U.S. patent application number 15/876698 was filed with the patent office on 2018-07-26 for heterocyclic spiro compounds as magl inhibitors.
The applicant listed for this patent is PFIZER INC.. Invention is credited to MICHAEL AARON BRODNEY, CHRISTOPHER RYAN BUTLER, CHRISTOPHER JOHN HELAL, LAURA ANN MCALLISTER, STEVEN VICTOR O'NEIL, PATRICK ROBERT VERHOEST.
Application Number | 20180208608 15/876698 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 61028112 |
Filed Date | 2018-07-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180208608 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BRODNEY; MICHAEL AARON ; et
al. |
July 26, 2018 |
HETEROCYCLIC SPIRO COMPOUNDS AS MAGL INHIBITORS
Abstract
The present invention provides, in part, heterocyclic spiro
compounds of Formula I: ##STR00001## and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof; processes for the preparation of;
intermediates used in the preparation of; and compositions
containing such compounds or salts, and their uses for treating
MAGL-mediated diseases and disorders including, e.g., pain, an
inflammatory disorder, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, a
metabolic disorder, stroke, or cancer.
Inventors: |
BRODNEY; MICHAEL AARON;
(NEWTON, MA) ; BUTLER; CHRISTOPHER RYAN; (Canton,
MA) ; MCALLISTER; LAURA ANN; (Arlington, MA) ;
HELAL; CHRISTOPHER JOHN; (MYSTIC, CT) ; O'NEIL;
STEVEN VICTOR; (EAST LYME, CT) ; VERHOEST; PATRICK
ROBERT; (NEWTON, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
PFIZER INC. |
NEW YORK |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
61028112 |
Appl. No.: |
15/876698 |
Filed: |
January 22, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62449242 |
Jan 23, 2017 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 493/10 20130101;
C07D 498/10 20130101; A61P 3/00 20180101; A61P 25/00 20180101; C07D
221/20 20130101; C07D 513/10 20130101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P
37/00 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; C07D 401/12 20130101; C07D
471/10 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07D 513/10 20060101
C07D513/10; C07D 221/20 20060101 C07D221/20; A61P 35/00 20060101
A61P035/00; A61P 3/00 20060101 A61P003/00; A61P 9/00 20060101
A61P009/00; A61P 25/00 20060101 A61P025/00 |
Claims
1. A compound of Formula I: ##STR00083## or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein: ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-7
cycloalkyl or 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; R.sup.1 is
R.sup.1A or R.sup.1B; R.sup.1A is
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl-; R.sup.1B is
2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-, which is optionally substituted with 1,
2, 3, or 4 substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy; each R.sup.2 is independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy; each R.sup.3 is
independently selected from the group consisting of --OH, oxo,
halogen, --CN, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4
alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy; R.sup.4 is selected from the
group consisting of R.sup.6, --N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6),
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6), --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, --NR.sup.5R.sup.6,
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6, and --OR.sup.6; R.sup.5 is selected from
the group consisting of H, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl,
and C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-; R.sup.6 is selected from
the group consisting of C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, 4-
to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered
heteroaryl, (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (4- to
10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (C.sub.6-10
aryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered
heteroaryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, wherein each of the selections is
optionally substituted with one or more substituents each
independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CN,
oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy,
--C(.dbd.O)C.sub.1-4 alkyl, --C(.dbd.O)OH, --C(.dbd.O)O--C.sub.1-4
alkyl, --C(.dbd.O)NHC.sub.1-4 alkyl, --C(.dbd.O)N(C.sub.1-4
alkyl).sub.2, --OC(.dbd.O)--C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
--OC(.dbd.O)O--C.sub.1-4 alkyl, --NH.sub.2, --NH(C.sub.1-4 alkyl),
--N(C.sub.1-4 alkyl).sub.2, --NHC(.dbd.O)C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
--NHC(.dbd.O)OC.sub.1-4 alkyl, and --NHC(.dbd.O)NHC.sub.1-4 alkyl;
t1 is 0, 1, or 2; t2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t3 is 0 or 1.
2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein R.sup.1 is R.sup.1A.
3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein R.sup.1 is R.sup.1B.
4. The compound of claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein R.sup.1 is 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-.
5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-6 cycloalkyl or 4- to
6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-6 cycloalkyl or 5- to
6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
##STR00084## is a moiety of Formula M1-a: ##STR00085## wherein ring
A.sup.2 is 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
##STR00086## is a moiety of Formula M-1b, M-1c, M-1d, or M-1e:
##STR00087##
9. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein R.sup.2 is halogen, methyl, C.sub.1 fluoroalkyl;
t1 is 0 or 1; each R.sup.3 is independently halogen, oxo, methyl,
C.sub.1 fluoroalkyl; and t2 is 0, 1, or 2.
10. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein t1 is 0.
11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein t2 is 0 or 1.
12. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein t2 is 0.
13. The compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I is a moiety
of Formula M-1b; and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting
of R.sup.6, --N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6),
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6), and --OR.sup.6.
14. The compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I is a moiety
of Formula M-1c; and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting
of R.sup.6, --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, and
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6.
15. The compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I is a moiety
of Formula M-1d; and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting
of R.sup.6, --N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6),
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6), --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, --NR.sup.5R.sup.6,
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6, and --OR.sup.6.
16. The compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I is a moiety
of Formula M-1e; and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting
of R.sup.6, --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, and
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6.
17. A compound of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of:
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxyl-
ate; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-ca-
rboxylate;
1-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]unde-
c-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione;
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carbox-
ylate;
N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspir-
o[4.5]dec-3-yl]-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide;
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxyla-
te; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;
1-cyclopropyl-N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide;
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]-
decane-8-carboxylate; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-[methyl(1,3-thiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-c-
arboxylate; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;
and
1-{[(2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl)-
carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof.
18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 1, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
20. A method for treating a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder in a
mammal, which method comprises administering to said mammal a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt according to claim 1, wherein the disorder is
selected from the group consisting of a metabolic disorder; a
kidney disease; vomiting or emesis; nausea; an eating disorder;
neuropathy; burning feet syndrome; a neurodegenerative disorder; a
cardiovascular disease; osteoporosis; osteoarthritis;
schizophrenia; depression; bipolar disease; tremor; dyskinesia;
dystonia; spasticity; Tourette's syndrome; sleep apnea; hearing
loss; an eye disease; cachexia; insomnia; meningitis; sleeping
sickness; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; De Vivo
disease; cerebral edema; cerebral palsy; withdrawal syndrome;
traumatic brain injury; non-traumatic brain injury; spinal cord
injury; seizures; excitotoxin exposure; ischemia; liver fibrosis,
iron overload, cirrhosis of the liver; a lung disorder; a liver
disorder, stroke; subarachnoid hemorrhage; intracerebral
hemorrhage; vasospasm; AIDS wasting syndrome; renal ischemia; a
disorder associated with abnormal cell growth or proliferation; an
autoimmune disease; an inflammatory disorder; a disorder of the
immune system; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); acute stress
disorder; panic disorder; substance-induced anxiety;
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); agoraphobia; specific phobia;
social phobia; anxiety disorder; attention deficit disorder (ADD);
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Asperger's
syndrome; pain; a demyelinating disease; and cognitive
impairment.
21. A method for inhibiting MAGL comprising contacting the MAGL
with a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to
claim 1.
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/449,242 filed Jan. 23,
2017, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference
in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to novel heterocyclic spiro
compounds, which are monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors,
pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and uses thereof in the
treatment of MAGL-mediated disorders such as pain, an inflammatory
disorder, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, a metabolic
disorder, stroke, or cancer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] MAGL is the principal enzyme responsible for the in vivo
degradation of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), an endogenous ligand
of the cannabinoid receptors (e.g., CB1 and CB2). See e.g., Patel,
J. Z. et al., "Loratadine analogues as MAGL inhibitors," Bioorg.
Med. Chem. Lett., 2015, 25(7):1436-42; Mechoulam, R. et al.,
"Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine
gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors" Biochem. Pharmacol., 50
(1995), 83-90; Sugiura, T. et al., "2-Arachidonoylglycerol: a
possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain," Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Commun., 215 (1995), 89-97.
[0004] MAGL inhibitors are potentially useful for the treatment of
a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder. Examples of MAGL-mediated
diseases or disorders include a metabolic disorder (e.g., obesity);
vomiting or emesis; nausea; an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia or
bulimia); neuropathy (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, pellagric
neuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy, Beriberi neuropathy); burning
feet syndrome; a neurodegenerative disorder [multiple sclerosis
(MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's
disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy, a sleep
disorder, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), or prion disease]; a
cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia,
atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, or cardiac ischemia);
osteoporosis; osteoarthritis; schizophrenia; depression; bipolar
disease; tremor; dyskinesia; dystonia; spasticity; Tourette's
syndrome; sleep apnea; hearing loss; an eye disease (e.g.,
glaucoma, ocular hypertension, macular degeneration, or a disease
arising from elevated intraocular pressure); cachexia; insomnia;
meningitis; sleeping sickness; progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy; De Vivo disease; cerebral edema; cerebral
palsy; withdrawal syndrome [alcohol withdrawal syndrome,
antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, antipsychotic withdrawal
syndrome, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, cannabis withdrawal,
neonatal withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal, or opioid withdrawal];
traumatic brain injury; spinal cord injury; seizures; excitotoxin
exposure; ischemia [stroke, hepatic ischemia or reperfusion, CNS
ischemia or reperfusion]; liver fibrosis, iron overload, cirrhosis
of the liver; a lung disorder [asthma, allergies, COPD, chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
pulmonary edema, lung cancers, acute respiratory distress syndrome,
intersitital lung disease (ILD), sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion, or mesothelioma]; a
liver disorder [acute liver failure, Alagille syndrome, hepatitis,
enlarged liver, Gilbert's syndrome, liver cysts, liver hemangioma,
fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, primary sclerosing
cholangitis, fascioliasis, primary bilary cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari
syndrome, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, or
transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis], stroke [e.g.,
ischemic stroke; hemorrhagic stroke]; subarachnoid hemorrhage;
vasospasm; AIDS wasting syndrome; renal ischemia; a disorder
associated with abnormal cell growth or proliferation [e.g., a
benign tumor or cancer such as benign skin tumor, brain tumor,
papilloma, prostate tumor, cerebral tumor (glioblastoma,
medulloepithelioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma,
astroblastoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, plexus tumor,
neuroepithelioma, epiphyseal tumor, ependymoblastoma, malignant
meningioma, sarcomatosis, melanoma, schwannoma), melanoma,
metastatic tumor, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer,
glioblastoma (GBM), gastrointestinal cancer, leukemia or blood
cancer]; an autoimmune disease [e.g., psoriasis, lupus
erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis,
undifferentiated spondylitis, Behcet's disease, hemolytic anemia,
graft rejection]; an inflammatory disorder [e.g., appendicitis,
bursitis, colitis, cystitis, dermatitis, phlebitis, rhinitis,
tendonitis, tonsillitis, vasculitis, acne vulgaris, chronic
prostatitis, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities, IBS, pelvic
inflammatory disease, sarcoidosis, HIV encephalitis, rabies, brain
abscess, neuroinflammation, inflammation in the central nervous
system (CNS)]; a disorder of the immune system (e.g., transplant
rejection or celiac disease); post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD); acute stress disorder; panic disorder; substance-induced
anxiety; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); agoraphobia; specific
phobia; social phobia; anxiety disorder; attention deficit disorder
(ADD); attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Asperger's
syndrome; pain [e.g., acute pain; chronic pain; inflammatory pain;
visceral pain; post-operative pain; migraine; lower back pain;
joint pain; abdominal pain; chest pain; postmastectomy pain
syndrome; menstrual pain; endometriosis pain; pain due to physical
trauma; headache; sinus headache; tension headache arachnoiditis,
herpes virus pain, diabetic pain; pain due to a disorder selected
from: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
spondylitis, gout, labor, musculoskeletal disease, skin disease,
toothache, pyresis, burn, sunburn, snake bite, venomous snake bite,
spider bite, insect sting, neurogenic bladder, interstitial
cystitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), rhinitis, contact
dermatitis/hypersensitivity, itch, eczema, pharyngitis, mucositis,
enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), cholecystitis, and
pancreatitis; neuropathic pain (e.g., neuropathic low back pain,
complex regional pain syndrome, post trigeminal neuralgia,
causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, diabetic
neuropathy, chronic neuropathy from chemotherapeutic agent, or
sciatica pain)]; a demyelinating disease [e.g., multiple sclerosis
(MS), Devic's disease, CNS neuropathies, central pontine
myelinolysis, syphilitic myelopathy, leukoencephalopathies,
leukodystrophies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory
demyelinating polyneuropathy, anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein
(MAG) peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,
peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, optic neuropathy, progressive
inflammatory neuropathy, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis]; and
cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitive impairment associated with
Down's syndrome; cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's
disease; cognitive impairment associated with PD; mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), dementia, post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
(PCCI), postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)]. See e.g., U.S.
Pat. No. 8,415,341, U.S. Pat. No. 8,835,418, or U.S. Pat. No.
8,772,318.
[0005] There continues to be a need for alternative MAGL
inhibitors.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present invention provides, in part, a novel compound of
Formula I:
##STR00002##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
[0007] ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-7 cycloalkyl or 4- to 7-membered
heterocycloalkyl;
[0008] R.sup.1 is R.sup.1A or R.sup.1B;
[0009] R.sup.1A is 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl-;
[0010] R.sup.1B is 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-, which is optionally
substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 (i.e., substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3,
or 4) substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy;
[0011] each R.sup.2 is independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy;
[0012] each R.sup.3 is independently selected from the group
consisting of --OH, oxo, halogen, --CN, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy;
[0013] R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6),
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6), --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, --NR.sup.5R.sup.6,
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6, and --OR.sup.6;
[0014] R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of H,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, and C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-;
[0015] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6
alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl,
C.sub.6-10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, (C.sub.3-10
cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered
heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (C.sub.6-10 aryl)-C.sub.1-4
alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-,
wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted with one
or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents each independently
selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy, --C(.dbd.O)C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)OH, --C(.dbd.O)O--C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)NHC.sub.1-4 alkyl, --C(.dbd.O)N(C.sub.1-4 alkyl).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)--C.sub.1-4 alkyl, --OC(.dbd.O)O--C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
--NH.sub.2, --NH(C.sub.1-4 alkyl), --N(C.sub.1-4 alkyl).sub.2,
--NHC(.dbd.O)C.sub.1-4 alkyl, --NHC(.dbd.O)OC.sub.1-4 alkyl, and
--NHC(.dbd.O)NHC.sub.1-4 alkyl; [0016] t1 is 0, 1, or 2; [0017] t2
is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and
[0018] t3 is 0 or 1.
[0019] In some embodiments, R.sup.1 is R.sup.1A. Accordingly, in
such embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-1:
##STR00003##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0020] In some embodiments, R.sup.1 is R.sup.1B. Accordingly, in
such embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula I-2:
##STR00004##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein q1 is 0, 1,
2, 3, or 4; and each R.sup.S is independently selected from the
group consisting of the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-4
alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy.
[0021] In some embodiments, R.sup.1 is R.sup.1B and R.sup.1B is
2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the
compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
is a compound of Formula I-2A:
##STR00005##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0022] In the following embodiments described herein, unless
otherwise indicated, each of these embodiments can be a compound of
Formula I, I-1, I-2, or I-2A, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof.
[0023] In some embodiments, ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-6 cycloalkyl or
4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl. In some further embodiments,
ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-6 cycloalkyl. In some yet further
embodiments, ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4 cycloalkyl (i.e.
cyclobutyl).
[0024] In some embodiments, ring A.sup.1 is C.sub.4-6 cycloalkyl or
5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
[0025] In some embodiments, ring A.sup.1 is 4- to 6-membered
heterocycloalkyl. In some further embodiments, ring A.sup.1 is 5-
to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
[0026] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A):
##STR00006##
is a moiety of Formula M1-a:
##STR00007##
wherein ring A.sup.2 is 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
[0027] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1b, M-1c, M-1d, or
M-1e:
##STR00008##
[0028] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1b.
[0029] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1c.
[0030] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1d.
[0031] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1e.
[0032] In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is halogen, methyl, or C.sub.1
fluoroalkyl; t1 is 0 or 1; each R.sup.3 is independently halogen,
oxo, methyl, or C.sub.1 fluoroalkyl; and t2 is 0, 1, or 2.
[0033] In some embodiments, t1 is 0.
[0034] In some embodiments, t2 is 0 or 1. In some further
embodiments, t2 is 0.
[0035] In some embodiments, t1 is 0; t2 is 0 or 1; and t3 is 1. In
some further embodiments, t1 is 0; t2 is 0; and t3 is 1.
[0036] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1b; and R.sup.4 is
selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6),
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6), and --OR.sup.6. In some
further embodiments, R.sup.4 is R.sup.6 or --OR.sup.6; and R.sup.6
is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g.
phenyl) and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- to 6-membered
heteroaryl such as pyridinyl), wherein each of the selections is
optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4)
substituents each independently selected from the group consisting
of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl,
C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy.
[0037] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-1, the
moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1 is a moiety of Formula M-1b;
R.sup.4 is R.sup.6 or --OR.sup.6; and R.sup.6 is selected from the
group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl) and 5- to
10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl such as
pyridinyl), wherein each of the selections is optionally
substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy. In some further
embodiments, R.sup.4 is --OR.sup.6.
[0038] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-2 or I-2A,
the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-2 or I-2A is a moiety of
Formula M-1b; R.sup.4 is R.sup.6 or --OR.sup.6; and R.sup.6 is
selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl)
and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl
such as pyridinyl), wherein each of the selections is optionally
substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy. In some further
embodiments, R.sup.4 is --OR.sup.6.
[0039] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1c; and R.sup.4 is
selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, and
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6. In some further embodiments, R.sup.4 is
--C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6. In some yet further embodiments, R.sup.6 is
selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl)
and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl
such as pyridinyl), wherein each of the selections is optionally
substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0040] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1d; and R.sup.4 is
selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6),
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6), --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, --NR.sup.5R.sup.6,
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6, and --OR.sup.6. In some further
embodiments, R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of
R.sup.6, --N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6), and
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6). In some yet further
embodiments, R.sup.5 is H or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and R.sup.6 is
selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10
cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl
(e.g. phenyl), 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered
heteroaryl), (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (4- to
10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (C.sub.6-10
aryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered
heteroaryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, wherein each of the selections is
optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4)
substituents each independently selected from the group consisting
of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl,
C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy. In some still further embodiments, R.sup.5 is H or
C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting
of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl), 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl
(e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl or thiazolyl),
and (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-; wherein each of the
selections is optionally substituted with one or more substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0041] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-1, the
moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1 is a moiety of Formula M-1d;
and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6), and
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6). In some further embodiments,
R.sup.5 is H or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and R.sup.6 is selected from the
group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl), 5- to
10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as
pyridinyl or thiazolyl), and (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4
alkyl-, wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted
with one or more substituents each independently selected from the
group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and
C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy. In some still further embodiments, R.sup.4 is
R.sup.6; and R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of
C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl) and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl
(e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl or thiazolyl),
wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted with one
or more substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy.
[0042] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-2 or I-2A,
the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-2 or I-2A is a moiety of
Formula M-1d; and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of
R.sup.6, --N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6), and
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6). In some further embodiments,
R.sup.5 is H or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and R.sup.6 is selected from the
group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl), 5- to
10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as
pyridinyl or thiazolyl), and (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4
alkyl-, wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted
with one or more substituents each independently selected from the
group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and
C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy. In some still further embodiments, R.sup.4 is
R.sup.6; and R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of
C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl) and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl
(e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl or thiazolyl),
wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted with one
or more substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy.
[0043] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-1, the
moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1 is a moiety of Formula M-1d;
and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of
--N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6) and
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6). In some further embodiments,
R.sup.5 is H or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and R.sup.6 is selected from the
group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl), 5- to
10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as
pyridinyl or thiazolyl), and (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4
alkyl-, wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted
with one or more substituents each independently selected from the
group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and
C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0044] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-2 or I-2A,
the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-2 or I-2A is a moiety of
Formula M-1d; and R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of
--N(R.sup.5)(C(.dbd.O)R.sup.6) and
--N(R.sup.5)(S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6). In some further embodiments,
R.sup.5 is H or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and R.sup.6 is selected from the
group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl), 5- to
10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as
pyridinyl or thiazolyl), and (C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4
alkyl-, wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted
with one or more substituents each independently selected from the
group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and
C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0045] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1e; and R.sup.4 is
selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6, and
--SO.sub.2NR.sup.5R.sup.6. In some further embodiments, R.sup.4 is
selected from the group consisting of R.sup.6,
--C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.6, and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6. In some yet
further embodiments, R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting
of R.sup.6 and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6.
[0046] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1e; and R.sup.4 is
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6. In some further embodiments, R.sup.6 is
selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl)
and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl
such as pyridinyl, piperazinyl, or thiazolyl), wherein each of the
selections is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1,
2, 3, or 4) substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy. In some yet further embodiments, R.sup.6 is 5- to
10-membered heteroaryl (e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as
pyridinyl, piperazinyl, or thiazolyl), optionally substituted with
one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents each independently
selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0047] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-1, the
moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1 is a moiety of Formula M-1e;
and R.sup.4 is --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6. In some further
embodiments, R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of
C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl) and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl
(e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl, piperazinyl,
or thiazolyl), wherein each of the selections is optionally
substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy. In some yet
further embodiments, R.sup.6 is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g.
5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl, piperazinyl, or
thiazolyl), optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2,
3, or 4) substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy.
[0048] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-2 or I-2A,
the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-2 or I-2A is a moiety of
Formula M-1e; and R.sup.4 is --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.6. In some
further embodiments, R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting
of C.sub.6-10 aryl (e.g. phenyl) and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl
(e.g. 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl, piperazinyl,
or thiazolyl), wherein each of the selections is optionally
substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy. In some yet
further embodiments, R.sup.6 is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g.
5- or 6-membered heteroaryl such as pyridinyl, piperazinyl, or
thiazolyl), optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2,
3, or 4) substituents each independently selected from the group
consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy.
[0049] In some embodiments, the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I
(including the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1, Formula I-2,
or Formula I-2A) is a moiety of Formula M-1e; and R.sup.4 is
R.sup.6. In some further embodiments, R.sup.6 is (4- to 10-membered
heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl- [for example, (5- to 6-membered
heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-] optionally substituted with one
or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents each independently
selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0050] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-1, the
moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-1 is a moiety of Formula M-1e;
and R.sup.4 is R.sup.6. In some further embodiments, R.sup.6 is (4-
to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl- [for example, (5-
to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-] optionally
substituted with one or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents
each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
--CN, oxo, --OH, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0051] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula I-2 or I-2A,
the moiety of Formula M-1 of Formula I-2 or I-2A is a moiety of
Formula M-1e; and and R.sup.4 is R.sup.6. In some further
embodiments, R.sup.6 is (4- to 10-membered
heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl- [for example, (5- to 6-membered
heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-] optionally substituted with one
or more (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents each independently
selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy.
[0052] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
compound selected from Examples 1 to 53 in the EXAMPLES section or
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (or the parent compound
thereof where the exemplary compound, for example, is a salt)
herein below.
[0053] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
compound selected from the group consisting of: [0054]
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxyl-
ate; [0055] 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-ca-
rboxylate; [0056]
1-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}car-
bonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; [0057]
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carbox-
ylate; [0058]
N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]-
dec-3-yl]-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide; [0059]
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate; [0060]
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxyla-
te; [0061] 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;
[0062] 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;
[0063]
1-cyclopropyl-N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}--
1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide; [0064]
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]-
decane-8-carboxylate; [0065] 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-[methyl(1,3-thiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-c-
arboxylate; [0066] 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate;
and [0067]
1-{[(2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl)carb-
onyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof.
[0068] The present invention includes any subset of any embodiment
described herein.
[0069] The present invention includes combinations of two or more
embodiments described hereinabove, or any subset thereof.
[0070] The present invention further provides the compound of
Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (including
all embodiments and combinations of two or more embodiments
described herein or any subcombination thereof) for use in the
treatment of a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder described
herein.
[0071] The present invention further provides use of the compound
of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
(including all embodiments and combinations of two or more
embodiments described herein or any subcombination thereof) for
treating a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder disorder described
herein.
[0072] The present invention further provides a method for treating
a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder in a patient (e.g., a mammal
such as a human) comprising administering to the patient a
therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (including all embodiments
and combinations of two or more embodiments described herein or any
subcombination thereof).
[0073] The present invention further provides use of the compound
of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
(including all embodiments and combinations of two or more
embodiments described herein or any subcombination thereof) in the
manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a
MAGL-mediated disease or disorder described herein.
[0074] The compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof of the present invention (or a metabolite thereof) is
a MAGL inhibitor. Thus, the present invention further provides a
method for inhibiting MAGL (i.e., an activity of MAGL either in
vitro or in vivo), comprising contacting (including incubating) the
MAGL with the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof (such as one selected from Examples 1-53
herein) described herein.
[0075] As used herein, the term "contacting" refers to the bringing
together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo
system. For example, "contacting" MAGL with a compound of the
invention includes the administration of a compound of the present
invention to an individual or patient, such as a human, having the
MAGL, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of the
invention into a sample containing a cellular or purified
preparation containing the MAGL.
[0076] The amount of the compound of Formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof used in any one of the
methods (or uses) of the present invention is effective in
inhibiting MAGL.
[0077] MAGL-mediated diseases or disorders include, for example, a
metabolic disorder (e.g., obesity); vomiting or emesis; nausea; an
eating disorder (e.g anorexia or bulimia); neuropathy (e.g.,
diabetic neuropathy, pellagric neuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy,
Beriberi neuropathy); burning feet syndrome; a neurodegenerative
disorder [multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD),
Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy, a sleep disorder, Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease (CJD), or prion disease]; a cardiovascular disease (e.g.,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias,
or cardiac ischemia); osteoporosis; osteoarthritis; schizophrenia;
depression; bipolar disease; tremor; dyskinesia; dystonia;
spasticity; Tourette's syndrome; sleep apnea; hearing loss; an eye
disease (e.g., glaucoma, ocular hypertension, macular degeneration,
or a disease arising from elevated intraocular pressure); cachexia;
insomnia; meningitis; sleeping sickness; progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy; De Vivo disease; cerebral edema; cerebral
palsy; withdrawal syndrome [alcohol withdrawal syndrome,
antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, antipsychotic withdrawal
syndrome, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, cannabis withdrawal,
neonatal withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal, or opioid withdrawal];
traumatic brain injury; spinal cord injury; seizures; excitotoxin
exposure; ischemia [stroke, hepatic ischemia or reperfusion, CNS
ischemia or reperfusion]; liver fibrosis, iron overload, cirrhosis
of the liver; a lung disorder [asthma, allergies, COPD, chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
pulmonary edema, lung cancers, acute respiratory distress syndrome,
intersitital lung disease (ILD), sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion, or mesothelioma]; a
liver disorder [acute liver failure, Alagille syndrome, hepatitis,
enlarged liver, Gilbert's syndrome, liver cysts, liver hemangioma,
fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, primary sclerosing
cholangitis, fascioliasis, primary bilary cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari
syndrome, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, or
transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis], stroke [e.g.,
ischemic stroke; hemorrhagic stroke]; subarachnoid hemorrhage;
vasospasm; AIDS wasting syndrome; renal ischemia; a disorder
associated with abnormal cell growth or proliferation [e.g., a
benign tumor or cancer such as benign skin tumor, brain tumor,
papilloma, prostate tumor, cerebral tumor (glioblastoma,
medulloepithelioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma,
astroblastoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, plexus tumor,
neuroepithelioma, epiphyseal tumor, ependymoblastoma, malignant
meningioma, sarcomatosis, melanoma, schwannoma), melanoma,
metastatic tumor, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer,
glioblastoma (GBM), gastrointestinal cancer, leukemia or blood
cancer]; an autoimmune disease [e.g., psoriasis, lupus
erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis,
undifferentiated spondylitis, Behcet's disease, hemolytic anemia,
graft rejection]; an inflammatory disorder [e.g., appendicitis,
bursitis, colitis, cystitis, dermatitis, phlebitis, rhinitis,
tendonitis, tonsillitis, vasculitis, acne vulgaris, chronic
prostatitis, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities, IBS, pelvic
inflammatory disease, sarcoidosis, HIV encephalitis, rabies, brain
abscess, neuroinflammation, inflammation in the central nervous
system (CNS)]; a disorder of the immune system (e.g., transplant
rejection or celiac disease); post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD); acute stress disorder; panic disorder; substance-induced
anxiety; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); agoraphobia; specific
phobia; social phobia; anxiety disorder; attention deficit disorder
(ADD); attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Asperger's
syndrome; pain [e.g., acute pain; chronic pain; inflammatory pain;
visceral pain; post-operative pain; migraine; lower back pain;
joint pain; abdominal pain; chest pain; postmastectomy pain
syndrome; menstrual pain; endometriosis pain; pain due to physical
trauma; headache; sinus headache; tension headache arachnoiditis,
herpes virus pain, diabetic pain; pain due to a disorder selected
from: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
spondylitis, gout, labor, musculoskeletal disease, skin disease,
toothache, pyresis, burn, sunburn, snake bite, venomous snake bite,
spider bite, insect sting, neurogenic bladder, interstitial
cystitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), rhinitis, contact
dermatitis/hypersensitivity, itch, eczema, pharyngitis, mucositis,
enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), cholecystitis, and
pancreatitis; neuropathic pain (e.g., neuropathic low back pain,
complex regional pain syndrome, post trigeminal neuralgia,
causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, diabetic
neuropathy, chronic neuropathy from chemotherapeutic agent, or
sciatica pain)]; a demyelinating disease [e.g., multiple sclerosis
(MS), Devic's disease, CNS neuropathies, central pontine
myelinolysis, syphilitic myelopathy, leukoencephalopathies,
leukodystrophies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory
demyelinating polyneuropathy, anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein
(MAG) peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,
peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, optic neuropathy, progressive
inflammatory neuropathy, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis]; and
cognitive impairment [e.g., cognitive impairment associated with
Down's syndrome; cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's
disease; cognitive impairment associated with PD; mild cognitive
impairment (MCI), dementia, post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
(PCCI), postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)].
