U.S. patent application number 15/898384 was filed with the patent office on 2018-07-05 for long-acting polypeptides and methods of producing same.
This patent application is currently assigned to Opko Biologics Ltd.. The applicant listed for this patent is Opko Biologics Ltd.. Invention is credited to Fuad FARES, Udi Eyal Fima.
Application Number | 20180186852 15/898384 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46332198 |
Filed Date | 2018-07-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180186852 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
FARES; Fuad ; et
al. |
July 5, 2018 |
LONG-ACTING POLYPEPTIDES AND METHODS OF PRODUCING SAME
Abstract
A polypeptide and polynucleotides encoding same comprising one
carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) of chorionic gonadotrophin attached
to an amino terminus of a cytokine and two carboxy-terminal
peptides (CTP) of chorionic gonadotrophin attached to a carboxy
terminus of a cytokine are disclosed. Pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the polypeptide and polynucleotides of the invention and
methods of using same are also disclosed.
Inventors: |
FARES; Fuad; (Hourfish
Village, IL) ; Fima; Udi Eyal; (Dvira, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Opko Biologics Ltd. |
Kiryat Gat |
|
IL |
|
|
Assignee: |
Opko Biologics Ltd.
Kiryat Gat
IL
|
Family ID: |
46332198 |
Appl. No.: |
15/898384 |
Filed: |
February 16, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14550346 |
Nov 21, 2014 |
9896494 |
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15898384 |
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13867728 |
Apr 22, 2013 |
8999670 |
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14550346 |
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13191478 |
Jul 27, 2011 |
8426166 |
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13867728 |
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12476916 |
Jun 2, 2009 |
8048849 |
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13191478 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 14/59 20130101;
C07K 2319/91 20130101; A61K 38/19 20130101; A61P 43/00 20180101;
A61K 47/64 20170801; C07K 2319/00 20130101; C07K 2319/31 20130101;
C07K 2319/35 20130101; C07K 14/61 20130101; C07K 14/555 20130101;
C07K 14/505 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07K 14/555 20060101
C07K014/555; C07K 14/61 20060101 C07K014/61; C07K 14/505 20060101
C07K014/505; C07K 14/59 20060101 C07K014/59; A61K 47/64 20170101
A61K047/64 |
Claims
1. A method of treating or ameliorating a disease in a subject in
need of cytokine therapy, comprising administering to said subject
a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a polypeptide comprising a cytokine attached to a single
chorionic gonadotropin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) at the amino
terminus of said cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotropin carboxy
terminal peptides (CTP) attached to the carboxy terminus of said
cytokine, thereby treating said subject in need of a cytokine
therapy.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sequence of at least one CTP
consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group
consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one CTP is
glycosylated.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one CTP is
truncated.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one CTP is optionally
attached to said cytokine via a linker.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the linker is a peptide bond.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said attaching produces a
CTP-modified cytokine polypeptide, wherein when said polypeptide is
a precursor polypeptide consisting of a cytokine attached to a
single chorionic gonadotropin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) at the
amino terminus of said cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotropin
carboxy terminal peptides (CTP) attached to the carboxy terminus of
said cytokine, and a signal peptide attached to the amino terminus
of said one CTP, and when said polypeptide is a mature polypeptide,
said polypeptide consists of a cytokine attached to a single
chorionic gonadotropin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) at the amino
terminus of said cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotropin carboxy
terminal peptides (CTP) attached to the carboxy terminus of said
cytokine and said polypeptide lacks a signal peptide.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said signal peptide consists of
an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO:
64.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said treating or ameliorating a
disease in said subject induces growth, induces weight gain,
induces erythropoiesis, treats or ameliorates anemia, provides an
anti-viral activity, or provides an anti-proliferative activity, or
any combination thereof, in said subject.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject is a human
subject.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said disease is a cancer.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said cancer is hairy cell
leukemia, malignant melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, bladder cancer,
chronic myelocytic leukemia, kidney cancer, carcinoid tumors,
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, or skin cancers.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
comprises a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a buffer, a
tonicity agent, and the polypeptide comprising the cytokine
attached to a single chorionic gonadotropin carboxy terminal
peptide (CTP) at the amino terminus of said cytokine, and two
chorionic gonadotropin carboxy terminal peptides (CTP) attached to
the carboxy terminus of said cytokine.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said formulation comprises a
liquid formulation or a topical formulation.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein said buffer is citrate
16. The method of claim 13, wherein said tonicity agent is
NaCl.
