyl iso-butyl ketone mA Milliamps mg Milligram min
Minute mL/ml Milliliter MTBE Methyl tert-butyl ether NMR Nuclear
magnetic resonance PLM Polarized light microscopy RH Relative
humidity RT Room temperature s Second TGA Thermogravimetric
analysis THF Tetrahydrofuran v/v Volume to volume wt Weight wt/wt
Weight to weight XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
Forms of Compound I
[0170] As described generally above, the present disclosure
provides crystalline forms of Compound I and Compound I
salts/co-crystals, which are as designated herein. Additional forms
are also discussed further herein.
[0171] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form I) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 16.7, 21.3, and 22.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 8.9, 10.0, 13.9, and
29.0.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form I is
also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form I comprises the following peaks:
8.9, 10.0, 13.1, 13.9, 15.0, 16.7, 17.8, 18.6, 18.8, 21.3, 21.6,
22.2, 22.8, 23.7, and 29.0.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree.
2.theta..
[0172] In some embodiments, Compound I Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 202.degree. C. Compound I Form I also is
characterized by its full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG.
2.
[0173] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form II) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 11.2, 16.6, and 17.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 4.9, 23.7, and
27.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form II
is also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 4. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form II comprises the following peaks:
4.9, 10.0, 11.2, 11.7, 11.8, 12.6, 14.3, 15.6, 16.6, 17.4, 17.8,
18.3, 18.8, 22.5, 22.8, 23.7, 27.1, 27.4, 28.2, and 28.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0174] In some embodiments, Compound I Form II is characterized by
a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 92.degree. C., an endotherm at about 160.degree.
C., an exotherm at about 166.degree. C., and endotherm at about
200.degree. C. Compound I Form II also is characterized by its full
DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 5.
[0175] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form III) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 5.1, 10.2, and 25.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 11.4, 18.4, and
21.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form III
is also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 7. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form III comprises the following peaks:
5.1, 10.2, 11.4, 16.9, 18.4, 19.5, 21.1, 21.6, 21.9, 22.2, 23.9,
24.5, 25.3, 26.3, and 26.6.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree.
2.theta..
[0176] In some embodiments, Compound I Form III is characterized by
a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 92.degree. C., an exotherm at about 150.degree.
C., and an endotherm at about 203.degree. C. Compound I Form III
also is characterized by its full DSC curve as substantially shown
in FIG. 8.
[0177] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form IV) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 7.2, 12.6, and 19.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 13.8, 25.9, and
28.6.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form IV
is also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 10. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form IV comprises the following peaks:
7.2, 12.6, 13.8, 14.3, 14.8, 15.9, 17.7, 18.0, 18.4, 19.2, 19.3,
21.5, 23.4, 23.9, 25.2, 25.9, 27.3, and 28.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0178] In some embodiments, Compound I Form IV is characterized by
a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 62.degree. C., an endotherm at about 147.degree.
C., an exotherm at about 153.degree. C., and endotherm at about
204.degree. C. Compound I Form IV also is characterized by its full
DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 11.
[0179] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form V) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 9.7, 13.3, and 16.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 13.3, 17.2, 19.3, and
22.2.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. A mixture of
Compound I Form V and Compound I Form II is also characterized by
its full X-ray powder diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG.
13. In some embodiments, a diffractogram of Compound I Form V
comprises the following peaks: 9.7, 12.4, 13.3, 16.4, 17.2, 19.3,
22.2, 24.9, and 27.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0180] In some embodiments, a mixture of Compound I Form V and
Compound I Form II is characterized by a differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an endotherm at about
164.degree. C. In another embodiment, a mixture of Compound I Form
V and Compound I Form II is characterized by a differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further comprises an
endotherm at about 91.degree. C. A mixture of Compound I Form V and
Compound I Form II also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 14.
[0181] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form VI) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.8, 23.2, and 23.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 10.3, 15.2, 18.6, and
28.8.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form VI
is also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 16. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form VI comprises the following peaks:
8.8, 10.3, 10.9, 15.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 18.6, 23.2, 23.3, 23.5,
26.1, 28.5, and 28.8.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0182] In some embodiments, Compound I Form VI is characterized by
a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 202.degree. C. Compound I Form VI also is
characterized by its DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG.
17.
[0183] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form VII) is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.2, 14.2, and 22.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 18.0 and 21.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form VII is also
characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 41. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form VII comprises the following peaks:
8.2, 14.2, 18.0, 21.7, and 22.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree.
2.theta..
[0184] In some embodiments, Compound I Form VII is characterized by
a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 202.degree. C. In some embodiments, Compound I
Form VII is characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC) curve that further comprises an endotherm at about
147.degree. C. Compound I Form VII also is characterized by its
full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 42.
[0185] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form VIII is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.4, 19.3, and 24.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 14.6, 15.0, 16.8, and
20.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form VIII
is also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 44. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form VIII comprises the following
peaks: 8.4, 14.6, 15.0, 16.8, 19.3, 20.4, and 24.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0186] In some embodiments, Compound I Form VIII is characterized
by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises
an endotherm at about 203.degree. C. In some embodiments, Compound
I Form VIII is characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC) curve that further comprises a small endotherm at about
75.degree. C. Compound I Form VIII also is characterized by its
full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 45.
[0187] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide (Compound I Form IX is
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 6.9, 14.3, 23.7, and 24.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 10.1, 21.0, and
26.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form IX
is also characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 47. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Form IX comprises the following peaks:
6.9, 10.1, 14.3, 21.0, 23.7, 24.8, and 26.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0188] In some embodiments, Compound I Form IX is characterized by
a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises an
endotherm at about 91.degree. C. Compound I Form IX also is
characterized by its full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG.
48.
[0189] In some embodiments, Compound I is amorphous. In certain
embodiments, amorphous Compound I is characterized by its full
X-ray powder diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 50.
[0190] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide esylate (Compound I
Esylate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.9, 23.6, and 25.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 16.0 and 24.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Esylate Form I is also
characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as substantially
shown in FIG. 19. In some embodiments, the diffractogram of
Compound I Esylate Form I comprises the following peaks: 8.9, 10.5,
10.6, 11.4, 12.9, 14.5, 16.0, 17.6, 18.6, 19.8, 20.9, 21.3, 23.6,
24.7, 25.9, and 29.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0191] In some embodiments, Compound I Esylate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 221.degree. C. Compound I
Esylate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 20.
[0192] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide fumarate (Compound I
Fumarate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 18.9, 23.2, and 25.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 7.5 and 26.1.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0193] Compound I Fumarate Form I is also characterized by its full
X-ray diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 22. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I Fumarate Form I
comprises the following peaks: 7.5, 8.0, 10.2, 11.8, 12.1, 14.6,
16.0, 16.6, 16.8, 18.6, 18.9, 19.5, 20.1, 23.2, 23.6, 23.8, 24.3,
24.6, 25.6, 26.1, 27.8, and 30.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree.
2.theta..
[0194] In some embodiments, Compound I Fumarate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 130.degree. C. Compound I
Fumarate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 23.
[0195] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide glycolate (Compound I
Glycolate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 10.9, 15.1, and 25.2.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 22.2 and 24.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Glycolate Form I is
also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as substantially
shown in FIG. 25. In some embodiments, the diffractogram of
Compound I Glycolate Form I comprises the following peaks: 7.5,
10.9, 14.8, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 20.4, 20.8, 21.6, 21.8, 22.0, 22.2,
23.1, 23.6, 24.6, 25.2, 25.5, and 28.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0196] In some embodiments, Compound I Glycolate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 148.degree. C. Compound I
Glycolate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 26.
[0197] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide hydrochloride (Compound
I HCl Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.2, 26.0, and 26.1.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 12.0 and 19.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0198] Compound I HCl Form I is also characterized by its full
X-ray diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 28. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I HCl Form I comprises
the following peaks: 8.2, 9.7, 12.0, 14.1, 14.4, 14.6, 15.3, 19.3,
19.6, 19.8, 21.6, 23.9, 26.0, 26.1, 26.3, and 28.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0199] In some embodiments, Compound I HCl Form I is characterized
by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that comprises
an endotherm at about 77.degree. C. and an endotherm at about
191.degree. C. Compound I HCl Form I also is characterized by its
full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 29.
[0200] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide maleate (Compound I
Maleate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.7, 25.7, and 26.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 17.9 and 26.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Maleate Form I is also
characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as substantially
shown in FIG. 31. In some embodiments, the diffractogram of
Compound I Maleate Form I comprises the following peaks: 8.7, 9.0,
9.1, 10.4, 13.0, 13.5, 14.2, 14.9, 16.8, 17.9, 18.4, 19.7, 20.0,
23.2, 23.5, 25.5, 25.7, 26.5, and 26.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0201] In some embodiments, Compound I Maleate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 152.degree. C. Compound I
Maleate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 32.
[0202] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide mesylate (Compound I
Mesylate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 8.9, 24.5, and 25.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 10.7 and 21.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0203] Compound I Mesylate Form I is also characterized by its full
X-ray diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 34. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I Mesylate Form I
comprises the following peaks: 8.9, 10.5, 10.7, 11.9, 12.8, 14.9,
16.3, 17.4, 18.4, 20.1, 20.9, 21.2, 21.6, 23.9, 24.5, 25.6, 25.8,
26.8, and 30.1.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0204] In some embodiments, Compound I Mesylate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm below 0.degree. C., an endotherm below
100.degree. C., and an endotherm at about 232.degree. C. Compound I
Mesylate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 35.
[0205] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide oxalate (Compound I
Oxalate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 13.3, 13.5, and 26.0.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 7.3 and 24.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Oxalate Form I is also
characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as substantially
shown in FIG. 37. In some embodiments, the diffractogram of
Compound I Oxalate Form I comprises the following peaks: 7.3, 9.5,
12.1, 12.2, 13.3, 13.5, 13.9, 17.9, 19.9, 20.3, 20.8, 21.4, 21.6,
22.2, 23.9, 24.5, 25.5, 25.7, and 26.0.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0206] In some embodiments, Compound I Oxalate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 216.degree. C. Compound I
Oxalate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 38.
[0207] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide sulfate (Compound I
Sulfate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 7.1, 13.8, and 25.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 17.0 and 21.2.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Sulfate Form I is also
characterized by its full X-ray powder diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 40. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Sulfate Form I comprises the following
peaks: 7.1, 9.1, 9.3, 10.8, 12.2, 13.1, 13.4, 13.8, 17.0, 18.1,
18.2, 20.4, 21.0, 21.2, 25.4, 25.5, 26.9, 27.8, and 26.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0208] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide adipate (Compound I
Adipate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.4, 14.6, and 24.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 9.7, 12.1, and
19.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Adipate
Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 51. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Adipate Form I comprises the following
peaks: 6.4, 8.1, 9.7, 12.1, 14.6, 17.4, 19.3, and 24.5.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0209] In some embodiments, Compound I Adipate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 151.degree. C. Compound I
Adipate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 52.
[0210] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide besylate (Compound I
Besylate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.9, 10.8, and 12.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 10.2, 20.9, and
25.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Besylate
Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 54. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Besylate Form I comprises the following
peaks: 6.9, 10.2, 10.8, 12.9, 16.4, 20.9, 25.4, and 25.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0211] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide edisylate (Compound I
Edisylate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 10.3, 16.9, 19.5, and 23.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 15.6 and 26.0.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Edisylate Form I is
also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as substantially
shown in FIG. 55. In some embodiments, the diffractogram of
Compound I Edisylate Form I comprises the following peaks: 8.3,
10.3, 15.6, 16.9, 19.5, 23.7, and 26.0.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0212] In some embodiments, Compound I Edisylate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 240.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I Edisylate Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm below 100.degree. C. Compound I Edisylate
Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as substantially
shown in FIG. 56.
[0213] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide edisylate (Compound I
Edisylate Form II) is characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 14.7, 20.6, and
22.7.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG.. The diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 12.1,
17.3, and 23.6.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I
Edisylate Form II is also characterized by its full X-ray
diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 58. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I
[0214] Edisylate Form II comprises the following peaks: 8.1, 9.4,
12.1, 14.7, 17.3, 20.6, 22.7, and 23.6.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0215] In some embodiments, Compound I Edisylate Form II is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 178.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I Edisylate Form II is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm at about 91.degree. C. and about 150.degree.
C. Compound I Edisylate Form II also is characterized by its full
DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 59.
[0216] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide gentisate (Compound I
Gentisate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 9.7, 12.5, and 26.2.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 18.9 and 20.4.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Gentisate Form I is
also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as substantially
shown in FIG. 61. In some embodiments, the diffractogram of
Compound I Gentisate Form I comprises the following peaks: 9.7,
12.5, 18.9, 20.4, and 26.2.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree.
2.theta..
[0217] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide gentisate (Compound I
Gentisate Form II) is characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 5.2, 10.7, and
12.1.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG.. The diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 14.4,
16.9, and 26.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I
Gentisate Form II is also characterized by its full X-ray
diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 62. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I Gentisate Form II
comprises the following peaks: 5.2, 10.7, 12.1, 14.4, 16.9, and
26.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0218] In some embodiments, Compound I Gentisate Form II is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 95.degree. C. and about
134.degree. C. Compound I Gentisate Form II also is characterized
by its full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 63.
[0219] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide glutarate (Compound I
Glutarate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 7.5, 20.8, and 23.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 14.7, 15.8, and
26.1.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Glutarate
Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 65. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Glutarate Form I comprises the
following peaks: 7.5, 10.6, 14.7, 15.8, 18.0, 20.8, 23.3, and
26.1.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0220] In some embodiments, Compound I Glutarate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 129.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I Glutarate Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm at about 66.degree. C. and at about
89.degree. C. Compound I Glutarate Form I also is characterized by
its full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 66.
[0221] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide glutarate (Compound I
Glutarate Form II) is characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 5.1, 13.1, and
16.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG.. The diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 11.0,
12.6, and 24.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I
Glutarate Form II is also characterized by its full X-ray
diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 68. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I Glutarate Form II
comprises the following peaks: 5.1, 11.0, 12.6, 13.1, 16.4, 21.1,
and 24.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0222] In some embodiments, Compound I Glutarate Form II is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 106.degree. C. and at about
127.degree. C. Compound I Glutarate Form II also is characterized
by its full DSC curve as substantially shown in FIG. 69.
[0223] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide L-tartrate (Compound I
L-Tartrate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 4.3, 12.4, and
24.8.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG.. The diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 9.1,
21.2, and 27.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I
L-Tartrate Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray
diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 71. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I L-Tartrate Form I
comprises the following peaks: 4.3, 9.1, 12.4, 18.3, 21.2, 24.8,
and 27.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0224] In some embodiments, Compound I L-Tartrate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 61.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I L-Tartrate Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm at about 128.degree. C. Compound I
L-Tartrate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 72.
[0225] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide L-tartrate (Compound I
L-Tartrate Form II) is characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 4.7, 9.9, 11.4 and
22.0.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG.. The diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 7.1,
24.2, and 25.2.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I
L-Tartrate Form II is also characterized by its full X-ray
diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 74. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I L-Tartrate Form II
comprises the following peaks: 4.7, 7.1, 9.9, 11.4, 22.0, 24.2, and
25.2.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0226] In some embodiments, Compound I L-Tartrate Form II is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 121.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I L-Tartrate Form II is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm below 110.degree. C. Compound I L-Tartrate
Form II also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 75.
