U.S. patent application number 15/944764 was filed with the patent office on 2018-08-09 for flame resistant fabrics having improved resistance to surface abrasion or pilling and methods for making them.
The applicant listed for this patent is Southern Mills, Inc.. Invention is credited to Rembert Joseph Truesdale, III.
Application Number | 20180223458 15/944764 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40473925 |
Filed Date | 2018-08-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180223458 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Truesdale, III; Rembert
Joseph |
August 9, 2018 |
Flame Resistant Fabrics Having Improved Resistance to Surface
Abrasion or Pilling and Methods for Making Them
Abstract
Flame resistant fabrics and garments that have improved
resistance to pilling and/or abrasion are disclosed. The fabrics,
the fibers or yarns that make up the fabrics, or garments made from
the fabrics are treated with a finish composition that is applied
to the fibers, yarns, fabrics, or garments and then cured. The
finish composition increases the resistance to pilling and/or
abrasion of the fibers, yarns, fabrics, or garments. The finish
composition includes a polymeric abrasion resistance aid, an
alkylfluoropolymer, a polyethylene, and a wetting agent.
Inventors: |
Truesdale, III; Rembert Joseph;
(Thomaston, GA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Southern Mills, Inc. |
Union City |
GA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
40473925 |
Appl. No.: |
15/944764 |
Filed: |
April 3, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12348789 |
Jan 5, 2009 |
9994978 |
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15944764 |
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61019002 |
Jan 4, 2008 |
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61107582 |
Oct 22, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D06M 13/419 20130101;
D03D 15/12 20130101; Y10T 442/3976 20150401; Y10T 442/273 20150401;
D06M 2200/35 20130101; Y10T 442/40 20150401; D06M 15/277 20130101;
D06M 15/423 20130101; Y10T 442/2713 20150401; D06M 13/325 20130101;
A41D 31/08 20190201; D06M 15/227 20130101; D06M 15/576
20130101 |
International
Class: |
D03D 15/12 20060101
D03D015/12; D06M 15/576 20060101 D06M015/576; D06M 15/423 20060101
D06M015/423; D06M 15/277 20060101 D06M015/277; D06M 15/227 20060101
D06M015/227; D06M 13/419 20060101 D06M013/419 |
Claims
1. A flame resistant fabric, comprising: a plurality of spun yarns
comprising a plurality of flame resistant fibers; and a finish that
imparts abrasion resistance to the fabric, the finish comprising a
polymeric abrasion resistance aid and a hydrophobic component,
wherein the fabric, before laundering and after being laundered
five times in accordance with AATCC test method 135 (2006), has an
abrasion resistance of at least about 1000 cycles before a first
thread break when tested in accordance with ASTM test method D3884
(2007) (H-18, 500 g on each wheel).
2. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the finish
further comprises at least one of a durable press component and an
antimicrobial component.
3. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the polymeric
abrasion resistance aid comprises an acrylic polymer.
4. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the finish
further comprises at least one of an alkoxylated fatty amine or
derivative thereof, a melamine formaldehyde resin, an N-methylol
stearamide, or combinations thereof.
5. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein at least some of
the plurality of flame resistant fibers are inherently flame
resistant fibers comprising at least one of meta-aramid fibers,
para-aramid fibers, polybenzimidazole fibers, polybenzoxazole
fibers, melamine fibers, polyimide fibers, polyimideamide fibers,
modacrylic fibers, and FR rayon fibers.
6. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the abrasion
resistance is at least about 1500 cycles before the first thread
break.
7. The flame resistant fabric of claim 6, wherein the abrasion
resistance is at least about 2500 cycles before the first thread
break.
8. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric,
before laundering and after being laundered five times in
accordance with AATCC test method 135 (2006), meets all
flammability requirements of one or more of NFPA 1951 (2007), NFPA
1971 (2007), NFPA 1977 (2005), NFPA 2112 (2007), military
specification MIL-C-83429B, or military specification
GL-PD-07-12.
9. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric, after
being laundered ten times in accordance with AATCC test method 135
(2006), meets all flammability requirements of one or more of NFPA
1951 (2007), NFPA 1971 (2007), NFPA 1977 (2005), NFPA 2112 (2007),
military specification MIL-C-83429B, or military specification
GL-PD-07-12.
10. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric,
before laundering and after being laundered five times in
accordance with AATCC test method 135 (2006), meets all water
repellency requirements of one or both of NFPA 1951 (2007) or NFPA
1971 (2007).
11. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric,
after being laundered ten times in accordance with AATCC test
method 135 (2006), meets all water repellency requirements of one
or both of NFPA 1951 (2007) or NFPA 1971 (2007).
12. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric,
before laundering and after being laundered five times in
accordance with AATCC test method 135 (2006), has water repellant
properties comprising a water spray rating of at least about 70 as
determined by AATCC test method 22 (2005) and a water absorption of
less than or equal to about 2.0% as determined by NFPA 1971, 8.26
(2007).
13. The flame resistant fabric of claim 12, wherein the water spray
rating is about 100 as determined by AATCC test method 22 (2005)
and the water absorption is less than or equal to about 1.0% as
determined by NFPA 1971, 8.26 (2007).
14. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric has a
pilling performance rating of at least 4 after 60 minutes and a
rating of at least 3 after 90 minutes when tested in accordance
with ASTM test method D3512-05 (Reapproved 2007).
15. The flame resistant fabric of claim 14, wherein the pilling
performance rating is at least 4 after 90 minutes and at least 3
after 120 minutes.
16. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric meets
air permeability requirements in accordance with NFPA 1971
(2007).
17. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric
comprises a plain weave, a rip-stop, a twill weave, sateen weave or
knitted fabric and wherein the fabric is stretch or
non-stretch.
18. The flame resistant fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric has a
weight of less than about 8.0 osy.
19. A flame resistant garment comprising the flame resistant fabric
of claim 1.
20. A flame resistant fabric, comprising: a plurality of spun yarns
comprising a plurality of flame resistant fibers; and a finish that
imparts abrasion resistance to the fabric, the finish comprising a
polymeric abrasion resistance aid and at least one of a moisture
management component, a durable press component, and an
antimicrobial component, wherein the fabric, before laundering and
after being laundered five times in accordance with AATCC test
method 135 (2006), has an abrasion resistance of at least about
1000 cycles before a first thread break when tested in accordance
with ASTM test method D3884 (2007) (H-18, 500 g on each wheel).