[0078] The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein
refers to that amount of the compound (including a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof) being administered which will relieve to
some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being
treated. In reference to the treatment of a MAGL-mediated disease
or disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, or pain), a
therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount which has
the effect of relieving to some extent (or, for example,
eliminating) one or more symptoms associated with the MAGL-mediated
disease or disorder (e.g., psychotic symptom of Alzheimer's
disease).
[0079] The term "treating", as used herein, unless otherwise
indicated, means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress
of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term
applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition. The
term "treatment", as used herein, unless otherwise indicated,
refers to the act of treating as "treating" is defined herein. The
term "treating" also includes adjuvant and neo-adjuvant treatment
of a subject.
[0080] As used herein, the term "n-membered", where n is an
integer, typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a
moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example,
pyridine is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring and
thiophene is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl group.
[0081] At various places in the present specification, substituents
of compounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges.
It is specifically intended that the invention include each and
every individual sub-combination of the members of such groups and
ranges. For example, the term "C.sub.1-6 alkyl" is specifically
intended to include C.sub.1 alkyl (methyl), C.sub.2 alkyl (ethyl),
C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.5 alkyl, and C.sub.6 alkyl. For
another example, the term "a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group" is
specifically intended to include any 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or
10-membered heteroaryl group.
[0082] As used herein, the term "alkyl" is defined to include
saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons including straight chains and
branched chains. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 20
carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4
carbon atoms. For example, the term "C.sub.1-6 alkyl," as well as
the alkyl moieties of other groups referred to herein (e.g.,
C.sub.1-6 alkoxy) refers to linear or branched radicals of 1 to 6
carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,
isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, or n-hexyl). For yet
another example, the term "C.sub.1-4 alkyl" refers to linear or
branched aliphatic hydrocarbon chains of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; the
term "C.sub.1-3 alkyl" refers to linear or branched aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; the term "C.sub.1-2
alkyl" refers to methyl and/or ethyl; and the term "C.sub.1 alkyl"
refers to methyl. An alkyl group optionally can be substituted by
one or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
[0083] As used herein, the term "alkenyl" refers to aliphatic
hydrocarbons having at least one carbon-carbon double bond,
including straight chains and branched chains having at least one
carbon-carbon double bond. In some embodiments, the alkenyl group
has 2 to 20 carbon atoms, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 to 6 carbon
atoms, 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms. For example, as
used herein, the term "C.sub.2-6 alkenyl" means straight or
branched chain unsaturated radicals (having at least one
carbon-carbon double bond) of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, including, but
not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl),
isopropenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the
like. An alkenyl group optionally can be substituted by one or more
(e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents. When the compounds of Formula
I contain an alkenyl group, the alkenyl group may exist as the pure
E form, the pure Z form, or any mixture thereof.
[0084] As used herein, the term "cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or
unsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as
bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings (e.g., monocyclics such as cyclopropyl,
cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl,
cyclononyl, or bicyclics including spiro, fused, or bridged systems
(such as bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl,
bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl or bicyclo[5.2.0]nonanyl,
decahydronaphthalenyl, etc.). The cycloalkyl group has 3 to 15
(e.g. 3 to 14, 3 to 10, 3 to 6, 3 to 4, or 4 to 6) carbon atoms. In
some embodiments the cycloalkyl may optionally contain one, two or
more non-cumulative non-aromatic double or triple bonds and/or one
to three oxo groups. In some embodiments, the bicycloalkyl group
has 6 to 14 carbon atoms. For example, the term "C.sub.3-10
cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic,
monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings of 3
to 10 ring-forming carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,
cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, or cyclodecanyl);
the term "C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or unsaturated,
non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic)
hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 7 ring-forming carbon atoms (e.g.,
cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl, or bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-2-yl); and the
term "C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or unsaturated,
non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic)
hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 6 ring-forming carbon atoms. For another
example, the term "C.sub.4-7 cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or
unsaturated, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as
bicyclic) hydrocarbon rings of 4 to 7 ring-forming carbon atoms;
the term "C.sub.4-6 cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or unsaturated,
non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic (such as bicyclic)
hydrocarbon rings of 4 to 6 ring-forming carbon atoms; and the term
"C.sub.4 cycloalkyl" refers to cyclobutyl. For yet another example,
the term "C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl" refers to cyclopropyl or
cyclobutyl. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are
moieties that have one or more aromatic rings (including aryl and
heteroaryl) fused to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or
thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and
the like (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-yl, or
1H-inden-2(3H)-one-1-yl). The cycloalkyl group optionally can be
substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
[0085] As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to all-carbon
monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic aromatic groups having a
conjugated pi-electron system. The aryl group has 6 or 10 carbon
atoms in the ring(s). Most commonly, the aryl group has 6 carbon
atoms in the ring. For example, as used herein, the term
"C.sub.6-10 aryl" means aromatic ring radicals containing from 6 to
10 carbon atoms such as phenyl or naphthyl. The aryl group
optionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable
substituents.
[0086] As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to monocyclic
or fused-ring polycyclic aromatic heterocyclic groups with one or
more heteroatom ring members (ring-forming atoms) each
independently selected from O, S and N in at least one ring. The
heteroaryl group has 5 to 14 ring-forming atoms, including 1 to 13
carbon atoms, and 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. In
some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 5 to 10 ring-forming
atoms including one to four heteroatoms. The heteroaryl group can
also contain one to three oxo or thiono (i.e., .dbd.S) groups. In
some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 5 to 8 ring-forming
atoms including one, two or three heteroatoms. For example, the
term "5-membered heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic heteroaryl
group as defined above with 5 ring-forming atoms in the monocyclic
heteroaryl ring; the term "6-membered heteroaryl" refers to a
monocyclic heteroaryl group as defined above with 6 ring-forming
atoms in the monocyclic heteroaryl ring; and the term "5- or
6-membered heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic heteroaryl group as
defined above with 5 or 6 ring-forming atoms in the monocyclic
heteroaryl ring. For another example, term "5- or 10-membered
heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl group as
defined above with 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring-forming atoms in the
monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group
optionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable
substituents. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include those with
5 ring-forming atoms including one to three heteroatoms or those
with 6 ring-forming atoms including one, two or three nitrogen
heteroatoms. Examples of fused bicyclic heteroaryls include two
fused 5- and/or 6-membered monocyclic rings including one to four
heteroatoms.
[0087] Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolyl,
oxazolyl (e.g., 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (e.g.,
1,2-thiazolyl, 1,3-thiazolyl), pyrazolyl (e.g., pyrazol-1-yl,
pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl), tetrazolyl, triazolyl (e.g.,
1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g.,
1,2,3-oxadiazolyl), thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl),
quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, indolyl,
1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl,
1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl,
imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazinyl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazinyl,
imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, 1H-indazolyl, 9H-purinyl,
imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinyl,
[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazinyl, isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridazinyl,
isoxazolo[3,4-c]pyridazinyl, pyridone, pyrimidone, pyrazinone,
pyrimidinone, 1H-imidazol-2(3H)-one, 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione,
3-oxo-2H-pyridazinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrimidinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyridinyl,
2,4(1H,3H)-dioxo-pyrimidinyl, 1H-2-oxo-pyrazinyl, and the like. The
heteroaryl group optionally can be substituted by 1 or more (e.g.,
1 to 5) suitable substituents.
[0088] As used herein, the term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a
monocyclic or polycyclic [including 2 or more rings that are fused
together, including spiro, fused, or bridged systems, for example,
a bicyclic ring system], saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 4-
to 15-membered ring system (such as a 4- to 14-membered ring
system, 4- to 12-membered ring system, 5- to 10-membered ring
system, 4- to 7-membered ring system, 4- to 6-membered ring system,
or 5- to 6-membered ring system), including 1 to 14 ring-forming
carbon atoms and 1 to 10 ring-forming heteroatoms each
independently selected from O, S and N (and optionally P or B when
present). The heterocycloalkyl group can also optionally contain
one or more oxo (i.e., .dbd.O) or thiono (i.e., .dbd.S) groups. For
example, the term "4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl" refers to a
monocyclic or polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 4-
to 10-membered ring system that comprises one or more ring-forming
heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N; and the
term "4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic or
polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 4- to 7-membered
ring system that comprises one or more ring-forming heteroatoms
each independently selected from O, S and N. For another example,
the term "4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic
or polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 4- to
6-membered ring system that comprises one or more ring-forming
heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S and N; and the
term "5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic or
polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic 5- to 6-membered
ring system that comprises one or more ring-forming heteroatoms
each independently selected from O, S and N. Also included in the
definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more
aromatic rings (including aryl and heteroaryl) fused to the
nonaromatic heterocycloalkyl ring, for example pyridinyl,
pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl,
and benzo derivatives of the nonaromatic heterocycloalkyl rings.
The heterocycloalkyl group optionally can be substituted by 1 or
more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
[0089] Examples of such heterocycloalkyl rings include azetidinyl,
tetrahydrofuranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,
piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,
thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydrothiazinyl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl,
morpholinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrodiazinyl, oxazinyl, oxathiazinyl,
quinuclidinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, benzoxazinyl,
2-oxaspiro[3.3]heptyl {e.g., 2-oxaspiro[3.3]hept-6-yl},
7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl, 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl,
7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-yl,
2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-on-2-yl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl,
3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl and the like. Further examples of
heterocycloalkyl rings include tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,
tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydropyranyl (e.g.,
tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl), imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl,
imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl,
pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl,
piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl,
1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, 1,4-oxazepan-1-yl, isothiazolidinyl,
1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl,
1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl,
1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl,
1,4-oxazin-4-yl, oxazolidinonyl, 2-oxo-piperidinyl (e.g.,
2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl), 2-oxoazepan-3-yl, and the like. Some
examples of aromatic-fused heterocycloalkyl groups include
indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolin-1-one-3-yl,
5,7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl,
6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl,
4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-5-yl,
5,6-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one-5-yl,
1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl, and
3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one-3-yl groups. The heterocycloalkyl
group is optionally substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5)
suitable substituents. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include
5- or 6-membered monocyclic rings and 9- or 10-membered fused
bicyclic rings.
[0090] As used herein, the term "halo" or "halogen" group is
defined to include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
[0091] As used herein, the term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl
group having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl,
i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a
halogen atom). For example, the term "C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl" refers
to a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents
(up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group
has been replaced by a halogen atom). For another example, the term
"C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group having one
or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every
hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen
atom); the term "C.sub.1-3 haloalkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-3 alkyl
group having one or more halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl,
i.e., every hydrogen atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by a
halogen atom); and the term "C.sub.1-2 haloalkyl" refers to a
C.sub.1-2 alkyl group (i.e., methyl or ethyl) having one or more
halogen substituents (up to perhaloalkyl, i.e., every hydrogen atom
of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom). For yet
another example, the term "C.sub.1 haloalkyl" refers to a methyl
group having one, two, or three halogen substituents. Examples of
haloalkyl groups include CF.sub.3, C.sub.2F.sub.5, CHF.sub.2,
CH.sub.2F, CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, CH.sub.2Cl and the like.
[0092] As used herein, the term "hydroxylalkyl" or "hydroxyalkyl"
refers to an alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH
substituents. The term "C.sub.1-6 hydroxylalkyl" or "C.sub.1-6
hydroxyalkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group having one or more
(e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents. The term "C.sub.1-4
hydroxylalkyl" or "C.sub.1-4 hydroxyalkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-4
alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents;
the term "C.sub.1-3 hydroxylalkyl" or "C.sub.1-3 hydroxyalkyl"
refers to a C.sub.1-3 alkyl group having one or more (e.g., 1, 2,
or 3) OH substituents; and the term "C.sub.1-2 hydroxylalkyl" or
"C.sub.1-2 hydroxyalkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-2 alkyl group having
one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) OH substituents. An example of
hydroxylalkyl is --CH.sub.2OH or --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH.
[0093] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" or "alkyloxy" refers to an
--O-alkyl group. For example, the term "C.sub.1-6 alkoxy" or
"C.sub.1-6 alkyloxy" refers to an --O--(C.sub.1-6 alkyl) group; and
the term "C.sub.1-4 alkoxy" or "C.sub.1-4 alkyloxy" refers to an
--O--(C.sub.1-4 alkyl) group; For another example, the term
"C.sub.1-2 alkoxy" or "C.sub.1-2 alkyloxy" refers to an
--O--(C.sub.1-2 alkyl) group. Examples of alkoxy include methoxy,
ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), tert-butoxy, and
the like. The alkoxy or alkyloxy group optionally can be
substituted by 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 5) suitable substituents.
[0094] As used here, the term "haloalkoxy" refers to an
--O-haloalkyl group. For example, the term "C.sub.1-6 haloalkoxy"
refers to an --O--(C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl) group. For another example,
the term "C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy" refers to an --O--(C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl) group; and the term "C.sub.1-2 haloalkoxy" refers to an
--O--(C.sub.1-2 haloalkyl) group. For yet another example, the term
"C.sub.1 haloalkoxy" refers to a methoxy group having one, two, or
three halogen substituents. An example of haloalkoxy is --OCF.sub.3
or --OCHF.sub.2.
[0095] As used herein, the term "oxo" refers to .dbd.O. When an oxo
is substituted on a carbon atom, they together form a carbonyl
moiety [--C(.dbd.O)--]. When an oxo is substituted on a sulfur
atom, they together form a sulfinyl moiety [--S(.dbd.O)--]; when
two oxo groups are substituted on a sulfur atom, they together form
a sulfonyl moiety [--S(.dbd.O).sub.2--].
[0096] As used herein, the term "optionally substituted" means that
substitution is optional and therefore includes both unsubstituted
and substituted atoms and moieties. A "substituted" atom or moiety
indicates that any hydrogen on the designated atom or moiety can be
replaced with a selection from the indicated substituent group (up
to that every hydrogen atom on the designated atom or moiety is
replaced with a selection from the indicated substituent group),
provided that the normal valency of the designated atom or moiety
is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable
compound. For example, if a methyl group (i.e., CH.sub.3) is
optionally substituted, then up to 3 hydrogen atoms on the carbon
atom can be replaced with substituent groups.
[0097] As used herein, unless specified, the point of attachment of
a substituent can be from any suitable position of the substituent.
For example, piperidinyl can be piperidin-1-yl (attached through
the N atom of the piperidinyl), piperidin-2-yl (attached through
the C atom at the 2-position of the piperidinyl), piperidin-3-yl
(attached through the C atom at the 3-position of the piperidinyl),
or piperidin-4-yl (attached through the C atom at the 4-position of
the piperidinyl). For another example, pyridinyl (or pyridyl) can
be 2-pyridinyl (or pyridin-2-yl), 3-pyridinyl (or pyridin-3-yl), or
4-pyridinyl (or pyridin-4-yl).
[0098] As used herein, the point of attachment of a substituent can
be specified to indicate the position where the substituent is
attached to another moiety. For example, "(C.sub.3-7
cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-" means the point of attachment occurs
at the "C.sub.1-2 alkyl" part of the "(C.sub.3-7
cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-." For another example, "(C.sub.6-10
aryl)-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-" means the point of attachment occurs at the
"C.sub.1-2 alkyl" part of the "(C.sub.6-10 aryl)-C.sub.1-2
alkyl-."
[0099] As used herein, when a bond to a substituent is shown to
cross a ring (or a bond connecting two atoms in a ring), then such
substituent may be bonded to any of the ring-forming atoms in that
ring that are substitutable (i.e., bonded to one or more hydrogen
atoms), unless otherwise specified or otherwise implicit from the
context. For example, as shown in Formula M-100 below, R.sup.3 may
be bonded to any of ring-forming atoms of ring A.sup.1 (e.g. a
nitrogen or carbon) that bears a hydrogen atom (e.g. NH or
CH.sub.2). For another example, as shown in Moiety M-200 below, an
R.sup.3 may be bonded to any ring-forming atom of the
tetrahydrofuran ring that is substitutable (i.e., one of the carbon
atoms of the --CH.sub.2--CHR.sup.4--CH.sub.2-- moiety of the
tetrahydrofuran ring); but not on the piperidine ring of Moiety
M-200 because the bond does not cross the piperidine ring. For yet
another example, as shown in the structure of M-300, R.sup.55 may
be bonded to the nitrogen of (the NH) or one of the carbon
atoms.
##STR00009##
[0100] When a substituted or optionally substituted moiety is
described without indicating the atom via which such moiety is
bonded to a substituent, then the substituent may be bonded via any
appropriate atom in such moiety. For example in a substituted
arylalkyl, a substituent on the arylalkyl [e.g., (C.sub.6-10
aryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-] can be bonded to any carbon atom on the
alkyl part or on the aryl part of the arylalkyl. Combinations of
substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such
combinations result in stable compounds.
[0101] As noted above, the compounds of Formula I may exist in the
form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as acid addition
salts and/or base addition salts of the compounds of Formula I. The
phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)", as used herein,
unless otherwise indicated, includes acid addition or base salts
which may be present in the compounds of Formula I.
[0102] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of
Formula I include the acid addition and base salts thereof.
[0103] Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which
form non-toxic salts. Examples include the acetate, adipate,
aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate,
bisulfate/sulfate, borate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclamate,
edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate,
glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate,
hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide,
isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate,
methylsulfate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate,
orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen
phosphate/di hydrogen phosphate, pyroglutamate, saccharate,
stearate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate
and xinafoate salts.
[0104] Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form
non-toxic salts. Examples include the aluminium, arginine,
benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine,
lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium,
tromethamine and zinc salts.
[0105] Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for
example, hemisulfate and hemicalcium salts.
[0106] For a review on suitable salts, see "Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use" by Stahl and
Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, 2002). Methods for making pharmaceutically
acceptable salts of compounds of Formula I are known to one of
skill in the art.
[0107] As used herein the terms "Formula I" or "Formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof" are defined to include
all forms of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically salt
thereof, including hydrates, solvates, isomers (including for
example rotational stereoisomers), crystalline and non-crystalline
forms, isomorphs, polymorphs, metabolites, and prodrugs
thereof.
[0108] As is known to the person skilled in the art, amine
compounds (i.e., those comprising one or more nitrogen atoms), for
example tertiary amines, can form N-oxides (also known as amine
oxides or amine N-oxides). An N-oxide has the formula of
(R.sup.100)(R.sup.200)(R.sup.300)N.sup.+--O.sup.- wherein the
parent amine (R.sup.100)(R.sup.200)(R.sup.300)N can be, for
example, a tertiary amine (for example, each of R.sup.100,
R.sup.200, R.sup.300 is independently alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, or the like), a heterocyclic or heteroaromatic amine
[for example, (R.sup.100)(R.sup.200)(R.sup.300)N together forms
1-alkylpiperidine, 1-alkylpyrrolidine, 1-benzylpyrrolidine, or
pyridine]. For instance, an imine nitrogen, especially a
heterocyclic or heteroaromatic imine nitrogen, or pyridine-type
nitrogen
##STR00010##
atom [such as a nitrogen atom in pyridine, pyridazine, or
pyrazine], can be N-oxidized to form the N-oxide comprising the
group
##STR00011##
Thus, a compound according to the present invention comprising one
or more nitrogen atoms (e.g., an imine nitrogen atom) may be
capable of forming an N-oxide thereof (e.g., mono-N-oxides,
bis-N-oxides or multi-N-oxides, or mixtures thereof depending on
the number of nitrogen atoms suitable to form stable N-oxides).
[0109] As used herein, the term "N-oxide(s)" refer to all possible,
and in particular all stable, N-oxide forms of the amine compounds
(e.g., compounds comprising one or more imine nitrogen atoms)
described herein, such as mono-N-oxides (including different
isomers when more than one nitrogen atom of an amine compound can
form a mono-N-oxide) or multi-N-oxides (e.g., bis-N-oxides), or
mixtures thereof in any ratio.
[0110] Compounds of Formula I and their salts described herein
further include N-oxides thereof.
[0111] In the description herein below, unless otherwise specified,
compounds of Formula I (or compounds of the invention) include
salts of the compounds and the N-oxides of the compounds or the
salts.
[0112] As is also known to the person skilled in the art, tertiary
amine compounds (i.e., those comprising one or more tertiary amine
nitrogen atoms) can form quaternary ammonium salts. In the
description herein below, unless otherwise specified, compounds of
Formula I (or compounds of the invention) further include their
quaternary ammonium salts.
[0113] Compounds of Formula I may exist in a continuum of solid
states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline. The term
`amorphous` refers to a state in which the material lacks
long-range order at the molecular level and, depending upon
temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a
liquid. Typically such materials do not give distinctive X-ray
diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting the properties of a
solid, are more formally described as a liquid. Upon heating, a
change from apparent solid to a material with liquid properties
occurs, which is characterised by a change of state, typically
second order (`glass transition`). The term `crystalline` refers to
a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal
structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray
diffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heated
sufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but the
change from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change,
typically first order (`melting point`).
[0114] Compounds of Formula I may exist in unsolvated and solvated
forms. When the solvent or water is tightly bound, the complex will
have a well-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity. When,
however, the solvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel
solvates and hygroscopic compounds, the water/solvent content will
be dependent on humidity and drying conditions. In such cases,
non-stoichiometry will be the norm.
[0115] The compounds of Formula I may exist as clathrates or other
complexes (e.g., co-crystals). Included within the scope of the
invention are complexes such as clathrates, drug-host inclusion
complexes wherein the drug and host are present in stoichiometric
or non-stoichiometric amounts. Also included are complexes of the
compounds of Formula I containing two or more organic and/or
inorganic components, which may be in stoichiometric or
non-stoichiometric amounts. The resulting complexes may be ionized,
partially ionized, or non-ionized. Co-crystals are typically
defined as crystalline complexes of neutral molecular constituents
that are bound together through non-covalent interactions, but
could also be a complex of a neutral molecule with a salt.
Co-crystals may be prepared by melt crystallization, by
recrystallization from solvents, or by physically grinding the
components together; see O. Almarsson and M. J. Zaworotko, Chem.
Commun. 2004, 17, 1889-1896. For a general review of
multi-component complexes, see J. K. Haleblian, J. Pharm. Sci.
1975, 64, 1269-1288.
[0116] The compounds of the invention may also exist in a
mesomorphic state (mesophase or liquid crystal) when subjected to
suitable conditions. The mesomorphic state is intermediate between
the true crystalline state and the true liquid state (either melt
or solution). Mesomorphism arising as the result of a change in
temperature is described as `thermotropic` and that resulting from
the addition of a second component, such as water or another
solvent, is described as `lyotropic`. Compounds that have the
potential to form lyotropic mesophases are described as
`amphiphilic` and consist of molecules which possess an ionic (such
as --COO.sup.-Na.sup.+, --COO.sup.-K.sup.+, or
--SO.sub.3.sup.-Na.sup.+) or non-ionic (such as
--N.sup.-N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.3) polar head group. For more
information, see Crystals and the Polarizing Microscope by N. H.
Hartshorne and A. Stuart, 4.sup.th Edition (Edward Arnold,
1970).
[0117] The invention also relates to prodrugs of the compounds of
Formula I. Thus certain derivatives of compounds of Formula I which
may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when
administered into or onto the body, be converted into compounds of
Formula I having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic
cleavage. Such derivatives are referred to as "prodrugs". Further
information on the use of prodrugs may be found in Pro-drugs as
Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi
and W. Stella) and Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Pergamon
Press, 1987 (Ed. E. B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical
Association).
[0118] Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example,
be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the
compounds of Formula I with certain moieties known to those skilled
in the art as `pro-moieties` as described, for example, in Design
of Prodrugs by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985), or in Prodrugs:
Challenges and Reward, 2007 edition, edited by Valentino Stella,
Ronald Borchardt, Michael Hageman, Reza Oliyai, Hans Maag,
Jefferson Tilley, pages 134-175 (Springer, 2007).
[0119] Moreover, certain compounds of Formula I may themselves act
as prodrugs of other compounds of Formula I.
[0120] Also included within the scope of the invention are
metabolites of compounds of Formula I, that is, compounds formed in
vivo upon administration of the drug.
[0121] The compounds of Formula I include all stereoisomers and
tautomers. Stereoisomers of Formula I include cis and trans
isomers, optical isomers such as R and S enantiomers,
diastereomers, geometric isomers, rotational isomers, atropisomers,
and conformational isomers of the compounds of Formula I, including
compounds exhibiting more than one type of isomerism; and mixtures
thereof (such as racemates and diastereomeric pairs). Also included
are acid addition or base addition salts wherein the counterion is
optically active, for example, D-lactate or L-lysine, or racemic,
for example, DL-tartrate or DL-arginine.
[0122] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I (including
salts thereof) may have asymmetric carbon atoms. The carbon-carbon
bonds of the compounds of Formula I may be depicted herein using a
solid line (), a wavy line (), a solid wedge (), or a dotted wedge
(). The use of a solid line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon
atoms is meant to indicate that all possible stereoisomers (e.g.,
specific enantiomers, racemic mixtures, etc.) at that carbon atom
are included. The use of either a solid or dotted wedge to depict
bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate that only the
stereoisomer shown is meant to be included. The use of a wavy line
to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to indicate
that the stereochemistry is unknown (unless otherwise specified).
It is possible that compounds of Formula I may contain more than
one asymmetric carbon atom. In those compounds, the use of a solid
line to depict bonds to asymmetric carbon atoms is meant to
indicate that all possible stereoisomers are meant to be included.
For example, unless stated otherwise, it is intended that the
compounds of Formula I can exist as enantiomers and diastereomers
or as racemates and mixtures thereof. The use of a solid line to
depict bonds to one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in a compound
of Formula I and the use of a solid or dotted wedge to depict bonds
to other asymmetric carbon atoms in the same compound is meant to
indicate that a mixture of diastereomers is present.
[0123] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I may exist in
and/or be isolated as atropisomers (e.g., one or more
atropenantiomers). Those skilled in the art would recognize that
atropisomerism may exist in a compound that has two or more
aromatic rings (for example, two aromatic rings linked through a
single bond). See e.g., Freedman, T. B. et al., Absolute
Configuration Determination of Chiral Molecules in the Solution
State Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism. Chirality 2003, 15,
743-758; and Bringmann, G. et al., Atroposelective Synthesis of
Axially Chiral Biaryl Compounds. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44,
5384-5427.