[0227] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide propyl gallate (Compound
I Propyl Gallate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 3.8, 7.6, and
24.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a
diffractometer using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of
1.5406 .ANG.. The diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 8.7,
15.1, and 25.8.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I
Propyl Gallate Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray
diffractogram as substantially shown in FIG. 77. In some
embodiments, the diffractogram of Compound I Propyl Gallate Form I
comprises the following peaks: 3.8, 7.6, 8.7, 11.5, 15.1, 20.4,
24.9, and 25.8.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0228] In some embodiments, Compound I Propyl Gallate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 164.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I Propyl Gallate Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm below 100.degree. C. Compound I Propyl
Gallate Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as
substantially shown in FIG. 78.
[0229] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide succinate (Compound I
Succinate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 12.7, 21.2, and 24.7.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 7.6, 12.4, and
16.3.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Succinate
Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 80. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Succinate Form I comprises the
following peaks: 7.6, 12.4, 12.7, 16.3, 20.3, 21.2, and
24.7.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0230] In some embodiments, Compound I Succinate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 152.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I Succinate Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm below 120.degree. C. Compound I Succinate
Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as substantially
shown in FIG. 81.
[0231] Crystalline
5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y-
l)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide tosylate (Compound I
Tosylate Form I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 6.6, 12.1, and 12.8.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta., as determined on a diffractometer
using Cu--K.alpha. radiation at a wavelength of 1.5406 .ANG.. The
diffractogram comprises additional peaks at 10.3, 16.0, and
25.2.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Tosylate
Form I is also characterized by its full X-ray diffractogram as
substantially shown in FIG. 83. In some embodiments, the
diffractogram of Compound I Tosylate Form I comprises the following
peaks: 5.6, 6.6, 10.3, 12.1, 12.8, 16.0, and 25.2.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta..
[0232] In some embodiments, Compound I Tosylate Form I is
characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve
that comprises an endotherm at about 131.degree. C. In some
embodiments, Compound I Tosylate Form I is characterized by a
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve that further
comprises an endotherm below 120.degree. C. Compound I Tosylate
Form I also is characterized by its full DSC curve as substantially
shown in FIG. 84.
[0233] Some embodiments are directed to compositions comprising a
form of Compound I as described herein and remains free of any
other forms of Compound I. In some embodiments, a composition
comprises greater than 95% of a form of Compound I as described
herein and remains free of any other forms of Compound I. In some
embodiments, a composition comprises greater than 97% of a form of
Compound I as described herein and remains free of any other forms
of Compound I. In some embodiments, a composition comprises greater
than 99% a form of Compound I as described herein and remains free
of any other forms of Compound I.
[0234] Some embodiments are directed to compositions comprising a
crystalline form of Compound I Form I as described herein and
remains free of any other forms of Compound I. In some embodiments,
a composition comprises greater than 95% of a crystalline form of
Compound I Form I as described herein and remains free of any other
forms of Compound I Form I. In some embodiments, a composition
comprises greater than 97% of a crystalline form of Compound I Form
I as described herein and remains free of any other forms of
Compound I Form I. In some embodiments, a composition comprises
greater than 99% a crystalline form of Compound I Form I as
described herein and remains free of any other forms of Compound
I.
[0235] Some embodiments are directed to processes for making forms
of Compound I as described herein. In some embodiments, the
processes are as described in the Examples provided herein.
[0236] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a process for
making Compound I Form I. The process comprises the step of
contacting Compound I with a solvent selected from the group
consisting of ethanol, a mixture of methanol and water, a mixture
of methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether, a mixture of isopropyl
acetate and n-heptane, a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether and
n-heptane, and a mixture of ethanol and n-heptane, whereby Compound
I Form I is formed.
[0237] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a process for
making Compound I Form V. The process comprises the step of
contacting Compound I with dichloromethane and n-heptane, whereby
Compound I Form V is formed. Still another embodiment is a process
for making Compound I Form II. The process comprises the step of
desolvating Compound I Form V, whereby Compound I Form II is
formed.
[0238] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Form
III. The process comprises the step of contacting Compound I with a
mixture of methanol and water, whereby Compound I Form III is
formed. In some embodiments, the ratio of methanol to water may be
about 1:4.
[0239] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Form
IV. The process comprises the step of contacting Compound I with a
mixture of methanol and water, whereby Compound I Form IV is
formed. In some embodiments, the ratio of methanol to water may be
about 4:3.
[0240] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a process for
making Compound I Form VI. The process comprises the step of
evaporating Compound I from a solvent, whereby Compound I Form VI
is formed. The solvent may be acetonitrile, ethanol,
tetrahydrofuran, methanol/methyl isobutyl ketone, and
MeOH/1-butanol. In some embodiments, the process further comprises
heating. In some embodiments, the process for making Compound I
Form VI comprises contacting Compound I in ethanol with heptane,
whereby Compound I Form VI is formed.
[0241] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Form
VII. The process comprises the step of dehydrating Compound I Form
IV, whereby Compound I Form VII is formed.
[0242] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Form
VII. The process comprises the step of dehydrating Compound I Form
IV, whereby Compound I Form VII is formed.
[0243] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Form
VIII. The process comprises the step of equilibrating Compound I
Form VI under humid conditions, whereby Compound I Form VIII is
formed. In other embodiments, the process comprises contacting
Compound I Form VI with ethanol and water, whereby Compound I Form
VIII is formed.
[0244] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Form
IX. The process comprises the step of contacting Compound I with
acetic acid, whereby Compound I Form IX is formed.
[0245] Another embodiment is a process for making amorphous
Compound I. The process comprises the step of evaporating Compound
I from dichloromethane or methanol.
[0246] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Esylate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and ethanesulfonic acid, whereby Compound I
Esylate Form I is formed.
[0247] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Fumarate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and fumaric acid, whereby Compound
[0248] I Fumarate Form I is formed.
[0249] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Glycolate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and glycolic acid, whereby Compound I
Glycolate Form I is formed.
[0250] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I HCl
Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting Compound I
with ethanol and hydrochloric acid, whereby Compound I HCl Form I
is formed.
[0251] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Maleate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with acetonitrile and maleic acid, whereby Compound I
Maleate Form I is formed.
[0252] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Oxalate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and oxalate acid, whereby Compound I
Oxalate Form I is formed.
[0253] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Sulfate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with dichloromethane and sulfuric acid, whereby Compound
I Sulfate Form I is formed.
[0254] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Adipate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with acetonitrile and adipic acid, whereby Compound I
Adipate Form I is formed.
[0255] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Besylate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and benzenesulfonic acid, whereby Compound
I Besylate Form I is formed.
[0256] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Edisylate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and ethanedisulfonic acid, whereby Compound
I Edisylate Form I is formed.
[0257] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Edisylate Form II. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and ethanedisulfonic acid, whereby Compound
I Edisylate Form II is formed.
[0258] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Gentisate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and gentisic acid, whereby Compound I
Gentisate Form I is formed.Another embodiment is a process for
making Compound I Gentisate Form II. The process comprises the step
of contacting Compound I with ethanol and gentisic acid, whereby
Compound I Gentisate Form II is formed.
[0259] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Glutarate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with dichloromethane and glutaric acid, whereby Compound
I Glutarate Form I is formed.
[0260] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Glutarate Form II. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and glutaric acid, whereby Compound I
Glutarate Form II is formed.
[0261] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
L-Tartrate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and L-tartric acid, whereby Compound I
L-Tartrate Form I is formed.
[0262] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
L-Tartrate Form II. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and L-tartric acid, whereby Compound I
L-Tartrate Form II is formed.
[0263] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I Propyl
Gallate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and propyl gallate, whereby Compound I
Propyl Gallate Form I is formed.
[0264] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Succinate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with acetonitrile and succinic acid, whereby Compound I
Succinate Form I is formed.
[0265] Another embodiment is a process for making Compound I
Tosylate Form I. The process comprises the step of contacting
Compound I with ethanol and p-toluenesulfonic acid, whereby
Compound I Tosylate Form I is formed.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Modes of Administration
[0266] The forms of Compound I as described herein may be
administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Thus,
provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions that contain
one or more of the forms of Compound I described herein and one or
more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles selected from carriers,
adjuvants and excipients. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable
vehicles may include, for example, inert solid diluents and
fillers, diluents, including sterile aqueous solution and various
organic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants.
Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the
pharmaceutical art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 17th Ed. (1985); and Modern
Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 3rd Ed. (G. S. Banker & C.
T. Rhodes, Eds.). The pharmaceutical compositions may be
administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic
agents.
[0267] The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in
either single or multiple doses. The pharmaceutical composition may
be administered by various methods including, for example, rectal,
buccal, intranasal and transdermal routes. In certain embodiments,
the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by
intra-arterial injection, intravenously, intraperitoneally,
parenterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally, topically,
or as an inhalant.
[0268] One mode for administration is parenteral, for example, by
injection. The forms in which the pharmaceutical compositions
described herein may be incorporated for administration by
injection include, for example, aqueous or oil suspensions, or
emulsions, with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut
oil, as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous
solution, and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
[0269] Oral administration may be another route for administration
of one or more of the forms of Compound I described herein.
Administration may be via, for example, capsule or enteric coated
tablets. In making the pharmaceutical compositions that include one
or more of the forms of Compound I described herein, the active
ingredient is usually diluted by an excipient and/or enclosed
within such a carrier that can be in the form of a capsule, sachet,
paper or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent,
it can be in the form of a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material,
which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active
ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets,
pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions,
emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid
medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of
the active ingredient, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterile
injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
[0270] Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose,
dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia,
calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium
silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone,
cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The
formulations can additionally include lubricating agents such as
talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents;
emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl
and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring
agents.
[0271] The compositions that include one or more of the forms of
Compound I described herein can be formulated so as to provide
quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after
administration to the subject by employing procedures known in the
art. Controlled release drug delivery systems for oral
administration include osmotic pump systems and dissolutional
systems containing polymer-coated reservoirs or drug-polymer matrix
formulations. Examples of controlled release systems are given in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 4,326,525; 4,902,514; and 5,616,345.
Another formulation for use in the methods disclosed herein employ
transdermal delivery devices ("patches"). Such transdermal patches
may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the
forms of Compound I described herein in controlled amounts. The
construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of
pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,023,252, 4,992,445 and 5,001,139. Such patches may be
constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of
pharmaceutical agents.
[0272] For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the
principal active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical
excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a
homogeneous mixture of the forms of Compound I described herein.
When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous,
the active ingredient may be dispersed evenly throughout the
composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into
equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and
capsules.
[0273] The tablets or pills of the forms of Compound I described
herein may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage
form affording the advantage of prolonged action, or to protect
from the acid conditions of the stomach. For example, the tablet or
pill can include an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the
latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two
components can be separated by an enteric layer that serves to
resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component
to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A
variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or
coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and
mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl
alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
[0274] Compositions for inhalation or insufflation may include
solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous
or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid
or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically
acceptable excipients as described herein. In some embodiments, the
compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory
route for local or systemic effect. In other embodiments,
compositions in pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be
nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled
directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be
attached to a facemask tent, or intermittent positive pressure
breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may
be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices that
deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
[0275] The forms of Compound I as described herein may be
administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. For oral
administration, each dosage unit can contain from 1 mg to 2 gram, 1
mg to 1 gram, or 1 mg to 500 mg of Compound I. In some embodiments,
the dose is from 1 mg to 250 mg of Compound I. In some embodiments,
a dose of Compound I ranges from about 20 mg twice a day to about
50 mg twice a day. In some embodiments, the dose is 2 mg, 4 mg, 6
mg, 8 mg, 10 mg, 12 mg, 14 mg, 16 mg, 18 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 25 mg,
30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, or 500 mg
of Compound I. It will be understood, however, that the amount of
the compound actually administered usually will be determined by a
physician in light of the relevant circumstances including the
condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, and
co-administration compound and if applicable, the age, weight,
response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's
symptoms, and the like.
[0276] The forms of Compound I of the present application or the
compositions thereof may be administered once, twice, three, or
four times daily, using any suitable mode described above. Also,
the forms of Compound I of the present application or the
compositions thereof may be administered once or twice a week, once
every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks,
once every five weeks, or once every six weeks. In some
embodiments, the forms of Compound I of the present application or
the compositions thereof may be administered once daily for 4
weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks,
32 weeks, 36 weeks, 40 weeks, 44 weeks, 48 weeks, 52 weeks, or
longer as needed.
[0277] The forms of Compound I of the present application or the
compositions thereof may be administered under fed conditions. The
term "fed conditions" or variations thereof refers to the
consumption or uptake of food, in either solid or liquid forms, or
calories, in any suitable form, before or at the same time when the
active ingredients are administered. For example, the forms of
Compound I of the present application or the compositions thereof
may be administered to the subject (e.g., a human) within minutes
or hours of consuming calories (e.g., a meal). In some embodiments,
the forms of Compound I of the present application or the
compositions thereof may be administered to the subject (e.g., a
human) within 5-10 minutes, about 30 minutes, or about 60 minutes
of consuming calories.
ASK 1 and Methods of Use
[0278] Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a member of
the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase ("MAP3K") family
that activates the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase ("JNK") and p38
MAP kinase (Ichijo, H., Nishida, E., Irie, K., Dijke, P. T.,
Saitoh, M., Moriguchi, T., Matsumoto, K., Miyazono, K., and Gotoh,
Y. (1997) Science, 275, 90-94). ASK1 is activated by a variety of
stimuli including oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS),
LPS, TNF-.alpha., FasL, ER stress, and increased intracellular
calcium concentrations (Hattori, K., Naguro, I., Runchel, C., and
Ichijo, H. (2009) Cell Comm. Signal. 7:1-10; Takeda, K., Noguchi,
T., Naguro, I., and Ichijo, H. (2007) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol.
Toxicol. 48: 1-8.27; Nagai, H., Noguchi, T., Takeda, K., and
Ichijo, I. (2007) J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40:1-6). Phosphorylation
of ASK1 protein can lead to apoptosis or other cellular responses
depending on the cell type. ASK1 activation and signaling have been
reported to play an important role in a broad range of diseases
including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory,
autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. In addition, ASK1 has been
implicated in mediating organ damage following ischemia and
reperfusion of the heart, brain, and kidney (Watanabe et al. (2005)
BBRC 333, 562-567; Zhang et al., (2003) Life Sci 74-37-43; Terada
et al. (2007) BBRC 364: 1043-49).
[0279] ROS are reported be associated with increases of
inflammatory cytokine production, fibrosis, apoptosis, and necrosis
in the kidney. (Singh D K, Winocour P, Farrington K. Oxidative
stress in early diabetic nephropathy: fueling the fire. Nat Rev
Endocrinol 2011 March; 7(3):176-184; Brownlee M. Biochemistry and
molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001 Dec.
13; 414(6865):813-820; Mimura I, Nangaku M. The suffocating kidney:
tubulointerstitial hypoxia in end-stage renal disease. Nat Rev
Nephrol 2010 November; 6(11):667-678).
[0280] Moreover, oxidative stress facilitates the formation of
advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that cause further renal
injury and production of ROS. (Hung K Y, et al.
N-acetylcysteine-mediated antioxidation prevents
hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and collagen synthesis in rat
mesangial cells. Am J Nephrol 2009; 29(3):192-202).