17. The method of claim 13, wherein said composition is at a pH of
about 4-7.2.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein said composition is a
liquid.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein said composition is
administered once weekly or once bi-weekly.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein said composition is formulated
in a form suitable for an intramuscular (IM) injection, a
subcutaneous (SC) injection, or an intravenous (IV) injection.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This Application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 14/550,346, filed Nov. 21, 2014 which is a divisional of
U.S. patent Ser. No. 13/867,728, filed Apr. 22, 2013 and issued as
U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,670 Apr. 7, 2015, which is a divisional of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/191,478, filed Jul. 27, 2011 and
issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,426,166 Apr. 23, 2013, which is a
divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/476,916, filed
Jun. 2, 2009 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,849 Nov. 1, 2011,
all of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference
herein.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] A polypeptide and polynucleotides encoding same comprising
at least three carboxy-terminal peptides (CTP) of chorionic
gonadotrophin attached to a cytokine are disclosed. Pharmaceutical
compositions comprising the polypeptide and polynucleotides of the
invention and methods of using same are also disclosed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Polypeptides are susceptible to denaturation or enzymatic
degradation in the blood, liver or kidney. Accordingly,
polypeptides typically have short circulatory half-lives of several
hours. Because of their low stability, peptide drugs are usually
delivered in a sustained frequency so as to maintain an effective
plasma concentration of the active peptide. Moreover, since peptide
drugs are usually administrated by infusion, frequent injection of
peptide drugs cause considerable discomfort to a subject. Thus,
there is a need for technologies that will prolong the half-lives
of therapeutic polypeptides while maintaining a high
pharmacological efficacy thereof. Such desirous peptide drugs
should also meet the requirements of enhanced serum stability, high
activity and a low probability of inducing an undesired immune
response when injected into a subject.
[0004] Unfavorable pharmacokinetics, such as a short serum
half-life, can prevent the pharmaceutical development of many
otherwise promising drug candidates. Serum half-life is an
empirical characteristic of a molecule, and must be determined
experimentally for each new potential drug. For example, with lower
molecular weight polypeptide drugs, physiological clearance
mechanisms such as renal filtration can make the maintenance of
therapeutic levels of a drug unfeasible because of cost or
frequency of the required dosing regimen. Conversely, a long serum
half-life is undesirable where a drug or its metabolites have toxic
side effects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine, one chorionic gonadotrophin
carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to an amino terminus of the
cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides
attached to a carboxy terminus of the cytokine.
[0006] In another embodiment, the present invention further
provides a polynucleotide comprising a coding portion encoding a
polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises a cytokine, one
chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to
an amino terminus of the cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotrophin
carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminus of the
cytokine.
[0007] In another embodiment, the present invention further
provides a method of reducing a dosing frequency of a cytokine,
comprising the step of attaching one chorionic gonadotrophin
carboxy terminal peptide to an amino terminus of the cytokine and
two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides to a carboxy
terminus of the cytokine, thereby reducing a dosing frequency of a
cytokine.
[0008] In another embodiment, the present invention further
provides a method of increasing compliance in the use of cytokine
therapy, comprising providing to a subject in need thereof, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine, one chorionic gonadotrophin
carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to an amino terminus of the
cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides
attached to a carboxy terminus of the cytokine, thereby increasing
compliance in the use of cytokine therapy.
[0009] In another embodiment, the present invention further
provides a method of improving a biological half life of a
cytokine, comprising the step of attaching one chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide to an amino terminus of the
cytokine and two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides
to a carboxy terminus of the cytokine, thereby improving a
biological half life of a cytokine.