[0124] When any racemate crystallizes, crystals of different types
are possible. One type is the racemic compound (true racemate)
wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is produced containing both
enantiomers in equimolar amounts. Another type is a racemic mixture
or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal are produced in equal
or different molar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.
[0125] The compounds of Formula I may exhibit the phenomena of
tautomerism and structural isomerism. For example, the compounds of
Formula I may exist in several tautomeric forms, including the enol
and imine form, the amide and imidic acid form, and the keto and
enamine form and geometric isomers and mixtures thereof. All such
tautomeric forms are included within the scope of the compounds of
Formula I. Tautomers may exist as mixtures of a tautomeric set in
solution. In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. Even
though one tautomer may be described, the present invention
includes all tautomers of the compounds of Formula I. For example,
when one of the following two tautomers (wherein R can be, for
example, phenyl that is further substituted) is disclosed, those
skilled in the art would readily recognize the other tautomer.
##STR00012##
[0126] The present invention includes all pharmaceutically
acceptable isotopically labelled compounds of Formula I or salts
thereof wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the
same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different
from the atomic mass or mass number which predominates in
nature.
[0127] Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds
of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, such as .sup.2H and
.sup.3H, carbon, such as .sup.11C, .sup.13C and .sup.14C, chlorine,
such as .sup.36Cl, fluorine, such as .sup.18F, iodine, such as
.sup.123I and .sup.125I, nitrogen, such as .sup.13N and .sup.15N,
oxygen, such as .sup.15O, .sup.17O and .sup.18O, phosphorus, such
as .sup.32P, and sulphur, such as .sup.35S.
[0128] Certain isotopically labelled compounds of Formula I, for
example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in
drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive
isotopes tritium, i.e., .sup.3H, and carbon-14, i.e., .sup.14C, are
particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of
incorporation and ready means of detection.
[0129] Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e.,
.sup.2H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from
greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo
half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be
preferred in some circumstances.
[0130] Substitution with positron-emitting isotopes, such as
.sup.11C, .sup.18F, .sup.15O and .sup.13N, can be useful in
Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate
receptor occupancy.
[0131] Isotopically labeled compounds of Formula I can generally be
prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the
art or by processes analogous to those described in the
accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate
isotopically labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent
previously employed.
[0132] The present invention also provides compositions (e.g.,
pharmaceutical compositions) comprising a novel compound of Formula
I. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides a
pharmaceutical composition comprising (a therapeutically effective
amount of) a novel compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof and optionally comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one further embodiment, the
invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a
therapeutically effective amount of) a compound of Formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, optionally, at least one
additional medicinal or pharmaceutical agent (such as an
antipsychotic agent or anti-schizophrenia agent described below).
In one embodiment, the additional medicinal or pharmaceutical agent
is an anti-schizophrenia agent as described below.
[0133] The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may comprise any
conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient. Suitable
pharmaceutical carriers include inert diluents or fillers, water
and various organic solvents (such as hydrates and solvates). The
pharmaceutical compositions may, if desired, contain additional
ingredients such as flavorings, binders, excipients and the like.
Thus for oral administration, tablets containing various
excipients, such as citric acid, may be employed together with
various disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and certain
complex silicates and with binding agents such as sucrose, gelatin
and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium
stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for
tableting purposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also
be employed in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules. Non-limiting
examples of materials, therefore, include lactose or milk sugar and
high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous
suspensions or elixirs are desired for oral administration, the
active compound therein may be combined with various sweetening or
flavoring agents, coloring matters or dyes and, if desired,
emulsifying agents or suspending agents, together with diluents
such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, or combinations
thereof.
[0134] The pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a
form suitable for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill,
powder, sustained release formulation, solution or suspension, for
parenteral injection as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion,
for topical administration as an ointment or cream or for rectal
administration as a suppository.
[0135] Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions
or suspensions of active compounds in sterile aqueous solutions,
for example, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such
dosage forms may be suitably buffered, if desired.
[0136] The pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms
suitable for single administration of precise dosages. One of
ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the composition may
be formulated in sub-therapeutic dosage such that multiple doses
are envisioned.
[0137] In one embodiment the composition comprises a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or salt
thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0138] Compounds of Formula I (including salts thereof) are MAGL
inhibitors. In some embodiments, the IC.sub.50 of a compound of
Formula I (or its metabolite) is less than about 10 .mu.M, 5 .mu.M,
2 .mu.M, 1 .mu.M, 500 nM, 200 nM, 100 nM, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2,
or 1 nM as determined by the method in Example AA described herein
below.
[0139] Administration of the compounds of Formula I (including
salts thereof) may be effected by any method that enables delivery
of the compounds to the site of action. These methods include, for
example, enteral routes (e.g., oral routes, buccal routes,
sublabial routes, sublingual routes), oral routes, intranasal
routes, inhaled routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection
(including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular
or infusion), intrathecal routes, epidural routes, intracerebral
routes, intracerbroventricular routes, topical, and rectal
administration.
[0140] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of
Formula I may be administered/effected by parenteral injection
routes (e.g., intravenous injection route).
[0141] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of
Formula I may be administered/effected by oral routes.
[0142] Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum
desired response. For example, a single bolus may be administered,
several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may
be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the
exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It may be advantageous to
formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of
administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form, as used
herein, refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary
dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit
containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated
to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the
required pharmaceutical carrier. The specifications for the dosage
unit forms of the invention are dictated by a variety of factors
such as the unique characteristics of the therapeutic agent and the
particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved. In
one embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of Formula I
may be used to treat humans.
[0143] It is to be noted that dosage values may vary with the type
and severity of the condition to be alleviated, and may include
single or multiple doses. It is to be further understood that for
any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted
over time according to the individual need and the professional
judgment of the person administering or supervising the
administration of the compositions, and that dosage ranges set
forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the
scope or practice of the claimed composition. For example, doses
may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic
parameters, which may include clinical effects such as toxic
effects and/or laboratory values. Thus, the present invention
encompasses intra-patient dose-escalation as determined by the
skilled artisan. Determining appropriate dosages and regimens for
administration of the chemotherapeutic agent is well-known in the
relevant art and would be understood to be encompassed by the
skilled artisan once provided the teachings disclosed herein.
[0144] The amount of the compound of Formula I administered will be
dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the
disorder or condition, the rate of administration, the disposition
of the compound and the discretion of the prescribing physician.
Generally, an effective dosage is in the range of about 0.0001 to
about 50 mg per kg body weight per day, for example about 0.01 to
about 10 mg/kg/day, in single or divided doses. For a 70 kg human,
this would amount to about 0.007 mg to about 3500 mg/day, for
example about 0.7 mg to about 700 mg/day. In some instances, dosage
levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more
than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be
employed without causing any harmful side effect, provided that
such larger doses are first divided into several small doses for
administration throughout the day.
[0145] As used herein, the term "combination therapy" refers to the
administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof together with an at least one additional
pharmaceutical or medicinal agent (e.g., an anti-schizophrenia
agent), either sequentially or simultaneously.
[0146] The present invention includes the use of a combination of a
compound of Formula I (including a salt thereof) and one or more
additional pharmaceutically active agent(s). If a combination of
active agents is administered, then they may be administered
sequentially or simultaneously, in separate dosage forms or
combined in a single dosage form. Accordingly, the present
invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising an
amount of: (a) a first agent comprising a compound of Formula I
(including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof); (b) a
second pharmaceutically active agent; and (c) a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.
[0147] Various pharmaceutically active agents may be selected for
use in conjunction with the compounds of Formula I, depending on
the disease, disorder, or condition to be treated. Pharmaceutically
active agents that may be used in combination with the compositions
of the present invention include, without limitation:
(i) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil hydrochloride
(ARICEPT, MEMAC); or Adenosine A.sub.2A receptor antagonists such
as Preladenant (SCH 420814) or SCH 412348; (ii) amyloid-.beta. (or
fragments thereof), such as A.beta..sub.1-15 conjugated to pan HLA
DR-binding epitope (PADRE) and ACC-001 (Elan/Wyeth); (iii)
antibodies to amyloid-.beta. (or fragments thereof), such as
bapineuzumab (also known as AAB-001) and AAB-002 (Wyeth/Elan); (iv)
amyloid-lowering or -inhibiting agents (including those that reduce
amyloid production, accumulation and fibrillization) such as
colostrinin and bisnorcymserine (also known as BNC); (v)
alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists such as clonidine (CATAPRES);
(vi) beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (beta blockers) such
as carteolol; (vii) anticholinergics such as amitriptyline (ELAVIL,
ENDEP); (viii) anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine (TEGRETOL,
CARBATROL); (ix) antipsychotics, such as lurasidone (also known as
SM-13496; Dainippon Sumitomo); (x) calcium channel blockers such as
nilvadipine (ESCOR, NIVADIL); (xi) catechol O-methyltransferase
(COMT) inhibitors such as tolcapone (TASMAR); (xii) central nervous
system stimulants such as caffeine; (xiii) corticosteroids such as
prednisone (STERAPRED, DELTASONE); (xiv) dopamine receptor agonists
such as apomorphine (APOKYN); (xv) dopamine receptor antagonists
such as tetrabenazine (NITOMAN, XENAZINE, dopamine D2 antagonist
such as Quetiapine); (xvi) dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as
nomifensine maleate (MERITAL); (xvii) gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA) receptor agonists such as baclofen (LIORESAL, KEMSTRO);
(xviii) histamine 3 (H.sub.3) antagonists such as ciproxifan; (xix)
immunomodulators such as glatiramer acetate (also known as
copolymer-1; COPAXONE); (xx) immunosuppressants such as
methotrexate (TREXALL, RHEUMATREX); (xxi) interferons, including
interferon beta-la (AVONEX, REBIF) and interferon beta-1b
(BETASERON, BETAFERON); (xxii) levodopa (or its methyl or ethyl
ester), alone or in combination with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor
(e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET, CARBILEV, PARCOPA)); (xxiii)
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as memantine
(NAMENDA, AXURA, EBIXA); (xxiv) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
such as selegiline (EMSAM); (xxv) muscarinic receptor (particularly
M1 or M4 subtype) agonists such as bethanechol chloride (DUVOID,
URECHOLINE); (xxvi) neuroprotective drugs such as
2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-3-one oxime; (xxvii) nicotinic
receptor agonists such as epibatidine; (xxviii) norepinephrine
(noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitors such as atomoxetine
(STRATTERA); (xxix) phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, for
example, PDE9 inhibitors such as BAY 73-6691 (Bayer AG) and PDE 10
(e.g., PDE10A) inhibitors such as papaverine; (xxx) other PDE
inhibitors including (a) PDE1 inhibitors (e.g., vinpocetine), (b)
PDE2 inhibitors (e.g., erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
(EHNA)), (c) PDE4 inhibitors (e.g., rolipram), and (d) PDE5
inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil (VIAGRA, REVATIO)); (xxxi) quinolines
such as quinine (including its hydrochloride, dihydrochloride,
sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate salts); (xxxii) .beta.-secretase
inhibitors such as WY-25105; (xxxiii) .gamma.-secretase inhibitors
such as LY-411575 (Lilly); (xxxiv) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
1A (5-HT.sub.1A) receptor antagonists such as spiperone; (xxxv)
serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 4 (5-HT.sub.4) receptor agonists
such as PRX-03140 (Epix); (xxxvi) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6
(5-HT.sub.6) receptor antagonists such as mianserin (TORVOL,
BOLVIDON, NORVAL); (xxxvii) serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors
such as alaproclate, citalopram (CELEXA, CIPRAMIL); (xxxviii)
trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), basic
fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; ERSOFERMIN), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3),
cardiotrophin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),
neublastin, meteorin, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF),
and agents that stimulate production of trophic factors, such as
propentofylline; (xxxix) antihemorrhagic (i.e., hemostatic) agents
such as rivaroxaban or apixaban; and the like.
[0148] The compound of Formula I (including a salt thereof) is
optionally used in combination with another active agent. Such an
active agent may be, for example, an atypical antipsychotic or an
anti-Parkinson's disease agent or an anti-Alzheimer's agent.
Accordingly, another embodiment of the invention provides methods
of treating a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder in a mammal,
comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a
compound of Formula I (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof) and further comprising administering another active
agent.
[0149] As used herein, the term "another active agent" refers to
any therapeutic agent, other than the compound of Formula I
(including or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) that is
useful for the treatment of a subject disorder. Examples of
additional therapeutic agents include antidepressants,
antipsychotics (such as anti-schizophrenia), anti-pain,
anti-Parkinson's disease agents, anti-LID (levodopa-induced
dyskinesia), anti-Alzheimer's, anti-anxiety, and antihemorrhagic
agents. Examples of particular classes of antidepressants that can
be used in combination with the compounds of the invention include
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), NK-1 receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase
inhibitors (MAOIs), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase
(RIMAs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs),
corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists,
.alpha.-adrenoreceptor antagonists, and atypical antidepressants.
Suitable norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include tertiary amine
tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics. Examples of suitable
tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics include
amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine,
dothiepin, butriptyline, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline,
protriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine and maprotiline. Examples of
suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include
fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. Examples of
monoamine oxidase inhibitors include isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and
tranylcyclopramine. Examples of suitable reversible inhibitors of
monoamine oxidase include moclobemide. Examples of suitable
serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors of use in the
present invention include venlafaxine. Examples of suitable
atypical antidepressants include bupropion, lithium, nefazodone,
trazodone and viloxazine. Examples of anti-Alzheimer's agents
include Dimebon, NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine; and
cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil and galantamine.
Examples of suitable classes of anti-anxiety agents that can be
used in combination with the compounds of the invention include
benzodiazepines and serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) agonists or antagonists,
especially 5-HT1A partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing
factor (CRF) antagonists. Suitable benzodiazepines include
alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam,
halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam. Suitable 5-HT1A
receptor agonists or antagonists include buspirone, flesinoxan,
gepirone, and ipsapirone. Suitable atypical antipsychotics include
paliperidone, bifeprunox, ziprasidone, risperidone, aripiprazole,
olanzapine, and quetiapine. Suitable nicotine acetylcholine
agonists include ispronicline, varenicline and MEM 3454. Anti-pain
agents include pregabalin, gabapentin, clonidine, neostigmine,
baclofen, midazolam, ketamine and ziconotide.
[0150] Examples of suitable anti-Parkinson's disease agents include
L-DOPA (or its methyl or ethyl ester), a DOPA decarboxylase
inhibitor (e.g., carbidopa (SINEMET, CARBILEV, PARCOPA), an
Adenosine A.sub.2A receptor antagonist [e.g., Preladenant (SCH
420814) or SCH 412348], benserazide (MADOPAR), .alpha.-methyldopa,
monofluoromethyldopa, difluoromethyldopa, brocresine, or
m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine), a dopamine agonist [such as apomorphine
(APOKYN), bromocriptine (PARLODEL), cabergoline (DOSTINEX),
dihydrexidine, dihydroergocryptine, fenoldopam (CORLOPAM), lisuride
(DOPERGIN), pergolide (PERMAX), piribedil (TRIVASTAL, TRASTAL),
pramipexole (MIRAPEX), quinpirole, ropinirole (REQUIP), rotigotine
(NEUPRO), SKF-82958 (GlaxoSmithKline), and sarizotan], a monoamine
oxidase (MAO) inhibitor [such as selegiline (EMSAM), selegiline
hydrochloride (L-deprenyl, ELDEPRYL, ZELAPAR), dimethylselegilene,
brofaromine, phenelzine (NARDIL), tranylcypromine (PARNATE),
moclobemide (AURORIX, MANERIX), befloxatone, safinamide,
isocarboxazid (MARPLAN), nialamide (NIAMID), rasagiline (AZILECT),
iproniazide (MARSILID, IPROZID, IPRONID), CHF-3381 (Chiesi
Farmaceutici), iproclozide, toloxatone (HUMORYL, PERENUM),
bifemelane, desoxypeganine, harmine (also known as telepathine or
banasterine), harmaline, linezolid (ZYVOX, ZYVOXID), and pargyline
(EUDATIN, SUPIRDYL)], a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)
inhibitor [such as tolcapone (TASMAR), entacapone (COMTAN), and
tropolone], an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist
[such as amantadine (SYMMETREL)], anticholinergics [such as
amitriptyline (ELAVIL, ENDEP), butriptyline, benztropine mesylate
(COGENTIN), trihexyphenidyl (ARTANE), diphenhydramine (BENADRYL),
orphenadrine (NORFLEX), hyoscyamine, atropine (ATROPEN),
scopolamine (TRANSDERM-SCOP), scopolamine methylbromide (PARMINE),
dicycloverine (BENTYL, BYCLOMINE, DIBENT, DILOMINE, tolterodine
(DETROL), oxybutynin (DITROPAN, LYRINEL XL, OXYTROL), penthienate
bromide, propantheline (PRO-BANTHINE), cyclizine, imipramine
hydrochloride (TOFRANIL), imipramine maleate (SURMONTIL),
lofepramine, desipramine (NORPRAMIN), doxepin (SINEQUAN, ZONALON),
trimipramine (SURMONTIL), and glycopyrrolate (ROBINUL)], or a
combination thereof. Examples of anti-schizophrenia agents include
ziprasidone, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole,
asenapine, blonanserin, or iloperidone. Some additional "another
active agent" examples include rivastigmine (Exelon), Clozapine,
Levodopa, Rotigotine, Aricept, Methylphenidate, memantine.
milnacipran, guanfacine, bupropion, and atomoxetine. Examples of
antihemorrhagic agents (including, e.g., coagulation factors,
activators, or stabilizers) include Factor Xa inhibitors (e.g.,
rivaroxaban or apixaban) and recombinant Coagulation Factor VIIa
(e.g., NovoSeven.RTM.).
[0151] As noted above, the compounds of Formula I or salts thereof
may be used in combination with one or more additional
anti-Alzheimer's agents which are described herein. When a
combination therapy is used, the one or more additional
anti-Alzheimer's agents may be administered sequentially or
simultaneously with the compound of the invention. In one
embodiment, the additional anti-Alzheimer's agent(s) is(are)
administered to a mammal (e.g., a human) prior to administration of
the compound of the invention. In another embodiment, the
additional anti-Alzheimer's agent(s) is(are) administered to the
mammal after administration of the compound of the invention. In
another embodiment, the additional anti-Alzheimer's agent(s)
is(are) administered to the mammal (e.g., a human) simultaneously
with the administration of the compound of the invention (or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).
[0152] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for
the treatment of an inflammatory disorder (e.g., nueroinflammation)
in a mammal, including a human, which comprises an amount of a
compound of Formula I (including a salt thereof), as defined above
(including hydrates, solvates and polymorphs of said compound or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof), in combination with one
or more (for example one to three) anti-inflammation agents,
wherein the amounts of the active agent and the combination when
taken as a whole are therapeutically effective for treating the
inflammatory disorder.
[0153] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for
treating a MAGL-mediated disease or disorder in a mammal, including
a human, which comprises an amount of a compound of Formula I
(including a salt thereof), as defined above (including hydrates,
solvates and polymorphs of said compound or a salt thereof), in
combination with one or more (for example one to three) other
agents for treating the MAGL-mediated disease or disorder, wherein
the amount of the active agents and the combination when taken as a
whole are therapeutically effective for treating the MAGL-mediated
disease or disorder.
[0154] It will be understood that the compounds of Formula I
depicted above are not limited to a particular stereoisomer (e.g.,
enantiomer or diasteroisomer) shown, but also include all
stereoisomers and mixtures thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0155] Compounds of the invention, including salts of the
compounds, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques
and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible
synthetic routes. The reactions for preparing compounds of the
invention can be carried out in suitable solvents, which can be
readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis.
Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the
starting materials (reactants), the intermediates, or products at
the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g.,
temperatures that can range from the solvent's freezing temperature
to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be
carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent.
Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a
particular reaction step can be selected by the skilled
artisan.
[0156] Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the
protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need
for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate
protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the
art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example,
in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic
Synthesis, 3.sup.rd Ed., Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1999),
which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0157] Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method
known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored
by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (e.g., .sup.1H or .sup.13C), infrared spectroscopy,
spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry, or by
chromatographic methods such as high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).
[0158] Compounds of Formula I, salts and intermediates thereof may
be prepared according to the following reaction schemes and
accompanying discussion. Unless otherwise indicated, R.sup.1,
R.sup.1A, R.sup.1B, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.S,
ring A.sup.1, t1, t2, t3, q1, and structural Formula I (including,
e.g., I-1, I-2, I-2A) in the reaction schemes and discussion that
follow are as defined above. In general, the compounds of this
invention may be made by processes which include processes
analogous to those known in the chemical arts, particularly in
light of the description contained herein. Certain processes for
the manufacture of the compounds of this invention and
intermediates thereof are provided as further features of the
invention and are illustrated by the following reaction schemes.
Other processes are described in the experimental section. The
schemes and examples provided herein (including the corresponding
description) are for illustration only, and not intended to limit
the scope of the present invention.
[0159] Scheme 1 refers to synthesis of compounds of Formula I. A
compound of Formula I (wherein R.sup.1 is R.sup.1A, i.e.,
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl-), also shown as a compound of
Formula 1-4, can be prepared by reacting an amine of Formula 1-1
with a compound of Formula 1-2 [where Lg.sup.1 a leaving group such
as pentafluorophenoxy], in the presence of a base such as
trimethylamine in a solvent such as acetonitrile. Alternatively,
the amine of Formula 1-1 may be converted to the compound of
Formula 1-4 by reaction with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) of
Formula 1-3 using standard methods of carbamate formation well
known to those skilled in the art, for example, using a reagent
such as phosgene, triphosgene, or a suitably activated carbonate
reagent such as bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate or
N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate.
[0160] Also shown in Scheme 1, a compound of Formula I (wherein
R.sup.1 is R.sup.1B, i.e., 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-, which is
optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents
independently selected from the group consisting of the group
consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy), also shown as a
compound of Formula 1-6, may be prepared by treatment of a compound
of Formula 1-1 with an optionally substituted N,N'-disuccinimidyl
carbonate 1-5 in the presence of a base such as N-methyl morpholine
in a suitable solvent (e.g. a non-protic solvent such as
dichloromethane). The amine of Formula 1-1 may be obtained
commercially, synthesized by methods described herein, or made by
other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
##STR00013##
[0161] Scheme 2 refers to a synthesis of a spiromorpholine of
Formula 2-6 (wherein Pg.sup.1 is a suitable amine protecting group
such as Boc), which can be used as an example of a compound of
Formula 3-1 in Scheme 3. Referring to Scheme 2, reaction of a
suitably protected 4-oxo-piperidine of Formula 2-1 with
nitromethane in the presence of a base such as a mild base, for
example, triethylamine affords a compound of Formula 2-2. Reduction
of the nitro group of the compound of Formula 2-2 to obtain an
aminoalcohol of Formula 2-3 can be achieved by using a method such
as palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation, for example, utilizing 10%
palladium on carbon in an alcoholic solvent under an atmosphere of
hydrogen. Acetylation of the compound of Formula 2-3 can be
achieved by treatment with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of
a suitable base such as potassium carbonate. Ring closure of the
chloride compound of Formula 2-4 can be achieved by treatment with
a suitable base (e.g., potassium tert-butoxide) in a non-protic
solvent (e.g., THF) under reflux conditions to furnish a compound
of Formula 2-5. The spiromorpholine compound of Formula 2-6 may be
obtained by reduction of the amide (or the oxo) functionality in
the compound of Formula 2-5, for example, using a suitable reducing
agent (e.g. borane-dimethyl sulfide complex in THF).
##STR00014##
[0162] Scheme 3 refers to synthesis of an amine compound of Formula
3-4 or 3-7 from an amine of Formula 3-1. The amine of Formula 2-6
of Scheme 2 can be used as an example of the amine of Formula
3-1.
[0163] A compound of Formula 3-3 can be prepared by reacting the
amine of Formula 3-1 with an aldehyde of Formula 3-2 [wherein
R.sup.6A can be, for example, selected from the group consisting of
C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, 4- to 10-membered
heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl,
(C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (4- to 10-membered
heterocycloalkyl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-, (C.sub.6-10 aryl)-C.sub.1-4
alkyl-, and (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl-,
wherein each of the selections is optionally substituted, for
example, with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents each independently
selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CN, oxo, --OH,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 hydroxylalkyl,
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-2 alkyl-,
C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkoxy] under reductive
amination conditions well known to those skilled in the art. For
example, treatment with titanium(IV) isopropoxide and a reducing
agent such as sodium borohydride can be employed. Reaction of an
amine of Formula 3-1 with a compound of Formula 3-5 (wherein
X.sup.1 is leaving group, for example, Cl) in the presence of a
suitable base (such as pyridine or sodium bicarbonate) affords a
sulfonamide of Formula 3-6. The compound of Formula 3-3 or 3-6, can
be converted to a compound of Formula 3-4 or 3-7, respectively, by
appropriate deprotection. For example, when Pg.sup.1 is Boc, the
deprotection can be achieved by treatment with an acid such as
trifluoroacetic acid. The compound of Formula 3-4 or 3-7 can be
used as as the amine of Formula 1-1 for synthesis of a compound of
Formula I as described in Scheme 1.
##STR00015##
[0164] Scheme 4 refers to synthesis of an amine of Formula 4-9,
which may be used as an amine compound of Formula 1-1 in Scheme 1.
Referring to Scheme 4, a ketone of Formula 4-1 [wherein Pg.sup.1 is
a suitable amine protecting group such as Boc] may converted to an
amine of Formula 4-2 using, for example, a biotransformation
reaction, such as using a transaminase enzyme catalyst, an amine
source, and an appropriate co-factor in aqueous buffer. For
example, treatment of a solution of ketone of Formula 4-1 (in 4%
DMSO/water solution) with Codex.RTM. ATA-200 transaminase catalyst,
propan-2-amine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate monohydrate in a pH 8 buffer
solution (e.g. 0.1 M potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride) at a
temperature such as 35.degree. C. provides an amine of Formula 4-2.
Appropriate selection of transaminase catalyst may afford a
specific enantiomer of the amine of Formula 4-2. One skilled in the
art may be able to prepare the compound of Formula 4-2 by
alternative methods, one example of which can be conversion of a
compound of Formula 6-3 in scheme 6 to a compound of Formula 4-2 by
azide displacement and subsequent reduction. The compound of
Formula 4-2 [wherein Pg.sup.2 is another amine protecting group
such as Alloc, which is preferably orthogonal to Pg.sup.1] may be
converted to a compound of Formula 4-3 under appropriate conditions
depending on the nature of Pg.sup.2 (and Pg.sup.1) selected. For
example, when Pg.sup.2 is Alloc and Pg.sup.1 is Boc, Pg.sup.2 can
be removed in an orthogonal manner to Pg.sup.1. Optional alkylation
of the compound of Formula 4-3 with a compound of Formula 4-4, for
example, a halide compound (where X.sup.2 is Cl, Br, or I) such as
MeI, in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride, in an
aprotic solvent such as DMF, gives a compound of Formula 4-5.
Depending on the choice of protecting groups, Pg.sup.2 may be
removed by treatment with an appropriate reagent. For example, when
Pg.sup.2 is Alloc and Pg.sup.1 is Boc, then the compound of Formula
4-5 may be treated with Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in
the presence of 1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, in a
solvent such as THF to give a compound of Formula 4-6.
Sulfonylation of the compound of Formula 4-6 with a compound of
Formula 4-7 (wherein X.sup.1 can be, for example, a halide such as
chloride) in a suitable solvent (e.g., dichloromethane) in the
presence of a suitable base (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) affords a
compound of Formula 4-8. Pg.sup.1 may be removed using a reagent,
such as trifluoroacetic acid when Pg.sup.1 is Boc, to give the
compound of Formula 4-9.