[0281] Tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney is a strong
predictor of progression to renal failure in patients with chronic
kidney diseases (Schainuck L I, et al. Structural-functional
correlations in renal disease. Part II: The correlations. Hum
Pathol 1970; 1: 631-641.). Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in
rats is a widely used model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. UUO
causes tubulointerstital inflammation, increased expression of
transforming growth factor beta (TGF-.beta.), and accumulation of
myofibroblasts, which secrete matrix proteins such as collagen and
fibronectin. The UUO model can be used to test for a drug's
potential to treat chronic kidney disease by inhibiting renal
fibrosis (Chevalier et al., Ureteral obstruction as a model of
renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy, Kidney
International (2009) 75, 1145-1152.
[0282] Thus, therapeutic agents that function as inhibitors of ASK1
signaling have the potential to remedy or improve the lives of
patients in need of treatment for diseases or conditions such as
neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, and
metabolic disorders. In particular, ASK1 inhibitors have the
potential to treat cardio-renal diseases, including kidney disease,
diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, fibrotic diseases
(including lung and kidney fibrosis), dilated cardiomyopathy,
respiratory diseases (including chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) and acute lung injury), acute and chronic liver
diseases (such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic
hepatitis).
[0283] Various assays for identifying a compound's ability to
inhibit ASK1 kinase activity and its usefulness as an ASK1
inhibitor are known in the art and are described, for example, in
U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,126.
[0284] Some embodiments described herein are directed to the use of
a form of Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical
composition as described herein in the treatment of a disease in a
patient in need of treatment with an ASK1 inhibitor.
[0285] Some embodiments described herein are methods of treating
diabetic nephropathy, or complications of diabetes, comprising
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as
described herein. In some embodiments, diabetes includes type 1 and
type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, prediabetes, insulin
resistance, metabolic syndrome, impaired fasting glycaemia and
impaired glucose tolerance. Type 1 diabetes is also known as
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Type 2 is also known as
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).
[0286] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
kidney disease, or diabetic kidney disease comprising administering
a therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein.
[0287] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
kidney fibrosis, lung fibrosis, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
(IPF) comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount
of a form of Compound I as described herein or a pharmaceutical
composition as described herein.
[0288] Another embodiment is directed to the method of treating
diabetic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, kidney fibrosis,
liver fibrosis, or lung fibrosis comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form of Compound
I as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein.
[0289] Liver diseases are acute or chronic damages to the liver
based in the duration of the disease. The liver damage may be
caused by infection, injury, exposure to drugs or toxic compounds
such as alcohol or impurities in foods, an abnormal build-up of
normal substances in the blood, an autoimmune process, a genetic
defect (such as haemochromatosis), or other unknown causes.
Exemplary liver diseases include, but are not limited to,
cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic ischemia
reperfusion injury, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and hepatitis,
including both viral and alcoholic hepatitis.
[0290] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the build up of
extra fat in liver cells that is not caused by alcohol. NAFLD may
cause the liver to swell (i.e. steatohepatitis), which in turn may
cause scarring (i.e. cirrhosis) over time and may lead to liver
cancer or liver failure. NAFLD is characterized by the accumulation
of fat in hepatocyes and is often associated with some aspects of
metabolic syndrome (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin
resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension). The frequency of this
disease has become increasingly common due to consumption of
carbohydrate-rich and high fat diets. A subset (.about.20%) of
NAFLD patients develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
[0291] NASH, a subtype of fatty liver disease, is the more severe
form of NAFLD. It is characterized by macrovesicular steatosis,
balloon degeneration of hepatocytes, and/or inflammation ultimately
leading to hepatic scarring (i.e. fibrosis). Patients diagnosed
with NASH progress to advanced stage liver fibrosis and eventually
cirrhosis. The current treatment for cirrhotic NASH patients with
end-stage disease is liver transplant.
[0292] A study has shown that a significant proportion of diagnosed
NASH patients (39%) have not had a liver biopsy to confirm the
diagnosis. A greater proportion of diagnosed NASH patients have
metabolic syndrome parameters than what is reported in the
literature (type-II diabetes mellitus 54%, Obesity 71%, metabolic
syndrome 59%). 82% of physicians use a lower threshold value to
define significant alcohol consumption compared with practice
guideline recommendations. 88% of physicians prescribe some form of
pharmacologic treatment for NASH (Vit E: prescribed to 53% of NASH
patients, statins: 57%, metformin: 50%). Therefore, the vast
majority of patients are prescribed medications despite a lack of a
confirmed diagnosis or significant data to support the intervention
and alcohol thresholds to exclude NASH are lower than expected.
[0293] Another common liver disease is primary sclerosing
cholangitis (PSC). It is a chronic or long-term liver disease that
slowly damages the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. In
patients with PSC, bile accumulates in the liver due to blocked
bile ducts, where it gradually damages liver cells and causes
cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver. Currently, there is no
effective treatment to cure PSC. Many patients having PSC
ultimately need a liver transplant due to liver failure, typically
about 10 years after being diagnosed with the disease. PSC may also
lead to bile duct cancer.
[0294] Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of
extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, that occurs in
most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis
results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and
often requires liver transplantation.
[0295] Disclosed herein is a method of treating and/or preventing
liver disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising
administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of
a form of Compound I as described herein or a composition thereof,
optionally in combination with a therapeutically effective amount
of a LOXL2 inhibitor. The presence of active liver disease can be
detected by the existence of elevated enzyme levels in the blood.
Specifically, blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), above clinically accepted normal
ranges, are known to be indicative of on-going liver damage.
Routine monitoring of liver disease patients for blood levels of
ALT and AST is used clinically to measure progress of the liver
disease while on medical treatment. Reduction of elevated ALT and
AST to within the accepted normal range is taken as clinical
evidence reflecting a reduction in the severity of the patients
on-going liver damage.
[0296] In certain embodiments, the liver disease is a chronic liver
disease. Chronic liver diseases involve the progressive destruction
and regeneration of the liver parenchyma, leading to fibrosis and
cirrhosis. In general, chronic liver diseases can be caused by
viruses (such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus (CMV),
or Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)), toxic agents or drugs (such as
alcohol, methotrexate, or nitrofurantoin), a metabolic disease
(such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH), haemochromatosis, or Wilson's Disease), an
autoimmune disease (ssuch as Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis, Primary
Biliary Cirrhosis, or Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis), or other
causes (such as right heart failure).
[0297] Some embodiments described herein are directed to a method
of treating liver disease comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein. Liver disease can be classified into 4 stages: F0 indicates
no fibrosis; F1 indicates mild fibrosis; F2 indicates moderate
fibrosis; F3 indicates severe fibrosis; and F4 indicates cirrhosis.
Some embodiments described herein are directed to a method of
treating Fibrosis Stage F2 or F3 comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein.
[0298] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for reducing
the level of cirrhosis. In one embodiment, cirrhosis is
characterized pathologically by loss of the normal microscopic
lobular architecture, with fibrosis and nodular regeneration.
Methods for measuring the extent of cirrhosis are well known in the
art. In one embodiment, the level of cirrhosis is reduced by about
5% to about 100%. In one embodiment, the level of cirrhosis is
reduced by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about
15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at
least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least
50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at
least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least
about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% in
the subject.
[0299] In certain embodiments, the liver disease is a metabolic
liver disease. In one embodiment, the liver disease is
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is associated with
insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (obesity, combined
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus (type II) and high blood
pressure). NAFLD is considered to cover a spectrum of disease
activity, and begins as fatty accumulation in the liver (hepatic
steatosis).
[0300] It has been shown that both obesity and insulin resistance
probably play a strong role in the disease process of NAFLD. In
addition to a poor diet, NAFLD has several other known causes. For
example, NAFLD can be caused by certain medications, such as
amiodarone, antiviral drugs (e.g., nucleoside analogues), aspirin
(rarely as part of Reye's syndrome in children), corticosteroids,
methotrexate, tamoxifen, or tetracycline. NAFLD has also been
linked to the consumption of soft drinks through the presence of
high fructose corn syrup which may cause increased deposition of
fat in the abdomen, although the consumption of sucrose shows a
similar effect (likely due to its breakdown into fructose).
Genetics has also been known to play a role, as two genetic
mutations for this susceptibility have been identified.
[0301] If left untreated, NAFLD can develop into non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the most extreme form of NAFLD, a
state in which steatosis is combined with inflammation and
fibrosis. NASH is regarded as a major cause of cirrhosis of the
liver of unknown cause. Accordingly, provided herein is a method of
treating and/or preventing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a
patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a
therapeutically effective amount of form of Compound I as described
herein or a composition thereof, optionally in combination with a
therapeutically effective amount of a LOXL2 inhibitor.
[0302] Also provided herein is a method of treating and/or
preventing liver fibrosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising
administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of
an form of Compound I as described herein or a composition thereof,
optionally in combination with a therapeutically effective amount
of a LOXL2 inhibitor. Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation
of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in
most types of chronic liver diseases. In certain embodiments,
advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis and liver failure.
Methods for measuring liver histologies, such as changes in the
extent of fibrosis, lobular hepatitis, and periportal bridging
necrosis, are well known in the art.
[0303] In one embodiment, the level of liver fibrosis, which is the
formation of fibrous tissue, fibroid or fibrous degeneration, is
reduced by more that about 90%. In one embodiment, the level of
fibrosis, which is the formation of fibrous tissue, fibroid or
fibrous degeneration, is reduced by at least about 90%, at least
about 80%, at least about 70%, at least about 60%, at least about
50%, at least about 40%, at least about 30%, at least about 20%, at
least about 10%, at least about 5% or at least about 2%.
[0304] In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein reduce the
level of fibrogenesis in the liver. Liver fibrogenesis is the
process leading to the deposition of an excess of extracellular
matrix components in the liver known as fibrosis. It is observed in
a number of conditions such as chronic viral hepatitis B and C,
alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease,
hemochromatosis, auto-immune hepatitis, Wilson disease, primary
biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, liver schistosomiasis
and others. In one embodiment, the level of fibrogenesis is reduced
by more that about 90%. In one embodiment, the level of
fibrogenesis is reduced by at least about 90%, at least about 80%,
at least about 70%, at least about 60%, at least about 50%, at
least 40%, at least about 30%, at least about 20%, at least about
10%, at least about 5% or at least 2%.
[0305] In still other embodiments, provided herein is a method of
treating and/or preventing primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in
a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient
a therapeutically effective amount of an form of Compound I as
described herein or a composition thereof, optionally in
combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a LOXL2
inhibitor.
[0306] A LOXL2 inhibitor for use in the methods and pharmaceutical
compositions described herein may be any agent that is capable of
inactivating lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) protein. The agent may be
a chemical compound or biological molecule (e.g., a protein or
antibody). Such inhibitors are readily identified by known methods
(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,461,303, U.S. 2009/0053224 and U.S.
2011/0044907, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in
their entirety).
[0307] In certain embodiments, the LOXL2 inhibitor is an anti-LOXL2
antibody (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,461,303, U.S. 2012/0309020,
U.S. 2013/0324705, and U.S. 2014/0079707, which are incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety). The anti-LOXL2 antibody can
be a monoclonal antibody (including full length monoclonal
antibody), polyclonal antibody, human antibody, humanized antibody,
chimeric antibody, diabody, multispecific antibody (e.g.,
bispecific antibody), or an antibody fragment including, but not
limited to, a single chain binding polypeptide, so long as it
exhibits the desired biological activity.
[0308] In certain embodiments, the anti-LOXL2 antibody is a
monoclonal anti-LOXL2 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment
thereof. In other embodiments, the anti-LOXL2 antibody is a
polyclonal anti-LOXL2 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment
thereof. Such antibodies are known in the art or are available from
commercial sources. In one embodiment, the anti-LOXL2 antibodies or
antigen binding fragment thereof specifically binds to an epitope
having an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1. In some
embodiments, the anti-LOXL2 antibody is an isolated antibody or
antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising the complementarity
determining regions (CDRs), CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, of a heavy chain
variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ
ID NO: 2, 3, 4, or 5, and the CDRs, CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, of a
light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth as SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, or 8, wherein the isolated antibody or
antigen binding fragment thereof specifically binds a lysyl
oxidase-like 2(LOXL2) protein. In other embodiments, CDR1, CDR2,
and CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region comprise the amino acid
sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 9, 10, and 11, respectively, and
the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the light chain variable region
comprise the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 12, 13,
and 14, respectively. In some other embodiments, the anti-LOXL2
antibody has a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino
acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, or 5, and a light
chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
as SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, or 8, wherein the isolated antibody or antigen
binding fragment thereof specifically binds a lysyl oxidase-like 2
(LOXL2) protein. In further embodiment, the LOXL2 inhibitor is
anti-LOXL2 antibody having the heavy chain variable region
comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 and
the light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. In further additional embodiments, the
LOXL2 inhibitor is an anti-LOXL2 antibody comprising the sequences
having about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or
99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some additional embodiments, the
LOXL2 inhibitor is an anti-LOXL2 antibody comprising the sequences
having about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or
99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In certain embodiments, the isolated
antibody or antigen binding fragment is humanized.
[0309] In additional embodiments, the LOXL2 inhibitor is anti-LOXL2
antibody AB0023 having the heavy chain variable region comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 and the light
chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 16. The methods of generating AB0023 and other
anti-LOXL2 antibodies are generally disclosed in the `303 patent.
In certain embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen binding
fragment is humanized. In further additional embodiments, the LOXL2
inhibitor is an anti-LOXL2 antibody comprising the sequences having
about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%
identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some additional embodiments, the
LOXL2 inhibitor is an anti-LOXL2 antibody comprising the sequences
having about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or
99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0310] In some embodiments, the LOXL2 inhibitor may be orally
administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. For oral
administration, each dosage unit can contain from 1 mg to 2 gram, 1
mg to 1 gram, or 1 mg to 500 mg of LOXL2 inhibitor. In some
embodiments, the dose is from 1 mg to 250 mg or 1 mg to 350 mg of
LOXL2 inhibitor. The dose of the LOXL2 inhibitor may be given as a
single dose or divided doses two, three, four, five, or six times a
day. It will be understood, however, that the amount of LOXL2
inhibitor actually administered usually will be determined by a
physician in light of the relevant circumstances including the
condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, and
co-administration compound and if applicable, the age, weight,
response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's
symptoms, and the like.
[0311] Also provided herein is a method of treating liver disease
in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the
patient a therapeutically effective amount of form of Compound I as
described herein or a composition thereof, optionally in
combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a FXR
agonist.
[0312] Also provided herein is a method of treating and/or
preventing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a patient in need
thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically
effective amount of form of Compound I as described herein or a
composition thereof, optionally in combination with a
therapeutically effective amount of a FXR agonist.
[0313] FXR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily.
Pharmacological activation of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) can attack
underlying causes of NAFLD and NASH. A FXR agonist for use in the
methods and compositions described herein may be any agent that is
capable of binding to FXR and activating FXR to produce a
biological response. FXR agonists can include, but are not limited
to: cholic acid; obeticholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid,
chenodeoxycholate, PX-102, PX-104, WAY-362450 (FXR-450 or XL335),
oleanolic acid, and GW-4064. In some embodiments, the FXR agonist
is a compound of formula:
##STR00005##
or a salt, a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof. In
some embodiments, the FXR agonist is a compound of formula:
##STR00006##
or a salt thereof. Alternative FXR agonists are described in U.S.
Pat. No. 9,139,539, which is hereby incorporated by reference in
its entirety.