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 12/348,789, filed Jan. 5, 2009 entitled "Flame Resistant
Fabrics Having Improved Resistance to Surface Abrasion or Pilling
and Methods for Making Them", which claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/019,002, filed Jan. 4, 2008 and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/107,582, filed Oct. 22, 2008, all of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to flame resistant fabrics
that are resistant to surface abrasion and/or pilling, to novel
finish compositions for fabrics that impart abrasion and/or pilling
resistance, and to methods for imparting abrasion and/or pilling
resistance.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Many occupations including, but not limited to,
firefighting, emergency response, search and rescue, and military
service, may require exposure to extreme heat and/or flames. To
avoid being injured while working in such conditions, individuals
typically wear protective garments constructed of special flame
resistant materials designed to protect them from both heat and
flames. These protective garments include, for example, garments
worn by firefighters, which are commonly referred to in the
industry as turnout gear. Turnout gear can include various garments
including coveralls, trousers, and jackets. These garments
typically include several layers of material such as an outer shell
that protects the wearer from flames, a moisture barrier that
prevents the ingress of water into the garment, and a thermal
barrier that insulates the wearer from extreme heat. Other types of
protective garments are worn by individuals such as petrochemical
workers, electrical workers, those engaged in military service, and
others who require protection from extreme heat and/or flames.
[0004] Some individuals including, but not limited to, emergency
personnel such as firefighters and other first responders, are not
only exposed to extreme heat or flames, but are also exposed to
water. In those instances it would be desirable for a flame
resistant fabric to also have water repellant properties. Thus,
turnout gear and other protective garments may include woven
fabrics formed of one or more types of flame resistant fibers, and
the fabrics may also have water repellant properties.
[0005] Protective garments must withstand flame, excessive heat,
and abrasion, and in many instances they are constructed of a flame
resistant material that is both strong and durable. These
protective fabrics are expensive, so durability of the fabrics is
important. Abrasion refers to the wearing away of any part of a
material by rubbing against another surface. While flame resistant
fibers will retain their flame resistance even if the fabric
becomes abraded, a protective fabric that becomes abraded may lose
other protective properties such as water repellency. An abraded
garment may not provide the protection needed by a firefighter,
emergency responder, or other individual. Therefore, if a
protective garment becomes abraded, that garment must be replaced.
Garments having increased abrasion resistance would need to be
replaced less frequently than conventional protective garments. A
fabric's resistance to abrasion can be measured by various test
methodologies and equipment such as the test procedures described
by ASTM standards D3886 and D3884.
[0006] Many protective fabrics, including those using spun yarns,
filament yarns, or combinations thereof can have a tendency to
pill. "Pills" are relatively small balls of entangled fibers that
can form on the surface of a protective fabric. The pills are held
to the surface of the protective fabric by one or more fibers
comprising the fabric. While most fabrics pill, the protective
fabrics of the present invention are made of strong fibers which
hold onto the pills more tightly than many other fibers. Thus,
pills that form on these protective fabrics tend to build up on the
fabrics. Such pills can accumulate over time or otherwise increase
in number on the surface of the fabric causing an otherwise smooth
surface to appear worn or in extreme cases unsightly. In some
instances, the unsightly appearance of a protective fabric may
cause the associated garment to be considered inferior in quality
and may discourage a user from using the garment. In many
instances, the garment may be replaced prematurely even though the
fabric of the garment can still provide suitable protection for the
user. A fabric's resistance to pilling can be measured by various
test methodologies and equipment, such as a random tumble pilling
tester and the test procedures described by ASTM standard
D3512.
[0007] Conventional techniques to reduce the tendency of fabrics to
pill use particular yarns with mechanical twisting of the yarns,
such as air jet spun yarns. However, some fibers, including some
fibers used in the fabrics of the present invention, cannot be spun
by air jets. Furthermore, protective garments made from air jet
spun yarns can still be prone to pilling since entangled fibers
remain and can form pills on the surface of such fabrics.
[0008] It is known in the art to treat fabrics with finishes where
the finishes impart a particularly useful property to the fabric.
For example, some prior art finishes are water repellant finishes
that include an alkylfluoropolymer and other optional additives
such as a blocked isocyanate crosslinker, paraffinic waxes, and the
like. Other prior art finishes include a moisture management finish
which includes softeners, permanent press resins and hydrophilic
polymers to impart fabric and fiber hydrophilicity. In either case,
fabrics exposed to rigorous physical abrasion tend to show yarn
breakage, formation of pills, or both depending on the exact
construction and fiber blend used in the fabric.
[0009] Prior art finish compositions may also provide some
resistance to abrasion and/or pilling. As an example, a composition
including a wetting agent, one or more fluoropolymers, a wax
fluorochemical extender/water repellant, a melamine formaldehyde
resin, and a crosslinking agent has been used. This finish
composition was developed and applied to fabrics to impart water
repellency that was more durable than the water repellency imparted
by previously known formulations. This finish imparts some
resistance to abrasion compared to untreated fabrics, but fabrics
treated with this finish are still fairly easily abraded. For
example, these fabrics only withstand about 500 Taber abrasion
cycles before a first thread break when tested in accordance with
ASTM D3884, using H-18 wheels and a 500 g load on each wheel.
[0010] There remains a need for fabrics and protective garments
with improved resistance to surface abrasion and/or pilling.
[0011] Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a finish composition
capable of imparting such improved resistance to abrasion and/or
pilling to a variety of fabrics. It is further desirable to provide
flame resistant fabrics and protective garments with improved
surface abrasion and/or pilling resistance. Finally, it is
desirable to provide flame resistant and water repellant fabrics
and protective garments with improved surface abrasion and/or
pilling resistance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The above mentioned objectives are accomplished by
embodiments of the present invention.
[0013] One embodiment of the present invention is a fabric that has
improved resistance to surface abrasion and/or pilling over prior
art fabrics. One preferred embodiment of the present invention is a
protective fabric that includes a composition of flame resistant
fibers, wherein the fibers or the fabric has been treated with a
novel finish composition, and wherein the protective fabric has
improved resistance to surface abrasion and/or pilling over
untreated protective fabrics and over fabrics treated with prior
art finish compositions.
[0014] Another embodiment of the invention is a protective garment
made from a fabric that includes a composition of flame resistant
fibers, wherein the protective garment has improved resistance to
pilling and/or surface abrasion over prior art protective
garments.
[0015] Further embodiments of the invention are protective fabrics
and garments with improved resistance to surface abrasion and/or
pilling wherein the fabrics and garments include a composition of
flame resistant fibers and wherein the fabrics and garments further
have water repellant properties.