##STR00016##
[0165] Scheme 5 refers to preparation of a compound of Formula 5-4,
which can be used as an example of an amine of Formula 1-1 in
Scheme 1. Referring to Scheme 5, a compound of Formula 5-1 [where
Pg.sup.1 is an amine protecting group (e.g., BOC)] can be obtained
commercially, readily synthesized as described in Scheme 4, or
using methods well known to those skilled in the art. A compound of
Formula 5-3 can be obtained by reaction of a compound of Formula
5-1 with a compound of Formula 5-2 (wherein Lg.sup.2 is a leaving
group, for example, halide such as chloride) in a suitable solvent
(e.g., dichloromethane) in the presence of a suitable base (e.g.,
sodium bicarbonate). Deprotection of the compound of Formula 5-3
using appropriate conditions well known to those skilled in the art
provides the compound of Formula 5-4.
##STR00017##
[0166] Scheme 6 refers to a method for synthesizing an amine
compound of Formula 6-6, which may be used as an example of an
amine of Formula 1-1 in Scheme 1. Bromination of an alkene of
Formula 6-2 [where Pg.sup.1 is an amine protecting group such as
Boc] using Br.sub.2 in a solvent such as dichloromethane gives a
dibromide of Formula 6-2. Cyclization of the dibromide of Formula
6-2 to afford an bromide of Formula 6-3 may be achieved by
treatment of the compound of Formula 6-2 with a base such as
potassium carbonate, in a polar protic solvent such as methanol.
Coupling of a boronic acid of Formula 6-4 [where each R is
independently, for example, an optionally substituted alkyl; or two
OR groups, together with the B atom to which they are attached,
form an optionally substituted heterocylic ring] to the bromide of
Formula 6-3 to form a compound of Formula 6-5 can be accomplished
by using a catalyst such as nickel iodide and a strong base such as
sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, in the presence of a ligand such
as trans-2-aminocyclohexanol. The reaction can be carried out in a
protic solvent such as 2-propanol, at an elevated temperature (e.g.
60.degree. C.). The protecting group can be removed from the
compound of Formula 6-5 to give a compound of Formula 6-6, for
example, by treatment with an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic
acid when Pg.sup.1 is Boc.
##STR00018##
[0167] Scheme 7 refers to a method of preparation of an amine of
Formula 7-4, which may be used as an example of a compound of
Formula 1-1 in Scheme 1. Treatment of a compound of Formula 7-1
[where Pg.sup.1 is an amine protecting group such as Boc; Y.sup.1
is a leaving group such as Br, mesylate, or tosylate; and m is 1 or
2] with a 1H-pyrazole compound of Formula 7-2 (which is
un-substituted on the 1-position, but is optionally substituted on
the 3-, 4-, and/or 5-position; wherein t10 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
each R.sup.30 is, for example, independently selected from the
group consisting of --CN, halogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.3-6
cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, and C.sub.1-4
haloalkoxy) in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate, in
a solvent such as DMF at an appropriate temperature (e.g.
80.degree. C.) affords a compound of Formula 7-3. The protecting
group Pg.sup.1 may be cleaved under standard conditions to give the
amine of Formula 7-4.
##STR00019##
[0168] Scheme 8 refers to a synthesis of a heteroaryl ether or aryl
ether of Formula 8-4. Mitsunobu reaction of an aryl or heteroaryl
alcohol of Formula 8-2 with an alcohol of Formula 8-1 affords a
compound of Formula 8-3 (wherein Pg.sup.1 is an amine protecting
group, e.g. Boc). Example Mitsonobu conditions include treatment
with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate and triphenylphospine in an
aprotic solvent such as THF, at an appropriate temperature, e.g.
room temperature. Removal of Pg.sup.1 from the compound Formula 8-3
then results in formation of the compound of Formula 8-4.
##STR00020##
[0169] Additional starting materials and intermediates useful for
making the compounds of the present invention can be obtained from
chemical vendors such as Sigma-Aldrich or can be made according to
methods described in the chemical art.
[0170] Those skilled in the art can recognize that in all of the
schemes described herein, if there are functional (reactive) groups
present on a part of the compound structure such as a substituent
group, for example R.sup.1, R.sup.1A, R.sup.1B, R.sup.2, R.sup.3,
R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.S, etc., further modification can be made
if appropriate and/or desired, using methods well known to those
skilled in the art. For example, a --CN group can be hydrolyzed to
afford an amide group; a carboxylic acid can be converted to an
amide; a carboxylic acid can be converted to an ester, which in
turn can be reduced to an alcohol, which in turn can be further
modified. For another example, an OH group can be converted into a
better leaving group such as a methanesulfonate, which in turn is
suitable for nucleophilic substitution, such as by a cyanide ion
(CN.sup.-). For another example, an --S-- can be oxidized to
--S(.dbd.O)-- and/or --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--. For yet another example,
an unsaturated bond such as C.dbd.C or C.ident.C can be reduced to
a saturated bond by hydrogenation. For yet another example, an
amino group can be converted to an amide or sulfonamide group. One
skilled in the art will recognize further such modifications. Thus,
a compound of Formula I having a substituent that contains a
functional group can be converted to another compound of Formula I
having a different substituent group.
[0171] Similarly, those skilled in the art can also recognize that
in all of the schemes described herein, if there are functional
(reactive) groups present on a substituent group such as R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, etc., these functional groups
can be protected/deprotected in the course of the synthetic scheme
described here, if appropriate and/or desired. For example, an OH
group can be protected by a benzyl, methyl, or acetyl group, which
can be deprotected and converted back to the OH group in a later
stage of the synthetic process. For another example, an NH.sub.2
group can be protected by a benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) or BOC/Boc
group; conversion back to the NH.sub.2 group can be carried out at
a later stage of the synthetic process via deprotection.
[0172] As used herein, the term "reacting" (or "reaction" or
"reacted") refers to the bringing together of designated chemical
reactants such that a chemical transformation takes place
generating a compound different from any initially introduced into
the system. Reactions can take place in the presence or absence of
solvent.
[0173] Compounds of Formula I may exist as stereoisomers, such as
atropisomers, racemates, enantiomers, or diastereomers.
Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual
enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure
precursor or resolution of the racemate using, for example, chiral
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alternatively, the
racemate (or a racemic precursor) may be reacted with a suitable
optically active compound, for example, an alcohol, or, in the case
where the compound contains an acidic or basic moiety, an acid or
base such as tartaric acid or 1-phenylethylamine. The resulting
diastereomeric mixture may be separated by chromatography and/or
fractional crystallization and one or both of the diastereoisomers
converted to the corresponding pure enantiomer(s) by means well
known to one skilled in the art. Chiral compounds of Formula I (and
chiral precursors thereof) may be obtained in enantiomerically
enriched form using chromatography, typically HPLC, on an
asymmetric resin with a mobile phase consisting of a hydrocarbon,
typically heptane or hexane, containing from 0% to 50% 2-propanol,
typically from 2% to 20%, and from 0% to 5% of an alkylamine,
typically 0.1% diethylamine. Concentration of the eluate affords
the enriched mixture. Stereoisomeric conglomerates may be separated
by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art. See,
e.g., Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel and S. H.
Wilen (Wiley, New York, 1994), the disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Suitable
stereoselective techniques are well known to those of ordinary
skill in the art.
[0174] Where a compound of Formula I contains an alkenyl or
alkenylene (alkylidene) group, geometric cis/trans (or Z/E) isomers
are possible. Cis/trans isomers may be separated by conventional
techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example,
chromatography and fractional crystallization. Salts of the present
invention can be prepared according to methods known to those of
skill in the art.
[0175] The compounds of Formula I that are basic in nature are
capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic
and organic acids. Although such salts must be pharmaceutically
acceptable for administration to animals, it is often desirable in
practice to initially isolate the compound of the present invention
from the reaction mixture as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt
and then simply convert the latter back to the free base compound
by treatment with an alkaline reagent and subsequently convert the
latter free base to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition
salt. The acid addition salts of the basic compounds of this
invention can be prepared by treating the basic compound with a
substantially equivalent amount of the selected mineral or organic
acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitable organic solvent,
such as methanol or ethanol. Upon evaporation of the solvent, the
desired solid salt is obtained. The desired acid salt can also be
precipitated from a solution of the free base in an organic solvent
by adding an appropriate mineral or organic acid to the
solution.
[0176] If the inventive compound is a base, the desired
pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable
method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free
base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic
acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or
with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic
acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid,
oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, isonicotinic acid,
lactic acid, pantothenic acid, bitartric acid, ascorbic acid,
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gluconic acid, saccharic acid, formic
acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic
acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and pamoic [i.e.,
4,4'-methanediylbis(3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid)] acid,
a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid,
an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an
amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic
acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such
as ethanesulfonic acid, or the like.
[0177] Those compounds of Formula I that are acidic in nature are
capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically
acceptable cations. Examples of such salts include the alkali metal
or alkaline earth metal salts, and particularly the sodium and
potassium salts. These salts are all prepared by conventional
techniques. The chemical bases which are used as reagents to
prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of this
invention are those which form non-toxic base salts with the acidic
compounds of Formula I. These salts may be prepared by any suitable
method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic
or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary),
an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the
like. These salts can also be prepared by treating the
corresponding acidic compounds with an aqueous solution containing
the desired pharmacologically acceptable cations, and then
evaporating the resulting solution to dryness, for example under
reduced pressure. Alternatively, they may also be prepared by
mixing lower alkanolic solutions of the acidic compounds and the
desired alkali metal alkoxide together, and then evaporating the
resulting solution to dryness in the same manner as before. In
either case, stoichiometric quantities of reagents are, for
example, employed in order to ensure completeness of reaction and
maximum yields of the desired final product.
[0178] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula I
(including compounds of Formula I-a or I-b) may be prepared by,
e.g., one or more of three methods:
(i) by reacting the compound of Formula I with the desired acid or
base; (ii) by removing an acid- or base-labile protecting group
from a suitable precursor of the compound of Formula I or by
ring-opening a suitable cyclic precursor, for example, a lactone or
lactam, using the desired acid or base; or (iii) by converting one
salt of the compound of Formula I to another by reaction with an
appropriate acid or base or by means of a suitable ion exchange
column.
[0179] All three reactions are typically carried out in solution.
The resulting salt may precipitate out and be collected by
filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent. The
degree of ionization in the resulting salt may vary from completely
ionized to almost non-ionized.
[0180] Polymorphs can be prepared according to techniques
well-known to those skilled in the art, for example, by
crystallization.
[0181] When any racemate crystallizes, crystals of two different
types are possible. The first type is the racemic compound (true
racemate) referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal
is produced containing both enantiomers in equimolar amounts. The
second type is the racemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two
forms of crystal are produced in equimolar amounts each comprising
a single enantiomer.
[0182] While both of the crystal forms present in a racemic mixture
may have almost identical physical properties, they may have
different physical properties compared to the true racemate.
Racemic mixtures may be separated by conventional techniques known
to those skilled in the art--see, for example, Stereochemistry of
Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen (Wiley, New York,
1994).
[0183] The invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds
of Formula I wherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom
having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number
different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in
nature. Isotopically labeled compounds of Formula I (or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or N-oxides thereof) can
generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those
skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described
herein, using an appropriate isotopically labeled reagent in place
of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.
[0184] Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example,
be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the
compounds of Formula I with certain moieties known to those skilled
in the art as pro-moieties' as described, for example, in Design of
Prodrugs by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).
[0185] The compounds of Formula I should be assessed for their
biopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility and solution
stability (across pH), permeability, etc., in order to select the
most appropriate dosage form and route of administration for
treatment of the proposed indication.
[0186] Compounds of the invention intended for pharmaceutical use
may be administered as crystalline or amorphous products. They may
be obtained, for example, as solid plugs, powders, or films by
methods such as precipitation, crystallization, freeze drying,
spray drying, or evaporative drying. Microwave or radio frequency
drying may be used for this purpose.
[0187] They may be administered alone or in combination with one or
more other compounds of the invention or in combination with one or
more other drugs (or as any combination thereof). Generally, they
will be administered as a formulation in association with one or
more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The term "excipient"
is used herein to describe any ingredient other than the
compound(s) of the invention. The choice of excipient will to a
large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of
administration, the effect of the excipient on solubility and
stability, and the nature of the dosage form.
[0188] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the delivery of
compounds of the present invention (or pharmaceutically acceptable
salts thereof) and methods for their preparation will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art. Such compositions and methods
for their preparation may be found, for example, in Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition (Mack Publishing Company,
1995).
[0189] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) may be administered orally. Oral
administration may involve swallowing, so that the compound enters
the gastrointestinal tract, and/or buccal, lingual, or sublingual
administration by which the compound enters the bloodstream
directly from the mouth.
[0190] Formulations suitable for oral administration include solid,
semi-solid and liquid systems such as tablets; soft or hard
capsules containing multi- or nano-particulates, liquids, or
powders; lozenges (including liquid-filled); chews; gels;
fast-dispersing dosage forms; films; ovules; sprays; and
buccal/mucoadhesive patches.
[0191] Liquid formulations include suspensions, solutions, syrups
and elixirs. Such formulations may be employed as fillers in soft
or hard capsules (made, for example, from gelatin or hydroxypropyl
methyl cellulose) and typically comprise a carrier, for example,
water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methyl
cellulose, or a suitable oil, and one or more emulsifying agents
and/or suspending agents. Liquid formulations may also be prepared
by the reconstitution of a solid, for example, from a sachet.
[0192] The compounds of the invention may also be used in
fast-dissolving, fast-disintegrating dosage forms such as those
described by Liang and Chen, Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Patents
2001, 11, 981-986.
[0193] For tablet dosage forms, depending on dose, the drug may
make up from 1 weight % to 80 weight % of the dosage form, more
typically from 5 weight % to 60 weight % of the dosage form. In
addition to the drug, tablets generally contain a disintegrant.
Examples of disintegrants include sodium starch glycolate, sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose,
croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl
cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, lower alkyl-substituted
hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, pregelatinized starch and sodium
alginate. Generally, the disintegrant will comprise from 1 weight %
to 25 weight %, for example, from 5 weight % to 20 weight % of the
dosage form. Binders are generally used to impart cohesive
qualities to a tablet formulation. Suitable binders include
microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, sugars, polyethylene glycol,
natural and synthetic gums, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pregelatinized
starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
Tablets may also contain diluents, such as lactose (monohydrate,
spray-dried monohydrate, anhydrous and the like), mannitol,
xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose,
starch and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate.
[0194] Tablets may also optionally comprise surface active agents,
such as sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80, and glidants such
as silicon dioxide and talc. When present, surface active agents
may comprise from 0.2 weight % to 5 weight % of the tablet, and
glidants may comprise from 0.2 weight % to 1 weight % of the
tablet.
[0195] Tablets also generally contain lubricants such as magnesium
stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate,
and mixtures of magnesium stearate with sodium lauryl sulfate.
Lubricants generally comprise from 0.25 weight % to 10 weight %,
for example, from 0.5 weight % to 3 weight % of the tablet.
[0196] Other possible ingredients include anti-oxidants, colorants,
flavoring agents, preservatives and taste-masking agents.
[0197] Exemplary tablets contain up to about 80% drug, from about
10 weight % to about 90 weight % binder, from about 0 weight % to
about 85 weight % diluent, from about 2 weight % to about 10 weight
% disintegrant, and from about 0.25 weight % to about 10 weight %
lubricant.
[0198] Tablet blends may be compressed directly or by roller to
form tablets. Tablet blends or portions of blends may alternatively
be wet-, dry-, or melt-granulated, melt-congealed, or extruded
before tabletting. The final formulation may comprise one or more
layers and may be coated or uncoated; it may even be
encapsulated.
[0199] The formulation of tablets is discussed in Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms: Tablets, Vol. 1, by H. Lieberman and L. Lachman
(Marcel Dekker, New York, 1980).
[0200] Consumable oral films for human or veterinary use are
typically pliable water-soluble or water-swellable thin film dosage
forms which may be rapidly dissolving or mucoadhesive and typically
comprise a compound of Formula I, a film-forming polymer, a binder,
a solvent, a humectant, a plasticizer, a stabilizer or emulsifier,
a viscosity-modifying agent and a solvent. Some components of the
formulation may perform more than one function.
[0201] The compound of Formula I (or pharmaceutically acceptable
salts thereof or N-oxides thereof) may be water-soluble or
insoluble. A water-soluble compound typically comprises from 1
weight % to 80 weight %, more typically from 20 weight % to 50
weight %, of the solutes. Less soluble compounds may comprise a
smaller proportion of the composition, typically up to 30 weight %
of the solutes. Alternatively, the compound of Formula I may be in
the form of multiparticulate beads.
[0202] The film-forming polymer may be selected from natural
polysaccharides, proteins, or synthetic hydrocolloids and is
typically present in the range 0.01 to 99 weight %, more typically
in the range 30 to 80 weight %.
[0203] Other possible ingredients include anti-oxidants, colorants,
flavorings and flavor enhancers, preservatives, salivary
stimulating agents, cooling agents, co-solvents (including oils),
emollients, bulking agents, anti-foaming agents, surfactants and
taste-masking agents.
[0204] Films in accordance with the invention are typically
prepared by evaporative drying of thin aqueous films coated onto a
peelable backing support or paper. This may be done in a drying
oven or tunnel, typically a combined coater dryer, or by
freeze-drying or vacuuming.
[0205] Solid formulations for oral administration may be formulated
to be immediate and/or modified release. Modified release
formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-,
targeted and programmed release.
[0206] Suitable modified release formulations for the purposes of
the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,864. Details of
other suitable release technologies such as high energy dispersions
and osmotic and coated particles are to be found in Verma et al.,
Pharmaceutical Technology On-line, 25(2), 1-14 (2001). The use of
chewing gum to achieve controlled release is described in WO
00/35298.
[0207] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) may also be administered directly into
the bloodstream, into muscle, or into an internal organ. Suitable
means for parenteral administration include intravenous,
intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular,
intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular,
intrasynovial and subcutaneous. Suitable devices for parenteral
administration include needle (including microneedle) injectors,
needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.
[0208] Parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions
which may contain excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and
buffering agents (for example to a pH of from 3 to 9), but, for
some applications, they may be more suitably formulated as a
sterile non-aqueous solution or as a dried form to be used in
conjunction with a suitable vehicle such as sterile, pyrogen-free
water.
[0209] The preparation of parenteral formulations under sterile
conditions, for example, by lyophilization, may readily be
accomplished using standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to
those skilled in the art.
[0210] The solubility of compounds of Formula I (including
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) used in the preparation
of parenteral solutions may be increased by the use of appropriate
formulation techniques, such as the incorporation of
solubility-enhancing agents.
[0211] Formulations for parenteral administration may be formulated
to be immediate and/or modified release. Modified release
formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-,
targeted and programmed release. Thus compounds of the invention
may be formulated as a suspension or as a solid, semi-solid, or
thixotropic liquid for administration as an implanted depot
providing modified release of the active compound. Examples of such
formulations include drug-coated stents and semi-solids and
suspensions comprising drug-loaded poly(DL-lactic-coglycolic acid)
(PLGA) microspheres.
[0212] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) may also be administered topically,
(intra)dermally, or transdermally to the skin or mucosa. Typical
formulations for this purpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions,
solutions, creams, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, foams,
films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibers, bandages
and microemulsions. Liposomes may also be used. Typical carriers
include alcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white
petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
Penetration enhancers may be incorporated. See e.g., Finnin and
Morgan, J. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 88, 955-958.
[0213] Other means of topical administration include delivery by
electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis and
microneedle or needle-free (e.g., Powderject.TM., Bioject.TM.,
etc.) injection.
[0214] Formulations for topical administration may be formulated to
be immediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations
include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and
programmed release.
[0215] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) can also be administered intranasally or
by inhalation, typically in the form of a dry powder (either alone;
as a mixture, for example, in a dry blend with lactose; or as a
mixed component particle, for example, mixed with phospholipids,
such as phosphatidylcholine) from a dry powder inhaler, as an
aerosol spray from a pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer
(for example an atomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce a
fine mist), or nebulizer, with or without the use of a suitable
propellant, such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, or as nasal drops. For intranasal
use, the powder may comprise a bioadhesive agent, for example,
chitosan or cyclodextrin.
[0216] The pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer, or
nebulizer contains a solution or suspension of the compound(s) of
the invention comprising, for example, ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or
a suitable alternative agent for dispersing, solubilizing, or
extending release of the active, a propellant(s) as solvent and an
optional surfactant, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, or an
oligolactic acid.
[0217] Prior to use in a dry powder or suspension formulation, the
drug product is micronized to a size suitable for delivery by
inhalation (typically less than 5 microns). This may be achieved by
any appropriate comminuting method, such as spiral jet milling,
fluid bed jet milling, supercritical fluid processing to form
nanoparticles, high pressure homogenization, or spray drying.
[0218] Capsules (made, for example, from gelatin or hydroxypropyl
methyl cellulose), blisters and cartridges for use in an inhaler or
insufflator may be formulated to contain a powder mix of the
compound of the invention, a suitable powder base such as lactose
or starch and a performance modifier such as L-leucine, mannitol,
or magnesium stearate. The lactose may be anhydrous or in the form
of the monohydrate. Other suitable excipients include dextran,
glucose, maltose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sucrose and
trehalose.
[0219] A suitable solution formulation for use in an atomizer using
electrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist may contain from 1
.mu.g to 20 mg of the compound of the invention per actuation and
the actuation volume may vary from 1 .mu.L to 100 .mu.L. A typical
formulation may comprise a compound of Formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, propylene glycol, sterile
water, ethanol and sodium chloride. Alternative solvents which may
be used instead of propylene glycol include glycerol and
polyethylene glycol.
[0220] Suitable flavors, such as menthol and levomenthol, or
sweeteners, such as saccharin or saccharin sodium, may be added to
those formulations of the invention intended for inhaled/intranasal
administration.
[0221] Formulations for inhaled/intranasal administration may be
formulated to be immediate and/or modified release using, for
example, PGLA. Modified release formulations include delayed-,
sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed
release.
[0222] In the case of dry powder inhalers and aerosols, the dosage
unit is determined by means of a valve which delivers a metered
amount. Units in accordance with the invention are typically
arranged to administer a metered dose or "puff" containing from
0.01 to 100 mg of the compound of Formula I. The overall daily dose
will typically be in the range 1 .mu.g to 200 mg, which may be
administered in a single dose or, more usually, as divided doses
throughout the day.
[0223] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) may be administered rectally or
vaginally, for example, in the form of a suppository, pessary, or
enema. Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, but various
alternatives may be used as appropriate.
[0224] Formulations for rectal/vaginal administration may be
formulated to be immediate and/or modified release. Modified
release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-,
controlled-, targeted and programmed release.
[0225] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) may also be administered directly to the
eye or ear, typically in the form of drops of a micronized
suspension or solution in isotonic, pH-adjusted, sterile saline.
Other formulations suitable for ocular and aural administration
include ointments, gels, biodegradable (e.g., absorbable gel
sponges, collagen) and non-biodegradable (e.g., silicone) implants,
wafers, lenses and particulate or vesicular systems, such as
niosomes or liposomes. A polymer such as crossed-linked polyacrylic
acid, polyvinylalcohol, hyaluronic acid, a cellulosic polymer, for
example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or
methyl cellulose, or a heteropolysaccharide polymer, for example,
gelan gum, may be incorporated together with a preservative, such
as benzalkonium chloride. Such formulations may also be delivered
by iontophoresis.
[0226] Formulations for ocular/aural administration may be
formulated to be immediate and/or modified release. Modified
release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-,
controlled-, targeted, or programmed release.
[0227] The compounds of the invention (including pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof) may be combined with soluble
macromolecular entities, such as cyclodextrin and suitable
derivatives thereof or polyethylene glycol-containing polymers, in
order to improve their solubility, dissolution rate, taste-masking,
bioavailability and/or stability for use in any of the
aforementioned modes of administration.
[0228] Drug-cyclodextrin complexes, for example, are found to be
generally useful for most dosage forms and administration routes.
Both inclusion and non-inclusion complexes may be used. As an
alternative to direct complexation with the drug, the cyclodextrin
may be used as an auxiliary additive, i.e., as a carrier, diluent,
or solubilizer. Most commonly used for these purposes are alpha-,
beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins, examples of which may be found in
International Patent Applications Nos. WO 91/11172, WO 94/02518 and
WO 98/55148.
[0229] Since the present invention has an aspect that relates to
the treatment of the disease/conditions described herein with a
combination of active ingredients which may be administered
separately, the invention also relates to combining separate
pharmaceutical compositions in kit form. The kit comprises two
separate pharmaceutical compositions: a compound of Formula I, a
prodrug thereof, or a salt of such compound or prodrug; and a
second compound as described above. The kit comprises means for
containing the separate compositions such as a container, a divided
bottle or a divided foil packet. Typically the kit comprises
directions for the administration of the separate components. The
kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate components
are for example administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral
and parenteral), are administered at different dosage intervals, or
when titration of the individual components of the combination is
desired by the prescribing physician.
[0230] An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack.
Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are
being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage
forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally
consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil
of a transparent plastic material. During the packaging process
recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size
and shape of the tablets or capsules to be packed. Next, the
tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the sheet of
relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the
face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the
recesses were formed. As a result, the tablets or capsules are
sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet. In
some embodiments, the strength of the sheet is such that the
tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by
manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is
formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or
capsule can then be removed via said opening.
[0231] It may be desirable to provide a memory aid on the kit,
e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules
whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen on
which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested.
Another example of such a memory aid is a calendar printed on the
card, e.g., as follows "First Week, Monday, Tuesday, etc. . . .
Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . " etc. Other variations of
memory aids will be readily apparent. A "daily dose" can be a
single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken
on a given day. Also, a daily dose of Formula I compound can
consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of the second
compound can consist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa.
The memory aid should reflect this.
[0232] In another specific embodiment of the invention, a dispenser
designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of
their intended use is provided. For example, the dispenser is
equipped with a memory aid, so as to further facilitate compliance
with the regimen. An example of such a memory aid is a mechanical
counter which indicates the number of daily doses that has been
dispensed. Another example of such a memory aid is a
battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal
readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out
the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one
when the next dose is to be taken.
[0233] The invention will be described in greater detail by way of
specific examples. The following examples are offered for
illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention
in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a
variety of non-critical parameters that can be changed or modified
to yield essentially the same results. Additional compounds within
the scope of this invention may be prepared using the methods
illustrated in these Examples, either alone or in combination with
techniques generally known in the art. In the following Examples
and Preparations, "DMSO" means dimethyl sulfoxide, "N" where
referring to concentration means Normal, "M" means molar, "mL"
means milliliter, "mmol" means millimoles, ".mu.mol" means
micromoles, "eq." means equivalent, ".degree. C." means degrees
Celsius, "MHz" means megahertz, "HPLC" means high-performance
liquid chromatography.
EXAMPLES
[0234] The following illustrate the synthesis of various compounds
of the present invention. Additional compounds within the scope of
this invention may be prepared using the methods illustrated in
these Examples, either alone or in combination with techniques
generally known in the art.
[0235] Experiments were generally carried out under inert
atmosphere (nitrogen or argon), particularly in cases where oxygen-
or moisture-sensitive reagents or intermediates were employed.
Commercial solvents and reagents were generally used without
further purification. Anhydrous solvents were employed where
appropriate, generally AcroSeal.RTM. products from Acros Organics
or DriSolv.RTM. products from EMD Chemicals. In other cases,
commercial solvents were passed through columns packed with 4 .ANG.
molecular sieves, until the following QC standards for water were
attained: a) <100 ppm for dichloromethane, toluene,
N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran; b) <180 ppm for
methanol, ethanol, 1,4-dioxane and diisopropylamine. For very
sensitive reactions, solvents were further treated with metallic
sodium, calcium hydride or molecular sieves, and distilled just
prior to use. Products were generally dried under vacuum before
being carried on to further reactions or submitted for biological
testing. Mass spectrometry data is reported from either liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), atmospheric pressure
chemical ionization (APCI) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GCMS) instrumentation. Chemical shifts for nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) data are expressed in parts per million (ppm,
.delta.) referenced to residual peaks from the deuterated solvents
employed. In some examples, chiral separations were carried out to
separate enantiomers or diastereomers of certain compounds of the
invention or their precursors/intermediates. In some examples, the
separated enantiomers are designated as ENT-1 and ENT-2, according
to their order of elution. In some examples, the separated
diastereomers are designated as DIAST 1 and DIAST 2, according to
their order of elution; and where desigations are determined for
some precursors/intermediates, these designations are carried over
to their subsequent products respectively. In some examples, the
optical rotation of an enantiomer was measured using a polarimeter.