[0314] In some embodiments, the FXR agonist may be orally
administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. For oral
administration, each dosage unit can contain from 1 mg to 2 gram, 1
mg to 1 gram, or 1 mg to 500 mg of FXR agonist. In some
embodiments, the dose is from 1 mg to 250 mg or 1 mg to 350 mg of
FXR agonist. The dose of the FXR agonist may be given as a single
dose or divided doses two, three, four, five, or six times a day.
It will be understood, however, that the amount of FXR agonist
actually administered usually will be determined by a physician in
light of the relevant circumstances including the condition to be
treated, the chosen route of administration, and co-administration
compound and if applicable, the age, weight, response of the
individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the
like.
[0315] Also disclosed herein is a method of treating and/or
preventing alcoholic liver disease in a patient in need thereof,
comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective
amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a composition
thereof, optionally in combination with a therapeutically effective
amount of an additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the
alcoholic liver disease is alcoholic hepatitis. In some
embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is corticosteroids
(including but not limited prednisolone and prednisone),
pentoxifylline, or other agents with antioxidant effects (including
not limited to N-acetylcysteine (NAC)). The additional therapeutic
agent can be administered in dosages from 1 mg to 2 gram, 1 mg to 1
gram, or 1 mg to 500 mg and may be given as a single dose or
divided doses two, three, four, five, or six times a day. It will
be understood, however, that the amount of the additional
therapeutic agent actually administered usually will be determined
by a physician in light of the relevant circumstances including the
condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, and
co-administration compound and if applicable, the age, weight,
response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's
symptoms, and the like.
[0316] Inhibition of ASK1 with a form of Compound I and resultant
reduction of oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and
necrosis, both of which are key mediators of alcoholic liver
disease pathogenesis, can improve efficacy and safety in patients
with alcoholic liver disease. ASK1 inhibition is expected to reduce
pathological hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis, which correlate
with alcoholic liver disease severity. Investigations in rodent
models and histopathological studies in humans suggest that
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress
are key drivers of hepatocyte death in alcoholic hepatitis. Ethanol
consumption increases intestinal permeability and bacterial
translocation to the liver, resulting in LPS-induced hepatic
inflammation. Subsequent hepatocellular injury occurs by neutrophil
oxidative bursts, and Fas ligand and TNF-.alpha. induced hepatocyte
apoptosis. In addition, ethanol strongly induces the expression of
CYP2E1, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a
by-product of ethanol metabolism, and reduces hepatic antioxidant
capacity. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of these changes and
directly induces hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and necrosis
and also sensitizes hepatocytes to apoptosis induced by TNF-.alpha.
and FAS ligand [14].
[0317] ASK1 is activated by oxidative stress and induces the
activation of p38 and JNK kinases, which promote mitochondrial
dysfunction leading to apoptosis and necrosis. A potential role for
ASK1 in alcoholic liver disease is supported by nonclinical studies
demonstrating that oxidative stress, CYP2E1, Fas ligand and
TNF-.alpha. signaling activate ASK1 in the mouse liver. In
addition, Ask1.sup.-/- mice are resistant to acute liver injury
caused by Fas activation, TNF-.alpha. (induced by LPS plus
Dgalactosamine), bile duct ligation, or acetaminophen overdose.
Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of ASK1 in mice reduces
hepatocellular injury and necrosis induced by acetaminophen
overdose, as well as cardiac and renal apoptosis and necrosis
induced by acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. These effects
correlated with reduced activation/phosphorylation of ASK1, p38,
and JNK, and reduced mitochondrial dysfunction.
[0318] It has been found that ASK1 inhibition does not directly
reduce LPS-mediated signaling and cytokine release by macrophages,
nor does it reduce oxidative burst by neutrophils. These pathways
are considered important mechanisms in the pathophysiology of
severe alcoholic hepatitis. Prednisolone is the standard of care
for severe alcoholic hepatitis and has been shown to reduce
systemic levels of cytokines (i.e. TNF-.alpha., IL-8) and reduce
neutrophil activity (oxidative burst) in patients with severe
alcoholic hepatitis. The complementary mechanisms of action of a
form of Compound I and prednisolone, as well as other therapeutic
agents known to be useful for alcoholic hepatitis, suggest a
potential benefit could be gained via their combination.
[0319] It also has been found that hepatic expression of
phospho-p38 (p-p38), a downstream marker of ASK1 activation, are
elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. This suggests that
treatment with a form of Compound I may benefit patients with
alcoholic liver disease.
[0320] Mortality due to alcoholic hepatitis is associated with
acute loss of liver function and accompanying complications of
advanced liver disease, including encephalopathy, sepsis, and/or
multiple organ failure, including renal failure. It is believed
that the hepatoprotective effects of Compound I can translate into
improved liver function and resultant improved mortality in
patients with alcoholic liver disease. Early improvement in liver
function is associated with better survival (e.g. 1-6 months
following presentation). It is not anticipated that ASK1 inhibition
will directly ameliorate secondary complications such as those
driven by end-stage hemodynamic changes or sepsis.
[0321] Also provided herein are methods of treating a disease or
condition causally related or attributable to aberrant activity of
JAK, and in particular, conditions related to aberrant activity of
JAK1 and/or JAK2, by administering a therapeutically effective
amount of a form of Compound I as described herein and a
therapeutically effective amount filgotinib. In still other
embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or
condition causally related or attributable to aberrant activity of
JAK, and in particular, conditions related to aberrant activity of
JAK1 and/or JAK2, by administering a therapeutically effective
amount of pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound
I and filgotinib. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a form of Compound I and filgotinib may be
orally administered. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a form of Compound I and filgotinib is a
tablet. Accordingly, the disclosed method includes preventing
and/or treating inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases,
proliferative diseases, transplantation rejection, diseases
involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage
malformations, and diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6
in mammals including humans. It is contemplated that a combination
of a form of Compound I and filgotinib can produce a synergistic
effect. Filgotinib is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,563,545.
[0322] Also provided, in one embodiment, are methods of treating a
mammal susceptible to or afflicted with an inflammatory condition
by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form
of Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib. In a specific embodiment, the inflammatory condition is
selected from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, allergic airway
disease (e.g. asthma) and inflammatory bowel diseases.
[0323] In one embodiment, the disease or condition to be treated by
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib is an autoimmune disease. In a specific embodiment, the
autoimmune disease is selected from COPD, asthma, systemic lupus
erythematosis, type I diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel
disease.
[0324] In one embodiment, the disease or condition to be treated by
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib is a proliferative disease, in particular cancer (e.g.
solid tumors such as uterine leiomyosarcoma or prostate cancer),
leukemia (e.g. AML or ALL), multiple myeloma and/or psoriasis.
[0325] In one embodiment, the disease or condition to be treated by
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib is transplantation rejection, such as organ transplant
rejection.
[0326] In one embodiment, the disease or condition to be treated by
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib is a disease involving impairment of cartilage
turnover.
[0327] In one embodiment, the disease or condition to be treated by
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib is congenital cartilage malformation.
[0328] In one embodiment, the disease or condition to be treated by
administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a form of
Compound I as described herein and a therapeutically effective
amount filgotinib or a therapeutically effective amount of
pharmaceutical composition comprising a form of Compound I and
filgotinib is a disease associated with hypersecretion of IL6, in
particular Castleman's disease or mesangial proliferative
glomerulonephritis.
[0329] In some embodiments, filgotinib may be orally administered
in a pharmaceutically effective amount. For oral administration,
each dosage unit can contain from 1 mg to 2 gram, 1 mg to 1 gram,
or 1 mg to 500 mg of filgotinib. In some embodiments, the dose is
from 1 mg to 250 mg of filgotinib. In some embodiments, a dose of
filgotinib ranges from about 20 mg twice a day to about 50 mg twice
a day. In some embodiments, the dose is 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg, 10
mg, 12 mg, 14 mg, 16 mg, 18 mg, 20 mg , 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg,
45 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, or 500 mg of filgotinib. It
will be understood, however, that the amount of filgotinib actually
administered usually will be determined by a physician in light of
the relevant circumstances including the condition to be treated,
the chosen route of administration, and co-administration compound
and if applicable, the age, weight, response of the individual
patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
[0330] In some embodiments, filgotinib may be administered to
achieve injection dose levels that range from about 0.1 mg/kg/hour
to at least 10 mg/kg/hour, all for from about 1 to about 120 hours
and especially 24 to 96 hours. A preloading bolus of from about 0.1
mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or more may also be administered to achieve
adequate steady state levels. The maximum total dose is not
expected to exceed about 2 g/day for a 40 to 80 kg human
patient.
[0331] For the prevention and/or treatment of long-term conditions,
such as degenerative conditions, the regimen for treatment usually
stretches over many months or years so oral dosing is preferred for
patient convenience and tolerance. With oral dosing of filgotinib,
one to five and especially two to four and typically three oral
doses per day are representative regimens. Using these dosing
patterns, each dose provides from about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg of
the compound of the invention, with particular doses each providing
from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg and especially about 1 to about 5
mg/kg.
[0332] Transdermal doses of filgotinib are generally selected to
provide similar or lower blood levels than are achieved using
injection doses.
[0333] When used to prevent the onset of an inflammatory condition,
filgotinib may be administered to a patient at risk for developing
the condition, typically on the advice and under the supervision of
a physician, at the dosage levels described above. Patients at risk
for developing a particular condition generally include those that
have a family history of the condition, or those who have been
identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly
susceptible to developing the condition.
[0334] The forms of Compound I disclosed herein, optionally in
combination with filgotinib, are useful for the treatment of
diseases or conditions that include, without limitation, cancer,
diabetes, and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
(RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
sepsis, psoriasis, misregulated TNF expression and graft rejection.
The forms of Compound I disclosed herein are useful for alleviating
a symptom of diseases or conditions that include, without
limitation, cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases such as
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD), sepsis, psoriasis, misregulated TNF expression
and graft rejection. In some embodiments, the methods include
identifying a mammal having a symptom of the disease or disorder
and providing to the mammal an amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein effective to ameliorate (i.e., lessen the severity
of) the symptom).
[0335] In some embodiments, the forms of Compound I disclosed
herein , optionally in combination with filgotinib, are useful for
the treatment of a solid tumor. In particular embodiments, the
solid tumor is from pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal
cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer,
hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical
cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer,
melanoma, neuroendocrine cancers, CNS cancers, brain tumors (e.g.,
glioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, adult glioblastoma
multiforme, and adult anaplastic astrocytoma), bone cancer, or soft
tissue sarcoma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is from
non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer,
CNS cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate
cancer, or breast cancer.
[0336] In some embodiments, the forms of Compound I disclosed
herein, optionally in combination with filgotinib, are useful for
the treatment of diabetes, which includes any metabolic disorder
characterized by impaired insulin production and glucose tolerance.
In some embodiments, diabetes includes type 1 and type 2 diabetes,
gestational diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic
syndrome, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose
tolerance. Type 1 diabetes is also known as Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Type 2 is also known as
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).
[0337] In some embodiments, the forms of Compound I disclosed
herein, optionally in combination with filgotinib, are useful for
the treatment of an inflammatory disease or LPS induced endotoxin
shock. In some embodiments, the disease is an autoimmune disease.
In particular embodiments, the autoimmune disease is systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), myestenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura, multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
sepsis, psoriasis, Sjoegren's syndrome, psoriasis, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). In other embodiments, the disease is inflammation. In yet
other embodiments, the disease is excessive or destructive immune
reactions, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple
sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and
lupus.
[0338] Some embodiments described herein are methods of treating
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a form of Compound I as
described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described
herein, optionally in combination with filgotinib. The term
"inflammatory bowel disease" or "IBD" as used herein is a
collective term describing inflammatory disorders of the
gastrointestinal tract, the most common forms of which are
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Other forms of IBD that can
be treated with the presently disclosed compounds, compositions and
methods include diversion colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious
colitis, chemical colitis, microscopic colitis (including
collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis), atypical colitis,
pseudomembranous colitis, fulminant colitis, autistic
enterocolitis, indeterminate colitis, Behcet's disease,
gastroduodenal CD, jejunoileitis, ileitis, ileocolitis, Crohn's
(granulomatous) colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, mucositis,
radiation induced enteritis, short bowel syndrome, celiac disease,
stomach ulcers, diverticulitis, pouchitis, proctitis, and chronic
diarrhea.
[0339] Treating or preventing IBD also includes ameliorating or
reducing one or more symptoms of IBD. As used herein, the term
"symptoms of IBD" refers to detected symptoms such as abdominal
pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, fever, loss of
appetite, and other more serious complications, such as
dehydration, anemia and malnutrition. A number of such symptoms are
subject to quantitative analysis (e.g. weight loss, fever, anemia,
etc.). Some symptoms are readily determined from a blood test (e.g.
anemia) or a test that detects the presence of blood (e.g. rectal
bleeding). The term "wherein said symptoms are reduced" refers to a
qualitative or quantitative reduction in detectable symptoms,
including but not limited to a detectable impact on the rate of
recovery from disease (e.g. rate of weight gain). The diagnosis is
typically determined by way of an endoscopic observation of the
mucosa, and pathologic examination of endoscopic biopsy
specimens.
[0340] The course of IBD varies, and is often associated with
intermittent periods of disease remission and disease exacerbation.
Various methods have been described for characterizing disease
activity and severity of IBD as well as response to treatment in
subjects having IBD. Treatment according to the present methods are
generally applicable to a subject having IBD of any level or degree
of disease activity.
[0341] Criteria useful for assessment of disease activity in
subjects with ulcerative colitis can be found in, e.g., Truelove et
al. (1955) Br Med J 2:1041-1048.) Using these criteria, disease
activity can be characterized in a subject having IBD as mild
disease activity or severe disease activity. Subjects who do not
meet all the criteria for severe disease activity, and who exceed
the criteria for mild disease activity are classified as having
moderate disease activity.
[0342] The presently disclosed treatment methods can also be
applied at any point in the course of the disease. In certain
embodiments, the methods are applied to a subject having IBD during
a time period of remission (i.e., inactive disease). In such
embodiments, the present methods provide benefit by extending the
time period of remission (e.g., extending the period of inactive
disease) or by preventing, reducing, or delaying the onset of
active disease. In other embodiments, methods may be applied to a
subject having IBD during a period of active disease. Such methods
provide benefit by reducing the duration of the period of active
disease, reducing or ameliorating one or more symptoms of IBD, or
treating IBD.
[0343] Measures for determining efficacy of treatment of IBD in
clinical practice have been described and include, for example, the
following: symptom control; fistula closure; extent of
corticosteroid therapy required; and, improvement in quality of
life. Heath-related quality of life (HRQL) can be assessed using
the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), which is
extensively used in clinical practice to assess quality of life in
a subject with IBD. (See Guyatt et al. (1989) Gastroenterology
96:804-810.) Improvements in any of the foregoing response criteria
are specifically provided by the methods of the present
disclosure.