[0016] Another embodiment of the present invention is a novel
finish composition that may be applied to fibers, fabrics, or
garments and that imparts abrasion and/or pilling resistance to
those fibers, fabrics, and garments. In one embodiment, the fibers,
fabrics, or garments are flame resistant. In one embodiment the
novel finish composition comprises at least a polymeric abrasion
resistance aid, an alkylfluoropolymer, a polyethylene, and a
wetting agent. This composition improves upon prior art
compositions by improving the abrasion and/or pilling resistance of
fabrics treated with the composition. Tests show that fabrics
treated with finish compositions according to the present invention
show improved resistance to abrasion and/or pilling compared to
untreated fabrics or fabrics treated with prior art finish
compositions.
[0017] Still other embodiments of the invention are methods for
imparting improved resistance to surface abrasion and/or pilling to
fabrics or garments. These methods include the steps of applying
the novel finish composition to a fiber, a yarn, a fabric
comprising a plurality of fibers or yarns, or a garment and curing
the finish composition. The methods provide fabrics and garments
that have improved resistance to abrasion and pilling over fabrics
and garments that have not been treated according to these
methods.
[0018] Other systems, methods, processes, devices, features, and
advantages associated with the fabrics and garments described
herein will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art
upon examination of the following drawings and detailed
description. All such additional systems, methods, processes,
devices, features, and advantages are intended to be included
within this description, and are intended to be included within the
scope of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] The present invention can be better understood with
reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings
are not necessarily to scale.
[0020] FIG. 1 illustrates a partial cut-away view of a protective
garment.
[0021] FIG. 2 illustrates the improved abrasion resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/PBI fabric treated with a finish composition
consistent with the present invention as compared to a sample of
the same fabric treated with a known finish composition.
[0022] FIG. 3 illustrates the improved abrasion resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/PBI fabric treated with a finish composition
consistent with the present invention as compared to a sample of
the same fabric treated with a known finish composition.
[0023] FIG. 4 illustrates the improved abrasion resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/meta-aramid fabric treated with a finish
composition consistent with the present invention as compared to a
sample of the same fabric treated with a known finish
composition.
[0024] FIG. 5 illustrates the improved abrasion resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/meta-aramid fabric treated with a finish
composition consistent with the present invention as compared to a
sample of the same fabric treated with a known finish composition
and as compared to a sample of a similar fabric that is
commercially available.
[0025] FIG. 6 illustrates the improved abrasion resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/meta-aramid fabric treated with a finish
composition consistent with the present invention as compared to a
sample of the same fabric treated with a known finish
composition.
[0026] FIG. 7 illustrates the improved abrasion resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/PBI fabric treated with a finish composition
consistent with the present invention as compared to a sample of
the same fabric treated with a known finish composition and as
compared to a sample of a similar fabric that is commercially
available.
[0027] FIG. 8 illustrates the improved pilling resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/meta-aramid fabric treated with a finish
composition consistent with the present invention as compared to a
sample of the same fabric treated with a known finish
composition.
[0028] FIG. 9. illustrates the improved pilling resistance of a
60/40 para-aramid/PBO fabric treated with a finish composition
consistent with the present invention as compared to a sample of
the same fabric treated with a known finish composition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0029] One embodiment of the present invention provides fabrics
that are resistant to abrasion and/or pilling. Abrasion tests were
conducted on these fabrics and prior art fabrics, and the fabrics
consistent with the present invention had an abrasion resistance at
least twice that of fabrics treated with prior art formulations.
For example, the fabrics of the present invention withstand at
least 1000 cycles before the first thread break according to ASTM
D3884 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method), using H-18 wheels
and a 500 g load on each wheel. The abrasion resistance of the
fabrics more preferably is 1500 cycles before the first break, and
most preferably is 2500 cycles before the first break. Additionally
or alternatively, these fabrics have a pilling performance rating
of at least 4 after 60 minutes and a rating of at least 3 after 90
minutes according to ASTM D3512 Standard Test Method for Pilling
Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics:
Random Tumble Pilling Tester. More preferably the fabrics have a
rating of at least 4 after 90 minutes and a rating of at least 3
after 120 minutes.
[0030] In one embodiment, the fabric is a flame resistant fabric.
The fabric preferably has flame resistant properties which remain
after the finish composition is applied. The fabric may further
have water repellant properties which also remain after the finish
composition is applied. The fabric is intended to meet all flame
resistance, thermal resistance, and water repellency requirements
of one or more of the following: NFPA 1951, NFPA 1971, NFPA 1977,
NFPA 2112, NFPA 70E, and military specifications MIL-C-83429B and
GL-PD-07-12. For example, according to NFPA 1971 an outer shell
fabric for firefighters must exhibit a char length of less than or
equal to 4.0 inches after flame exposure and the fabric must
exhibit an afterflame of less than 2.0 seconds when tested in
accordance with ASTM D6413.
[0031] Flammability of the fabrics of the present invention was
tested according to ASTM D6413 Standard Test Method for Flame
Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test). The fabrics exhibited a
char length of no more than 0.8 inches in the warp direction and
0.6 inches in the fill direction before laundering and a char
length of no more than 0.6 inches in the warp direction and 0.5
inches in the fill direction after five launderings. The fabrics
exhibited an afterflame of 0.0 seconds both before laundering and
after five launderings. The water repellant properties of the
fabrics were determined in accordance with AATCC Test Method 22
Water Repellency: Spray Test and NFPA 1971, 8.26 Water Absorption
Resistance Test. The fabrics have a water spray rating of 100
before laundering and a water spray rating of at least 70 after
five launderings. The fabrics exhibited a water absorption of no
more than 1.0% before laundering and no more than 2.0% after five
launderings.
[0032] The flame resistant fabric may be a fabric that has been
treated with a finish composition according to an embodiment of the
present invention. Suitable flame resistant fabrics include, but
are not limited to, fabrics comprising inherently flame resistant
fibers such as aramid (meta-aramid or para-aramid),
polybenzimidazole (PBI), polybenzoxazole (PBO), melamine,
polyimide, polyimideamide, modacrylic fibers, FR rayon and
combinations thereof. Specific commercially available fibers
suitable for use with the present invention either alone or in
combination with other fibers include KEVLAR.RTM. (a para-aramid),
NOMEX.RTM. (a meta-aramid), TWARON.RTM. (a para-aramid),
TECHNORA.RTM. (an aromatic co-polyamide), and ZYLON.RTM. (a
polybenzoxazole). Other suitable fabrics include fabrics comprising
non-inherently flame resistant fibers that have been rendered flame
resistant by treating such fibers with a suitable flame retardant.