According to its observed rotation data (or its specific rotation
data), an enantiomer with a clockwise rotation was designated as
the (+)-enantiomer and an enantiomer with a counter-clockwise
rotation was designated as the (-)-enantiomer. Racemic compounds
are indicated by the presence of (+/-) adjacent to the structure;
in these cases, indicated stereochemistry represents the relative
(rather than absolute) configuration of the compound's
substituents.
[0236] Reactions proceeding through detectable intermediates were
generally followed by LCMS, and allowed to proceed to full
conversion prior to addition of subsequent reagents. For syntheses
referencing procedures in other Examples or Methods, reaction
conditions (reaction time and temperature) may vary. In general,
reactions were followed by thin-layer chromatography or mass
spectrometry, and subjected to work-up when appropriate.
[0237] Purifications may vary between experiments: in general,
solvents and the solvent ratios used for eluents/gradients were
chosen to provide appropriate R.sub.fs or retention times.
Abbreviations
[0238] The following are abbreviations which may appear in the
experimental procedures or Schemes described herein:
[0239] BOC (or Boc)--tert-butoxycarbonyl
[0240] HPLC--high-performance liquid chromatography
[0241] Alloc--allyloxycarbonyl
PREPARATIONS
[0242] Preparations P1-P6 describe preparations of some starting
materials or intermediates used for preparation of certain
compounds of the invention.
Preparation P1
Tert-Butyl 1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (P1)
##STR00021##
[0243] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
4-{[(chloroacetyl)amino]methyl}-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate
(C1)
[0244] A solution of potassium carbonate (1.32 kg, 9.55 mol) in
water (11 L) was added to a solution of tert-butyl
4-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.10 kg, 4.78
mol) in ethyl acetate (11 L). The mixture was cooled to 0.degree.
C., and then treated in a drop-wise manner with chloroacetyl
chloride (595 g, 5.27 mol). After completion of the addition, the
reaction mixture was warmed to 25.degree. C. and allowed to stir
for 16 hours. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate
(3.times.10 L), and the combined organic layers were dried over
sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo; trituration of
the residue with tert-butyl methyl ether (10 L) afforded the
product (1040 g). The filtrate from the trituration was
concentrated and triturated with a mixture of tert-butyl methyl
ether and petroleum ether (1:1; 300 mL) to provide additional
product (123 g) as a white solid. Combined yield: 1.16 kg, 3.78
mol, 79%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.02 (br t, J=5
Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 3.88-3.70 (br m, 2H), 3.43-3.28 (br s, 2H),
3.20 (br dd, J=11, 11 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 1H), 1.62-1.46 (m, 4H),
1.45 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (C2)
[0245] This reaction was carried out in two similar batches. To a
solution of C1 (540 g, 1.76 mol) in 2-propanol (20 L) was added
potassium tert-butoxide (1.98 kg, 17.6 mol) at 25.degree. C., and
the reaction mixture was stirred at 25.degree. C. for 16 hours.
After removal of solvent in vacuo, the residue was partitioned
between ethyl acetate (15 L) and water (20 L). The aqueous layer
was extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.15 L), and the combined
organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride
solution (15 L), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated
with tert-butyl methyl ether (2 L) at 25.degree. C. for 3 hours to
afford the product as a white solid. Combined yield from the two
batches: 540 g, 2.00 mmol, 57%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 6.78-6.59 (br m, 1H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.96-3.74 (br s, 2H),
3.24 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (br dd, J=12, 12 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (br d,
J=13 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
Step 3. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (P1)
[0246] This reaction was carried out in 12 batches, as follows.
Borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (10 M in dimethyl sulfide, 75 mL,
750 mmol) was added in a drop-wise manner to a solution of C2 (50
g, 180 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 L). The reaction mixture was
heated at reflux (70.degree. C.) for 6 hours and subsequently
allowed to stir at 25.degree. C. for 10 hours. It was then quenched
with methanol (500 mL), stirred for 30 minutes at 25.degree. C.,
and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting white solid
was dissolved in methanol (1 L), treated with
N,N'-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (65 g, 740 mmol), and heated at
reflux (70.degree. C.) for 16 hours. The 12 reaction mixtures were
combined and concentrated in vacuo to provide a light yellow oil;
this was dissolved in dichloromethane (4 L), washed with aqueous
ammonium chloride solution (4.times.2 L), dried over sodium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The
residue was triturated with petroleum ether (500 mL) at 25.degree.
C. for 30 minutes to provide the product (304 g) as a white solid.
The filtrate from the trituration was concentrated in vacuo, and
the residue was triturated with petroleum ether (200 mL) at
25.degree. C. for 36 hours, affording additional product (135 g) as
a white solid. Combined yield: 439 g, 1.71 mol, 77%. LCMS m/z 257.2
[M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 3.85-3.59
(m, 4H), 3.14 (br dd, J=11, 11 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (dd, J=4.9, 4.6 Hz,
2H), 2.68 (s, 2H), 2.02-1.84 (br m, 2H), 1.47-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.45
(s, 9H).
Preparation P2
Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-ca-
rboxylate (P2)
##STR00022##
[0247] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(C3)
[0248] A solution of tert-butyl
3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (1.98 g, 7.72
mmol) in dichloromethane (80 mL) was treated with saturated aqueous
sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL). Benzenesulfonyl chloride (1.49
mL, 11.7 mmol) was added drop-wise, and the reaction mixture was
stirred for 23 hours at room temperature. The aqueous layer was
extracted with dichloromethane, and the combined organic layers
were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried
over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. This
racemic material was purified using silica gel chromatography
(Gradient: 20% to 50% ethyl acetate in heptane) to afford the
product as a white solid. Yield: 2.88 g, 7.26 mmol, 94%. LCMS m/z
395.4 [M-H.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 5.00 (br
d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J=9.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H),
3.58-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.96 (dd, J=13.4, 7.7 Hz,
1H), 1.66-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Isolation of Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(P2) and Tert-Butyl
(3S)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(C4)
[0249] Compound C3 (from the previous step; 2.88 g, 7.26 mmol) was
separated into its component enantiomers via supercritical fluid
chromatography [Column: Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-3, 5 .mu.m;
Eluent: 7.5% (1:1 methanol/acetonitrile) in carbon dioxide]. The
first-eluting product, obtained as a tacky white solid that
exhibited a negative (-) rotation, was designated as P2. Yield:
1.35 g, 3.40 mmol, 45%. LCMS m/z 395.5 [M-H.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H),
7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 4.81 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.81
(dd, J=9.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.97
(dd, J=13.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.38 (m, 1H),
1.44 (s, 9H).
[0250] The second-eluting product, obtained as a tacky white solid
that exhibited a positive (+) rotation, was designated as C4.
Yield: 1.15 g, 2.90 mmol, 38%. LCMS m/z 395.5 [M-H.sup.+]. .sup.1H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.59 (m,
1H), 7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 4.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.91 (m, 1H),
3.81 (dd, J=9.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 2H),
1.97 (dd, J=13.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.38 (m,
1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).
The absolute configurations shown were established as follows: a
portion of this batch of P2 was recrystallized from
dichloromethane/tert-butyl methyl ether, and its absolute
configuration was determined via single crystal X-ray structure
determination:
Single-Crystal X-Ray Structural Determination of P2
[0251] Data collection was performed on a Bruker APEX
diffractometer at room temperature. Data collection consisted of
omega and phi scans.
[0252] The structure was solved by direct methods using SHELX
software suite in the space group P2.sub.12.sub.12.sub.1. The
structure was subsequently refined by the full-matrix least squares
method.
[0253] All non-hydrogen atoms were found and refined using
anisotropic displacement parameters.
[0254] The hydrogen atom located on nitrogen was found from the
Fourier difference map and refined with distances restrained. The
remaining hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and
were allowed to ride on their carrier atoms. The final refinement
included isotropic displacement parameters for all hydrogen
atoms.
[0255] Analysis of the absolute structure using likelihood methods
(Hooft, 2008) was performed using PLATON (Spek). The results
indicate that the absolute structure has been correctly assigned.
The method calculates that the probability that the structure is
correct is 100.0. The Hooft parameter is reported as 0.015 with an
esd of 0.09.
[0256] The final R-index was 4.2%. A final difference Fourier
revealed no missing or misplaced electron density.
[0257] Pertinent crystal, data collection and refinement
information is summarized in Table 1.
[0258] Atomic coordinates, bond lengths, bond angles, and
displacement parameters are listed in Tables 2-5.
SOFTWARE AND REFERENCES
[0259] SHELXTL, Version 5.1, Bruker AXS, 1997. [0260] PLATON, A. L.
Spek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2003, 36, 7-13. [0261] MERCURY, C. F. Macrae,
P. R. Edington, P. McCabe, E. Pidcock, G. P. Shields, R. Taylor, M.
Towler, and J. van de Streek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2006, 39, 453-457.
[0262] OLEX2, O. V. Dolomanov, L. J. Bourhis, R. J. Gildea, J. A.
K. Howard, and H. Puschmann, J. Appl. Cryst. 2009, 42, 339-341.
[0263] R. W. W. Hooft, L. H. Straver, and A. L. Spek, J. Appl.
Cryst. 2008, 41, 96-103. [0264] H. D. Flack, Acta Cryst. 1983, A39,
867-881.
TABLE-US-00001 [0264] TABLE 1 Crystal data and structure refinement
for P2. Empirical formula C.sub.19H.sub.28N.sub.2O.sub.5S Formula
weight 396.50 Temperature 276(2) K Wavelength 1.54178 .ANG. Crystal
system Orthorhombic Space group P2.sub.12.sub.12.sub.1 Unit cell
dimensions a = 9.79150(10) .ANG. .alpha. = 90.degree. b =
11.11580(10) .ANG. .beta. = 90.degree. c = 18.6694(2) .ANG. .gamma.
= 90.degree. Volume 2031.98(4) .ANG..sup.3 Z 4 Density (calculated)
1.296 Mg/m.sup.3 Absorption coefficient 1.686 mm.sup.-1 F(000) 848
Crystal size 0.260 .times. 0.180 .times. 0.140 mm.sup.3 Theta range
for data collection 4.630 to 68.568.degree. Index ranges -11 <=
h <= 11, -13 <= k <= 13, -20 <= l <= 22 Reflections
collected 9404 Independent reflections 3633 [R.sub.int = 0.0247]
Completeness to theta = 99.3% 70.31.degree. Absorption correction
None Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F.sup.2
Data/restraints/parameters 3633/1/251 Goodness-of-fit on F.sup.2
1.067 Final R indices R1 = 0.0418, wR2 = 0.1074 [I > 2sigma(I)]
R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0441, wR2 = 0.1098 Absolute structure
parameter 0.017(9) Extinction coefficient n/a Largest diff. peak
and hole 0.428 and -0.457 e .ANG..sup.-3
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Atomic coordinates (.times.10.sup.4) and
equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (.ANG..sup.2 .times.
10.sup.3) for P2. U(eq) is defined as one-third of the trace of the
orthogonalized U.sup.ij tensor. x y z U(eq) S(1) -3733(1) 10920(1)
849(1) 53(1) N(1) -3045(3) 9602(2) 839(2) 59(1) N(2) 3033(2)
7292(2) 1366(2) 52(1) O(1) -5113(3) 10761(2) 1075(1) 74(1) O(2)
-2848(3) 11724(2) 1218(1) 68(1) O(3) 29(3) 8787(2) 1780(1) 68(1)
O(4) 5295(2) 7383(2) 1100(1) 53(1) O(5) 4386(2) 5806(2) 1709(1)
55(1) C(1) -4868(3) 11071(3) -483(2) 63(1) C(2) -4920(4) 11465(4)
-1195(2) 76(1) C(3) -3910(5) 12188(4) -1452(2) 77(1) C(4) -2853(5)
12532(4) -1029(2) 80(1) C(5) -2775(3) 12136(3) -315(2) 64(1) C(6)
-3796(3) 11406(2) -54(2) 49(1) C(7) -1575(3) 9468(3) 927(2) 49(1)
C(8) -1069(4) 9583(4) 1697(2) 77(1) C(9) 248(3) 8100(3) 1135(2)
48(1) C(10) -1087(3) 8216(3) 724(2) 51(1) C(11) 601(3) 6821(3)
1356(2) 62(1) C(12) 1914(4) 6735(3) 1772(2) 67(1) C(13) 2776(3)
8526(3) 1137(2) 55(1) C(14) 1463(3) 8609(3) 722(2) 49(1) C(15)
4329(3) 6873(2) 1372(2) 46(1) C(16) 5650(3) 5100(3) 1749(2) 50(1)
C(17) 6713(4) 5783(4) 2169(2) 69(1) C(18) 6126(5) 4758(4) 1005(2)
82(1) C(19) 5191(4) 3991(3) 2158(2) 62(1)
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Bond lengths [.ANG.] and angles [.degree.]
for P2. S(1)--O(2) 1.423(3) S(1)--O(1) 1.426(2) S(1)--N(1) 1.613(2)
S(1)--C(6) 1.772(3) N(1)--C(7) 1.456(4) N(2)--C(15) 1.353(4)
N(2)--C(13) 1.459(4) N(2)--C(12) 1.468(4) O(3)--C(8) 1.400(4)
O(3)--C(9) 1.441(4) O(4)--C(15) 1.214(4) O(5)--C(15) 1.344(3)
O(5)--C(16) 1.467(3) C(1)--C(6) 1.372(5) C(1)--C(2) 1.400(5)
C(2)--C(3) 1.362(6) C(3)--C(4) 1.358(6) C(4)--C(5) 1.405(5)
C(5)--C(6) 1.376(4) C(7)--C(10) 1.520(4) C(7)--C(8) 1.525(5)
C(9)--C(11) 1.520(4) C(9)--C(10) 1.521(4) C(9)--C(14) 1.526(4)
C(11)--C(12) 1.506(5) C(13)--C(14) 1.503(4) C(16)--C(17) 1.508(5)
C(16)--C(18) 1.514(5) C(16)--C(19) 1.518(4) O(2)--S(1)--O(1)
120.73(17) O(2)--S(1)--N(1) 108.79(15) O(1)--S(1)--N(1) 106.64(15)
O(2)--S(1)--C(6) 106.86(14) O(1)--S(1)--C(6) 106.70(15)
N(1)--S(1)--C(6) 106.29(15) C(7)--N(1)--S(1) 120.3(2)
C(15)--N(2)--C(13) 119.2(2) C(15)--N(2)--C(12) 123.4(2)
C(13)--N(2)--C(12) 114.8(3) C(8)--O(3)--C(9) 110.9(2)
C(15)--O(5)--C(16) 122.1(2) C(6)--C(1)--C(2) 119.8(3)
C(3)--C(2)--C(1) 119.6(4) C(4)--C(3)--C(2) 120.9(4)
C(3)--C(4)--C(5) 120.4(4) C(6)--C(5)--C(4) 118.7(3)
C(1)--C(6)--C(5) 120.6(3) C(1)--C(6)--S(1) 119.9(2)
C(5)--C(6)--S(1) 119.4(3) N(1)--C(7)--C(10) 112.1(3)
N(1)--C(7)--C(8) 114.8(3) C(10)--C(7)--C(8) 102.1(3)
O(3)--C(8)--C(7) 107.5(3) O(3)--C(9)--C(11) 107.7(3)
O(3)--C(9)--C(10) 104.4(2) C(11)--C(9)--C(10) 114.3(3)
O(3)--C(9)--C(14) 109.9(3) C(11)--C(9)--C(14) 107.9(2)
C(10)--C(9)--C(14) 112.6(2) C(7)--C(10)--C(9) 102.8(2)
C(12)--C(11)--C(9) 113.1(3) N(2)--C(12)--C(11) 110.1(3)
N(2)--C(13)--C(14) 110.9(3) C(13)--C(14)--C(9) 112.6(2)
O(4)--C(15)--O(5) 125.2(3) O(4)--C(15)--N(2) 124.5(3)
O(5)--C(15)--N(2) 110.3(2) O(5)--C(16)--C(17) 109.8(3)
O(5)--C(16)--C(18) 110.3(3) C(17)--C(16)--C(18) 113.0(3)
O(5)--C(16)--C(19) 102.1(2) C(17)--C(16)--C(19) 110.6(3)
C(18)--C(16)--C(19) 110.4(3)
Symmetry Transformations Used to Generate Equivalent Atoms.
TABLE-US-00004 [0265] TABLE 4 Anisotropic displacement parameters
(.ANG..sup.2 .times. 10.sup.3) for P2. The anisotropic displacement
factor exponent takes the form: -2.pi..sup.2[h.sup.2
a*.sup.2U.sup.11 + . . . + 2 h k a* b* U.sup.12]. U.sup.11 U.sup.22
U.sup.33 U.sup.23 U.sup.13 U.sup.12 S(1) 48(1) 42(1) 69(1) 2(1)
10(1) 8(1) N(1) 44(1) 42(1) 91(2) 9(1) 4(1) 3(1) N(2) 41(1) 49(1)
67(2) 17(1) 2(1) 2(1) O(1) 57(1) 69(1) 95(2) 19(1) 28(1) 18(1) O(2)
80(2) 52(1) 70(1) -7(1) -6(1) 9(1) O(3) 66(2) 88(2) 49(1) -8(1)
-5(1) 24(1) O(4) 43(1) 49(1) 68(1) 7(1) 4(1) 0(1) O(5) 46(1) 46(1)
73(1) 16(1) 1(1) 4(1) C(1) 45(2) 51(2) 92(2) 0(2) -4(2) -4(1) C(2)
66(2) 78(2) 84(2) -6(2) -20(2) 2(2) C(3) 85(3) 77(2) 69(2) 6(2)
-1(2) 2(2) C(4) 77(2) 83(3) 81(2) 12(2) 15(2) -22(2) C(5) 53(2)
65(2) 75(2) 1(2) 2(2) -18(2) C(6) 40(1) 36(1) 70(2) -2(1) 5(1) 4(1)
C(7) 42(1) 44(1) 60(2) 2(1) 4(1) 4(1) C(8) 78(2) 83(2) 70(2) -22(2)
-9(2) 27(2) C(9) 47(2) 49(2) 48(2) -1(1) 3(1) 6(1) C(10) 46(1)
49(1) 57(2) -5(1) 1(1) 7(1) C(11) 44(2) 54(2) 91(2) 21(2) 9(2) 1(1)
C(12) 50(2) 69(2) 83(2) 35(2) 10(2) 9(2) C(13) 48(2) 48(2) 68(2)
10(1) -2(1) 0(1) C(14) 51(2) 45(1) 51(2) 5(1) 1(1) 5(1) C(15) 44(1)
43(1) 50(1) 2(1) -1(1) 2(1) C(16) 51(2) 51(2) 48(2) 5(1) 1(1) 13(1)
C(17) 56(2) 80(2) 70(2) 17(2) -7(2) -6(2) C(18) 120(4) 71(2) 56(2)
4(2) 14(2) 37(2) C(19) 71(2) 51(2) 64(2) 12(1) -4(2) 10(2)
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Hydrogen coordinates (.times.10.sup.4) and
isotropic displacement parameters (.ANG..sup.2 .times. 10.sup.3)
for P2. x y z U(eq) H(1X) -3660(30) 8980(20) 932(17) 57(9) H(1)
-5558 10584 -302 75 H(2) -5639 11234 -1490 91 H(3) -3946 12450
-1925 92 H(4) -2177 13033 -1212 96 H(5) -2047 12362 -25 77 H(7)
-1107 10063 628 59 H(8A) -776 10401 1791 92 H(8B) -1794 9380 2029
92 H(10A) -938 8151 212 61 H(10B) -1738 7606 872 61 H(11A) -137
6501 1645 75 H(11B) 674 6326 929 75 H(12A) 1811 7141 2229 81 H(12B)
2127 5898 1865 81 H(13A) 3526 8801 840 66 H(13B) 2726 9045 1554 66
H(14A) 1562 8173 275 59 H(14B) 1285 9446 607 59 H(17A) 7038 6448
1888 103 H(17B) 7462 5258 2281 103 H(17C) 6316 6080 2605 103 H(18A)
5376 4423 741 124 H(18B) 6844 4173 1040 124 H(18C) 6460 5461 763
124 H(19A) 4803 4229 2609 93 H(19B) 5962 3476 2242 93 H(19C) 4519
3565 1883 93
Preparation P3
Tert-Butyl 3-bromo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(P3)
##STR00023##
[0266] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
4-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (C5)
[0267] This reaction was carried out in two identical batches. A
solution of tert-butyl
4-hydroxy-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (209 g, 0.866
mol) in dichloromethane (1.2 L) was cooled in a cold water bath. A
solution of bromine (152 g, 0.951 mol) in dichloromethane (250 mL)
was added at such a rate that the color of the reaction mixture did
not become intense. At the conclusion of the addition, an aqueous
solution containing sodium thiosulfate and sodium bicarbonate was
added to the reaction mixture, and stirring was continued until the
mixture had completely decolorized. At this point, the two batches
were combined. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane
(3.times.400 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with
saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (2.times.200 mL), dried
over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford
the product as a red gum. Yield: 600 g, 1.5 mol, 87%. .sup.1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 4.43-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.74 (m, 2H),
3.91 (dd, J=10.3, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=10.0, 9.8 Hz, 1H),
3.27-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.47 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=15.8, 2.8 Hz,
1H), 2.13 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=15.7, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.68
(m, 2H), 1.65-1.53 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water
peak), 1.47 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-bromo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (P3)
[0268] Potassium carbonate (119 g, 861 mmol) was added to a cooled
solution of C5 (230 g, 573 mmol) in methanol (1.5 L), and the
reaction mixture was stirred at 10.degree. C. to 15.degree. C. for
16 hours. The crude reaction mixture was combined with the crude
reaction mixtures from two similar reactions using C5 (350 g, 873
mmol; and 20 g, 50 mmol) and filtered. The filtrate was
concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting red oil was recrystallized
from petroleum ether (150 mL) at 0.degree. C. to provide a light
yellow solid (360 g). This was subjected to silica gel
chromatography (Eluent: dichloromethane), and the purified material
was recrystallized from petroleum ether (120 mL) and washed with
petroleum ether (3.times.40 mL) to afford the product as a white
solid (180 g). The mother liquors from recrystallization were
concentrated under reduced pressure and purified using silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum
ether). The resulting material was recrystallized from petroleum
ether (100 mL) and washed with petroleum ether (3.times.40 mL),
affording additional product as a white solid (95 g). Combined
yield: 275 g, 0.859 mol, 57%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6)
.delta. 4.71-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=10.4, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd,
J=10.5, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.41 (dd,
J=14.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.10 (dd, J=14.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.79-1.71 (m,
1H), 1.65 (br ddd, half of ABXY pattern, J=13, 10, 4 Hz, 1H),
1.55-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H).
Preparation P4
Tert-Butyl (3R)-3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,
(2R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate Salt (P4)
##STR00024##
[0269] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C6)
[0270] A pH 8.0 buffer solution was prepared, containing 0.1 M
aqueous potassium phosphate and 2 mM magnesium chloride. A stock
solution of substrate was prepared as follows: tert-butyl
3-oxo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (18.0 g, 70.5 mmol)
was dissolved in water containing 4% dimethyl sulfoxide (14.4 mL).
Warming and stirring were required for dissolution, and the
resulting solution was maintained at 40.degree. C.
[0271] Propan-2-amine, hydrochloride salt (16.8 g, 176 mmol) was
added to a mixture of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate monohydrate (1.87 g,
7.05 mmol) and the pH 8.0 buffer (300 mL). The resulting pH was
approximately 6.5; the pH was adjusted to 8 via addition of aqueous
potassium hydroxide solution (6 M; approximately 4 mL). The stock
solution of substrate was added via syringe, in 5 mL portions,
resulting in a suspension, still at pH 8. Codex.RTM. ATA-200
transaminase (1.4 g) was almost completely dissolved in pH 8 buffer
(20 mL), and poured into the reaction mixture. Additional pH 8
buffer (25.6 mL) was used to ensure complete transfer of the
enzyme. The reaction mixture was stirred at 35.degree. C. with a
nitrogen sweep (32 mL/minute) through a needle placed approximately
0.5 cm above the reaction surface. Due to difficulties in stirring,
vacuum (220 Torr, 300 mbar) was applied after 3 hours, to remove
the acetone generated by the transamination reaction. The suspended
solids were broken up manually, which improved the stirring of the
reaction mixture. After 26 hours, the reaction mixture was allowed
to cool to room temperature, and aqueous hydrochloric acid (6 M, 5
mL) was added, to bring the pH from 8 to 6.5. After addition of
ethyl acetate (200 mL), the mixture was vigorously stirred for 5
minutes and then filtered through diatomaceous earth (43 g; this
filter aid had been slurried in water prior to being introduced
into the filter funnel. The water was then removed, providing a
tightly packed bed). The filter pad was washed sequentially with
water (120 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL), and the aqueous layer of
the combined filtrates was adjusted to pH 9-9.5 with aqueous
potassium hydroxide solution (6 M; approximately 10 mL). The
aqueous layer was then treated with dichloromethane (200 mL), and
the resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 5 minutes before
being filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The filter pad
was washed with dichloromethane (100 mL), and the aqueous layer of
the combined filtrates was extracted twice with dichloromethane, in
the same manner as that described above, with adjustment of the pH
to 9-10 (this required approximately 2 mL of the 6 M aqueous
potassium hydroxide solution in both cases). All of the
dichloromethane extracts were combined and dried over sodium
sulfate with vigorous stirring. Filtration and concentration in
vacuo afforded the product as an oily yellow solid (14.76 g). A
fourth extraction was carried out in the same manner, but in this
case the aqueous layer was adjusted to a pH of >10. The product
obtained from this extraction was a white solid (1.9 g). Combined
yield: 16.61 g, 64.79 mmol, 92%. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 3.95 (dd, J=9.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.52
(m, 3H), 3.38-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.6-2.2 (v br s, 2H), 2.07 (dd, J=13.0,
7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.47 (m,
2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate,
(2R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate Salt (P4)
[0272] A solution of C6 (16.61 g, 64.79 mmol) in ethanol (400 mL)
was heated to 63.degree. C. and treated portion-wise with
(2R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (7.78 g, 60.3 mmol). The
reaction mixture was then removed from the heating bath, and
allowed to cool overnight. The mixture was cooled to 12.degree. C.
in an ice bath, and filtered. The collected solids were washed with
cold ethanol (2.times.50 mL) and then with diethyl ether (100 mL),
affording the product as a pale yellow solid (19.2 g). The combined
filtrates were concentrated in vacuo, with removal of approximately
400 mL of solvents. A thin line of solid formed around the inner
surface of the flask. This was swirled back into the remaining
solvents; diethyl ether (100 mL) was added, and the mixture was
cooled in an ice bath with stirring. After approximately 15
minutes, the mixture was filtered and the collected solids were
washed with diethyl ether (100 mL), affording additional product as
a yellow solid (1.5 g). Combined yield: 20.7 g, 53.7 mmol, 89%.
.sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, D.sub.2O) .delta. 4.16 (dd, J=8.9, 5.9 Hz,
1H), 4.11 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09-4.03
(m, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=10.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.61-3.46 (m, 2H),
3.46-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.36 (m, 4H), 2.06-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.85 (dd,
J=14.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.59
(ddd, half of ABXY pattern, J=18, 9, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).
Conversion of P4 to P2, for Confirmation of Absolute
Stereochemistry.
[0273] A small sample of P4 was derivatized via reaction with
benzenesulfonyl chloride and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate
solution for 1 hour at 40.degree. C. The reaction mixture was
extracted with ethyl acetate, and the solvent was removed from the
extract under a stream of nitrogen. Supercritical fluid
chromatographic analysis (Column: Chiral Technologies Chiralcel
OJ-H, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: carbon dioxide; Mobile phase B:
methanol; Gradient: 5% to 60% B) revealed the product to have an
enantiomeric excess of >99%. Injection, under the same
conditions, of samples of P2 and C4 (See Preparation P2)
established the derivatization product as identical to P2, the
absolute configuration of which was determined via X-ray
crystallographic analysis (see above).