[0344] Some embodiments described herein are directed to methods of
treating pulmonary hypertension in a patient in need thereof, said
method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically
effective amount of a form of Compound I as described herein or a
pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0345] The pulmonary hypertension condition treated by the methods
of the disclosure can comprise any one or more of the conditions
recognized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) or
Venice (2003) classification (see, for example, Rubin (2004) Chest
126:7-10):
[0346] Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) [0347] 1.1
idiopathic PAH [0348] 1.2 familial PAH [0349] 1.3 PAH associated
with: [0350] 1.3.1 collagen vascular disease [0351] 1.3.2
congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts (including Eisenmenger's
syndrome) [0352] 1.3.3 portal hypertension [0353] 1.3.4 HIV
infection [0354] 1.3.5 drugs and toxins [0355] 1.3.6 other (thyroid
disorders, glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, hereditary
hemorrhagic telangiectasia, hemoglobinopathies, myeloproliferative
disorders, splenectomy) [0356] 1.4 PAH associated with significant
venous or capillary involvement [0357] 1.4.1 pulmonary
veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) [0358] 1.4.2 pulmonary capillary
hemangiomatosis (PCH) [0359] 1.5 persistent pulmonary hypertension
of the newborn
[0360] Group 2: Pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease
[0361] 2.1 left-sided atrial or ventricular heart disease [0362]
2.2 left-sided valvular heart disease
[0363] Group 3: Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung
diseases and/or hypoxemia [0364] 3.1 chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) [0365] 3.2 interstitial lung disease [0366] 3.3
sleep-disordered breathing [0367] 3.4 alveolar hypoventilation
disorders [0368] 3.5 chronic exposure to high altitude [0369] 3.6
developmental abnormalities
[0370] Group 4: Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thrombotic
and/or embolic disease [0371] 4.1 thromboembolic obstruction of
proximal pulmonary arteries [0372] 4.2 thromboembolic obstruction
of distal pulmonary arteries [0373] 4.3 non-thrombotic pulmonary
embolism (tumor, parasites, foreign material)
[0374] Group 5: Miscellaneous (sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X,
lymphangiomatosis, compression of pulmonary vessels (adenopathy,
tumor, fibrosing mediastinitis))
[0375] In some embodiments, the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary
arterial hypertension. The pulmonary arterial hypertension, in one
aspect, may be selected from idiopathic PAH, familial PAH,
pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD), pulmonary capillary
hemangiomatosis (PCH), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the
newborn, or PAH associated with another disease or condition.
Combination Therapy
[0376] Patients being treated for cardio-renal diseases such as
chronic kidney disease may benefit from combination drug treatment.
For example the compound of the present invention may be combined
with one or more of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
such as enalapril, captopril, ramipril, lisinopril, and quinapril;
or angiontesin II receptor blockers (ARBs) such as losartan,
olmesartan, and irbesartan; or antihypertensive agents such as
amlodipine, nifedipine, and felodipine. The benefit of combination
may be increased efficacy and/or reduced side effects for a
component as the dose of that component may be adjusted down to
reduce its side effects while benefiting from its efficacy
augmented by the efficacy of Compound I and/or other active
component(s).
[0377] Patients presenting with chronic kidney disease treatable
with ASK1 inhibitors such as Compound I may also exhibit conditions
that benefit from co-administration (as directed by a qualified
caregiver) of a therapeutic agent or agents that are antibiotic,
analgesic, antidepressant and/or anti-anxiety agents in combination
with Compound I. Combination treatments may be administered
simultaneously or one after the other within intervals as directed
by a qualified caregiver or via a fixed dose (all active
ingredients are combined into the a single dosage form e.g. tablet)
presentation of two or more active agents.
[0378] Coronary patients being treated for an acute cardiovascular
disease event by administration of ASK1 inhibitors often exhibit
diseases or conditions that benefit from treatment with other
therapeutic agents. These diseases or conditions can be of the
cardiovascular nature or can be related to pulmonary disorders,
metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders and the like.
Additionally, some coronary patients being treated for an acute
cardiovascular disease event by administration of an ASK1 inhibitor
exhibit conditions that can benefit from treatment with therapeutic
agents that are antibiotics, analgesics, and/or antidepressants and
anti-anxiety agents.
[0379] Cardiovascular related diseases or conditions that can
benefit from a combination treatment of ASK1 inhibitors with other
therapeutic agents include, without limitation, angina, including
stable angina, unstable angina (UA), exercised-induced angina,
variant angina, arrhythmias, intermittent claudication, myocardial
infarction including non-STE myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), heart
failure including congestive (or chronic) heart failure, acute
heart failure, or recurrent ischemia.
[0380] Therapeutic agents suitable for treating cardiovascular
related diseases or conditions include anti-anginals, heart failure
agents, antithrombotic agents, antiarrhythmic agents,
antihypertensive agents, and lipid lowering agents.
[0381] The co-administration of ASK1 inhibitors with therapeutic
agents suitable for treating cardiovascular related conditions
allows enhancement in the standard of care therapy the patient is
currently receiving.
[0382] Anti-anginals include beta-blockers, calcium channel
blockers, and nitrates. Beta blockers reduce the heart's need for
oxygen by reducing its workload resulting in a decreased heart rate
and less vigorous heart contraction. Examples of beta-blockers
include acebutolol (Sectral), atenolol (Tenormin), betaxolol
(Kerlone), bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide (Ziac), bisoprolol
(Zebeta), carteolol (Cartrol), esmolol (Brevibloc), labetalol
(Normodyne, Trandate), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), nadolol
(Corgard), propranolol (Inderal), sotalol (Betapace), and timolol
(Blocadren).
[0383] Nitrates dilate the arteries and veins thereby increasing
coronary blood flow and decreasing blood pressure. Examples of
nitrates include nitroglycerin, nitrate patches, isosorbide
dinitrate, and isosorbide-5-mononitrate.
[0384] Calcium channel blockers prevent the normal flow of calcium
into the cells of the heart and blood vessels causing the blood
vessels to relax thereby increasing the supply of blood and oxygen
to the heart. Examples of calcium channel blockers include
amlodipine (Norvasc, Lotrel), bepridil (Vascor), diltiazem
(Cardizem, Tiazac), felodipine (Plendil), nifedipine (Adalat,
Procardia), nimodipine (Nimotop), nisoldipine (Sular), verapamil
(Calan, Isoptin, Verelan), and nicardipine.
[0385] Agents used to treat heart failure include diuretics, ACE
inhibitors, vasodilators, and cardiac glycosides. Diuretics
eliminate excess fluids in the tissues and circulation thereby
relieving many of the symptoms of heart failure. Examples of
diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone (Zaroxolyn),
furosemide (Lasix), bumetanide (Bumex), spironolactone (Aldactone),
and eplerenone (Inspra).
[0386] Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce the
workload on the heart by expanding the blood vessels and decreasing
resistance to blood flow. Examples of ACE inhibitors include
benazepril (Lotensin), captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec),
fosinopril (Monopril), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), moexipril
(Univasc), perindopril (Aceon), quinapril (Accupril), ramipril
(Altace), and trandolapril (Mavik).
[0387] Vasodilators reduce pressure on the blood vessels by making
them relax and expand. Examples of vasodilators include
hydralazine, diazoxide, prazosin, clonidine, and methyldopa. ACE
inhibitors, nitrates, potassium channel activators, and calcium
channel blockers also act as vasodilators.
[0388] Cardiac glycosides are compounds that increase the force of
the heart's contractions. These compounds strengthen the pumping
capacity of the heart and improve irregular heartbeat activity.
Examples of cardiac glycosides include digitalis, digoxin, and
digitoxin.
[0389] Antithrombotics inhibit the clotting ability of the blood.
There are three main types of antithrombotics--platelet inhibitors,
anticoagulants, and thrombolytic agents. Platelet inhibitors
inhibit the clotting activity of platelets, thereby reducing
clotting in the arteries. Examples of platelet inhibitors include
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ticlopidine, clopidogrel (plavix),
dipyridamole, cilostazol, persantine sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole,
indomethacin, and glycoprotein llb/llla inhibitors, such as
abciximab, tirofiban, and eptifibatide (Integrelin). Beta blockers
and calcium channel blockers also have a platelet-inhibiting
effect.
[0390] Anticoagulants prevent blood clots from growing larger and
prevent the formation of new clots. Examples of anticoagulants
include bivalirudin (Angiomax), warfarin (Coumadin), unfractionated
heparin, low molecular weight heparin, danaparoid, lepirudin, and
argatroban.
[0391] Thrombolytic agents act to break down an existing blood
clot. Examples of thrombolytic agents include streptokinase,
urokinase, and tenecteplase (TNK), and tissue plasminogen activator
(t-PA).
[0392] Antiarrhythmic agents are used to treat disorders of the
heart rate and rhythm. Examples of antiarrhythmic agents include
amiodarone, quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, and propafenone.
Cardiac glycosides and beta blockers are also used as
antiarrhythmic agents.
[0393] Antihypertensive agents are used to treat hypertension, a
condition in which the blood pressure is consistently higher than
normal. Hypertension is associated with many aspects of
cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure,
atherosclerosis, and clot formation.
[0394] Examples of antihypertensive agents include
alpha-1-adrenergic antagonists, such as prazosin (Minipress),
doxazosin mesylate (Cardura), prazosin hydrochloride (Minipress),
prazosin, polythiazide (Minizide), and terazosin hydrochloride
(Hytrin); beta-adrenergic antagonists, such as propranolol
(Inderal), nadolol (Corgard), timolol (Blocadren), metoprolol
(Lopressor), and pindolol (Visken); central alpha-adrenoceptor
agonists, such as clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres), clonidine
hydrochloride and chlorthalidone (Clorpres, Combipres), guanabenz
Acetate (Wytensin), guanfacine hydrochloride (Tenex), methyldopa
(Aldomet), methyldopa and chlorothiazide (Aldoclor), methyldopa and
hydrochlorothiazide (Aldoril); combined alpha/beta-adrenergic
antagonists, such as labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate), Carvedilol
(Coreg); adrenergic neuron blocking agents, such as guanethidine
(Ismelin), reserpine (Serpasil); central nervous system-acting
antihypertensives, such as clonidine (Catapres), methyldopa
(Aldomet), guanabenz (Wytensin); anti-angiotensin II agents; ACE
inhibitors, such as perindopril (Aceon) captopril (Capoten),
enalapril (Vasotec), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril); angiotensin-II
receptor antagonists, such as Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan
(Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro), Losartan (Cozaar), Telmisartan
(Micardis), Valsartan (Diovan); calcium channel blockers, such as
verapamil (Calan, Isoptin), diltiazem (Cardizem), nifedipine
(Adalat, Procardia); diuretics; direct vasodilators, such as
nitroprusside (Nipride), diazoxide (Hyperstat IV), hydralazine
(Apresoline), minoxidil (Loniten), verapamil; and potassium channel
activators, such as aprikalim, bimakalim, cromakalim, emakalim,
nicorandil, and pinacidil.
[0395] Lipid lowering agents are used to lower the amounts of
cholesterol or fatty sugars present in the blood. Examples of lipid
lowering agents include bezafibrate (Bezalip), ciprofibrate
(Modalim), and statins, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin
(Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor), mevastatin, pitavastatin
(Livalo, Pitava) pravastatin (Lipostat), rosuvastatin (Crestor),
and simvastatin (Zocor).
[0396] In this disclosure, a subject in need of the ASK1 inhibitor
often suffers from secondary medical conditions such as one or more
of a metabolic disorder, a pulmonary disorder, a peripheral
vascular disorder, or a gastrointestinal disorder. Such patients
can benefit from treatment of a combination therapy comprising
administering to the patient the compounds of the invention in
combination with at least one therapeutic agent.
[0397] Pulmonary disorder refers to any disease or condition
related to the lungs. Examples of pulmonary disorders include,
without limitation, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), bronchitis, and emphysema.
[0398] Examples of therapeutics agents used to treat pulmonary
disorders include bronchodilators including beta2 agonists and
anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and electrolyte supplements.
Specific examples of therapeutic agents used to treat pulmonary
disorders include epinephrine, terbutaline (Brethaire, Bricanyl),
albuterol (Proventil), salmeterol (Serevent, Serevent Diskus),
theophylline, ipratropium bromide (Atrovent), tiotropium (Spiriva),
methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol, Medrol), magnesium, and
potassium.
[0399] Examples of metabolic disorders include, without limitation,
diabetes, including type I and type II diabetes, metabolic
syndrome, dyslipidemia, obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension,
elevated serum cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides.
[0400] Examples of therapeutic agents used to treat metabolic
disorders include antihypertensive agents and lipid lowering
agents, as described in the section "Cardiovascular Agent
Combination Therapy" above. Additional therapeutic agents used to
treat metabolic disorders include insulin, sulfonylureas,
biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and incretin
mimetics.
[0401] Peripheral vascular disorders are disorders related to the
blood vessels (arteries and veins) located outside the heart and
brain, including, for example peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a
condition that develops when the arteries that supply blood to the
internal organs, arms, and legs become completely or partially
blocked as a result of atherosclerosis.
[0402] Gastrointestinal disorders refer to diseases and conditions
associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of
gastrointestinal disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastroenteritis,
gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and pancreatitis.
[0403] Examples of therapeutic agents used to treat
gastrointestinal disorders include proton pump inhibitors, such as
pantoprazole (Protonix), lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole
(Nexium), omeprazole (Prilosec), rabeprazole; H2 blockers, such as
cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid),
nizatidine (Axid); prostaglandins, such as misoprostol (Cytotec);
sucralfate; and antacids.
[0404] In one embodiment, a form of Compound I disclosed herein may
be used in combination with one or more additional therapeutic
agent that are being used and/or developed to treat
gastrointestinal disorders. In one embodiment, a form of Compound I
disclosed herein may be used in combination with one or more
additional therapeutic agent that are being used and/or developed
to treat inflammatory disorders (e.g., IBD). In such embodiments,
the one or more additional therapeutic agent may be a
.alpha.4.beta.7 inhibitor, a steroid, a MMP-9 antibody, a S1P1
agonist, a TNF biologic, or any combination thereof.
[0405] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent may be a .alpha.4.beta.7 integrin inhibitor, or an agent that
inhibits the expression and/or activity of .alpha.4.beta.7
integrin. The inhibitor can be small molecule or biologic. For
example, the .alpha.4.beta.7 integrin inhibitor can be natalizumab
or vedolizumab.
[0406] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent may be a steroid, including but not limited to,
corticosteroids. Corticosteroids may be administered by various
routes, including intravenously (i.e., methylprednisolone,
hydrocortisone), orally (i.e., prednisone, prednisolone,
budesonide, dexamethasone), or topically (i.e., enema, suppository,
or foam preparations).
[0407] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent may be an MMP9 inhibitor, or an agent that inhibits the
expression and/or activity of MMP9. A representative protein
sequence for MMP9 is GenBank Accession No. NP_004985. The inhibitor
can be small molecule or biologic. For instance, Gu et al., The
Journal of Neuroscience, 25(27): 6401-6408 (2005) discloses a
specific MMP9 inhibitor, SB-3CT (CAS 292605-14-2). Further, siRNA,
antisense RNA and antibodies have also been demonstrated to inhibit
the expression or activity of MMP9 and are within the scope of the
present disclosure. In one embodiment, an MMP9 inhibitor is a
monoclonal anti-MMP9 antibody. In some embodiment, the one or more
additional therapeutic agent includes an MMP9 inhibitor and a
nucleoside analog such as gemcitabine.
[0408] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent may be a Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor (S1P1) inhibitor,
or an agent that inhibits the expression and/or activity of S1P1.
The inhibitor can be small molecule or biologic. For example, the
S1P1 inhibitor can be RPC1063.
[0409] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent may be a TNF inhibitor, or an agent that inhibits the
expression and/or activity of TNF. The inhibitor can be small
molecule or biologic. For example, the TNF inhibitor can be
golimumab.