Such fibers include, but are not limited to, nylon, cellulosic
fibers such as rayon, cotton, acetate, triacetate, lyocell, and
combinations thereof. A suitable fabric may be a plain weave fabric
or a fabric having another configuration such as, but not limited
to, rip-stop, twill weave, sateen weave, or knitted and these
configurations may be stretch or non-stretch. The flame resistant
fabric may additionally have water-resistant properties and/or may
be treated with a water-resistant finish to prevent or reduce water
absorption from the outside environment in which a garment
constructed from the fabric may be used.
[0033] Another embodiment of the present invention is a garment
made from a fabric that has been treated with a finish composition
wherein the finish composition improves the resistance of the
fabric, and therefore the resistance of the garment, to pilling
and/or surface abrasion. The garment preferably has flame resistant
properties which remain after the finish composition is applied.
The garment may further have water repellant properties which also
remain after the finish composition is applied.
[0034] Preferably, the majority of the fibers of the outer surface
of the protective garment of the present invention are constructed
of a flame resistant material such as meta-aramid, para-aramid,
flame resistant cellulosic materials (e.g. flame resistant cotton,
rayon, or acetate), polybenzoxazole (PBO), or polybenzimidazole
(PBI).
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a protective garment 100
for which the fabric of this invention is particularly well-suited.
The garment 100 can be a firefighter turnout coat (shown in FIG. 1)
or any other garment or garment layer that is flame resistant and
surface abrasion and/or pilling resistant as described herein.
Although a turnout coat is used as an example and explicitly
discussed herein, a coat has been identified for purposes of
example only. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to
firefighter turnout coats but instead pertains to substantially any
garments that may be worn by a firefighter, rescue worker,
military, electrical worker, petrochemical worker, or other
individual to provide thermal or another type of protection. Such
garments include but are not limited to shirts, pants, jackets,
coveralls, vests, t-shirts, underwear, gloves, liners for gloves,
hats, helmets, boots, and the like. The present invention is not
limited to garments, but can include other uses for flame
resistant, and pilling and/or surface abrasion resistant fabrics
irrespective of their application.
[0036] The garment 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes an outer shell 102
that forms an exterior surface of the garment 100, a barrier layer
104 that forms an intermediate layer of the garment, and a thermal
liner 106 that forms an interior surface of the garment 100. For
general reference, the exterior surface or outer shell 102 can be
directly exposed to the environment in which the user or wearer is
operating, and the interior surface of the thermal liner 106 is a
surface that contacts the user or wearer, or contacts the clothes
the user or wearer may be wearing. In accordance with an embodiment
of the invention, some or all of the layers 102, 104, or 106
forming garment 100 can include the flame resistant, pilling and/or
surface abrasion resistant fabrics of this invention.
[0037] Another embodiment of the present invention is a fabric
finish composition capable of imparting abrasion and/or pilling
resistance to fibers, fabrics, and garments. According to various
embodiments of the invention, a finish is capable of improving the
resistance of the fibers, fabrics, or garments to surface abrasion
and/or pilling. Preferably, the finish is capable of improving the
surface abrasion and pilling resistance of a flame resistant and/or
water resistant fabric without reducing the flame retardant or
water resistant properties of the fabric. The application of the
finish to the fabric can vary depending upon the desired physical
properties of the treated fabric, the composition of the fabric,
and the types of fibers or body yarns selected for the fabric.
[0038] In some embodiments the finish composition of the present
invention can improve the after-wash appearance of certain fabrics
containing para-aramids by reducing the amount of fibrillation that
occurs during washing
[0039] According to one embodiment of the invention, a suitable
finish can be a combination of a polymeric cross-linking abrasion
resistance aid, an alkylfluoropolymer, a polyethylene, and a
wetting agent.
[0040] According to other embodiments of the invention a suitable
finish may further include a combined sewing/abrasion polymeric
aid, an alkoxylated fatty amine or derivative thereof, a melamine
formaldehyde resin or N-methylol stearamide, a flame retardant
additive or combinations thereof.
[0041] Examples of suitable polymeric cross-linking abrasion
resistance aids include, but are not limited to, urethane-based
polymers, such as Eccorez FRU-33 (a hydrophobic urethane polymer
available from Eastern Color and Chemical); abrasion resistant
polymer/perfluoroalkyl containing polymer blends such as Hipel 340
(a proprietary blend of abrasion aid polymers and a perfluoroalkyl
containing polymer available from Hi-Tech Chemicals) and Ridgepel
34 (a blended urethane/perfluoroalkyl product available from Blue
Ridge Products); and acrylic polymers such as FDP-61063 (a self
cross-linking acrylic co-polymer with a Tg of +25.degree. C.,
available from Omnova Solutions) and Dicrylan TA-GP (a self
cross-linking ethylacrylate polymer with a Tg of -14.degree. C.,
available from Huntsman Chemical). Suitable perfluoroalkyl
containing polymers include, but are not limited to, UNIDYNE.RTM.
TG 580 (a non-ionic C8 perfluoroalkyl polymer available from Daikin
America), UNIDYNE.RTM. TG 581 (a cationic fluoropolymer available
from Daikin America), Rainoff F-8 (a perfluoroalkyl polymer
available from Eastern Color and Chemical), and the above mentioned
blends of alkylfluoropolymers and abrasion aid polymers, Hipel 340
and Ridgepel 34. Suitable polyethylenes include, but are not
limited to, medium and high density polyethylenes. Suitable wetting
agents include, but are not limited to, Ridgewet NRW (previously
called Genwet NRW and available from Blue Ridge Products). Suitable
sewing/abrasion polymeric aids include, but are not limited to,
medium to high density polyethylene emulsions such as Aquasoft 706
(available from Apollo Chemicals, Ware Shoals, S.C.). Suitable
alkoxylated fatty amines or derivatives thereof include, but are
not limited to, Cartafix U (an alkoxylated fatty amine derivative
product designed to inhibit finish migration and minimize pad roll
build up, available from Clariant). Suitable melamine formaldehyde
resins include, but are not limited to, Aerotex M3 (manufactured by
Cytec Industries and available from Emerald Carolina Chemicals,
Charlotte, N.C.) and Eccoresin M300 (available from Eastern Color
and Chemical). Suitable N-methylol stearamides include, but are not
limited to, Aurapel 330 (available from Star Chemicals). Suitable
flame retardant additives include, but are not limited to, Amgard
CT (a cyclic phosphate flame retardant additive, available from
Rhodia).