[0010] In another embodiment, the present invention further
provides a method of improving the area under the curve (AUC) of a
cytokine, comprising the step of attaching one chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide to an amino terminus of the
cytokine and two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides
to a carboxy terminus of the cytokine, thereby improving the area
under the curve (AUC) of a cytokine.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIGS. 1A-1F are diagrams illustrating six EPO-CTP
constructs.
[0012] FIG. 1A is a diagram of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0013] FIG. 1B is a diagram of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0014] FIG. 1C is a diagram of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0015] FIG. 1D is a diagram of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0016] FIG. 1E is a diagram of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0017] FIG. 1F is a diagram of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a photograph illustrating the expression of the
EPO-CTP variants from transfected DG44 cells. Final test samples
from transfected cells were prepared as described under "sample
preparation" and run on SDS/PAGE. Proteins were detected by Western
Blot.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the in vivo bioactivity of
recombinant hEPO derivatives and EPO-3 (SEQ ID NO: 3). ICR mice
(n=7/group) received a single i.v. injection/week (15 .mu.g/kg) for
three weeks of EPO-3, rhEPO-WT (SEQ ID NO: 16), Recormon.RTM.
(Commercial EPO) or Recormon.RTM. (5 .mu.g/kg) 3 times a week.
Control animals were injected i.v. with PBS. Blood samples were
collected three times a week and haematocrit levels were detected.
Each point represents the group average of haematocrit
(%).+-.SE.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the in vivo bioactivity of
recombinant hEPO derivatives and EPO-1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). ICR mice
(n=7/group) received a single i.v. injection/week (15 .mu.g/kg) for
three weeks of EPO-1, rhEPO-WT (SEQ ID NO: 16), Recormon.RTM. or
Recormon.RTM. (5 .mu.g/kg) 3 times a week. Control animals were
injected i.v. with PBS. Blood samples were collected three times a
week and haematocrit levels were detected. Each point represents
the group average of haematocrit (%).+-.SE.
[0021] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the in vivo bioactivity of
recombinant hEPO derivatives and EPO-2 (SEQ ID NO: 2). ICR mice
(n=7/group) received a single i.v. injection/week (15 .mu.g/kg) for
three weeks of EPO-2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), rhEPO-WT (SEQ ID NO: 16),
Recormon.RTM. or Recormon.RTM. (5 .mu.g/kg) 3 times a week. Control
animals were injected i.v. with PBS. Blood samples were collected
three times a week and haematocrit levels were detected. Each point
represents the group average of haematocrit (%).+-.SE.
[0022] FIG. 6 is a time graph illustrating the change in
reticulocyte level following a single bolus dose of EPO-0 (SEQ ID
NO: 16), EPO-3 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and Aranesp.RTM..
[0023] FIG. 7 is a time graph illustrating the change in hemoglobin
level (presented as change from baseline) following a single bolus
dose of EPO-0 (SEQ ID NO: 16), EPO-3 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and
Aranesp.RTM..
[0024] FIG. 8 is a time graph illustrating the change in hematocrit
level following a single bolus dose of EPO-0 (SEQ ID NO: 16), EPO-3
(SEQ ID NO: 3) and Aranesp.RTM..
[0025] FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the change in serum
concentration of EPO-0 (SEQ ID NO: 16), EPO-3 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and
Aranesp.RTM. post i.v. injection.
[0026] FIG. 10 is a Western blot illustrating the molecular weight
& identity of MOD-4020 (SEQ ID NO: 36), MOD-4021 (SEQ ID NO:
37), MOD-4022 (SEQ ID NO: 38), MOD-4023 (SEQ ID NO: 39) and
MOD-4024 (SEQ ID NO: 40). PAGE SDS gel was blotted and stained
using monoclonal anti-hGH antibodies. The photograph indicates that
like commercial and wild type hGH, MOD-7020-4 variants are
recognized by anti-hGH antibodies.
[0027] FIG. 11 is a bar graph illustrating the weight gain of
hypophysectomized rats following administration of the GH-CTP
polypeptides of the present invention.