[0410] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent is being used and/or developed to treat ulcerative colitis
(UC) and/or Crohn disease (CD). The agent can be a biologic or
small molecule. In some embodiments, the agent is a modulator
(e.g., agonist or antagonist) of S1P1, IL-6, CX3CL1, DHODH, a4,
(37, JAK, TNF, CB, IL-12/IL-23, CCL20, TLR9, MAdCAM, CCR9, CXCL10,
Smad7, PDE4, MC, VLA-1, GC, GATA-3, Eotaxin, FFA2, LIGHT, FMS,
MMP9, CD40, Steroid, 5-ASA, Immunomod, STATS, and/or EP4. In some
embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is filgotinib.
[0411] Non-limiting examples of agents being used and/or developed
to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) include GSK3050002 (CCL20
modulator, by GSK), GS-5745 (MMP9 modulator, by Gilead), AVX-470
(TNF modulator, by Avaxia), Bertilimumab (Eotaxin modulator, by
Immune Pharma), Simponi (TNF modulator, by Johnson & Johnson
and Merck), RX-10001 (by Resolvyx), IBD-98 (5-ASA modulator, by
Holy Stone), SP-333 (GC modulator, by Synergy), KAG-308 (EP4
modulator, by Kaken), SB012 (GATA-3 modulator, by Sterna), AJM300
(.alpha.4 modulator, by Ajinomoto), BL-7040 (TLR9 modulator, by
BiolineRx), TAK-114 (SAT3 modulator, by Takeda), CyCol (by
Sigmoid), GWP-42003 (CB modulator, by GW Pharma), ASP3291 (MC
modulator, by Drais), GLPG0974 (FFA2 modulator, by Galapagos),
Ozanimod (S1P1 modulator, by Receptos), ASP015K (JAK modulator, by
Astellas), Apremilast (PDE4 modulator, by Celgene), Zoenasa (by
Altheus), Kappaproct (TLR9 modulator, by InDex),
Phosphatidylcholine (by Dr Falk/Lipid Tx), Tofacitinib (JAk
modulator, by Pfizer), Cortment (Steroid modulator, by Ferring),
Uceris (Steroid modulator, by Salix), and 5-ASA modulators such as
Delzicol (by Actavis), Canasa (by Aptalis), Asacol (by Actavis),
Pentasa (by Shire/Ferring), Lialda (by Shire), Mezavant (by Shire),
Apriso (by Salix), Colazal (by Salix), Giazo (by Salix), and
Salofalk (by Dr Falk). Non-limiting examples of agents being used
and/or developed to treat Crohn disease (CD) include FFP102 (CD40
modulator, by Fast Forward), E6011 (CX3CL1 modulator, by Eisai),
PF-06480605 (by Pfizer), QBECO SSI (Immunomod modulator, by Qu
Biologics), PDA-001 (by Celgene), BI 655066 (IL-12/IL-23 modulator,
by Boehringer), TNF.alpha. kinoid (TNF modulator, by Neovacs), AMG
139/MEDI-2070 (IL-12/IL-23 modulator, by AstraZeneca), PF-04236921
(IL-6 modulator, by Pfizer), Tysabri (.beta.7 modulator, marketed
by Biogen Idec in the U.S.), Cimzia (marketed by UCB in the U.S.),
JNJ-40346527 (FMS modulator, by J&J), SGX-203 (Steroid
modulator, by Solgenix), CyCron (by Sigmoid), CCX507 (CCR9
modulator, by ChemoCentryx), MT1303 (S1P1 modulator, by
Mitsubishi), 6-MP (by Teva), ABT-494 (JAk modulator, by Abbvie),
Tofacitinib (JAk modulator, by Pfizer), TRK-170 (.beta.7 modulator,
by Toray), Mongersen (Smad7 modulator, by Celgene), RHB-104 (by
Redhill), Rifaxmin EIR (by Salix), Budenofalk (by Dr Falk), and
Entocort (by AstraZeneca).
[0412] Non-limiting examples of agents being used and/or developed
to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) include
PF-06410293 (by Pfizer), SAN-300 (VLA-1 modulator, by Salix),
SAR252067 (LIGHT modualtor, by Sanofi), PF-00547659 (MAdCAM
modualtor, by Pfizer), Eldelumab (Smad7 modulator, by BMS), AMG
181/MEDI-7183 (.beta.7 modulator, by Amgen/AstraZeneca),
Etrolizumab (.beta.7 modulator, by Roche), Ustekinumab (IL-12/IL-23
modulator, by J&J), Remicade (TNF modulator, by J&J and
Merck), Entyvio (.beta.7 modulator, by Takeda), Humira (TNF
modulator, by Abbvie), Infliximab (by Celtrion), PF-06651600 (by
Pfizer), GSK2982772 (by GSK), GLPG1205 (FFA2 modulator, by
Galapagos), AG014 (by Intrexon) and Vidofludimus (DHODH modulator,
by 4SC).
[0413] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic
agent may be a JAK inhibitor, particularly a JAK-1 selective
inhibitor. The inhibitor can be small molecule or biologic. For
example, the JAK inhibitor can be Filgotinib, GLPG0634 (JAK
modulator, by Galapagos).
[0414] Patients presenting with an acute coronary disease event may
exhibit conditions that benefit from administration of therapeutic
agent or agents that are antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressant
and anti-anxiety agents in combination with ranolazine.
[0415] Antibiotics are therapeutic agents that kill, or stop the
growth of, microorganisms, including both bacteria and fungi.
Example of antibiotic agents include .beta.-Lactam antibiotics,
including penicillins (amoxicillin), cephalosporins, such as
cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefadroxil (Duricef), cephalexin (Keflex),
cephradine (Velosef), cefaclor (Ceclor), cefuroxime axtel (Ceftin),
cefprozil (Cefzil), loracarbef (Lorabid), cefixime (Suprax),
cefpodoxime proxetil (Vantin), ceftibuten (Cedax), cefdinir
(Omnicef), ceftriaxone (Rocephin), carbapenems, and monobactams;
tetracyclines, such as tetracycline; macrolide antibiotics, such as
erythromycin; aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, tobramycin,
amikacin; quinolones such as ciprofloxacin; cyclic peptides, such
as vancomycin, streptogramins, polymyxins; lincosamides, such as
clindamycin; oxazolidinoes, such as linezolid; and sulfa
antibiotics, such as sulfisoxazole.
[0416] Analgesics are therapeutic agents that are used to relieve
pain. Examples of analgesics include opiates and morphinomimetics,
such as fentanyl and morphine; paracetamol; NSAIDs, and COX-2
inhibitors.
[0417] Antidepressant and anti-anxiety agents include those agents
used to treat anxiety disorders, depression, and those used as
sedatives and tranquillers. Examples of antidepressant and
anti-anxiety agents include benzodiazepines, such as diazepam,
lorazepam, and midazolam; enzodiazepines; barbiturates;
glutethimide; chloral hydrate; meprobamate; sertraline (Zoloft,
Lustral, Apo-Sertral, Asentra, Gladem, Serlift, Stimuloton);
escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex); fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem,
Fluctin, Fontex, Prodep, Fludep, Lovan); venlafaxine (Effexor XR,
Efexor); citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil, Talohexane); paroxetine
(Paxil, Seroxat, Aropax); trazodone (Desyrel); amitriptyline
(Elavil); and bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban).
EXAMPLES
[0418] Crystalline forms of Compound I were analyzed by XRPD, DSC
and TGA. XRPD patterns of Compound I were collected with a
PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using mostly the
following experimental setting: 45 kV, 40 mA, K.alpha.1=1.5406
.ANG., scan range 2-40.degree. 2.theta., step size 0.0167.degree.
2.theta.. The DSC analysis was conducted on a TA Instruments Q2000
differential scanning calorimeter using 2-3 mg of material,
10.degree. C./min heating rate over the range of (-30.degree.
C.)-300.degree. C. The TGA data were obtained on TA Instruments
2950 and Q5000 thermogravimetric analyzers using 2-5 mg of
material, 10.degree. C./min heating rate over the range of
25-350.degree. C.
[0419] 1.1 Compound I Form I
[0420] Compound I Form I is an anhydrous form of Compound I, and it
is contemplated to be the most thermodynamically stable polymorph
of Compound I obtained from most organic solvents/solvent mixtures
except for DCM and aqueous mixtures at greater than 0.6 water
activity at ambient conditions.
[0421] Compound I Form I is crystalline by XRPD (FIG. 1) and can be
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.9, 10.0, 13.9, 16.7, 21.3, 22.8, and
29.0.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Table 1 summarizes
the Single Crystal Data for Compound I Form I. Compound I Form I
displays a melting onset temperature of about 202.degree. C. based
on DSC (FIG. 2). TGA analysis shows about 0.1% weight loss below
150.degree. C. corresponding to the loss of residual solvents (FIG.
3).
[0422] Initially, Compound I Form I was isolated using the
following procedure:
[0423] 5-(4-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzoic
acid hydrochloride (30 g, 102 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous
1,2-dichloromethane (900 mL) at room temperature. Oxalyl chloride
(18 ml, 205 mmol) was added while stirring under nitrogen, followed
by N,N-dimethylformamide (0.783 ml, 10.2 mmol). The mixture was
stirred for about 4 hr at room temperature, and then the solvent
was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in
about 600 mL anhydrous dichloromethane.
6-(4-Isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine (22.9 g, 113
mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (12.5 g, 102 mmol) were rapidly
added with stirring under nitrogen. The reaction was stirred for
about 2 hours at room temperature and the dichloromethane was
evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 500 mL water and solid
NaHCO.sub.3 was added until the pH of the mixture was about 7.
Dichloromethane was added (about 500 mL) and the layers were
separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane
(2.times.300 mL). The combined organics were washed with water
(2.times.200 mL), dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated.
The residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of THF, and water was
added slowly until a thick slurry was formed. The solids were
collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried.
[0424] The solids obtained (about 72 g) were recrystallized from
hot EtOH (5 ml/g solid) and the solids collected by filtration,
washed with 2:1 diethyl ether/EtOH, followed by diethyl ether and
dried.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Single Crystal Data for Compound I Form I
Space Distance (.ANG.) Angle (.degree.) Type Formula Group a b c
.alpha. .beta. .gamma. anhydrous C.sub.25H.sub.24FN.sub.7O P-1
9.7677 11.1043 11.5183 103.023 104.719 107.755
[0425] Compound I Form I can be isolated from a variety of solvent
systems including (but not limited to): MeOH/water, MeOH/MTBE,
iPrOAc/n-heptane, MTBE/n-heptane, and EtOH/n-heptane. The following
two exemplary methods can be suitable for isolating Compound I Form
I.
[0426] Method 1: [0427] Solution of Compound I in DCM is solvent
exchanged to EtOH (about 3 mL/g with respect to input Compound I)
and heated to about 50.degree. C. [0428] Heptane (about 6.7 mL/g
with respect to input Compound I) is added over about 1 h, and the
resulting slurry is aged at about 50.degree. C. for about 1 h
[0429] The slurry is cooled to about 0.degree. C. at about
10.degree. C./h and aged at about 0.degree. C. for about overnight
[0430] The slurry is filtered and the wet cake is rinsed with 2
mL/g (with respect to g input Compound I) 1:2 v/v EtOH/heptane
[0431] The isolated material is dried in a vacuum oven at about
45.degree. C. to obtain Compound I Form I.
[0432] Method 2:
[0433] Due to the low solubility of Compound I in EtOH (about 20
mg/mL), a slurry of Compound I Form I is typically formed after
performing the solvent exchange as outlined above. Solubility
studies of Compound I in DCM/EtOH mixtures at elevated temperature
were performed to determine the solubility range in the solvent
swap that would accommodate seeding. The process outlined below was
developed using this data aiming at about 10-20% v/v DCM remaining
at the time of seeding. The crystallization was then continued in
line with Method 1 outlined above. After filtration, the Form I
solids are dried in a vacuum oven at about 45-50.degree. C. The
following steps can be performed to isolate Compound I Form I:
[0434] Final organic solution of Compound I in DCM is partially
solvent exchanged to about 7.5 mL/g 20% v/v DCM/EtOH (with respect
to input g Compound I) and the solution is seeded at about
50.degree. C. with about 0.5 wt/wt % Compound I Form I and a seed
bed is allowed to form over about 0.5 h [0435] Distillation is
continued to provide about 3.3 mL/g total reactor volume of
primarily EtOH as solvent [0436] Heptane (about 6.7 mL/g with
respect to input g Compound I) is added over about 2 h, and the
slurry is aged at about 50.degree. C. for about 0.5 h [0437] The
slurry is cooled to about 20.degree. C. over about 1 h and aged at
about 20.degree. C. for about 0.5 h [0438] The slurry is filtered
and the wet cake is rinsed with 2 mL/g (with respect to input g
Compound I) 1:2 v/v EtOH/Heptane [0439] The isolated material is
dried in a vacuum oven at about 45.degree. C. to obtain Compound I
Form I.
[0440] 1.2 Compound I Form II and Compound I Form V
[0441] Compound I Form II was discovered during isolation of
Compound I from DCM/n-heptane. Experimental XRPD showed that Form V
is a labile solvate and the XRPD was not phase-pure. Air-drying at
RT showed Form V converting to Form II and the presence of at least
one intermediate form. Form V has only been truly isolated by
growth of single crystals.
[0442] Compound I Form II is a desolvated polymorph of Compound I
(FIG. 4) and can be characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 4.9, 11.2, 16.6, 17.4, 23.7,
27.4.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Studies showed that
Compound I Form II is derived from the de-solvation of Compound I
Form V, a DCM solvate of Compound I. The DSC data shows an
endotherm with onset at about 92.degree. C., an endotherm with
onset at about 160.degree. C. followed by exotherm at about
166.degree. C. and endotherm with onset at about 200.degree. C.
(FIG. 5). The thermogram shows about 0.38% weight loss below about
150.degree. C. (FIG. 6). Karl Fischer shows 0.33% water. No form
change was observed after heating to about 110.degree. C. However,
Compound I Form II re-crystallizes to Compound I Form VI after
heating up to about 180.degree. C.
[0443] Compound I Form V can be transiently observed by XRPD by
analyzing the wet cake of Compound I derived from crystallizations
performed in DCM or DCM/n-heptane mixtures (FIG. 13). Compound I
Form V can also be characterized by a X-ray powder diffractogram
comprising the following peaks: 9.7, 12.4, 13.3, 16.4, 17.2, 19.3,
22.2, 24.9, and 27.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Upon
drying, Compound I Form V readily desolvates to Compound I Form II
as was shown by TGA (FIG. 15). To date, Compound I Form II has been
obtained from DCM or a mixture of other solvents with DCM.
[0444] Compound I Form II and Compound I Form V were also observed
during a stable form screen of Compound I Form I in DCM (see
Section 2.1 below). A slurry of Compound I Form I in DCM after
about 24 hours produced a mixture of Forms II and V by XRPD. After
about 14 days, the slurry was a mixture of Compound I Form II and
Compound I Form V. The DSC data shows an endotherm with onset at
about 91.degree. C. and an endotherm with onset at about
164.degree. C. (FIG. 14).
[0445] A single crystal of Compound I Form V was obtained during a
stable form screen (Section 2.1 below) which confirmed the
structure of Compound I DCM solvate. The XRPD of freshly acquired
wet cake samples from DCM suspension are similar to the calculated
powder pattern for Form V; the differences in the calculated powder
pattern and experimental pattern can be attributed to partial
de-solvation to an intermediate form (full drying of the DCM wet
cake at RT yields Compound I Form II) and temperature anisotropy.