[0042] In another embodiment of the present invention, a finishing
process can be used to apply a finish to fibers, yarns, fabrics, or
garments. In a preferred embodiment the finishing process is used
to apply a finish to a protective fabric. The following process is
described by way of example, and other process embodiments in
accordance with the invention can have fewer or greater numbers of
steps, and may be practiced in alternative sequences. A protective
fabric comprising a plurality of flame resistant fibers is received
for treatment. At this point the protective fabric may be
substantially untreated or may be treated with a flame resistant,
water resistant, or other composition, but is referred to here as
"untreated" to distinguish it from the fabric as treated according
to a method of the present invention. A finish composition as
described above and consistent with the present invention is
applied to the untreated protective fabric. The finish is cured by
controlling at least one of the following: heat, pressure, or time.
The fabric treated by this process has improved resistance to
surface abrasion and/or pilling.
[0043] Alternatively, a finish composition according to the present
invention can impart abrasion and/or pilling resistance to a fabric
when that finish composition is added to another finish composition
that is applied to the fabric. For example, a finish composition
according to the present invention and comprising a polymeric
abrasion aid, fatty amine or derivative thereof, a polyethylene,
and optionally one or more of a sewing/abrasion polymeric aid, a
crosslinking melamine formaldehyde resin, and a N-methylol
stearamide could be added to a known finish composition such as,
but not limited to, a moisture management finish, a durable press
finish, or an antimicrobial finish. The combination of finishes
would then impart a variety of advantageous properties, depending
on the finishes used, including abrasion and/or pilling
resistance.
[0044] In one embodiment, the untreated protective fabric is formed
of a plurality of flame resistant fibers, such as the aramid,
polybenzimidazole (PBI), polybenzoxazole (PBO), melamine, or other
fibers described above.
[0045] A variety of methodologies and associated devices can be
used to apply the finish to the untreated protective fabric. These
methodologies include, but are not limited to, spray application,
padding, roll coating, applying a foam finish, and combinations
thereof.
[0046] In some embodiments, the finish can be cured by applying
heat and/or pressure over time to the untreated protective fabric,
the finish, or both, until one or more components of the finish are
affected. In such instances curing may activate a particular finish
component, create cross-linking with the fabric, or otherwise
substantially adhere the finish to the untreated protective fabric,
while removing any excess moisture that may exist in the untreated
protective fabric and/or finish. By way of example but not
limitation, a suitable curing process can be an oven drying process
to apply heat to the initially treated fabric and finish for
approximately 1 to 5 minutes at between about 300 and about
400.degree. F.
EXAMPLES
[0047] The present invention is further illustrated by the
following examples which illustrate specific embodiments of the
invention but are not meant to limit the invention.
Fabrics and Finishes
[0048] Examples of various fabrics that have been treated with
finish compositions consistent with the present invention are
described in Table I. The fabrics are all woven protective fabrics
comprising ring-spun yarns. Fabrics 1-3 are fire service outershell
fabrics, fabrics 4 and 5 are fire service outershell fabrics that
contain PBO, and fabric 6 is a military protective fabric.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I EXAMPLE FABRICS FOR USE WITH THE PRESENT
INVENTION Fabric Yarn Weave Finished weight 1 60% KEVLAR T-970 Rip
Stop 7.7 osy 40% PBI 2 60% KEVLAR T-970 Rip Stop 7.5 osy 40% NOMEX
T-462 3 60% KEVLAR T-970 Plain w/ 7.7 osy 40% PBI single rip 4 60%
KEVLAR 2 End Rip Stop 7.5 osy 20% NOMEX T-462 20% ZYLON 5 60%
TECHNORA Rip Stop 7.5 osy 40% ZYLON 6 65% FR Rayon Rip Stop 6.2 osy
25% TWARON 10% Nylon
[0049] Various finish compositions consistent with the present
invention are described in Table II. These finish compositions
include various combinations of (a) Ridgewet NRW (previously called
Genwet NRW), a non-rewetting surfactant for improved fabric
penetration; (b) Hipel 340, a proprietary blend of abrasion aid
polymers and a perfluoroalkyl containing polymer; (c) FDP-61063, a
self cross-linking acrylic co-polymer; (d) Dicrylan TA-GP, a self
cross-linking ethyl acrylate polymer; (e) Unidyne TG580, a
non-ionic fluoropolymer, (f) Unidyne TG581, a cationic
fluoropolymer; (g) Cartafix U, an alkoxylated fatty amine
derivative; (h) Aerotex M3 or Eccoresin M300, both melamine
formaldehyde cross-linking resins; (i) Diammonium Phosphate, a
catalyst to promote self-crosslinking of melamine formaldehyde
resin; (j) Aquasoft 706, a polyethylene emulsion emulsified with
DA6; (k) Aurapel 330R, an N-methylol stearamide reactive
hydrophobe; and (1) AmgardCT, a cyclic phosphonate flame retardant
additive. All amounts are listed as percent on weight of bath
(owb).
[0050] Table II also includes a known finish composition, SST. This
composition includes Ridgewet NRW, Eccoresin M300, diammonium
phosphate, (m) Zonyl 7040 and (n) Zonyl FMX (fluoropolymers
available from Huntsman and manufactured by DuPont), and (o)
Phobotex JVA (an emulsion of paraffin wax, available from
Huntsman).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II EXAMPLE FINISH COMPOSITIONS I II III IV V
VI SST (a) Ridgewet wetting agent 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.15 0.25
NRW (b) Hipel 340 proprietary abrasion aid 31.25 40.0 20-30 40.0
polymer/perfluoroalkyl polymer blend (c) FDP-61063 acrylic polymer
12.0 (d) Dicrylan acrylic polymer 15.0 TAGP (e) Unidyne
perfluoroalkyl polymer 28.0 TG580 (f) Unidyne perfluoroalkyl
polymer 28.0 TG581 (g) Cartafix U alkoxylated fatty amine 0.1
derivative (h) Aerotex melamine formaldehyde 2 3 1.96 M3/Eccoresin
resin M300 (i) Diammonium crosslinking agent 0.04 0.06 0.0446
Phosphate (j) Aquasoft polyethylene emulsion 2 4 4 4.0 5.0 5.0 706
(k) Aurapel N-methylol stearamide 5-8 330R (l) AmgardCT flame
retardant 0.5 0.75 (m) Zonyl 7040 perfluoroalkyl polymer 10 (n)
Zonyl FMX perfluoroalkyl polymer 20 blend (o) Phobotex paraffin
wax/melamine 10 JVA resin *all numbers are percent on weight of
bath with the remainder of the compositions water.