[0028] FIG. 12 is a Western blot illustrating the molecular weight
& identity of Avonex.RTM., MOD-9013 (SEQ ID NO: 56), MOD-9016
(SEQ ID NO: 62), MOD-9015 (SEQ ID NO: 60), MOD-9012 (SEQ ID NO:
54), MOD-9011 (SEQ ID NO: 52) and Mock. PAGE SDS gel was blotted
and stained using monoclonal anti-IFN-.beta.1A antibodies (B). The
photograph indicates that like commercial Avonex.RTM., MOD-901X
variants are recognized by anti IFN-31A antibodies.
[0029] FIG. 13 presents mean plasma IFN-.beta.1a or MOD-901x
variant concentrations (ng/ml) following single-dose i.v.
administration of IFN-.beta.1a or MOD-901x variants in SD rats (n=3
per dose/route/timepoint). IFN-.beta.1a serum concentrations were
determined using commercial ELISA kit.
[0030] FIG. 14 presents the MOD-9010 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID
NO: 48) (A) and nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 49) (B), MOD-9011
amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 52) (C) and nucleic acid sequence
(SEQ ID NO: 53) (D), MOD-9012 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 54)
(E) and nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 55) (F), MOD-9013 amino
acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 56) (G) and nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID
NO: 57) (H), MOD-9014 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 58) (I) and
nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) (J), MOD-9015 amino acid
sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60) (K) and nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:
61) (L), and MOD-9016 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 62) (M) and
nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 63) (N) amino acid (AA) sequences
followed by DNA sequences. Underline: Signal sequence, Black
letters: Mature protein, Italic: CTP unit.
[0031] FIG. 15 are graphs showing the mean plasma concentrations
(ng/ml) of Rebif.RTM., MOD-9012, and MOD-9013 following single-dose
i.v. or s.c. administration of IFN-.beta.1a or MOD-9012, and
MOD-9013 in SD rats (n=3 per dose/route/timepoint). IFN-.beta.1a
serum concentrations were determined using a commercial ELISA
kit.
[0032] FIG. 16 includes two schemes (1) a map of MOD 4023 pCI-dhfr
Plasmid and (2) structural protein formula of MOD-4023.
[0033] FIG. 17 are graphs showing the mean plasma MOD-4023 or GH
concentrations (pg/ml) following a single i.v. or s.c. dose of
MOD-4023 or GH in rats (n=3-6 per dose/route).
[0034] FIG. 18 is a graph showing the mean incremental weight gain
following a single s.c. doses of MOD-4023 (0.4, 0.8 and 4 mg/Kg) in
hypophysectomized rats in comparison to daily GH injections (0.1
mg/Kg/Day) (n=10 per dose).
[0035] FIG. 19 is a graph showing the area under the curve
following single injection of MOD-4023 correlates with body weight
gain in rats.
[0036] FIG. 20 is a graph showing the incremental weight gain
following s.c. doses of MOD-4023 (0.4, 0.8 and 4 mg/Kg) 4 days
apart in hypophysectomized rats in comparison to daily GH
injections (0.1 mg/Kg/Day) (n=10 per dose).
[0037] FIG. 21 is a graph showing hGH serum concentration in
hypophysectomized rats following s.c. injection of MOD-4023 and
commercial hGH. Single dose of MOD-4023 0.6 or 1.8 mg/Kg and
Biotropin.RTM. 0.35 or 1.05 mg/Kg were injected subcutaneously to
hypophysectomised rats for determination of PK/PD profile. Serum
hGH post injection was measured using specific ELISA kits.