If the postulated intermediate form from DCM is real, it is too
poorly defined to merit a Form designation. Table 2 summarizes the
Single Crystal Data for Compound I Form V.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Single Crystal Data for Compound I Form V
Space Distance (.ANG.) Angle (.degree.) Type Formula Group a b C
.alpha. .beta. .gamma. solvate C.sub.25H.sub.26Cl.sub.2FN.sub.7O
P2(1)/c 20.1155 10.27050 12.6820 90 101.03 90
Thermodynamic Relationship Between Compound I Form I and Compound I
Form II
[0446] Competition slurries between Compound I Form I and Compound
I Form II revealed that Compound I Form I is the more stable
polymorph in solvents lacking DCM at ambient temperature. For
example, a mixture of Forms I and II in MeOH/water produces Form I
while a mixture of the two forms slurried in DCM/n-heptane produces
Form II.
[0447] 1.3 Compound I Form III
[0448] Compound I Form III is a hydrated form that was obtained by
suspending Compound I (about 100 mg) in methanol/water
(0.215:0.785) mixture (1 mL) at about 50.degree. C. for about 7
days (FIG. 7). The solids were isolated by vacuum filtration and
dried under vacuum at room temperature. Compound I Form III can be
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 5.1, 10.2, 11.4, 18.4, 21.9, and 25.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. TGA analysis of Compound I Form
III shows about 7.5% mass loss at <140.degree. C. (FIG. 9). Karl
Fischer analysis shows about 7.0% water. The DSC of Form III shows
a broad endotherm with onset at about 92.degree. C., exotherm with
onset at about 150.degree. C., and with onset endotherm at about
203.degree. C. (FIG. 8).
[0449] 1.4 Compound I Form IV
[0450] Compound I Form IV is a hydrate that was observed to
precipitate out of solution when 3 volumes of water were charged to
a solution of Compound I in 4 volumes of methanol. The following
procedure was used to obtain Form IV: Compound I (1 g) was
dissolved in 4 mL of MeOH by heating to about 40.degree. C. Water
(3 mL) was charged to generate a thick slurry. Additional water
(11.6 mL) was charged to the mixture to obtain a 0.9 water
activity. The resulting slurry was cooled to room temperature and
filtered. The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven at room
temperature to obtain Compound I Form IV (0.98 g).
[0451] Compound I Form IV can be characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 7.2, 12.6, 13.8,
19.3, 25.9, and 28.6.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta. (FIG.
10). DSC shows a broad endotherm with onset at about 62.degree. C.,
sharp endotherm with onset at about 147.degree. C., followed by
exotherm with onset at about 153.degree. C. and endotherm with
onset at about 204.degree. C. (FIG. 11). TGA shows 7.8% weight loss
below 75.degree. C. corresponding to the loss of 2 equivalents of
water (FIG. 12). Karl Fischer analysis also shows about 7.9% water
indicating that Form IV is a di-hydrate.
[0452] 1.5 Compound I Form VI
[0453] Compound I Form VI was generated by fast evaporation under
vacuum from a number of different solvents or solvent mixtures
(acetonitrile, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, methanol/methyl isobutyl
ketone and methanol/1-butanol). Initially, Compound I Form VI was
isolated in an impure state and these samples were contaminated
with traces of Compound I Form I or other polymorphs. However, the
pure form was isolated after heating the Compound I Form II at
180.degree. C. for about 10 min (FIG. 16), and also by pouring a
hot ethanol solution of Compound I into heptane. Compound I Form VI
can be characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising
the following peaks: 8.8, 10.3, 15.2, 18.6, 23.2, 23.5, and
28.8.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. The
[0454] DSC trace of Compound I Form VI shows single sharp endotherm
with onset at about 202.degree. C. (FIG. 17). The TGA thermogram
shows about 0.2% of continuous weight loss up to about 150.degree.
C. (FIG. 18). Karl Fisher analysis shows about 0.1% water.
[0455] 1.6 Compound I Form VII
[0456] Compound I Form VII was generated by exposing Compound I
Form IV (which was made as discussed above), to low relative
humidity conditions (FIG. 41). Compound I Form VII is a dehydrated
form of Compound I Form IV with typical KF value of <0.1%.
Compound I Form VII rapidly converts back to Compound I Form IV at
ambient temperature and humidity. Compound I Form VII can be
characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the
following peaks: 8.2, 14.2, 18.0, 21.7, and 22.9.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Compound I Form VII was also
obtained by heating Compound I Form IV at about 110.degree. C. with
nitrogen flow, after DVS analysis of Compound I Form IV at low
relative humidity, and by drying Compound I Form IV in the vacuum
oven at about 45.degree. C. according to XRPD analysis. The DSC
trace of Compound I Form VII showed sharp endotherm with onset at
about 147.degree. C., followed by exotherm with onset at about
153.degree. C. and final melt with onset at 202.degree. C. (FIG.
42). The TGA thermogram showed 0.3% of continuous weight loss below
150.degree. C. after about 30 minutes exposure under ambient
conditions (FIG. 43). This weight loss may correspond to the
reabsorbed surface moisture at ambient humidity. Competitive
slurries of Compound I Form I and Compound I Form VII in ethanol
afforded full conversion of Compound I Form VII to Compound I Form
I after agitating overnight.
[0457] 1.7 Compound I Form VIII
[0458] Compound I Form VIII is an unstable hydrate which rapidly
loses water and converts to Compound I Form VI at ambient
conditions. Compound I Form VIII was obtained after equilibration
of unsolvated Compound I Form VI in humidity chamber at 90% RH and
from the slurry of Compound I Form VI in EtOH/water at 0.9 water
activity (FIG. 44). Compound I Form VIII can be characterized by an
X-ray powder diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 8.4,
14.6, 15.0, 16.8, 19.3, 20.4, and 24.3.degree.
2.theta..+-.0.2.degree. 2.theta.. Isolated solids were dried with
filter paper to remove residual solvents and analyzed by DSC, TGA
and KF. The DSC trace showed broad endotherm below 75.degree. C.
and sharp endotherm with onset at about 203.degree. C. (FIG. 45).
The TGA thermogram showed .about.12.6% weight loss below 75.degree.
C. corresponding to the loss of residual solvents (FIG. 46). KF
analysis afforded about 16.1% water.
[0459] 1.8 Compound I Form IX
[0460] Compound I Form IX is an acetic acid solvate. Compound I
Form IX was obtained by dissolving Compound I in glacial acetic
acid and stirring at ambient temperature (FIG. 47). Additional
Compound I was added to the solution until it became quite viscous,
but saturation was not achieved over the course of a few days. The
sample was stirred for more than two months before being placed
into storage without agitation and at ambient conditions. During
storage, crystalline material precipitated from solution. The
material was collected by vacuum filtration and dried under ambient
conditions. XRPD analysis indicated a crystalline material.
Compound I Form IX can be characterized by an X-ray powder
diffractogram comprising the following peaks: 6.9, 10.1, 14.3,
21.0, 23.7, 24.8, and 26.9.degree. 2.theta..+-.0.2.degree.
2.theta.. The DSC trace showed an endotherm with onset at about
91.degree. C. (FIG. 48). A three tiered weight loss was detected
during TGA analysis (FIG. 49). A total weight loss of 21.1% was
measured. The final weight loss appears to occur well into the
decomposition regime. A di-acetate or di-acetic acid solvate would
lose 21.2% with the loss of the acetic acid. .sup.1H NMR
spectroscopy confirmed that two moles of acetic acid are present
for every mole of Compound I. Form IX may be a di-acetic acid
solvate which converts to Form I upon isolation and storage at
ambient conditions.
[0461] 1.9 Amorphous Compound I
[0462] Amorphous Compound I was obtained by fast vacuum evaporation
of DCM solution, fast evaporation of methanol solution, and by
drying Compound I Form III at 110.degree. C. (FIG. 50).
[0463] 2.1 Stable Form Screen of Compound I
[0464] Starting from Compound I Form I, a stable form screen of
Compound I was performed. Compound I Form I was suspended with
stirring in capped glass vials at RT. Samples from the suspensions
were centrifuged/filtered and the isolated solids and liquids were
analyzed. Solids were analyzed by XRPD and liquids were analyzed
for solubility by TGA. Sampling and analysis were performed after
one day and greater than fourteen days.
[0465] Table 3 presents the solvents which were investigated in
this study. In this study, Compound I Form II and Compound I Form V
were observed. In addition, crystals suitable for single crystal
X-ray analysis of Compound I Form V were obtained from DCM and
crystals suitable for single crystal X-ray analysis of Compound I
Form I were obtained from methanol (discussed above). No new
polymorphs of Compound I were discovered from the stable form
screen.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Compound I Stable Form Screen Compound I 24
Hour 14+ Day (mg) Solvent XRPD XRPD 70 water Form I Form I 77 IPAC
Form I Form I 75 MTBE Form I Form I 76 2-propanol Form I Form I
~200 DCM V, II V 80 n-heptane Form I Form I 90 THF Form I Form I 79
acetone Form I Form I ~150 methanol Form I Form I 85 ACN Form I
Form I 79 Ethanol Form I Form I 64 EtOAc Form I Form I
[0466] 3.1 Salt and Co-Crystal Screen of Compound I
[0467] A salt/co-crystal screen was performed using high throughput
and manual techniques, and exemplary salts were obtained as
described below.
[0468] 3.1.1 Compound I Esylate Form I
[0469] 60.4 mg Compound I was slurried in 1 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 12 .mu.L ethanesulfonic acid
(about 1.1 equivalents) was added to the mixture, and the sample
clarified. The sample was allowed to cool to ambient temperature
and allowed to evaporate to dryness. The XRPD pattern of the
obtained solids is presented in FIG. 19.
[0470] The DSC thermogram shows a single endotherm with onset at
about 221.degree. C. (FIG. 20). TGA shows about a 0.4% weight loss
below about 175.degree. C. and about 1.0% weight loss between about
175 to about 210.degree. C., followed by the decomposition (FIG.
27). .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent with the structure with
approximately a 1:1 ratio of Compound I:ethanesulfonic acid. High
humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of
deliquescence.
[0471] 3.1.2 Compound I Fumarate Form I
[0472] 90.8 mg Compound I was stirred with 0.75 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 48.2 mg fumaric acid (2 molar
equivalents) was charged to the solution. The sample was stirred at
elevated temperature for approximately 2 hours and then was allowed
to cool to ambient temperature. The resulting solids were collected
by vacuum filtration and left to dry under ambient conditions. The
XRPD pattern is presented in FIG. 22.
[0473] The DSC thermogram shows an endotherm with a broad shoulder
with onset at about 130.degree. C. (FIG. 23). The TGA trace shows
about a 2.7% weight loss between about 125-160.degree. C., followed
by decomposition (FIG. 24). .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent with
the structure with approximately 1:1 ratio of Compound I:fumaric
acid and residual amount of EtOH. High humidity stress test at 75%
RH/RT did not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0474] 3.1.3 Compound I Glycolate Form I
[0475] 109.6 mg Compound I was slurried with 0.75 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 38.7 mg glycolic acid (2 molar
equivalents) was slowly added to the mixture. The sample was
stirred at elevated temperature for approximately 2 hours before it
was allowed to cool to ambient temperature with stirring. The
solids were collected by vacuum filtration and dried under ambient
conditions. The XRPD pattern of the obtained solids is presented in
FIG. 25.
[0476] The DSC thermogram shows a single endotherm with onset at
about 148.degree. C. (FIG. 26). TGA shows about 1.4% weight loss
below about 120.degree. C. (FIG. 27). .sup.1H NMR spectrum is
consistent with the structure with 1:1 ratio of Compound I:glycolic
acid. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any
evidence of deliquescence.
[0477] 3.1.4 Compound I HCl Form I 142.2 mg Compound I was slurried
with 1 mL ethanol at approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 30 .mu.L
concentrated aqueous HCl (about 1.1 molar equivalents) was slowly
added. The mixture clarified. The sample was allowed to cool to
ambient temperature with stirring. No solids were generated. The
solution volume was reduced by evaporation until solids
precipitated. The solids were collected by vacuum filtration and
left to dry under ambient conditions. The XRPD pattern of these
solids is presented in FIG. 28.
[0478] The DSC thermogram shows a broad endotherm with onset at
about 77.degree. C., followed by endotherm at about 191.degree. C.
(FIG. 29). The TGA trace shows about a 3.0% weight loss below about
101.degree. C. and about 1.7% weight loss between about
110-180.degree. C. (FIG. 30). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is
consistent with the structure. High humidity stress test at 75%
RH/RT did not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0479] 3.1.5 Compound I Maleate Form I
[0480] 108.6 mg Compound I was slurried with 1 mL acetonitrile at
approximately 40.degree. C. Then, 28.8 mg maleic acid (1 molar
equivalent) was added and the sample was stirred at elevated
temperature. The sample was then stirred at ambient temperature and
the volume was reduced and an oil resulted. 250 .mu.L acetonitrile
was added and the sample was slurried at ambient temperature.
Solids were collected by vacuum filtration and dried under ambient
conditions. The XRPD pattern of the obtained solids is presented in
FIG. 31.
[0481] The DSC thermogram shows a sharp endotherm with onset at
about 152.degree. C. (FIG. 32). The TGA shows about 0.5% weight
loss below about 120.degree. C. (FIG. 33). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum
is consistent with the structure with approximately 1:1 ratio of
Compound I:maleic acid. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did
not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0482] 3.1.6 Compound I Mesylate Form I
[0483] 58.5 mg Compound I was slurried with 2 mL acetonitrile at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 8.5 .mu.L methanesulfonic acid (1
molar equivalent) and 11.5 .mu.L acetonitrile were combined and
added to the Compound I mixture. The sample immediately clarified.
The solution was allowed to cool to ambient temperature with
stirring. The sample volume was reduced by approximately half and
the sample was subjected to probe sonication. The resulting solids
were collected by vacuum filtration and dried under ambient
conditions. The XRPD pattern of these solids is presented in FIG.
34.
[0484] The DSC thermogram shows a small endotherm below 0.degree.
C., a broad endotherm below about 100.degree. C. and another sharp
endotherm with onset at about 232.degree. C. (FIG. 35). The TGA
shows about 1.6% weight loss below about 50.degree. C. (FIG. 36).
.sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent with the structure with 1:1
ratio of Compound I:methanesulfonic acid and a small amount of
residual EtOH. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show
any evidence of deliquescence.
[0485] 3.1.7 Compound I Oxalate Form I
[0486] 69.5 mg Compound I was slurried with 0.75 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 14.2 mg oxalic acid (1 molar
equivalent) was slowly added to the mixture (solids persisted). The
sample was left at elevated temperature for approximately 2 hours
and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature in uncontrolled
fashion with stirring. The solids were collected by vacuum
filtration and left to dry under ambient conditions. The XRPD
pattern of the resulting solids is presented in FIG. 37.
[0487] The DSC thermogram shows a single sharp endotherm with onset
at about 216.degree. C. (FIG. 38). The TGA shows no weight loss
below about 150.degree. C. (FIG. 39). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is
consistent with the structure with trace amount of residual EtOH.
High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of
deliquescence.
[0488] 3.1.8 Compound I Sulfate Form I
[0489] 41.6 mg Compound I was dissolved in 400 .mu.L
dichloromethane at approximately 45.degree. C. The sample solution
was combined with 7.3 mg sulfuric acid and then allowed to cool to
ambient temperature with stirring. The resulting solution was
evaporated to dryness then slurried with 100 .mu.L acetonitrile
under ambient conditions. The resulting solids were collected by
vacuum filtration and left to dry under ambient conditions and
analyzed by XRPD (FIG. 40). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent
with the structure of Compound I. IC analysis confirmed salt
formation with approximately 1:1 ratio of Compound I:sulfuric acid.