[0051] Finish compositions were used to treat Fabrics 1-5. Finish I
was used to treat Fabrics 1, 2, and 3. Finish II was used to treat
Fabrics 4 and 5. And Finish III was used to treat Fabric 6. In each
example the finish was applied in a dip finish pad. The finish was
then dried and cured. Fabrics 1-5 were dried and cured at
300-400.degree. F. for 1-5 minutes. Fabric 6 was dried and cured at
280-350.degree. F. for 1-5 minutes. The treated fabrics have
improved abrasion and pilling resistance over untreated fabrics.
The improved abrasion and pilling resistance is retained for at
least 5-10 launderings. The treated fabrics retained the water
repellent properties and flame resistant properties of untreated
fabric and showed dramatically improved resistance to abrasion and
pilling over fabrics treated with prior art finishes as measured by
standard ASTM test methods such as Random Tumble Pilling and Taber
Abrasion. In the examples and data that follow, the fabrics have
compositions shown in Table I and were treated with finish
compositions as shown in Table II or were treated with the prior
art finish SST.
Test Methods
[0052] Abrasion resistance was measured in accordance with ASTM
D3884 (2007), Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of
Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Double-Head Method), the
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, using H-18
wheels and a 500 g load on each wheel.
[0053] Pilling resistance was measured in accordance with ASTM
D3512-05 (Reapproved 2007), Standard Test Method for Pilling
Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics:
Random Tumble Pilling Tester Method, the disclosure of which is
hereby incorporated by reference.
[0054] Tensile strength was measured in accordance with ASTM D5034
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test), the disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0055] Tear strength was measured in accordance with ASTM D5733
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Nonwoven Fabrics by
the Trapezoid Procedure, the disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0056] Vertical flammability was measured in accordance with ASTM
D6413 Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles
(Vertical Test), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0057] Water spray rating was measured in accordance with AATCC
Test Method 22 (2005) (AATCC Technical Manual) Water Repellency:
Spray Test, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0058] Water absorption resistance was measured in accordance with
NFPA 1971 (2007) Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting
and Proximity Fire Fighting, 8.26 Water Absorption Resistance Test,
the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[0059] Air permeability was measured in accordance with Federal
Test Method 5450.1 Permeability to Air; Cloth, Calibrated Orifice
Method, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0060] The fabric samples were tested either before they were
washed (BW), after 5 launderings (5.times.), or after 10
launderings (10.times.). All launderings were in accordance with
AATCC Test Method 135 2006), Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after
Home Laundering. Specifically, specimens are subjected to washing
and drying in accordance with Machine Cycle 1: normal/cotton sturdy
cycle; Washing Temperature V: 60.+-.3.degree. C. (140.+-.5.degree.
F.); Washing Machine Conditions: Normal cycle with water level of
18.+-.1 gal, agitator speed of 179.+-.2 spm, washing time of 12
min, spin speed of 645.+-.15 rpm and final spin time of 6 min; and
Dryer Setting Conditions: cotton/sturdy cycle with high exhaust
temperature (66.+-.5.degree. C., 150.+-.10.degree. F.) and a cool
down time of 10 min.
[0061] The standards for flame resistance that are referred to
herein are NFPA 1951 2007), Standard on Protective Ensembles for
Technical Rescue Incidents; NFPA 1971 (2007), Standard on
Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity
Fire Fighting; NFPA 1977 (2005), Standard on Protective Clothing
and Equipment for Wildlands Fire Fighting; NFPA 2112 (2007),
Standard on Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial
Personnel Against Flash Fire; NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical
Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces; and military
specifications MIL-C-83429B and GL-PD-07-12, the disclosures of
which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Experimental
[0062] Samples of Fabric 2 in Table I were treated with fabric
finishes according to embodiments of the present invention
(specifically finish compositions II and IV-VI from Table II) or
the prior art finish, SST. Each fabric sample was subjected to a
standard Taber abrasion test in accordance with ASTM D3884, using
H-18 wheels and a 500 g load on each wheel. According to this
method a specimen is abraded using rotary rubbing action under
controlled conditions of pressure and abrasive action. The test
specimen, mounted on a platform, turns on a vertical axis against
the sliding rotation of two abrading wheels. One abrading wheel
rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery and the other inward
toward the center. The resulting abrasion marks form a pattern of
crossed arcs over an area of approximately 30 cm.sup.2.
[0063] Each fabric sample was subjected to 250 cycles and then was
inspected for thread break. If no thread break was observed the
fabric sample was subjected to 250 additional cycles and was
inspected again. This process continued for each fabric sample
until a thread break was observed for that sample. The results of
the abrasion resistance tests are shown in Table III, below. The
fabric samples treated with embodiments of the present invention
withstood more cycles before breaking than the fabric samples
treated with the prior art finish composition. These data show an
improvement in abrasion resistance of at least about 100% over the
fabric samples treated with the prior art composition.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE III ABRASION RESISTANCE Taber cycles to first
break (10.times. samples) Fabric Finish Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Average A 2 SST 500 500 500 500 B 2 II 1250 1000 1250 1167 C 2 IV
1750 2000 1600 1783 D 2 V 2500 2000 1500 2000 E 2 VI 2000 1000 1750
1583 *samples run in increments of 250 cycles and inspected for
yarn break
[0064] Samples of Fabric 4 in Table I were treated with fabric
finishes according to embodiments of the present invention
(specifically finish compositions II and IV-VI from Table II) or
the prior art finish, SST, and were subjected to tests to determine
resistance to pilling. Each fabric sample was subjected to a
standard pilling resistance test in accordance with ASTM D3512.
According to test method D3512 a specimen is conditioned in an
environment chamber and then tumbled in cork lined cylinders with
cotton sliver. Bias cut replicates are tested for predetermined
times. Samples are evaluated using the photographic rating
standards in the Macbeth Light Booth (daylight conditions). A
rating of 1 indicates very severe pilling while a rating of 5
represents no pilling. The samples were tested for 60, 90, and 120
minutes. The results of these tests are shown in Table IV, below.
The fabrics treated with embodiments of the present invention
showed improved resistance to pilling over fabrics treated with the
prior art SST finish composition.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV PILLING RESISTANCE Fabric Finish 60 min 90
min 120 min D 4 SST 1 1 1 G 4 II 4 3 2-3 H 4 IV 4 3-4 3 I 4 V 2 2 2
J 4 VI 4 3-4 3
[0065] Samples of Fabrics 2 and 4 in Table I were treated with
fabric finishes according to embodiments of the present invention
(specifically finish compositions II and IV-VI from Table II) or
the prior art finish, SST, and were subjected to a variety of tests
to determine tensile strength, tear strength, flame resistance,
water repellency, and air permeability.