Improved Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C6)
[0274] A pH 8.0 buffer solution was prepared, containing 0.1 M
aqueous potassium phosphate. A stock solution of substrate was
prepared as follows: tert-butyl
3-oxo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (4.00 g, 15.7 mmol)
was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (4 mL); some warming was
required to effect dissolution.
An aqueous solution of propan-2-amine, hydrochloride salt (4.0 M;
9.80 mL, 39.2 mmol) was combined with the potassium phosphate
buffer (63.8 mL). The substrate solution was then added slowly,
over 2 minutes. After this mixture had stirred overnight,
Codex.RTM. ATA-200 transaminase (batch D11099; 320 mg) and
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate monohydrate (40 mg, 0.16 mmol) were added,
and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours at 35.degree. C.
with a nitrogen sweep (50 mL/minute) through a needle placed above
the reaction surface. The pH was then adjusted to 3.2 by addition
of aqueous hydrochloric acid (12 M, approximately 500 .mu.L), and
the resulting mixture was treated with diatomaceous earth (2.6 g)
and ethyl acetate (50 mL), and stirred for 30 minutes. The mixture
was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth (previously wetted
with 1.3 g water), and the aqueous layer of the filtrate was
adjusted to pH 10.2 by addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution (25%; approximately 3.5 mL). This was repeatedly extracted
with tert-butyl methyl ether (50 mL), with the aqueous layer being
readjusted to pH 10.2 between extractions. After 4 extractions, the
organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, and
filtered. {Solutions of this type, either in tert-butyl methyl
ether or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, were normally utilized directly
in subsequent reactions; the concentration of C6 was determined via
solvent removal from a specific volume of solution and
determination of the mass of the residue.} Concentration in vacuo
afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 1.85 g, 7.22 mmol,
46%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 3.94 (dd, J=8.8, 5.7
Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.51 (m, 3H), 3.49 (dd, J=8.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.39-3.26
(m, 2H), 2.06 (dd, J=12.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 1.77-1.42 (m, 5H), 1.45 (s,
9H).
Preparation P5
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-(methylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (P5)
##STR00025##
[0275] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-{[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carb-
oxylate (C7)
[0276] Prop-2-en-1-yl carbonochloridate (8.06 g, 66.9 mmol) was
added drop-wise to a 0.degree. C. solution of tert-butyl
3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (15.3 g, 59.7
mmol) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (240 mL) and aqueous sodium
bicarbonate solution (80 mL), and the reaction mixture was allowed
to slowly warm to room temperature over 2.5 hours. The reaction
mixture was combined with a similar reaction carried out using
tert-butyl 3-amino-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (1.0
g, 3.9 mmol), and the mixture was concentrated under reduced
pressure to remove tetrahydrofuran. The aqueous residue was
extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL), and the organic layer was
washed sequentially with water (2.times.150 mL) and saturated
aqueous sodium chloride solution (100 mL), dried over sodium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum
ether) afforded the product as a white solid. Combined yield: 14.0
g, 41.1 mmol, 65%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
5.98-5.86 (m, 1H), 5.35-5.27 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.94-4.84
(br m, 1H), 4.56 (br d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.27 (br m, 1H), 4.00
(dd, J=9.5, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (br dd, J=9.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.54
(br m, 2H), 3.37-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.14 (dd, J=13.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H),
1.73-1.57 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak),
1.56-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s. 9H).
Step 2. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-{methyl[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane--
8-carboxylate (C8)
[0277] Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 2.11 g, 52.8
mmol) was added to a 0.degree. C. solution of C7 (9.0 g, 26 mmol)
in N,N-dimethylformamide (250 mL). The mixture was stirred at
0.degree. C. for 30 minutes, whereupon iodomethane (9.38 g, 66.1
mmol) was added in a drop-wise manner, and the reaction mixture was
allowed to warm from 0.degree. C. to room temperature over 1.5
hours. It was then combined with a similar reaction mixture derived
from C7 (100 mg, 0.29 mmol), poured into ice water (400 mL), and
extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.200 mL). The combined organic
layers were washed sequentially with water (3.times.150 mL) and
with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (200 mL), dried
over sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in
vacuo and the residue was purified using silica gel chromatography
(Eluent: 4:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate), affording the product
as a pale brown oil. Combined yield: 9.0 g, 25 mmol, 95%. .sup.1H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 6.00-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.34-5.27 (m,
1H), 5.25-5.20 (m, 1H), 5.10-4.86 (br m, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, J=5.5,
1.5, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=9.5, 7.5 Hz,
1H), 3.76 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=9.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.53
(br m, 2H), 3.38-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.09 (dd, J=13.0, 9.0
Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
Step 3. Synthesis of prop-2-en-1-yl
methyl(1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)carbamate, Trifluoroacetate
Salt (C9)
[0278] Trifluoroacetic acid (20 mL) was added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C8 (6.0 g, 17 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 mL), and the
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours.
Removal of solvent in vacuo afforded the product (6.2 g) as a pale
brown gum, a portion of which was used directly in the next step.
LCMS m/z 255.2 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 4. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-{methyl[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane--
8-carboxylate (C10)
[0279] Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (6.10 g, 15.5 mmol) was
added to a 0.degree. C. solution of
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (2.60 g, 15.5 mmol) in
acetonitrile (60 mL). Triethylamine (7.83 g, 77.4 mmol) was added,
and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 30
minutes, then at 28.degree. C. for 2 hours, providing Solution
A.
Meanwhile, triethylamine (2.5 g, 25 mmol) was slowly added to a
0.degree. C. solution of C9 (from the previous step; 3.1 g, 58.5
mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL). After this reaction mixture had been
stirred for 30 minutes at 0.degree. C., Solution A was added, and
the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 26.degree. C. for 18
hours. It was then concentrated in vacuo and purified via
chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 10% ethyl acetate in
petroleum ether) to afford the product as a pale yellow oil. From
analysis of the .sup.1H NMR, this material was presumed to exist as
a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 3.5 g, 7.8 mmol, 92% over two steps.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 6.01-5.89 (m, 1H), 5.76
(septet, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35-5.27 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.20 (m, 1H),
5.08-4.90 (br m, 1H), 4.64-4.58 (m, 2H), 4.01-3.77 (m, 3H), 3.78
(dd, J=10.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.27 (m, 2H), [2.89 (s) and 2.88
(s), total 3H], [2.17-2.08 (m) and 2.10 (dd, J=13.6, 9.0 Hz), total
1H], 1.88-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.57-1.44 (m, 1H).
Step 5. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-(methylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (P5)
[0280] To a solution of C10 (3.30 g, 7.36 mmol),
1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (2.30 g, 14.7 mmol),
and triphenylphosphine (579 mg, 2.21 mmol) in dichloromethane (60
mL) was added palladium(II) acetate (165 mg, 0.735 mmol). The
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours,
whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo. Purification via silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in petroleum,
followed by a second chromatographic purification using 0% to 10%
methanol in dichloromethane) provided the product as a brown gum.
Yield: 2.4 g, 6.6 mmol, 90%. LCMS m/z 365.2 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3), characteristic peaks: .delta. 5.75
(septet, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.71 (br m, 3H),
2.47 (br s, 3H), 2.15-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.47 (m, 5H, assumed;
partially obscured by water peak).
Preparation P6
1-({[3-(Methylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidin-
e-2,5-dione (P6)
##STR00026##
[0281] Step 1. Synthesis of prop-2-en-1-yl
(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-y-
l)methylcarbamate (C11)
[0282] To a 0.degree. C. solution of C9 (from step 3 of Preparation
P5; 3.1 g, .ltoreq.8.5 mmol) and triethylamine (2.55 g, 25.2 mmol)
in acetonitrile (60 mL) was added N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate
(3.23 g, 12.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm from
0.degree. C. to room temperature over 18 hours, whereupon it was
concentrated in vacuo and purified via chromatography on silica gel
(Gradient: 17% to 50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether). The
resulting material was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL), washed
sequentially with hydrochloric acid (0.5 M; 4.times.30 mL), water
(30 mL), aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2.times.30 mL), and
saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (30 mL), then dried over
sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under
reduced pressure, affording the product as a white solid. Yield:
3.0 g, 7.6 mmol, 89% over two steps. LCMS m/z 396.1 [M+H].sup.+.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 6.01-5.89 (m, 1H),
5.35-5.27 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.20 (m, 1H), 5.08-4.88 (br m, 1H),
4.63-4.58 (m, 2H), 3.99-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.55-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s,
3H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.10 (dd, J=13.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.94-1.59 (m,
4H), 1.72 (dd, J=13.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H).
Step 2. Synthesis of
1-({[3-(methylamino)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidi-
ne-2,5-dione (P6)
[0283] To a solution of C11 (2.8 g, 7.1 mmol),
1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (2.21 g, 14.2 mmol),
and triphenylphosphine (557 mg, 2.12 mmol) in dichloromethane (60
mL) was added palladium(II) acetate (159 mg, 0.708 mmol). The
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours,
whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo and purified using
chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 100% ethyl acetate in
petroleum, followed by a second chromatographic purification using
0% to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) to afford the product as an
orange solid. By LCMS and .sup.1H NMR analysis, this material
contained impurities. Yield: 2.0 g, 6.4 mmol, 90%. LCMS m/z 312.2
[M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3), characteristic
peaks: .delta. 3.98 (dd, J=9.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (s, 4H), 2.46 (s,
3H), 2.08 (dd, J=13.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.56 (m, 5H, assumed;
partially obscured by water peak).
Example 1
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate
(1)
##STR00027## ##STR00028##
[0284] Step 1. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
pentafluorophenyl carbonate (C12)
[0285] Bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate (112 mg, 0.284 mmol) was
added to a 15.degree. C. solution of
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (47.9 mg, 0.285 mmol) in
acetonitrile (2 mL), and the mixture was cooled to 0.degree. C.
Triethylamine (144 mg, 1.42 mmol) was added at 0.degree. C., and
the reaction mixture was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 30 minutes,
then stirred at 15.degree. C. for 2 hours. The resulting solution
of C12 was used directly in Step 4. For subsequent syntheses
described herein that utilize C12, this material was generated at
the appropriate scale, and the reaction solution of C12 was used
directly in the coupling reaction Step 2. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate
(C13).
[0286] Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5 mL) and
benzenesulfonyl chloride (44.8 mg, 0.254 mmol) were added
portion-wise to a solution of P1 (50 mg, 0.20 mmol) in
dichloromethane (3 mL). After the reaction mixture had been stirred
at 15.degree. C. for 16 hours, it was extracted with
dichloromethane (2.times.3 mL), and the combined organic layers
were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in
vacuo. The residue was purified via preparative thin-layer
chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 1:1 petroleum ether/ethyl
acetate) to afford the product as a colorless gum. Yield: 76 mg,
0.19 mmol, 95%. LCMS m/z 419.1 [M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.75 (br d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (br dd, half of
ABX pattern, J=7.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (br dd, half of ABX pattern,
J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.65 (br m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, J=5.0, 5.0 Hz,
2H), 3.19-3.08 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.64 (br m, 4H), 1.98-1.79 (br m, 2H),
1.54-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
Step 3. Synthesis of
4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (C14)
[0287] Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a solution of C13
(74 mg, 0.19 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL) and the reaction
mixture was stirred at 15.degree. C. for 2 hours. Removal of
solvents in vacuo provided the product as a colorless oil, which
was taken directly to the following step. LCMS m/z 296.8
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 4. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate
(1)
[0288] To a 0.degree. C. solution of C14 (from the previous step;
.ltoreq.0.19 mmol, trifluoroacetic acid salt) in acetonitrile (3
mL) was added triethylamine (96.1 mg, 0.950 mmol), and the mixture
was stirred at 0.degree. C. for a few minutes. Compound C12 [from
step 1, as the crude reaction mixture in acetonitrile (2 mL); 0.284
mmol] was added drop-wise to the cold solution, and the reaction
mixture was stirred at 0.degree. C. for a few minutes, then stirred
at 15.degree. C. for 2 days. The reaction mixture was concentrated
in vacuo, and purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Agela
Durashell, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water;
Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 58% to 78% B), affording
the product as a white solid. Yield: 16.8 mg, 34.3 .mu.mol, 18%
over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 491.0 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.77-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.54
(m, 2H), 5.76 (septet, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.94-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.79 (dd,
J=5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.33-3.18 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.80 (AB
quartet, J.sub.AB=11.5 Hz, .DELTA..nu..sub.AB=15.2 Hz, 2H),
2.06-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.45 (m, 2H).
Example 2
[0289] 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxyl-
ate (2)
##STR00029## ##STR00030##
Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxyl-
ate (C15)
[0290] 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (4.18 g, 21.5 mmol) was
added portion-wise to a mixture of P1 (5.0 g, 20 mmol), saturated
aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (55 mL), and dichloromethane
(195 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature
overnight, whereupon the aqueous layer was extracted twice with
dichloromethane, and the combined organic layers were dried over
magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 10% methanol in dichloromethane)
afforded the product as a white foam. Yield: 8.4 g, 20 mmol,
quantitative. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.79-7.73
(m, 2H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent
peak), 3.8-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, J=5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.19-3.08
(m, 2H), 3.08-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.67 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.82 (m, 2H),
1.54-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Synthesis of
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
Hydrochloride Salt (C16)
[0291] A mixture of C15 (150 mg, 0.362 mmol) and a solution of
hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate (20 mL) was stirred at room
temperature for 1 hour, whereupon the reaction mixture was
concentrated in vacuo. The residue was washed with tert-butyl
methyl ether (50 mL) to provide the product as a white solid.
Yield: 105 mg, 0.299 mmol, 83%. LCMS m/z 315.1 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 3. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxyl-
ate (2)
[0292] 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol (3.00 g, 17.9 mmol) was
added to a 0.degree. C. solution of bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate
(1.75 g, 5.90 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.99 g, 23.1
mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL), and the reaction mixture was
stirred at 20.degree. C. for 14 hours. A portion of this reaction
mixture (1 mL, .about.0.6 mmol) was slowly added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C16 (105 mg, 0.299 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine
(45 mg, 0.35 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL). More
N,N-diisopropylethylamine (45 mg, 0.35 mmol) was slowly added while
the reaction mixture remained at 0.degree. C., whereupon the
reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. It
was then carefully added to ice water, and the resulting mixture
was adjusted to pH 7 by addition of dilute hydrochloric acid and
extracted with dichloromethane (3.times.30 mL). The combined
organic layers were washed sequentially with water (15 mL) and
saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (15 mL), dried over
sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue
was purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Phenomenex Gemini
C18, 10 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile
phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 45% to 75% B) to provide the
product as a solid. Yield: 65.0 mg, 0.123 mmol, 41%. LCMS m/z 509.0
[M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.79-7.73
(m, 2H), 7.26 (br dd, J=8.6, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.76 (septet, J=6.2 Hz,
1H), 3.96-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.80 (dd, J=5.1, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.33-3.18 (m,
2H), 3.07-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.80 (AB quartet, J.sub.AB=11.4 Hz,
.DELTA..nu..sub.AB=14.5 Hz, 2H), 2.06-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.45 (m,
2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).
Example 3
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-ca-
rboxylate (3)
##STR00031##
[0294] This synthesis was carried out in library format. A mixture
of tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-carbaldehyde (163 .mu.mol, 1.3
equivalents) and P1 [0.125 M solution in (0.0125 M solution of
acetic acid in 1,2-dichloroethane); 1.0 mL, 125 .mu.mol, 1.0
equivalent] was shaken at 30.degree. C. for 16 hours in a closed
vial, whereupon sodium triacetoxyborohydride (250 .mu.mol, 2.0
equivalents) was added, and shaking was continued at 30.degree. C.
for an additional 16 hours. Solvent was removed using a SpeedVac
evaporator, and the residue was purified via preparative thin-layer
chromatography on silica gel to provide C17 (tert-butyl
4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-ca-
rboxylate). This material was dissolved in methanol (500 .mu.L),
treated with hydrogen chloride in methanol (4.0 M; 1.0 mL, 4.0
mmol), and shaken at 30.degree. C. for 2 hours. Concentration using
a SpeedVac evaporator provided intermediate C18
(4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
hydrochloride salt).
[0295] In a separate vial, a solution of bis(trichloromethyl)
carbonate (0.33 equivalents) in dichloromethane (1.0 mL) was added
to a 0.degree. C. solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol
(1.0 equivalent), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (0.1 equivalents), and
N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.0 equivalent) in dichloromethane (1.0
mL), and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0.degree. C.
for 30 minutes, then at 30.degree. C. for 16 hours to afford a
solution of C19 (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
carbonochloridate).
[0296] The C18 synthesized above was dissolved in dichloromethane
(1.0 mL) and treated with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4.0
equivalents). The solution of C19 synthesized above was added, and
the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 30.degree. C. for 16
hours. After removal of volatiles using a SpeedVac evaporator, the
residue was purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Phenomenex
Gemini C18, 8 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: ammonium hydroxide in water,
pH 10; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 53% to 93% B) to
provide the product. Yield: 6.1 mg, 14 .mu.mol, 11%. LCMS m/z 449
[M+H].sup.+. Retention time 2.75 minutes (Analytical conditions,
Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1.times.50 mm, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase
A: 0.0375% trifluoroacetic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.01875%
trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient: 1% to 5% B over 0.6
minutes; 5% to 100% B over 3.4 minutes; Flow rate: 0.8
mL/minute).
##STR00032##
Step 1. Synthesis of
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (C20)
[0297] Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a solution of C15
(100 mg, 0.24 mmol) in dichloromethane (12 mL) at room temperature,
and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2
hours. Concentration in vacuo provided the product as a yellow gum,
a portion of which was used directly in the following step.
Step 2. Synthesis of
1-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}car-
bonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (4)
[0298] 4-Methylmorpholine (37 mg, 0.37 mmol) and C20 (half of the
material from the previous step; .ltoreq.0.12 mmol) were added to a
solution of N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate (31 mg, 0.12 mmol) in
dichloromethane (3 mL). After the reaction mixture had been stirred
at room temperature overnight, it was concentrated in vacuo and
purified via preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel
(Eluent: 10:1 dichloromethane/methanol), affording the product as a
white solid. Yield: 16 mg, 35 .mu.mol, 29% over two steps. LCMS m/z
477.9 [M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
7.81-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by
solvent peak), 4.02-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dd,
J=5.0, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.95
(m, 2H), 2.88-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.08-1.97 (m, 2H),
1.70-1.53 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).
Example 5
1-{[(4-Benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-
-2,5-dione (5)
##STR00033##
[0299] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
4-benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate (C21)
[0300] To a 28.degree. C. suspension of P1 (80 mg, 0.31 mmol) in
ethanol (1.5 mL) were added benzaldehyde (66 mg, 0.62 mmol),
magnesium sulfate (113 mg, 0.939 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride
(98.1 mg, 1.56 mmol), and triethylamine (253 mg, 2.50 mmol). The
reaction mixture was stirred at 45.degree. C. for 14 hours,
whereupon it was treated with additional sodium cyanoborohydride
(100 mg, 1.59 mmol) and stirring was continued at 45.degree. C. for
16 hours. At this point, as LCMS analysis indicated persistence of
the intermediate imine, sodium borohydride (35.4 mg, 0.936 mmol)
was added. After the reaction mixture had been stirred at
45.degree. C. for a further 16 hours, it was filtered. The filtrate
was concentrated in vacuo and purified via silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 10% methanol in dichloromethane),
affording impure product as a white solid. This material was taken
directly to the following step. LCMS m/z 347.1 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 2. Synthesis of 4-benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (C22)
[0301] Trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) was added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C21 (from the previous step, 50.31 mmol) in
dichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at
28.degree. C. for 2 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo
to provide the product as a yellow gum. This material was taken
directly to the following step. LCMS m/z 278.9 [M+Na.sup.+].
Step 3. Synthesis of
1-{[(4-benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidin-
e-2,5-dione (5)
[0302] 4-Methylmorpholine (117 mg, 1.16 mmol) was added to a
0.degree. C. solution of C22 (from the previous step; .ltoreq.0.31
mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL). N,N'-Disuccinimidyl carbonate (119
mg, 0.464 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was allowed to
stir at 28.degree. C. for 16 hours, whereupon it was diluted with
water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.15 mL). The
combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,
and concentrated in vacuo. Purification via reversed-phase HPLC
(Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.05%
ammonium hydroxide in water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile;
Gradient: 35% to 55% B) provided the product as a colorless gum.
Yield: 4.2 mg, 11 .mu.mol, 4% over 3 steps. LCMS m/z 388.2
[M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.35-7.24
(m, 5H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.75 (dd, J=4.8, 4.8
Hz, 2H), 3.46 (s, 2H), 3.44-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.32-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.81
(s, 4H), 2.49-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.14-2.05 (m, 2H),
1.6-1.42 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).
Example 6
[0303] 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carbox-
ylate (6)
##STR00034##
Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carbox-
ylate (C23)
[0304] Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 80.7 mg, 2.02
mmol) was added to a 0.degree. C. solution of P2 (400 mg, 1.01
mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), and the reaction mixture
was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 30 minutes. A solution of
iodomethane (186 mg, 1.31 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL)
was slowly added to the cold reaction mixture, which was then
allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 hours. LCMS of the
reaction mixture: m/z 433.1 [M+Na.sup.+]. After dilution with water
(70 mL), the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4.times.30
mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography on
silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether)
afforded the product as a white solid. Yield: 390 mg, 0.950 mmol,
94%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.79 (br d, J=8 Hz,
2H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.54 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=7.5,
7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.75-4.65 (m, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=10.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H),
3.65-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.56 (dd, J=10.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.14 (m,
2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 1.88 (dd, J=13.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 3H,
assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.49-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.44
(s, 9H), 1.42-1.33 (m, 1H).
Step 2. Synthesis of
N-methyl-N-[(3R)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide,
Hydrochloride Salt (C24)
[0305] A solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was
added to a solution of C23 (385 mg, 0.938 mmol) in dichloromethane
(8 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at
20.degree. C. It was then concentrated under reduced pressure to
provide crude product (350 mg) as a white solid. Portions of this
material were used directly for synthesis of Examples 6 and 7,
without further purification. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD)
.delta. 7.86 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 2H),
4.76-4.68 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=10.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=10.5,
5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.23-3.12 (m, 4H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.85 (m, 4H),
1.71-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.60 (dd, J=13.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H).
[0306] Another portion of the crude product (110 mg) was used for
neutralization and purification, as follows. This material was
dissolved in methanol (5 mL) and treated with Amberlyst A-21
ion-exchange resin (400 mg; pre-washed with 20 mL of methanol); the
resulting mixture was stirred at 23.degree. C. for 2 hours and then
filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue
was purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Waters XBridge C18
OBD, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: water containing 0.05% ammonium
hydroxide; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 5% to 95% B),
affording the free base of C24 as a brown oil. Adjusted total
yield, based on purified neutralized product (free base of C24):
60.8 mg, 0.196 mmol, 67%. LCMS of free base of C24: m/z 310.9
[M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR of free base of C24: (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD)
.delta. 7.86-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 2H),
4.73-4.64 (m, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=10.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=10.0,
5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 3H),
1.92 (dd, J=13.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.77-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.49 (m,
1H), 1.49 (dd, J=13.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H).
Step 3. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carbox-
ylate (6)
[0307] A solution of C24 (from the previous step; 130 mg, 50.347
mmol) and triethylamine (240 mg, 2.37 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL)
was added in a drop-wise manner to a 0.degree. C. solution of C12
(reaction solution in acetonitrile, containing 0.68 mmol). After
the reaction mixture had stirred at room temperature for 16 hours,
it was treated with additional C12 (reaction solution in
acetonitrile, containing 0.68 mmol), and stirring was continued for
20 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then
concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified via
reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Daiso C18, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A:
0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile;
Gradient: 30% to 60% B), providing the product as a colorless oil.
Yield: 91.6 mg, 0.182 mmol, 52% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 527.1
[M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) .delta. 7.85-7.80
(m, 2H), 7.70-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.63-7.57 (m, 2H), 6.09 (septet, J=6.4
Hz, 1H), 4.74-4.66 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J=10.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H),
3.76-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dd, J=10.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.24 (m, 2H,
assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.92
(dd, J=13.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74-1.61 (m, 3H), 1.52 (dd, J=13.6, 6.8
Hz, 1H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 1H).
Example 7
N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]d-
ec-3-yl]-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide (7)
##STR00035##
[0309] Triethylamine (166 mg, 1.64 mmol) was added to a 0.degree.
C. mixture of C24 (from Step 2 in Example 6; 90 mg, .ltoreq.0.243
mmol) and N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate (66.1 mg, 0.258 mmol) in
acetonitrile (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 20 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo.
The residue was purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Daiso
C18, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile
phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 32% to 62% B), affording the
product as a white solid. Yield: 56.3 mg, 0.125 mmol, 51% over 2
steps. LCMS m/z 474.0 [M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CD.sub.3OD) .delta. 7.86-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.64-7.58
(m, 2H), 4.75-4.66 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.75 (br m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=10.0,
7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.65 (br m, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J=10.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H),
3.50-3.3 (br m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak),
2.80 (s, 4H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 1.93 (dd, J=13.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H),
1.81-1.67 (br m, 3H), 1.64-1.47 (br m, 1H), 1.53 (dd, J=13.4, 6.6
Hz, 1H).
Example 8
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-benzoyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (8)
##STR00036##
[0310] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
2-benzoyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C25)
[0311] Benzoyl chloride (155 mg, 1.10 mmol) was added to a
0.degree. C. solution of tert-butyl
2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, trifluoroacetate salt (300
mg, 0.847 mmol) and triethylamine (257 mg, 2.54 mmol) in
dichloromethane (8 mL), and the reaction mixture was allowed to
slowly warm to room temperature and stir for 2.5 hours. After
removal of volatiles under reduced pressure, the residue was
purified via silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 17% to 33% ethyl
acetate in petroleum ether), providing the product as a colorless
gum. From analysis of the .sup.1H NMR, this material was presumed
to exist as a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 250 mg, 0.726 mmol, 86%.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.54-7.47 (m, 2H),
7.46-7.38 (m, 3H), 3.74 (dd, J=7.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.49 (m, 3H),
3.42-3.26 (m, 4H), [1.87 (dd, J=7.5, 7.0 Hz) and 1.78 (dd, J=7.0,
7.0 Hz), total 2H], 1.68-1.5 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by
water peak), [1.48 (s) and 1.44 (s), total 9H].
Step 2. Synthesis of 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl(phenyl)methanone,
Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (C26)
[0312] Trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) was added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C25 (150 mg, 0.435 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL). The
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature (29.degree. C.)
for 5 hours, whereupon it was concentrated in vacuo. The product
was obtained as a pale yellow gum, which was used directly in the
next step.
Step 3. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-benzoyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (8)
[0313] Triethylamine (176 mg, 1.74 mmol) was slowly added to a
0.degree. C. solution of C26 (from the previous step; .ltoreq.0.435
mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). After the mixture had been stirred
for 30 minutes at 0.degree. C., C12 (reaction solution in
acetonitrile, containing 0.89 mmol) was added, and the reaction
mixture was stirred at 26.degree. C. for 18 hours. It was then
concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in ethyl
acetate (20 mL), washed sequentially with water (2.times.10 mL) and
saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
Purification via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18,
5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase
B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 40% to 60% B) provided the product as a
colorless gum. From analysis of the .sup.1H NMR, this material was
presumed to exist as a mixture of rotamers. Yield: 129 mg, 0.294
mmol, 68% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 439.0 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.55-7.38 (m, 5H), 5.82-5.67 (m, 1H),
3.81-3.69 (m, 2H), [3.60 (s) and 3.32 (s), total 2H], 3.59-3.39 (m,
4H), [1.91 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz) and 1.82 (dd, J=7.5, 7.0 Hz), total
2H], 1.77-1.49 (br m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by water
peak).