High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of
deliquescence.
[0490] 3.1.9 Compound I Adipate Form I
[0491] 104.3 mg of Compound I was slurried in 1 mL acetonitrile.
The sample was stirred at approximately 40.degree. C. (solids
persisted). Then, adipic acid (34.4 mg, 1 molar equivalent) was
added to the stirred mixture and the mixture was warmed and stirred
overnight. The cloudy solution was then moved to an ambient
temperature stirrer and agitated for three days. The resulting
solids were collected by vacuum filtration, dried under ambient
conditions and analyzed by XRPD, DSC, TGA and NMR. The XRPD pattern
is presented in FIG. 51. The DSC trace showed a single endotherm
with an onset at about 151.degree. C. (FIG. 52). No weight loss was
observed by TGA prior to decomposition (FIG. 53). .sup.1H NMR
showed a 1:1 ratio of Compound I:adipic acid.
[0492] 3.1.10 Compound I Besylate Form I
[0493] 56.6 mg of Compound I was slurried in 1 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. (solids persisted). Benzenesulfonic
acid (21.2 mg, 1.06 molar equivalents) was then charged to the
solution, and the solution immediately clarified. The sample was
stirred and allowed to cool to ambient temperature. No solids were
generated, so the solution was allowed to evaporate to dryness.
XRPD analysis of the solids is shown in FIG. 54, and the .sup.1H
NMR spectrum showed less than a 1:1 Compound I:salt ratio.
[0494] 3.1.11 Compound I Edisylate Form I
[0495] 58.9 mg of Compound I was slurried in 1 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. (solids persisted). Then,
1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid (30.1 mg, 1.2 molar equivalents) was
charged to the mixture, and the sample clarified. The solution was
maintained at 60.degree. C. with stirring for approximately 1 hour
before allowing it to cool to ambient temperature with stirring. No
solids resulted, so the solution was left to evaporate to dryness.
XRPD pattern of the resulting material is presented in FIG. 55. The
DSC trace shows a broad endotherm below 100.degree. C. (onset at
about 15.degree. C.) followed by melt with decomposition with onset
at about 240.degree. C. (FIG. 56). TGA shows 0.7% weight loss below
70.degree. C. (FIG. 57). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent
with the structure with approximately 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid
and a trace amount of the residual ethanol. High humidity stress
test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0496] 3.1.12 Compound I Edisylate Form II
[0497] 91.1 mg of Compound I was slurried with 0.75 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid (49.2
mg, 1.26 molar equivalents) was slowly added to the mixture, and
the sample clarified. The sample was left at 60.degree. C. with
stirring for approximately 2 hours before allowing to cool to
ambient temperature with stirring. The resulting solids were
collected by vacuum filtration and dried under ambient conditions.
The obtained solids afforded XRPD pattern (FIG. 58) different from
Compound I Edisylate Form I. DSC shows multiple weak broad
endotherms with onsets at about 91 and about 150.degree. C.
followed by melt with onset at about 178.degree. C. (FIG. 59). TGA
also shows three steps of 0.9, 0.8 and 2.5% weight losses below
150.degree. C. (FIG. 60). .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent with
the structure with approximately 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid and
trace of residual ethanol.
[0498] 3.1.13 Compound I Gentisate Form I
[0499] A standard ethanol/Compound I solution was prepared and
0.005 mmol Compound I was placed into each well of a 96-well plate.
The ethanol was removed via evaporation, and 1 equivalent of
gentisic acid (in either an ethanol of ethanol/water solution) was
added to the wells. The well plates were covered with
Silverseal.RTM. and warmed on a hot plate. After a period of time
at elevated temperature, the heating source was shut off and the
samples were slowly cooled to ambient temperature. The
Silverseal.RTM. was removed and the solvent was allowed to
evaporate under ambient conditions. The XRPD pattern of Compound I
Gentisate Form I is shown in FIG. 61.
[0500] 3.1.14 Compound I Gentisate Form II
[0501] 76.5 mg of Compound I was stirred with 0.75 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, gentisic acid (25.2 mg, 1 molar
equivalent) was added to the cloudy solution. The solution
immediately clarified. The sample was stirred at elevated
temperature for approximately 2 hours and was then slowly cooled to
the ambient temperature with stirring. The solids were collected by
vacuum filtration and dried under ambient conditions. The obtained
solids afforded a different XRPD pattern (FIG. 62) compared to
Compound I Gentisate Form I. The DSC thermogram shows two broad
endotherms with onsets at about 95 and about 134.degree. C. (FIG.
63). The TGA shows 3.6% weight loss below 80.degree. C. (FIG. 64).
The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent with the structure with
approximately 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid and some residual
ethanol. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any
evidence of deliquescence.
[0502] 3.1.15 Compound I Glutarate Form I
[0503] 24.9 mg of Compound I was stirred in 550 .mu.L
dichloromethane. Glutaric acid (8.0 mg, 1.08 molar equivalents) was
dissolved in 40 .mu.L of acetone and charged to the Compound I
solution. The sample was dried, then slurried with 200 .mu.L
diethyl ether and allowed to evaporate to dryness. The resulting
solids afforded a crystalline XRPD pattern (FIG. 65).
[0504] The DSC thermogram shows a small endotherm with onset at
about 66.degree. C., a weak broad endotherm with onset at about
89.degree. C., and a melt with onset at about 129.degree. C. (FIG.
66). The TGA spectrum does not show weight loss below the
decomposition at 160.degree. C. (FIG. 67). .sup.1H NMR spectrum is
consistent with the structure with about a 1:1.2 ratio of Compound
I:glutaric acid. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not
show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0505] 3.1.16 Compound I Glutarate Form II
[0506] 78.5 mg of Compound I was slurried in 0.75 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, glutaric acid (50.0 mg, 2 molar
equivalents) was slowly added to the mixture, and the sample
clarified. The sample was allowed to cool to ambient temperature
with stirring. No solids were generated. The sample volume was
carefully reduced in vacuo, which resulted in a clear glass. The
sample was dried completely and slurried in 400 .mu.L acetonitrile.
The resulting solids were collected by vacuum filtration and
allowed to dry under ambient conditions. The obtained solids
afforded a unique XRPD pattern (FIG. 68) compared to Compound I
Glutarate Form I.
[0507] The DSC thermogram shows a weak broad endotherm below
100.degree. C., followed by a sharp endotherm with onset at about
106.degree. C. and another endotherm with onset at about
127.degree. C. (FIG. 69). The TGA spectrum shows 2.9% weight loss
below 120.degree. C. (FIG. 70). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is
consistent with the structure with a 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid.
High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of
deliquescence.
[0508] 3.1.17 Compound I L-Tartrate Form I
[0509] 47.6 mg of Compound I was slurried with 1 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, L-tartaric acid (16.8 mg, 1.05
molar equivalents) was added and the sample immediately clarified.
The solution was allowed to cool to ambient temperature in
uncontrolled fashion with stirring. No solids were generated.
Sample was then evaporated to dryness. The XRPD pattern of the
residual solids is presented in FIG. 71.
[0510] The DSC thermogram shows a broad endotherm with onset at
about 61.degree. C. and another small broad endotherm with onset at
about 128.degree. C. (FIG. 72). The TGA shows 3.5% weight loss
below 120.degree. C. (FIG. 73). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is
consistent with the structure with 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid and
trace residual EtOH present. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT
did not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0511] 3.1.18 Compound I L-Tartrate Form II
[0512] 77.7 mg of Compound I was slurried with 0.5 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. Then, L-tartaric acid (26.4 mg, 1.01
molar equivalents) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at
elevated temperature for approximately 2 hours. The solution was
then allowed to cool to ambient temperature with stirring. No
solids resulted, so the sample was evaporated to dryness and then
slurried in 2 mL diethyl ether at ambient temperature. Solids were
collected by vacuum filtration and left to dry under ambient
conditions. The obtained solids afforded a unique XRPD pattern
(FIG. 74).
[0513] The DSC thermogram shows broad endotherm below 110.degree.
C. (with onset at about 55.degree. C.) and another sharp endotherm
with onset at about 121.degree. C. (FIG. 75). The TGA shows 6.1%
weight loss below 120.degree. C. (FIG. 76). The .sup.1H NMR
spectrum is consistent with the structure with 1:1 ratio of
Compound I:acid and trace residual EtOH present. High humidity
stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of
deliquescence.
[0514] 3.1.19 Compound I Propyl Gallate Form I
[0515] 110.3 mg of Compound I was dissolved in 1 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. The sample was stirred. Propyl gallate
(57.3 mg, 1.09 molar equivalents) was dissolved in 0.5 mL ethanol.
The solutions were combined at elevated temperature and stirred for
approximately 5 minutes. The solution was then allowed to cool to
ambient temperature with stirring. The resulting solids were
collected by vacuum filtration and dried under ambient conditions.
XRPD pattern is presented in FIG. 77.
[0516] The DSC thermogram shows weak broad endotherm below
100.degree. C. and sharp endotherm with onset at about 164.degree.
C. (FIG. 78). The TGA shows 0.1% weight loss below 100.degree. C.
(FIG. 79). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent with the
structure with about a 1:1.5 ratio of Compound I:co-former. High
humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did not show any evidence of
deliquescence.
[0517] 3.1.20 Compound I Succinate Form I
[0518] 106.4 mg of Compound I was slurried with 1 mL acetonitrile.
The sample was slurried at approximately 40.degree. C. Succinic
acid (27.8 mg, 1 molar equivalent) was added to the solution.
Solids persisted in solution. The sample was left overnight at
elevated temperature. The sample was moved to an ambient
temperature stirrer and left for three days. The solids were
collected by vacuum filtration and left to dry under ambient
conditions. The XRPD pattern is presented in FIG. 80.
[0519] The DSC thermogram shows a weak broad endotherm below about
120.degree. C., followed by an endotherm with onset at about
152.degree. C. (FIG. 81). The TGA shows 0.5% weight loss below
120.degree. C. (FIG. 82). The .sup.1H NMR spectrum is consistent
with the structure with 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid with a trace
amount of residual EtOH. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT did
not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0520] 3.1.21 Compound I Tosylate Form I
[0521] 48.3 mg of Compound I was slurried in 1 mL ethanol at
approximately 60.degree. C. p-Toluenesulfonic acid (21.3 mg, 1.14
molar equivalents) was slowly added to the mixture, and a solution
resulted. The sample was slowly cooled to ambient temperature with
stirring. No solids were generated. The sample was reduced in
volume until solids were generated. Solids collected by vacuum
filtration and allowed to dry under ambient conditions. XRPD
pattern is presented in FIG. 83.
[0522] The DSC thermogram shows a wide broad endotherm below
120.degree. C., followed by an endotherm with onset at about
131.degree. C. (FIG. 84). The TGA shows 4.1% weight loss below
100.degree. C. (FIG. 85). .sup.1H NMR spectrum was consistent with
the structure with 1:1 ratio of Compound I:acid and 0.5 equivalents
of residual EtOH present. High humidity stress test at 75% RH/RT
did not show any evidence of deliquescence.
[0523] 4.1 Compound I for Alcoholic Hepatitis
[0524] Hepatic p-p38 expression in alcoholic liver biopsies was
quantified based on immunohistochemistry using a rabbit monoclonal
antibody against human p-p38. Thresholds for low, medium and high
staining and the percentage of cells within each category were
determined. Staining intensity was expressed as a Histologic Score
(HS) that considers the distribution and intensity of staining
(range, 0 to 300). Liver biopsies were also graded according to the
Alcoholic Hepatitis Histologic Score (AHHS). Correlations between
the intensity of p-p38 expression and clinical and histologic
characteristics in alcoholic hepatitis were determined, and
compared with patients with NASH (n=60) and primary sclerosing
cholangitis (PSC, n=105).
[0525] Liver biopsies from 9 alcoholic hepatitis patients were
studied (median age, 42 years; 45% male; median Model for End-Stage
Liver Disease (MELD), 24 (IQR 23-27); 44% with bridging fibrosis or
cirrhosis; and two deaths, 22%). All alcoholic hepatitis biopsies
were p-p38-immunoreactive (median HS, 124; range 100154);
significantly greater than those observed in patients with
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (13.4 [IQR 4.3-30.3]) and PSC (54.1
[27.1-76.9]; both P<0.001). In alcoholic hepatitis, p-p38 was
detected multi-focally in hepatocyte clusters. Hepatocyte p-p38
expression was diffusely cytoplasmic and/or strongly nuclear. In
ballooned hepatocytes, p-p38 was localized to cytoplasmic
aggregates consistent with Mallory bodies. Inflammatory infiltrates
staining positive for p-p38 were predominantly macrophages;
polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) did not express p-p38.
Reactive bile ducts also contained occasional cytoplasmic and/or
nuclear p-p38. p-p38 expression was correlated with MELD
(.rho.=0.67; P=0.047) and hematocrit (.rho.=0.73; P=0.025), and
inversely associated with the serum bicarbonate concentration
(.rho.=-0.69; P=0.038), but not other standard laboratory
parameters. p-p38 expression was higher in hepatocellular than
canalicular or ductular bilirubinostasis (median HS; 133.5 vs. 103;
P=0.020). However, p-p38 staining intensity was not associated with
the total AHHS or other histologic variables.
[0526] The results show that hepatic expression of p-p38 is
correlated with MELD and other markers of alcoholic hepatitis
severity, suggesting that ASK1 inhibition may have therapeutic
benefit in patients with this disease.
Sequence CWU 1
1
21135PRTMus sp. 1Met Glu Trp Ser Arg Val Phe Ile Phe Leu Leu Ser
Val Thr Ala Gly 1 5 10 15 Val His Ser Gln Val Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser
Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Arg 20 25 30 Pro Gly Thr Ser Val Lys Val Ser
Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Phe 35 40 45 Thr Tyr Tyr Leu Ile Glu
Trp Val Lys Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu 50 55 60 Glu Trp Ile Gly
Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ser Gly Gly Thr Asn Tyr Asn 65 70 75 80 Glu Lys
Phe Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Ser Ser 85 90 95
Thr Ala Tyr Met Gln Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Asp Asp Ser Ala Val 100
105 110 Tyr Phe Cys Ala Arg Asn Trp Met Asn Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln
Gly 115 120 125 Thr Thr Leu Thr Val Ser Ser 130 135 2132PRTMus sp.
2Met Arg Cys Leu Ala Glu Phe Leu Gly Leu Leu Val Leu Trp Ile Pro 1
5 10 15 Gly Ala Ile Gly Asp Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ala Ala Pro Ser Val
Ser 20 25 30 Val Thr Pro Gly Glu Ser Val Ser Ile Ser Cys Arg Ser
Ser Lys Ser 35 40 45 Leu Leu His Ser Asn Gly Asn Thr Tyr Leu Tyr
Trp Phe Leu Gln Arg 50 55 60 Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Phe Leu Ile
Tyr Arg Met Ser Asn Leu Ala 65 70 75 80 Ser Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe
Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Ala Phe 85 90 95 Thr Leu Arg Ile Ser
Arg Val Glu Ala Glu Asp Val Gly Val Tyr Tyr 100 105 110 Cys Met Gln
His Leu Glu Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys 115 120 125 Leu
Glu Ile Lys 130
* * * * *