[0066] Tensile strength is the force required to break a fabric
under a load. The fabric samples were subjected to a standard
tensile test in accordance with ASTM D5034. According to this
method a specimen is mounted centrally in clamps of a tensile
machine and a force is applied until the specimen breaks. Values
for the breaking force and the elongation of the test specimen are
obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording charts,
or a computer interfaced with the testing machine. The tensile
strength of each fabric was tested in the warp direction (w) and in
the fill direction (f). The results of these tests are shown in
Table V below. Based on these results, the finish composition
according to the present invention has no adverse impact on the
tensile strength of the fabrics.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE V TENSILE STRENGTH Fabric Finish BW (lbs/in)
(w .times. f) 5x (lbs/in) (w .times. f) 10x (lbs/in) (w .times. f)
A 2 SST 307.4 .times. 294.7 271.8 .times. 223.2 272.7 .times. 223.8
B 2 II 341.0 .times. 315.0 317.0 .times. 265.9 304.8 .times. 250.0
C 2 IV 336.1 .times. 290.0 310.4 .times. 280.7 326.5 .times. 269.7
D 2 V 316.9 .times. 299.3 308.1 .times. 259.8 295.5 .times. 247.0 E
2 VI 325.7 .times. 284.6 334.9 .times. 267.4 322.1 .times. 283.7 F
4 SST 452.7 .times. 401.5 411.3 .times. 384.8 400.0 .times. 358.4 G
4 II 489.4 .times. 420.7 465.5 .times. 446.0 427.1 .times. 400.0 H
4 IV 471.2 .times. 395.3 467.2 .times. 417.1 417.6 .times. 424.0 I
4 V 452.5 .times. 411.8 448.0 .times. 403.0 392.8 .times. 389.6 J 4
VI 449.5 .times. 399.4 452.6 .times. 421.7 405.7 .times. 398.0
[0067] Tear strength is the force required either to start or to
continue or propagate a tear in a fabric. Each fabric sample was
also subjected to a standard tear strength test in accordance with
ASTM D5733. According to this method an outline of an isosceles
trapezoid is marked on a rectangular specimen cut for the
determination of tearing strength. The specimen is slit at the
center of the smallest base of the trapezoid to start the tear. The
nonparallel sides of the trapezoid marked on the specimen are
clamped in parallel jaws of a tensile testing machine. The
separation of the jaws is continuously increased to apply a force
to propagate the tear across the specimen. At the same time, the
force developed is recorded. The maximum force to continue the tear
is calculated from autographic chart recorders, or microprocessor
data collection systems. Tear strength of each fabric was
determined in the warp direction (w) and in the fill direction (f).
The results of these tests are shown in Table VI below. Based on
these results, the finish composition according to the present
invention has no adverse impact on the tear strength of the
fabric.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE VI TEAR STRENGTH Fabric Finish BW (lbs/in) (w
.times. f) 5x (lbs/in) (w .times. f) 10x (lbs/in) (w .times. f) A 2
SST 52.1 .times. 40.4 40.1 .times. 33.2 36.9 .times. 36.3 B 2 II
52.5 .times. 36.5 46.1 .times. 35.3 42.4 .times. 32.8 C 2 IV 49.8
.times. 37.4 47.7 .times. 37.5 44.7 .times. 34.2 D 2 V 46.4 .times.
33.3 44.0 .times. 32.7 40.5 .times. 30.5 E 2 VI 46.3 .times. 34.8
46.0 .times. 36.6 44.0 .times. 35.7 F 4 SST 52.5 .times. 50.1 48.8
.times. 44.2 44.1 .times. 39.7 G 4 II 57.1 .times. 47.2 55.2
.times. 47.3 50.4 .times. 49.0 H 4 IV 55.5 .times. 51.7 56.1
.times. 50.9 52.2 .times. 49.0 I 4 V 56.0 .times. 44.5 53.4 .times.
42.4 50.0 .times. 37.8 J 4 VI 54.6 .times. 44.8 53.4 .times. 46.0
47.3 .times. 40.7
[0068] The flame resistant properties of the fabrics were tested
according to ASTM D6413. According to this method a fabric is hung
vertically and exposed to an open flame. The char length and
afterflame are determined for each fabric. The char length for each
fabric was determined in the warp direction (w) and in the fill
direction (f). The results of this test for the fabrics described
herein are shown in Table VII below. Based on these results, the
finish composition according to the present invention has no
adverse impact on the flame resistant properties of the fabric.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE VII VERTICAL FLAMMABILITY Char Length After
Flame (in) wxf (sec) wxf Sample Fabric Finish BW 5x BW 5x A 2 SST
0.6 .times. 0.5 0.5 .times. 0.4 0.0 0.0 B 2 II 0.7 .times. 0.6 0.4
.times. 0.4 0.0 0.0 C 2 IV 0.8 .times. 0.6 0.6 .times. 0.5 0.0 0.0
D 2 V 0.8 .times. 0.6 0.5 .times. 0.4 0.0 0.0 E 2 VI 0.8 .times.
0.6 0.6 .times. 0.5 0.0 0.0 F 4 SST 0.1 .times. 0.1 0.1 .times. 0.1
0.0 0.0 G 4 II 0.1 .times. 0.1 0.1 .times. 0.1 0.0 0.0 H 4 IV 0.1
.times. 0.1 0.1 .times. 0.1 0.0 0.0 I 4 V 0.1 .times. 0.0 0.1
.times. 0.0 0.0 0.0 J 4 VI 0.1 .times. 0.1 0.1 .times. 0.1 0.0
0.0
[0069] The water resistance of the fabrics was determined using
AATCC test method 22 and NFPA 1971, 8.26. According to AATCC test
method 22, water is sprayed against a taut surface of a test
specimen under controlled conditions and produces a wetted pattern
whose size depends on the repellency of the fabric. Evaluation is
accomplished by comparing the wetted pattern with pictures on a
standard chart. According to NFPA 1971, 8.26, a specimen is mounted
to an embroidery hoop and a volume of water is allowed to spray
onto the specimen. Blotting paper is used to remove excess water
and a 4 in.times.4 in square is cut from the sample. The wet sample
is weighed, dried, and weighed again. The percent water absorption
(PWA) is determined based on the difference in the wet and dry
weights. The results for both of these tests are shown in Table
VIII below. Based on these results the finish compositions of the
present invention do not affect the water repellent properties of
the fabric and these fabrics pass the requirements of water
resistance of NFPA 1971.