Example 9
1-{[(2-Benzoyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-di-
one (9)
##STR00037##
[0315] To a 0.degree. C. solution of C26 (104 mg, 0.28 mmol) and
triethylamine (88.1 mg, 0.871 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was
added N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate (112 mg, 0.437 mmol), and the
reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature
(26.degree. C.) and stir for 18 hours. After solvent had been
removed in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (20
mL) and sequentially washed with water (2.times.10 mL) and
saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The
residue was purified using reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Agela
Durashell C18, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in
water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 15% to 35% B),
affording the product as a white solid. From analysis of the
.sup.1H NMR, this material was presumed to exist as a mixture of
rotamers. Yield: 77.8 mg, 0.202 mmol, 72%. LCMS m/z 386.1
[M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.54-7.37
(m, 5H), 3.86-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.62-3.38 (m, 4H), [3.59 (s) and 3.32
(s), total 2H], [2.83 (s) and 2.80 (s), total 4H], [1.91 (dd,
J=7.5, 7.0 Hz) and 1.82 (dd, J=7.0, 7.0 Hz), total 2H], 1.8-1.53
(m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).
Example 10
4-(8-{[(2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3--
yl)benzonitrile (10)
##STR00038##
[0316] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(C27)
[0317] Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M solution in
tetrahydrofuran; 3.12 mL, 3.12 mmol) was added to a mixture of P3
(500 mg, 1.56 mmol), (4-cyanophenyl)boronic acid (459 mg, 3.12
mmol), trans-2-aminocyclohexanol (36.0 mg, 0.312 mmol), and nickel
iodide (97.6 mg, 0.312 mmol) in 2-propanol (previously dried over
activated 4 .ANG. molecular sieves; 10 mL), and the reaction
mixture was heated at 60.degree. C. for 16 hours. It was then
combined with a similar reaction mixture derived from P3 (30 mg, 94
.mu.mol) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified using
silica gel chromatography (Gradient: from 0% to 20% ethyl acetate
in petroleum ether) to afford the product as a white solid.
Combined yield: 420 mg, 1.23 mmol, 74%. LCMS m/z 286.9
[(M-2-methylprop-1-ene)+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 7.61 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.24
(dd, J=8.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J=9.0, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.60
(br m, 2H), 3.61-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.30 (dd, J=12.6,
8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (dd, J=12.6, 10.0 Hz, 1H), [1.78-1.67 (m) and
1.63-1.51 (m), total 4H, assumed; partially obscured by water
peak], 1.47 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Synthesis of 4-(1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)benzonitrile,
Trifluoroacetic Acid Salt (C28)
[0318] Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C27 (90 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). The
reaction mixture was stirred at 28.degree. C. for 1 hour, whereupon
it was concentrated in vacuo to afford the product as a colorless
gum; this material was used directly in the following step. LCMS
m/z 243.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 3. Synthesis of
4-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-
-yl)benzonitrile (10)
[0319] A 0.degree. C. mixture of C28 (from the previous step;
.ltoreq.0.26 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was treated with
triethylamine (187 mg, 1.85 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for
10 minutes at 0.degree. C. N,N'-Disuccinimidyl carbonate (81.1 mg,
0.317 mmol) was added, and stirring was continued at 28.degree. C.
(room temperature) for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was then
concentrated in vacuo and purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column:
Agela Durashell C18, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in
water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 25% to 45% B),
affording the product as a white solid. Yield: 48.6 mg, 0.127 mmol,
49% over 2 steps. LCMS m/z 384.2 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.62 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (br d, J=8.4
Hz, 2H), 4.25 (dd, J=8.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.01-3.91 (br m, 1H),
3.91-3.82 (br m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=8.8, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.32 (m,
3H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.31 (dd, J=12.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.65 (br m,
4H), 1.84 (dd, J=12.8, 9.7 Hz, 1H).
Example 11
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(11)
##STR00039##
[0321] Triethylamine (187 mg, 1.85 mmol) was added to a solution of
C28 (94 mg, 0.26 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) and the mixture was
stirred for 10 minutes. It was then cooled to 0.degree. C., and
treated in a drop-wise manner with C12 (reaction solution in
acetonitrile, containing 0.60 mmol), whereupon the reaction mixture
was allowed to warm to room temperature (28.degree. C. to
30.degree. C.) and stir for 16 hours. It was then concentrated in
vacuo and the residue was purified using reversed-phase HPLC
(Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225%
formic acid in water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; Gradient: 50%
to 70% B), to afford the product as a white solid. Yield: 24.5 mg,
56.1 .mu.mol, 22%. LCMS m/z 437.1 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.62 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (br d,
J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.77 (septet, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (br dd, J=8.4, 7.9
Hz, 1H), 3.94-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.82 (dd, J=8.8, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.52
(m, 1H), 3.50-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.31 (dd, J=12.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H),
1.89-1.55 (m, 5H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak).
Example 12
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxyla-
te (12)
##STR00040## ##STR00041##
[0322] Step 1. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
3-{[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxyla-
te (C29)
[0323] p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (359 mg, 1.88 mmol) and
4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (558 mg, 4.57 mmol) were added to a
27.degree. C. solution of tert-butyl
3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (440 mg, 1.71
mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred
at 25.degree. C. for 16 hours, whereupon it was combined with a
similar reaction carried out with tert-butyl
3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (30 mg, 0.12
mmol) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified using
chromatography on silica gel (Gradient: 0% to 30% ethyl acetate in
petroleum ether) to provide the product as a colorless gum.
Combined yield: 640 mg, 1.56 mmol, 85%. LCMS m/z 434.0
[M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.79 (d,
J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.13-5.06 (br m, 1H),
3.97-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.53 (br m, 2H), 3.31-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.46
(s, 3H), 2.01 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H),
1.93 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.74 (m,
1H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H).
Step 2. Isolation of Tert-Butyl
(3S)-3-{[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carb-
oxylate (C30) and tert-butyl
(3R)-3-{[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carb-
oxylate (C31)
[0324] Supercritical fluid chromatography [Column: Chiral
Technologies Chiralpak AD, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase: 3:2 carbon
dioxide/(ethanol containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide)] was used to
separate C29 (from the previous step; 640 mg, 1.56 mmol) into its
component enantiomers. The first-eluting product, obtained as a
colorless gum that exhibited a positive (+) rotation, was
designated as C30. The indicated absolute stereochemistry of C30
was established on the basis of an X-ray crystal structure
determined on its enantiomer C31 (see below). Yield: 259 mg, 0.629
mmol, 40%. LCMS m/z 434.0 [M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.79 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.0 Hz,
2H), 5.14-5.06 (br m, 1H), 3.97-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.54 (br m, 2H),
3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.01 (br dd, half of ABX pattern,
J=14.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.93 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.6, 6.5 Hz,
1H), 1.82-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.48 (m, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H). The
second-eluting product, also obtained as a colorless gum, exhibited
a negative (-) rotation and was designated as C31. Yield: 263 mg,
0.639 mmol, 41%. LCMS m/z 434.1 [M+Na.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.79 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.0 Hz,
2H), 5.13-5.06 (br m, 1H), 3.97-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.53 (br m, 2H),
3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.01 (br dd, half of ABX pattern,
J=14.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.93 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.6, 6.5 Hz,
1H), 1.82-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H).
[0325] A sample of C31 was recrystallized from tert-butyl methyl
ether/pentane and used to determine the absolute configuration via
X-ray crystallography:
Single-Crystal X-Ray Structural Determination of C31
Single Crystal X-Ray Analysis
[0326] Data collection was performed on a Bruker D8 Quest
diffractometer at room temperature. Data collection consisted of
omega and phi scans.
[0327] The structure was solved by direct methods using SHELX
software suite in the orthorhombic space group
P2.sub.12.sub.12.sub.1. The structure was subsequently refined by
the full-matrix least squares method. All non-hydrogen atoms were
found and refined using anisotropic displacement parameters.
[0328] The hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and
were allowed to ride on their carrier atoms. The final refinement
included isotropic displacement parameters for all hydrogen
atoms.
[0329] Analysis of the absolute structure using likelihood methods
(Hooft 2008) was performed using PLATON (Spek). Assuming the sample
is enantiopure, the results indicate that the absolute structure
has been correctly assigned. The method calculates that the
probability that the structure is correctly assigned is 100.0. The
Hooft parameter is reported as 0.04 with an esd of 0.002.
[0330] The final R-index was 6.0%. A final difference Fourier
revealed no missing or misplaced electron density.
[0331] Pertinent crystal, data collection, and refinement
information is summarized in Table 6. Atomic coordinates, bond
lengths, bond angles, and displacement parameters are listed in
Tables 7-9.
SOFTWARE AND REFERENCES
[0332] SHELXTL, Version 5.1, Bruker AXS, 1997. [0333] PLATON, A. L.
Spek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2003, 36, 7-13. [0334] MERCURY, C. F. Macrae,
P. R. Edington, P. McCabe, E. Pidcock, G. P. Shields, R. Taylor, M.
Towler, and J. van de Streek, J. Appl. Cryst. 2006, 39, 453-457.
[0335] OLEX2, O. V. Dolomanov, L. J. Bourhis, R. J. Gildea, J. A.
K. Howard, and H. Puschmann, J. Appl. Cryst. 2009, 42, 339-341.
[0336] R. W. W. Hooft, L. H. Straver, and A. L. Spek, J. Appl.
Cryst. 2008, 41, 96-103. [0337] H. D. Flack, Acta Cryst. 1983, A39,
867-881.
TABLE-US-00006 [0337] TABLE 6 Crystal data and structure refinement
for C31. Empirical formula C.sub.20H.sub.29NO.sub.6S Formula weight
411.51 Temperature 296(2) K Wavelength 1.54178 .ANG. Crystal system
Orthorhombic Space group P2.sub.12.sub.12.sub.1 Unit cell
dimensions a = 6.0597(12) .ANG. .alpha. = 90.degree. b = 9.7363(17)
.ANG. .beta. = 90.degree. c = 36.602(6) .ANG. .gamma. = 90.degree.
Volume 2159.5(7) .ANG..sup.3 Z 4 Density (calculated) 1.266
Mg/m.sup.3 Absorption coefficient 1.627 mm.sup.-1 F(000) 880
Crystal size 0.16 .times. 0.06 .times. 0.02 mm.sup.3 Theta range
for data collection 2.414 to 70.149.degree. Index ranges -6 <= h
<= 6, -11 <= k <= 11, -37 <= l <= 38 Reflections
collected 19628 Independent reflections 3492 [R.sub.int = 0.0878]
Completeness to theta = 88.4% 67.679.degree. Absorption correction
Empirical Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F.sup.2
Data/restraints/parameters 3492/0/257 Goodness-of-fit on F.sup.2
1.089 Final R indices R1 = 0.0596, wR2 = 0.1092 [I >
2.sigma.(I)] R indices (all data) R1 = 0.1215, wR2 = 0.1263
Absolute structure parameter 0.051(15) Largest diff. peak and hole
0.174 and -0.149 e .ANG..sup.-3
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Atomic coordinates (.times.10.sup.4) and
equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (.ANG..sup.2 .times.
10.sup.3) for C31. U(eq) is defined as one-third of the trace of
the orthogonalized U.sup.ij tensor. x y z U(eq) S(1) 5947(3)
9247(2) 4251(1) 82(1) N(1) 7765(7) 7309(4) 2389(1) 65(1) O(1)
7264(8) 10289(4) 4410(1) 98(1) O(2) 3603(7) 9332(5) 4263(1) 106(1)
O(3) 6491(6) 9126(4) 3835(1) 74(1) O(4) 9650(6) 7625(3) 3283(1)
80(1) O(5) 4826(7) 7516(4) 2018(1) 95(1) O(6) 8242(5) 8058(4)
1823(1) 67(1) C(1) 8816(11) 7478(7) 4584(1) 79(2) C(2) 9399(12)
6205(8) 4717(1) 88(2) C(3) 7981(15) 5107(7) 4702(2) 98(2) C(4)
8699(18) 3713(8) 4844(2) 159(4) C(5) 5973(15) 5321(9) 4549(2)
111(2) C(6) 5312(12) 6579(8) 4415(2) 92(2) C(7) 6761(9) 7668(6)
4427(1) 70(2) C(8) 8759(10) 9334(6) 3703(1) 72(2) C(9) 9928(13)
8002(7) 3642(2) 103(2) C(10) 8621(8) 8694(5) 3072(1) 56(1) C(11)
8632(10) 9931(5) 3328(2) 74(2) C(12) 10002(8) 8919(5) 2733(1) 61(1)
C(13) 10002(9) 7693(6) 2482(1) 67(2) C(14) 6421(10) 6993(6) 2707(1)
76(2) C(15) 6345(9) 8214(5) 2959(1) 65(2) C(16) 6789(10) 7629(5)
2073(2) 61(1) C(17) 7526(9) 8625(6) 1472(2) 66(2) C(18) 6298(12)
7567(6) 1249(2) 95(2) C(19) 9684(11) 9020(7) 1295(2) 99(2) C(20)
6135(12) 9903(6) 1540(2) 93(2)
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Bond lengths [.ANG.] and angles [.degree.]
for C31. S(1)--O(1) 1.416(4) S(1)--O(2) 1.424(4) S(1)--O(3)
1.562(4) S(1)--C(7) 1.738(6) N(1)--C(16) 1.336(6) N(1)--C(13)
1.447(7) N(1)--C(14) 1.453(6) O(3)--C(8) 1.471(7) O(4)--C(9)
1.372(6) O(4)--C(10) 1.438(5) O(5)--C(16) 1.212(6) O(6)--C(16)
1.337(6) O(6)--C(17) 1.463(6) C(1)--C(2) 1.378(8) C(1)--C(7)
1.384(8) C(1)--H(1) 0.9300 C(2)--C(3) 1.372(9) C(2)--H(2) 0.9300
C(3)--C(5) 1.356(10) C(3)--C(4) 1.517(9) C(4)--H(4A) 0.9600
C(4)--H(4B) 0.9600 C(4)--H(4C) 0.9600 C(5)--C(6) 1.379(9)
C(5)--H(5) 0.9300 C(6)--C(7) 1.378(8) C(6)--H(6) 0.9300 C(8)--C(11)
1.493(7) C(8)--C(9) 1.496(7) C(8)--H(8) 0.9800 C(9)--H(9A) 0.9700
C(9)--H(9B) 0.9700 C(10)--C(12) 1.513(6) C(10)--C(15) 1.514(7)
C(10)--C(11) 1.526(6) C(11)--H(11A) 0.9700 C(11)--H(11B) 0.9700
C(12)--C(13) 1.506(7) C(12)--H(12A) 0.9700 C(12)--H(12B) 0.9700
C(13)--H(13A) 0.9700 C(13)--H(13B) 0.9700 C(14)--C(15) 1.507(7)
C(14)--H(14A) 0.9700 C(14)--H(14B) 0.9700 C(15)--H(15A) 0.9700
C(15)--H(15B) 0.9700 C(17)--C(19) 1.510(7) C(17)--C(18) 1.511(7)
C(17)--C(20) 1.523(7) C(18)--H(18A) 0.9600 C(18)--H(18B) 0.9600
C(18)--H(18C) 0.9600 C(19)--H(19A) 0.9600 C(19)--H(19B) 0.9600
C(19)--H(19C) 0.9600 C(20)--H(20A) 0.9600 C(20)--H(20B) 0.9600
C(20)--H(20C) 0.9600 O(1)--S(1)--O(2) 120.5(3) O(1)--S(1)--O(3)
109.6(2) O(2)--S(1)--O(3) 104.1(2) O(1)--S(1)--C(7) 108.8(3)
O(2)--S(1)--C(7) 108.9(3) O(3)--S(1)--C(7) 103.5(2)
C(16)--N(1)--C(13) 123.9(5) C(16)--N(1)--C(14) 119.6(5)
C(13)--N(1)--C(14) 113.1(4) C(8)--O(3)--S(1) 120.5(3)
C(9)--O(4)--C(10) 111.9(4) C(16)--O(6)--C(17) 121.6(4)
C(2)--C(1)--C(7) 119.8(6) C(2)--C(1)--H(1) 120.1 C(7)--C(1)--H(1)
120.1 C(3)--C(2)--C(1) 121.7(6) C(3)--C(2)--H(2) 119.1
C(1)--C(2)--H(2) 119.1 C(5)--C(3)--C(2) 117.3(7) C(5)--C(3)--C(4)
122.4(7) C(2)--C(3)--C(4) 120.2(7) C(3)--C(4)--H(4A) 109.5
C(3)--C(4)--H(4B) 109.5 H(4A)--C(4)--H(4B) 109.5 C(3)--C(4)--H(4C)
109.5 H(4A)--C(4)--H(4C) 109.5 H(4B)--C(4)--H(4C) 109.5
C(3)--C(5)--C(6) 122.9(7) C(3)--C(5)--H(5) 118.5 C(6)--C(5)--H(5)
118.5 C(7)--C(6)--C(5) 119.2(6) C(7)--C(6)--H(6) 120.4
C(5)--C(6)--H(6) 120.4 C(6)--C(7)--C(1) 119.0(6) C(6)--C(7)--S(1)
119.2(5) C(1)--C(7)--S(1) 121.8(5) O(3)--C(8)--C(11) 108.0(5)
O(3)--C(8)--C(9) 111.9(5) C(11)--C(8)--C(9) 102.9(5)
O(3)--C(8)--H(8) 111.3 C(11)--C(8)--H(8) 111.3 C(9)--C(8)--H(8)
111.3 O(4)--C(9)--C(8) 108.5(5) O(4)--C(9)--H(9A) 110.0
C(8)--C(9)--H(9A) 110.0 O(4)--C(9)--H(9B) 110.0 C(8)--C(9)--H(9B)
110.0 H(9A)--C(9)--H(9B) 108.4 O(4)--C(10)--C(12) 107.8(4)
O(4)--C(10)--C(15) 108.5(4) C(12)--C(10)--C(15) 109.0(4)
O(4)--C(10)--C(11) 103.8(4) C(12)--C(10)--C(11) 112.8(4)
C(15)--C(10)--C(11) 114.5(4) C(8)--C(11)--C(10) 105.0(4)
C(8)--C(11)--H(11A) 110.8 C(10)--C(11)--H(11A) 110.8
C(8)--C(11)--H(11B) 110.8 C(10)--C(11)--H(11B) 110.8
H(11A)--C(11)--H(11B) 108.8 C(13)--C(12)--C(10) 112.7(4)
C(13)--C(12)--H(12A) 109.0 C(10)--C(12)--H(12A) 109.0
C(13)--C(12)--H(12B) 109.0 C(10)--C(12)--H(12B) 109.0
H(12A)--C(12)--H(12B) 107.8 N(1)--C(13)--C(12) 110.4(4)
N(1)--C(13)--H(13A) 109.6 C(12)--C(13)--H(13A) 109.6
N(1)--C(13)--H(13B) 109.6 C(12)--C(13)--H(13B) 109.6
H(13A)--C(13)--H(13B) 108.1 N(1)--C(14)--C(15) 110.0(4)
N(1)--C(14)--H(14A) 109.7 C(15)--C(14)--H(14A) 109.7
N(1)--C(14)--H(14B) 109.7 C(15)--C(14)--H(14B) 109.7
H(14A)--C(14)--H(14B) 108.2 C(14)--C(15)--C(10) 112.5(4)
C(14)--C(15)--H(15A) 109.1 C(10)--C(15)--H(15A) 109.1
C(14)--C(15)--H(15B) 109.1 C(10)--C(15)--H(15B) 109.1
H(15A)--C(15)--H(15B) 107.8 O(5)--C(16)--O(6) 124.1(5)
O(5)--C(16)--N(1) 123.9(5) O(6)--C(16)--N(1) 112.0(5)
O(6)--C(17)--C(19) 102.6(4) O(6)--C(17)--C(18) 111.3(4)
C(19)--C(17)--C(18) 111.5(5) O(6)--C(17)--C(20) 109.3(4)
C(19)--C(17)--C(20) 110.0(5) C(18)--C(17)--C(20) 111.8(5)
C(17)--C(18)--H(18A) 109.5 C(17)--C(18)--H(18B) 109.5
H(18A)--C(18)--H(18B) 109.5 C(17)--C(18)--H(18C) 109.5
H(18A)--C(18)--H(18C) 109.5 H(18B)--C(18)--H(18C) 109.5
C(17)--C(19)--H(19A) 109.5 C(17)--C(19)--H(19B) 109.5
H(19A)--C(19)--H(19B) 109.5 C(17)--C(19)--H(19C) 109.5
H(19A)--C(19)--H(19C) 109.5 H(19B)--C(19)--H(19C) 109.5
C(17)--C(20)--H(20A) 109.5 C(17)--C(20)--H(20B) 109.5
H(20A)--C(20)--H(20B) 109.5 C(17)--C(20)--H(20C) 109.5
H(20A)--C(20)--H(20C) 109.5 H(20B)--C(20)--H(20C) 109.5
Symmetry Transformations Used to Generate Equivalent Atoms.
TABLE-US-00009 [0338] TABLE 9 Anisotropic displacement parameters
(.ANG..sup.2 .times. 10.sup.3) for C31. The anisotropic
displacement factor exponent takes the form: -2.pi..sup.2[h.sup.2
a*.sup.2U.sup.11 + . . . + 2 h k a* b* U.sup.12]. U.sup.11 U.sup.22
U.sup.33 U.sup.23 U.sup.13 U.sup.12 S(1) 86(1) 94(1) 66(1) -7(1)
4(1) 3(1) N(1) 48(3) 88(3) 59(3) 3(3) -3(2) -14(2) O(1) 117(4)
94(3) 84(3) -29(2) 3(2) -13(3) O(2) 74(3) 141(4) 105(3) 13(3) 12(2)
20(3) O(3) 78(3) 83(3) 63(3) 2(2) -3(2) -4(2) O(4) 113(3) 60(2)
66(3) 2(2) -17(2) 26(2) O(5) 52(3) 150(4) 83(3) -3(2) -5(2) -27(3)
O(6) 50(2) 87(2) 63(3) 7(2) 7(2) -2(2) C(1) 81(4) 98(5) 56(4) -1(3)
-8(3) -19(4) C(2) 92(5) 112(6) 61(4) 6(4) -22(3) 1(5) C(3) 139(8)
89(5) 66(5) 0(4) -19(4) -22(5) C(4) 229(11) 99(6) 148(7) 36(5)
-64(7) -15(6) C(5) 122(7) 109(6) 102(5) -2(4) -29(5) -43(5) C(6)
85(5) 103(5) 90(5) -6(4) -18(3) -18(4) C(7) 68(4) 94(4) 48(3) -9(3)
-4(3) -9(3) C(8) 72(4) 75(4) 69(4) -9(3) -4(3) -7(4) C(9) 125(6)
116(5) 69(5) -6(4) -17(4) 45(5) C(10) 57(4) 53(3) 57(3) 8(3) 1(2)
7(3) C(11) 94(5) 47(3) 80(5) -7(3) 14(3) 0(3) C(12) 44(3) 65(3)
75(4) 4(3) 1(2) -3(3) C(13) 47(3) 85(4) 68(4) -4(3) 1(2) 4(3) C(14)
69(4) 94(4) 65(4) 1(3) 10(3) -27(3) C(15) 52(4) 80(4) 64(4) 11(3)
12(3) 0(3) C(16) 50(4) 66(4) 67(4) -6(3) 4(3) -9(3) C(17) 67(4)
71(4) 59(4) 4(3) 3(3) 0(3) C(18) 117(6) 88(4) 82(5) -13(3) -10(4)
-3(4) C(19) 89(5) 110(5) 98(5) 15(4) 33(4) -4(4) C(20) 97(5) 76(4)
105(5) -1(3) -2(4) 22(4)
Step 3. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3S)-3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (C32) and
Tert-Butyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate
(C33)
[0339] Sodium borohydride (445 mg, 11.8 mmol) was added to a
0.degree. C. solution of tert-butyl
3-oxo-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (1.50 g, 5.88 mmol)
in methanol (59 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at
23.degree. C. for 2 hours. After removal of solvent in vacuo, the
residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The
aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined
organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a mixture of C32 and
C33 as a colorless oil. Yield of racemic product: 1.45 g, 5.63
mmol, 96%. GCMS m/z 257.1 [M.sup.+]. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 4.54-4.48 (br m, 1H), 3.93 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J=10.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.53 (br m,
2H), 3.40-3.28 (m, 2H), 1.97 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=13.7, 6.2
Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.48 (m, 6H, assumed; partially obscured by water
peak), 1.46 (s, 9H).
[0340] A portion of this racemic material (1.30 g, 5.05 mmol) was
separated into its component enantiomers via supercritical fluid
chromatography [Column: Phenomenex Lux Amylose-1, 5 .mu.m; Mobile
phase: 85:15 carbon dioxide/(methanol containing 0.2% ammonium
hydroxide)]. The first-eluting product, obtained as a gum that
exhibited a negative (-) rotation, was designated as C32. Yield:
650 mg, 2.53 mmol, 50% for the separation.
The second-eluting product, obtained as a solid that exhibited a
positive (+) rotation, was designated as C33. Yield: 620 mg, 2.41
mmol, 48% for the separation. The indicated absolute
stereochemistries of C32 and C33 were assigned on the basis of
conversion of C32 to C30 (see step 4).
Step 4. Alternate Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3S)-3-{[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carb-
oxylate (C30)
[0341] p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (244 mg, 1.28 mmol) was added to
a solution of C32 (300 mg, 1.17 mmol) in dichloromethane (12 mL).
4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (285 mg, 2.33 mmol) was then added, and
the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. After addition of
water, the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane, and the
combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo and purified via
silica gel chromatography (Gradient: 10% to 55% ethyl acetate in
heptane). The product was obtained as a gum that exhibited a
positive (+) rotation. Yield: 426 mg, 1.04 mmol, 89%. LCMS m/z
412.5 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.76
(d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.10-5.03 (m, 1H),
3.94-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.62-3.53 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.43 (s,
3H), 1.98 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (dd,
half of ABX pattern, J=14.6, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.79-1.71 (m, 1H),
1.59-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H). This sample, derived from C32, was
established as possessing the indicated absolute stereochemistry
via comparison of its optical rotation with that of the C30 sample
synthesized in step 2 above.
Step 5. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
(3R)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxyla-
te (C34)
[0342] To a solution of C30 (222 mg, 0.539 mmol) in
N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) were added cesium carbonate (528 mg,
1.62 mmol) and 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (69.6 mg, 0.809 mmol). The
reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, and
then at 50.degree. C. for 3 hours, whereupon it was diluted with
water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.50 mL). The
combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate,
filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified via chromatography on
silica gel (Gradient: 10% to 65% ethyl acetate in heptane) to
provide the product as a colorless oil. Yield: 148 mg, 0.455 mmol,
84%. LCMS m/z 326.4 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 7.37 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.88-4.80
(m, 1H), 4.15 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10
(dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.56 (br m,
2H), 3.37-3.26 (m, 2H), 2.28 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=13.7, 8.6
Hz, 1H), 2.17 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=13.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H),
1.80-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).
Step 6. Synthesis of
(3R)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane,
Trifluoroacetate Salt (C35)
[0343] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.71 mL) was added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C34 (200 mg, 0.615 mmol) in dichloromethane (6.2 mL),
and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 35
minutes. It was then concentrated in vacuo, and azeotroped
repeatedly with heptane (3.times.10 mL) to afford the product as an
oil. This material was taken directly into the following step.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3), derived from a reaction using
C34 that was carried out on similar scale: .delta. 8.2-7.9 (br s,
2H), 7.48 (br d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H),
5.06-4.98 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.6, 3.9 Hz,
1H), 4.19 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.30
(br m, 4H), 2.44 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.1, 8.2 Hz, 1H),
2.27 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=14.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.12-1.93 (m,
4H).
Step 7. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxyla-
te (12)
[0344] A solution of C35 (from the previous step; .ltoreq.0.615
mmol) and triethylamine (0.62 g, 6.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL)
was stirred for 15 minutes at 0.degree. C. Addition of C12
(reaction solution in acetonitrile, containing 0.80 mmol) to the
cold solution was effected slowly, over 20 minutes, and stirring
was continued at 0.degree. C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture
was then warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight.