[0070] The permeability to air of the fabrics was determined using
Federal Test Method 5450.1. According to this method, a specimen is
clamped into position across a cloth orifice at a slight tension
and in a smooth condition. Air is drawn through the cloth and
through the calibrated orifice by means of a suction fan. The
pressure drop across the cloth is adjusted to the required pressure
drop by adjusting the speed of the fan motor. The volume of air
passing through the cloth is calculated from this value and the
calibration of the orifice. The results of this test are shown in
Table VIII below. Based on these results the finish compositions of
the present invention do not affect the air permeability properties
of the fabrics and that these fabrics pass the requirements of air
permeability of NFPA 1971.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE VIII WATER SPRAY/ABSORPTION AND AIR
PERMEABILITY Water Water Spray Absorption Air (rating) (%)
Permeability Sample Fabric Finish BW 5x BW 5x
(ft.sup.3/min/ft.sup.2) A 2 SST 100 70 .04 0 19.6 B 2 II 100 70 .04
1.3 19.1 C 2 IV 100 80 0.7 0 17.5 D 2 V 100 90 0.3 2.0 18.6 E 2 VI
100 90 0.7 1.0 18.3 F 4 SST 100 80 0.3 2.0 6.4 G 4 II 100 100 1 1.3
19.2 H 4 IV 100 100 1 1 18.5 I 4 V 100 95 0.7 1.6 18.6 J 4 VI 100
95 0.5 1.0 22.8
[0071] The samples depicted in FIGS. 2-7 were subjected to the ASTM
D3884 test for abrasion resistance using H-18 wheels and a 500 g
load on each wheel, which was described previously.
[0072] FIG. 2 depicts two samples of Fabric 1 from Table I. The
fabric sample on the left was treated with finish composition I as
described in Table II. The fabric sample on the right was treated
with the SST finish composition described in Table II. The abrasion
resistance of both fabric samples was tested in accordance with the
ASTM standard described above. The fabric samples were not
laundered prior to testing. The fabric sample treated according to
an embodiment of the present invention shows improved abrasion
resistance over the fabric sample treated with the known finish
composition.
[0073] FIG. 3 depicts two samples of Fabric 1 from Table I. The
fabric sample on the left was treated with finish composition I as
described in Table II. The fabric sample on the right was treated
with the SST finish composition. The abrasion resistance of both
fabrics was tested in accordance with the ASTM standard described
above. The fabric samples were laundered 10 times prior to testing.
The fabric sample treated according to an embodiment of the present
invention shows improved abrasion resistance over the fabric sample
treated with the known finish composition.
[0074] FIG. 4 depicts two samples of Fabric 2 from Table I. The
fabric sample on the left was treated with finish composition I as
described in Table II. The fabric sample on the right was treated
with the SST finish composition. The abrasion resistance of both
fabric samples was tested in accordance with the ASTM standard
described above. The fabric samples were not laundered prior to
testing. The fabric sample treated according to an embodiment of
the present invention shows improved abrasion resistance over the
fabric sample treated with the known finish composition.
[0075] FIG. 5 depicts two samples of Fabric 2 from Table I and one
sample of Fusion fabric available from Safety Components. The
fabric samples on the left and in the middle are Fabric 2 from
Table I and the fabric sample on the right is Fusion. Fusion is a
50/50 p-aramid/m-aramid blend fabric. The sample of Fabric 2 on the
far left was treated with finish composition I as described in
Table II. The sample of Fabric 2 shown in the middle was treated
with the SST finish composition. The abrasion resistance of the
three fabric samples was tested in accordance with the ASTM
standard described above. The fabric samples were laundered 5 times
prior to testing. The fabric sample on the far left, which was
treated according to an embodiment of the present invention, shows
improved abrasion resistance over the fabric sample treated with
the SST finish composition and the Fusion fabric.
[0076] FIG. 6 depicts two samples of Fabric 2 from Table I. The
fabric sample on the left was treated with finish composition I as
described in Table II. The fabric sample on the right was treated
with the SST finish composition. The abrasion resistance of both
fabric samples was tested in accordance with the ASTM standard
described above. The fabric samples were laundered 10 times prior
to testing. The fabric sample treated according to an embodiment of
the present invention shows improved abrasion resistance over the
fabric sample treated with the known finish composition.
[0077] FIG. 7 depicts two samples of Fabric 3 from Table I and one
sample of Matrix fabric, available from Safety Components. The
fabric samples on the left and in the middle are Fabric 3 from
Table I and the fabric sample on the right is Matrix. Matrix fabric
is a 60/40 p-aramid/PBI fabric. The sample of Fabric 3 on the left
was treated with finish composition I as described in Table II. The
sample of Fabric 3 in the middle was treated with the SST finish
composition. The abrasion resistance of the three fabric samples
was tested in accordance with the ASTM standard described above.
The fabric samples were laundered 5 times prior to testing. The
fabric sample on the left, which was treated according to an
embodiment of the present invention, shows improved abrasion
resistance over the fabric sample treated with the SST finish
composition and the Matrix fabric.
[0078] The samples depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9 were subjected to the
ASTM D3512 test for pilling resistance, which was described
previously.
[0079] FIG. 8 depicts two samples of Fabric 2 from Table I. The
fabric sample on the left was treated with finish composition I as
described in Table II. The fabric sample on the right was treated
with the SST finish composition. The pilling resistance of both
fabric samples was tested in accordance with the ASTM standard
described above. The fabric samples were not laundered prior to
testing. The fabric sample treated according to an embodiment of
the present invention shows improved pilling resistance over the
fabric sample treated with the known finish composition.
[0080] FIG. 9 depicts two samples of Fabric 5 from Table I. The
fabric sample on the bottom was treated with finish composition I
as described in Table II. The fabric sample on top was treated with
the SST finish composition. The pilling resistance of both fabric
samples was tested in accordance with the ASTM standard described
above. The fabric samples were laundered 10 times prior to testing.
The fabric sample treated according to an embodiment of the present
invention shows improved pilling resistance over the fabric sample
treated with the known finish composition.
[0081] The foregoing is provided for purposes of illustrating,
explaining, and describing exemplary embodiments and certain
benefits of the present invention. Modifications and adaptations to
the illustrated and described embodiments will be apparent to those
skilled in the art and may be made without departing from the scope
or spirit of the invention.
* * * * *