After removal of volatiles in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in
dichloromethane and washed sequentially with 1 M hydrochloric acid,
saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, and saturated aqueous
sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was then dried,
filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 60% ethyl acetate in heptane),
followed by reversed-phase HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18, 5 .mu.m;
Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile
phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v);
Gradient: 50% to 100% B) afforded the product. Yield: 47.4 mg,
0.113 mmol, 18% over two steps. LCMS m/z 420.5 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.38 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d,
J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 5.82-5.70 (m, 1H), 4.91-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.12 (m,
2H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.31 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J=13.7, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.84 (br m,
1H), 1.83-1.54 (m, 3H).
Example 13
1-({[(3R)-3-(4-Fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]carbo-
nyl}oxy)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (13)
##STR00042##
[0346] To a stirred solution of C35 (71 mg, 0.21 mmol) in
dichloromethane (6 mL) were added N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate
(84.8 mg, 0.331 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (0.395 mL, 3.59 mmol).
The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight,
whereupon water was added, and the mixture was extracted with
dichloromethane (3.times.20 mL). The combined organic layers were
washed with hydrochloric acid (1 M; 20 mL), dried over magnesium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel
chromatography (Gradient: 0% to 75% ethyl acetate in heptane)
afforded the product as a solid. Yield: 53 mg, 0.145 mmol, 69%.
LCMS m/z 367.4 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 7.37 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.90-4.81
(m, 1H), 4.17 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.14
(dd, half of ABX pattern, J=10.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.77 (m, 2H),
3.55-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 2.31 (dd, half of ABX pattern,
J=13.7, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J=13.7, 5.1 Hz,
1H), 1.93-1.62 (m, 4H).
Example 14
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxyla-
te (14)
##STR00043##
[0347] Step 1. Synthesis of 6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-ol
(C36)
[0348] 4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-Octamethyl-2,2'-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane
(537 mg, 2.11 mmol),
[1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (141
mg, 0.193 mmol), and potassium acetate (377 mg, 3.84 mmol) were
added to a 30.degree. C. solution of
5-bromo-2-(difluoromethyl)pyridine (400 mg, 1.92 mmol) in
1,4-dioxane (5 mL). After the reaction mixture had been degassed
with nitrogen for 5 minutes, it was stirred for 18 hours at
115.degree. C., whereupon it was filtered. Concentration of the
filtrate provided a black solid (1.17 g), which was divided into
two portions for addition of the next reagent. One portion of this
material (870 mg, .ltoreq.1.43 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of
tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and water (10 mL) and treated with hydrogen
peroxide (30% aqueous solution; 487 mg, 4.29 mmol) at 28.degree. C.
The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours at 28.degree. C.,
whereupon it was combined with the reaction mixture from the second
portion, and the oxidant was quenched via addition of saturated
aqueous sodium sulfite solution (5 mL) (until the resulting mixture
tested negative with potassium iodide-starch test paper). The
resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.20 mL),
and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate,
filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography
(Gradient: 0% to 25% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) provided the
product as a white solid. Yield: 148 mg, 1.02 mmol, 53%. LCMS m/z
145.9 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.28
(d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J=8.5, 2.5 Hz,
1H), 6.62 (t, J.sub.HF=55.7 Hz, 1H).
Step 2. Synthesis of Tert-Butyl
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxyla-
te (C37)
[0349] To a 0.degree. C. mixture of tert-butyl
2-hydroxy-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.21 mmol),
C36 (39.1 mg, 0.269 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (109 mg, 0.416
mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) was added diisopropyl
azodicarboxylate (83.8 mg, 0.414 mmol) in a drop-wise manner, and
the reaction mixture was stirred at 28.degree. C. for 15 hours. It
was then directly purified via preparative thin-layer
chromatography on silica gel (Eluent: 3:1 petroleum ether/ethyl
acetate), providing the product as a yellow gum (100 mg), which by
.sup.1H NMR analysis was contaminated with material derived from
diisopropyl azodicarboxylate. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3),
product peaks only: .delta. 8.22 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.5
Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=8.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J.sub.HF=55.7 Hz,
1H), 4.80-4.72 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.36 (m 2H), 3.36-3.30 (m, 2H),
2.49-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.56 (m, 4H, assumed;
partially obscured by water peak), 1.46 (s, 9H).
Step 3. Synthesis of
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane,
Trifluoroacetate Salt (C38)
[0350] Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a 0.degree. C.
solution of C37 (250 mg, 0.679 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). The
reaction mixture was stirred at 10.degree. C. for 1 hour, whereupon
it was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the product as
a yellow oil. A portion of this material was taken directly to the
following step. LCMS m/z 268.9 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 4. Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxyla-
te (14)
[0351] Triethylamine (0.170 mL, 1.22 mmol) was slowly added to a
0.degree. C. solution of C38 (from the previous step; .ltoreq.0.408
mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 30
minutes at 0.degree. C. A solution of C12 (reaction solution in
acetonitrile, containing 1.07 mmol) was added under ice-cooling,
and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 10.degree. C. for
18 hours. After solvent had been removed in vacuo, the residue was
purified via reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Agela Durashell C18, 5
.mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.225% formic acid in water; Mobile phase B:
acetonitrile; Gradient: 55% to 75% B) to provide the product as a
white solid. Yield: 74.9 mg, 0.162 mmol, 40% over two steps. LCMS
m/z 463.2 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
8.22 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=8.8,
2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (t, J.sub.HF=55.7 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (septet, J=6.2
Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.74 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.44 (m, 2H),
2.54-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.64 (m, 4H).
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Method of Preparation, Structure, and
Physicochemical Data for Examples 15-53. Method of Preparation;
Non- .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.; Mass commerical
spectrum, observed ion m/z [M + H].sup.+ or Example starting HPLC
retention time; Mass spectrum Number materials Structure m/z [M +
H].sup.+ (unless otherwise indicated) 15 Example 2.sup.1; P1
##STR00044## 7.36-7.23 (m, 5H), 5.75 (septet, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H),
3.88-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.77-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.46 (s, 2H), 3.36-3.21 (m,
2H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 2H), 2.15- 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.34
(m, 2H); 440.9 16 Example 3; P1 ##STR00045## 3.18 minutes.sup.2;
510 17 Example 3; P1 ##STR00046## 2.77 minutes.sup.3; 459 18
Example 3; P1 ##STR00047## 3.20 minutes.sup.3; 467 19 Example 3; P1
##STR00048## 3.04 minutes.sup.2; 448 20 Example 3; P1 ##STR00049##
3.00 minutes.sup.4; 443 21 Example 3; P1 ##STR00050## 2.80
minutes.sup.2; 442 22 Example 4.sup.5; P1 ##STR00051## 2.74
minutes.sup.2; 430 23 Example 3; P1 ##STR00052## 2.67
minutes.sup.2; 435 24 Example 3; P1 ##STR00053## 2.75
minutes.sup.2; 407 25 Example 15.sup.6; P1 ##STR00054## 7.31-7.23
(m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by solvent peak), 7.01 (dd, J =
8.3, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.96-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.70
(m, 2H), 3.43-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.41 (s, 2H), 3.31- 3.21 (m, 1H), 2.82
(s, 4H), 2.46-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 2H), 2.15-2.02 (m, 2H),
1.6-1.40 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 406.1
26 Example 7.sup.7; P1 ##STR00055## .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
CD.sub.3OD) .delta. 8.74 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.72-8.69 (m, 1H),
8.67 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 4.04- 3.94 (m, 3H),
3.92-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.46- 3.22 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured
by solvent peak), 3.16-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 2.21-2.00 (br m,
2H), 1.79-1.59 (m, 2H); 390.2 27 Example 1.sup.5; P1 ##STR00056##
5.75 (septet, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.79 (dd, J =
5.0, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.36-3.21 (m, 4H), 3.14-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.09-2.00
(m, 2H), 2.00-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.44-1.35 (m, 2H),
1.34-1.27 (m, 1H), 1.02 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H), 0.89-0.82 (m, 1H);
483.1 28 Example 1.sup.8; P1 ##STR00057## 5.75 (septet, J = 6.2 Hz,
1H), 4.03-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.74 (m, 5H), 3.49-3.41 (m, 1H),
3.37-3.22 (m, 4H), 3.13 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 15.0, 8.4 Hz,
1H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 15.0,
2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.08- 1.98 (br m, 2H), 1.92-1.84 (br m, 1H), 1.70-1.45
(m, 6H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.42-1.30 (m,
1H); 513.2 29 Example 4.sup.8; P1 ##STR00058## 4.03-3.89 (m, 2H),
3.89-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.49-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.35-3.22 (m, 3H), 3.14-3.05
(m, 2H), 3.14 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 14.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.97
(dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 15.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (s, 4H),
2.11-1.99 (br m, 2H), 1.92-1.84 (br m, 1H), 1.77-1.50 (m, 6H,
assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.41-1.30 (m, 1H);
460.0 30 Example 7.sup.9; P1 ##STR00059## 9.16 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H),
8.84 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.72-8.69 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.91 (br m, 1H),
3.91-3.78 (m, 3H), 3.46-3.14 (m, 6H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.10-1.98 (m,
2H), 1.74-1.5 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak);
440.1 31 Example 1.sup.9; P1 ##STR00060## 9.16 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H),
8.84 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.72-8.69 (m, 1H), 5.76 (septet, J = 6.3
Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J = 5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.42-
3.15 (m, 6H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.65- 1.48 (m, 2H, assumed;
partially obscured by water peak); 493.2 32 Example 1; P2
##STR00061## 7.88 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J = 7.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J =
7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.79-5.69 (m, 1H), 4.64 (br d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H),
4.03-3.92 (br m, 1H), 3.89-3.71 (m, 3H), 3.54 (dd, J = 9.8, 4.3 Hz,
1H), 3.40-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.41 (m, 5H,
assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 490.9 33 Example 1; C4
##STR00062## 7.89 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J = 7.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J =
7.5, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 5.80-5.68 (m, 1H), 4.78 (br d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H),
4.02-3.91 (br m, 1H), 3.89-3.70 (m, 3H), 3.54 (dd, J = 9.5, 4.5 Hz,
1H), 3.41-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.40 (m, 5H,
assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 490.9 34 Example 5; C3
##STR00063## 7.91-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.63 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J
= 7.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (br dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 8.0, 7.0
Hz, 2H), 4.63 (br d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.02- 3.93 (br m, 1H),
3.91-3.81 (br m, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J = 9.5, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.72 (br
m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J = 9.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.55 (br m, 1H),
3.35-3.23 (br m, 1H), 2.82 (s, 4H), 1.99 (dd, half of ABX pattern,
J = 13.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.51 (m, 3H,
assumed; partially obscured by water peak); 437.9 35 Example
7.sup.10; P4 ##STR00064## 4.75-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.75 (br m, 2H),
3.97 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 9.9, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (dd, half
of ABX pattern, J = 9.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s,
3H), 2.87 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.09 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J = 13.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 1.94-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.7-1.5 (m, 1H,
assumed; obscured by water peak), 1.15-1.03 (m, 1H), 0.75-0.67 (m,
2H), 0.40-0.34 (m, 2H); LCMS m/z 452.3 [M + Na].sup.+ 36 Example
1.sup.10; P4 ##STR00065## 5.75 (septet, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.65
(m, 1H), 4.01-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.46-3.25 (m, 2H),
2.88 (s, 3H), 2.87 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (dd, J = 13.6, 9.0 Hz,
1H), 1.84-1.69 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.43 (m, 1H), 1.15-1.03 (m, 1H),
0.75-0.68 (m 2H), 0.41-0.34 (m, 2H); LCMS m/z 505.2 [M + Na].sup.+
37 P5.sup.11 ##STR00066## 5.75 (septet, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.61
(m, 1H), 3.97-3.69 (m, 5H), 3.45-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 3H),
2.60-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.97 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.69
(m, 4H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 1H); 483.2 38 P5.sup.11 ##STR00067## 5.75
(septet, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.71-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.92 (m, 1H),
3.92-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.45-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.78 (dd, half
of ABX pattern, J = 14, 7 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J
= 13.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.32-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.08 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J = 13.3, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.57- 1.43 (m,
1H), 1.11 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H); 485.2 39
P5.sup.11 ##STR00068## 5.75 (septet, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.73-4.63 (m,
1H), 4.00-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.45-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.88
(s, 3H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.08 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J =
13.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.69 (m, 4H), 1.57-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.21-1.14
(m, 2H), 1.03-0.96 (m, 2H); 469.2 40 P5.sup.11 ##STR00069## 7.98
(d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (septet, J =
6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.85 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.22 (m,
2H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.04 (dd, J = 13.6, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.67 (m,
3H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak), 1.65 (dd, J = 13.8,
6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.53-1.39 (m, 1H); 512.2 41 P5.sup.11 ##STR00070##
5.75 (septet, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.92 (m,
1H), 3.92-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.45-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.05-2.95 (m, 2H),
2.85-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.26-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.08 (dd, J =
13.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.69
(m, 4H), 1.58-1.43 (m, 1H); 497.2 42 P5.sup.11 ##STR00071##
7.43-7.36 (m, 5H), 5.74 (septet, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.30 (m,
1H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.84-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.19
(m, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.53 (m, 4H, assumed; partially
obscured by water peak), 1.55 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 13.0,
7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.44-1.29 (m, 1H); LCMS m/z 541.2 [M + Na].sup.+ 43
P6.sup.12 ##STR00072## 4.74-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.76 (br m, 2H),
3.97 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 9.7, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (dd, half
of ABX pattern, J = 10.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.23 (m, 3H), 2.88 (s,
3H), 2.83 (br s, 4H), 2.30-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.09 (dd, J = 13.2, 8.8
Hz, 1H), 1.96-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.04-0.94 (m, 2H);
LCMS m/z 438.1 [M + Na].sup.+ 44 P6.sup.12 ##STR00073## 4.71-4.62
(m, 1H), 4.00-3.77 (br m, 2H), 3.97 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J =
10.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 10.0, 5.5 Hz,
1H), 3.54-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.83 (br s, 4H), 2.78 (dd,
half of ABX pattern, J = 14, 7 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J = 14, 6 Hz, 1H), 2.31-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.08 (dd, J = 13.3,
8.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.7-1.52 (m, 1H, assumed; partially
obscured by water peak), 1.11 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J = 6.5
Hz, 3H); 432.3 45 P6.sup.12 ##STR00074## 7.99 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H),
7.65 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.84 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.72 (br m, 2H),
3.92 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 10.6, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (dd,
half of ABX pattern, J = 10.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.95
(s, 3H), 2.82 (br s, 4H), 2.02 (dd, J = 13.6, 9.2 Hz, 1H),
1.91-1.69 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.47 (m, 2H, assumed; partially obscured by
water peak); 459.1 46 P6.sup.12 ##STR00075## 4.68-4.58 (m, 1H),
4.00-3.75 (br m, 2H), 3.96 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 10.1, 7.5
Hz, 1H), 3.80 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 9.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H),
3.53-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.05-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.83 (br
s, 7H), 2.27-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.09 (dd, J = 13.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H),
2.04-1.72 (m, 8H), 1.69-1.52 (m, 1H, assumed; largely obscured by
water peak); LCMS m/z 466.3 [M + Na].sup.+ 47 P6.sup.12
##STR00076## 7.44-7.36 (m, 5H), 4.40-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 2H),
3.93-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.59 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 9.8, 7.3 Hz,
1H), 3.53 (dd, half of ABX pattern, J = 9.8, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.16
(m, 2H), 2.82 (br s, 4H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.37 (m, 6H, assumed;
partially obscured by water peak); LCMS m/z 488.3 [M + Na].sup.+ 48
P6.sup.12 ##STR00077## 4.71-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.68 (m, 5H),
3.52-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 7H), 2.60- 2.46 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.20 (m,
2H), 2.11- 1.97 (m, 3H), 1.93-1.51 (m, 5H, assumed; partially
obscured by water peak); 430.3 49 Example 1.sup.13; P3 ##STR00078##
7.35 (dd, J = 8.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (br d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H),
7.13-7.07 (m, 2H), 5.77 (septet, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J =
8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.93-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.81 (dd, J = 9.0, 9.0 Hz,
1H), 3.61-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.29 (dd, J = 12.8, 8.3
Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.59 (m, 5H); 496.2 50 Example 7.sup.13; P3
##STR00079## 7.35 (dd, J = 8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (br d, J = 7.5
Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.07 (m, 2H), 4.24 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H),
4.00-3.91 (br m, 1H), 3.90-3.82 (br m, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J = 9.0, 9.0
Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.33 (m, 1H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.30
(dd, J = 12.8, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.65 (m, 5H); 443.2 51 P6.sup.12
##STR00080## 5.24-5.13 (m, 1H), 3.99-3.74 (br m, 2H), 3.96 (dd,
half of ABX pattern, J = 9.9, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (dd, half of ABX
pattern, J = 9.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.26 (m, 2H), 2.96 (s, 3H),
2.82 (s, 4H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95-1.76 (m, 3H),
1.72 (dd, J = 13.2, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.53 (m, 1H, assumed; largely
obscured by water peak), 1.30 (s, 9H); 396.3 52 P5.sup.11
##STR00081## 5.75 (septet, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.24-5.13 (m, 1H),
4.00-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.78 (dd, J = 9.8, 5.3 Hz,
1H), 3.47-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.10 (dd, J = 13.6, 9.0 Hz,
1H), 1.83-1.65 (m, 4H, assumed; partially obscured by water peak),
1.60-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 9H); 449.3 53 Example 7; C38
##STR00082## 8.21 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H),
7.17 (dd, J = 8.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J.sub.HF = 55.7 Hz, 1H),
4.82-4.73 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.39 (m, 4H), 2.82 (s, 4H), 2.54-2.44 (m,
2H), 2.08-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.65 (br m, 4H, assumed; partially
obscured by water peak); 410.2 .sup.1The requisite tert-butyl
4-benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate was
synthesized from P1 via potassium carbonate-mediated alkylation
with benzyl bromide. .sup.2Conditions for analytical HPLC. Column:
Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 .times. 50 mm, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A:
0.0375% trifluoroacetic acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.01875%
trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient: 1% to 5% B over 0.6
minutes; 5% to 100% B over 3.4 minutes; Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute.
.sup.3Conditions for analytical HPLC. Column: Waters XBridge C18,
2.1 .times. 50 mm, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.0375% trifluoroacetic
acid in water; Mobile phase B: 0.01875% trifluoroacetic acid in
acetonitrile; Gradient: 10% to 100% B over 4.0 minutes; Flow rate:
0.8 mL/minute. .sup.4Conditions for analytical HPLC. Column: Waters
XBridge C18, 2.1 .times. 50 mm, 5 .mu.m; Mobile phase A: 0.05%
ammonium hydroxide in water; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile;
Gradient: 5% B for 0.5 minutes; 5% to 100% B over 2.9 minutes; 100%
B for 0.8 minutes; Flow rate: 0.8 mL/minute.
.sup.5cis-2-Ethylcyclopropanesulfonyl chloride may be prepared in
the following manner: propan-2-yl
cis-2-ethenylcyclopropanesulfonate may be synthesized from
butadiene using the method described by R. Pellicciari et al., J.
Med Chem. 2007, 50, 4630-4641. Hydrogenation provides propan-2-yl
cis-2-ethylcyclopropanesulfonate, which is then treated with sodium
iodide in acetone at elevated temperature to afford sodium
cis-2-ethylcyclopropanesulfonate. Treatment of this material with
thionyl chloride affords the requisite
cis-2-ethylcyclopropanesulfonyl chloride. .sup.6In this case,
1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione was used in place of
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol in the final step, and
4-(dimethylamino)pyridine was added to the reaction mixture.
.sup.7Reaction of P1 with 2-(bromomethyl)pyrazine and
N,N-diisopropylethylamine afforded tert-butyl
4-(pyrazin-2-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate;
subsequent deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid provided
4-(pyrazin-2-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
trifluoroacetate salt. .sup.8Reaction of P1 with
tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-ylmethanesulfonyl chloride in the presence of
triethylamine and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, followed by
deprotecting using trifluoroacetic acid, afforded the requisite
4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2ylmethyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]unde-
cane, trifluoroacetate salt. .sup.9Pyrazine-2-sulfonyl chloride
(prepared from pyrazine-2(1H)-thione using the method of S.W.
Wright et al., J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1080-1084) was reacted with
P1 to provide tert-butyl
4-(pyrazine-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate-
. Subsequent deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid afforded
4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane,
trifluoroacetate salt. .sup.10Compound P4 was converted to
1-cyclopropyl-N-methyl-N-[(3R)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]methanesulfo-
namide, trifluoroacetate salt using the general method described in
Preparation P5 for synthesis of C9. .sup.11This Example was
synthesized via reaction of P5 with the appropriate sulfonyl
chloride or acyl chloride, in the presence of triethylamine.
.sup.12This Example was synthesized via reaction of P6 with the
appropriate sulfonyl chloride or acyl chloride, in the presence of
triethylamine. .sup.13Reaction of P3 with 3-bromophenyl
trifluoromethyl ether in the presence of nickle(II) iodide, zinc,
4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, and pyridine provided
tert-butyl
3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenxyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate-
, which was deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid to afford the
requisite
3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane,
trifluoroacetate salt.
Example AA: MAGL Enzymatic Assay
[0352] Assessment of MAGL inhibition utilizes human recombinant
Monoacylglycerol Lipase and the fluorogenic substrate
7-hydroxycoumarinyl arachidonate (7-HCA, Biomol ST-502). 400 nL of
a test compound at decreasing concentration (ranging from 150 .mu.M
down to 1.5 nM) was spotted into a 384-well back plate
(PerkinElmer, 6007279) using a Labcyte Echo, followed by addition
of 10 .mu.L of MAGL enzyme in assay buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4,
100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.1% Triton X-100 and 25% glycerin).
An equal volume of 7-HCA in assay buffer with 10% DMSO was added
either immediately (T=0 min) or after a 30 minute incubation (T=30
min) to initiate the reaction. The final concentration of MAGL
enzyme was 88 .mu.M and 7-HCA substrate was 5 .mu.M. After these
dilutions, the final concentration of the test compound ranged from
3 .mu.M to 0.03 nM. The reaction was allowed to progress for 60
minutes, after which the plate was read at an Ex/Em of 340/465.
Percent inhibitions were calculated based on control wells
containing no compound (0% inhibition) and a control compound
(e.g., a MAGL inhibitor whose activity is known or was previously
reported in the literature, such as one with about 100%
inhibition). IC.sub.50 values were generated based on a four
parameter fit model using ABASE software from IDBS. See e.g., Wang,
Y. et al., "A Fluorescence-Based Assay for Monoacylglycerol Lipase
Compatible with Inhibitor Screening," Assay and Drug Development
Technologies, 2008, Vol. 6 (3) pp 387-393 (reporting an assay for
measuring MAGL activity).
[0353] To measure MAGL inactivation, the same protocol for the (T=0
min) MAGL inhibition IC.sub.50 assay was performed with data
collected every minute to acquire enzyme progress curves at
decreasing concentrations of compound. K.sub.obs values were
calculated from this data and k.sub.inact/K.sub.I ratios were
determined from a plot of K.sub.obs values vs. compound
concentrations.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Biological Data (MAGL IC.sub.50, and MAGL
k.sub.inact/K.sub.I) and Compound Name for Examples 1-53. MAGL MAGL
(T = (T = MAGL 0 min) 30 min) k.sub.inact/K.sub.I Example IC.sub.50
IC.sub.50 (1/s per Number (nM).sup.a (nM).sup.a M).sup.a Compound
Name 1 3.09 0.259 543000 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-
(phenylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 2
7.94 1.00 85900 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-[(4-
fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 3 59.9 8.49 6240
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(tetrahydro-
2H-pyran-3-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 4 204 20.3 2140
1-[({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9- yl}carbonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 5
1480 136 N.D. 1-{[(4-benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-
yl)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 6 4.39 0.470 188000
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl (3R)-3-
[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 7 214 15.6 8060
N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-
yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-
N-methylbenzenesulfonamide 8 35.0 3.29 15700
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 2-benzoyl-
2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 9 760 57.4 N.D.
1-{[(2-benzoyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-8-
yl)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 10 637 80.6 N.D.
4-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-
oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)benzonitrile 11 17.6 2.46 9710
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 3-(4-
cyanophenyl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8- carboxylate 12 57.0
4.90 N.D. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
(3R)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-
yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 13 1950 121 N.D.
1-({[(3R)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-
8-yl]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 14 3.63.sup.c 0.942.sup.c
N.D. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-
yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate 15 55.8 7.86 14400
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-benzyl-1-oxa-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 16 78.5 10.4 9540
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-
3-yl]methyl}-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 17
67.5 10.5 7720 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate
18 90.5 14.0 6280 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-[(2-cyanopyridin-3-
yl)methyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 19 221
28.5 N.D. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)-1-
oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 20 255 35.0 N.D.
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(pyrazin-2-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-
4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 21 307 40.5 N.D.
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-
4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 22 454 46.3 N.D.
1-[({4-[(cis-2-ethylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 23 432
58.0 N.D. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(tetrahydrofuran-3-
ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 24 443
81.9 N.D. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-(2-methylpropyl)-1-oxa-4,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate
25 1320 158 N.D.
1-({[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-
yl]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 26 >3000 539 N.D.
1-({[4-(pyrazin-2-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-
yl]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, trifluoroacetate salt 27
6.25 0.679 148000 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-[(cis-2-
ethylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-
carboxylate 28 10.3 2.22 99000 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-
ylmethyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9- carboxylate
29 264 73.6 N.D.
1-[({4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-ylmethyl)sulfonyl]-1-oxa-4,9-
diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-yl}carbonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 30
1540 134 N.D.
1-({[4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-
yl]carbonyl}oxy)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 31 20.8 2.26 19800
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(pyrazin-2-ylsulfonyl)-1-oxa-
4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-9-carboxylate 32 13.7 1.08 67700
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl (3R)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-
oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 33 15.0 1.21 54800
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl (3S)-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-1-
oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 34 418 52.8 N.D.
N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 35 1380 105 N.D.
1-cyclopropyl-N-[(3R)-8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-
oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide 36 37.3
2.79 25200 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl (3R)-3-
{[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 37 25.8 3.03 22000
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 3-
[(cyclobutylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-
carboxylate 38 22.0 2.19 22600 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-{methyl[(2-
methylpropyl)sulfonyl]amino}-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-
carboxylate 39 47.7 4.04 21400 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 3-
[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-
8-carboxylate 40 22.9 1.43 47700 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-[methyl(1,3-thiazol-2-
ylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 41 12.0
1.25 28000 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 3-
{[(cyclobutylmethyl)sulfonyl](methyl)amino}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 42 4.93 0.587 69300
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 3-
[(benzylsulfonyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-
carboxylate 43 2720 225 N.D.
N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N-methylcyclopropanesulfonamide 44 794 79.8
N.D. N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N,2-dimethylpropane-1-sulfonamide 45 655
73.0 N.D. N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N-methyl-1,3-thiazole-2-sulfonamide 46 514
50.7 N.D.
1-cyclobutyl-N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N-methylmethanesulfonamide 47 192 23.0 1870
N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N-methyl-1-phenylmethanesulfonamide 48 797
67.8 N.D. N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N-methylcyclobutanesulfonamide 49 8.34 1.45
39700 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl
3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-
oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate 50 19.0 2.46 26700
1-[({3-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-8-
yl}carbonyl)oxy]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione 51 >692 >247 3290
N-(8-{[(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy]carbonyl}-1-oxa-8-
azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-yl)-N,2,2-trimethylpropanamide 52 8.04 0.666
109000 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 3-[(2,2-
dimethylpropanoyl)(methyl)amino]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-
carboxylate 53 69.3 10.1 1630
1-{[(2-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]oxy}-7-azaspiro[3.5]non-7-
yl)carbonyl]oxy}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione .sup.aReported IC.sub.50
values or k.sub.inact/K.sub.I values are the geometric mean of 2-4
determinations, unless otherwise indicated. b. N.D. = not
determined .sup.cThe reported IC.sub.50 value or
k.sub.inact/K.sub.I value is the result from a single
determination. d. The reported IC.sub.50 value or
k.sub.inact/K.sub.I value is the geometric mean of .gtoreq.5
determinations.
[0354] Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those
described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from
the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to
fall within the scope of the appendant claims. Each reference
(including all patents, patent applications, journal articles,
books, and any other publications) cited in the present application
is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
* * * * *