[0038] FIG. 22 is a graph showing IGF-1 serum levels in
hypophysectomized rats following an s.c. injection of MOD-4023 or
commercial hGH. Single dose of MOD-4023 0.6 or 1.8 mg/Kg and
Biotropin.RTM. 0.35 or 1.05 mg/Kg were injected subcutaneously to
hypophysectomised rats for determination of PK/PD profile. Serum
IGF-1 post injection was measured using specific ELISA kits (Roche
Diagnostics).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0039] In one embodiment, the present invention provides
long-acting cytokines and methods of producing and using same. In
another embodiment, long-acting cytokines comprise carboxy terminal
peptide (CTP, also referred to as CTP unit). In another embodiment,
long-acting polypeptides comprise carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) of
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). In another embodiment, CTP acts
as a protectant against degradation of cytokines or polypeptides of
interest. In another embodiment, CTP extends the C.sub.max of
cytokines or polypeptides of interest. In another embodiment, CTP
extends the T.sub.max of cytokines or polypeptides of interest. In
another embodiment, CTP extends circulatory half-lives of cytokines
or polypeptides of interest. In some embodiments, CTP enhances the
potency of cytokines or polypeptides of interest.
[0040] In other embodiments, engineered cytokines or polypeptides
of interest of the invention comprising a single CTP attached to
the amino terminus and two CTP peptides attached in tandem to the
carboxy terminus are at least equivalent to the non CTP-modified
cytokines or polypeptides of interest, in terms of biological
activity. In other embodiments, engineered cytokines or
polypeptides of interest of the invention comprising a single CTP
attached to the amino terminus and two CTP peptides attached in
tandem to the carboxy terminus are at least equivalent to the non
CTP-modified cytokines or polypeptides of interest, in terms of
pharmacological measures such as pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics.
[0041] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and at least one CTP peptide
attached to an amino terminus of the cytokine and at least two
chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a
carboxy terminus of the cytokine. In another embodiment, the
present invention provides a polypeptide comprising one chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide attached to an amino
terminus of a cytokine and two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy
terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminus of a cytokine.
[0042] In another embodiment, the terms "CTP peptide," "carboxy
terminal peptide" and "CTP sequence" are used interchangeably
herein. In another embodiment, the carboxy terminal peptide is a
full-length CTP. In another embodiment, the carboxy terminal
peptide is a truncated CTP. Each possibility represents a separate
embodiment of the present invention.
[0043] In another embodiment, "signal sequence" and "signal
peptide" are used interchangeably herein. In another embodiment,
"sequence" when in reference to a polynucleotide can refer to a
coding portion. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment
of the present invention.
[0044] In another embodiment, the invention provides a polypeptide
consisting a cytokine, a single chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy
terminal peptide attached to the amino terminus of the cytokine,
and two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached
to the carboxy terminus of the cytokine. In another embodiment, the
invention provides a polypeptide consisting a cytokine, a single
chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide attached to the
amino terminus of the cytokine, two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy
terminal peptides attached to the carboxy terminus of the cytokine,
and a signal peptide attached to the amino terminus of one
chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide.
[0045] In another embodiment, a cytokine is a low molecular weight
protein. In another embodiment, a cytokine is a protein secreted by
a cell. In another embodiment, a cytokine induces and/or regulates
an immune response. In another embodiment, a cytokine has a high
affinity binding to a specific receptor or receptors. In another
embodiment, cytokines as described herein include mimetics of
cytokines that can be used to inhibit or potentiate their effects
in vivo. In another embodiment, a cytokine comprises an autocrine
activity. In another embodiment, a cytokine comprises a paracrine
activity. In another embodiment, a cytokine comprises an endocrine
activity.
[0046] In another embodiment, the cytokine is a Hematopoietin
cytokine. In another embodiment, the cytokine is an Interferon
cytokine. In another embodiment, the cytokine is a chemokine. In
another embodiment, the cytokine is a Tumor Necrosis Factor
cytokine. In another embodiment, a cytokine as used herein
comprises biological activity and clinical efficacy. In another
embodiment, a cytokine as used herein is a therapeutic protein.
[0047] In another embodiment, a cytokine comprising CTPs as
described herein has enhanced biological activity in vivo compared
to the same cytokine without CTPs. In another embodiment, a
cytokine comprising at least one CTP attached to its amino terminus
and at least two CTPs attached to its carboxy terminus has enhanced
biological activity in vivo compared to the same cytokine without
CTPs. In another embodiment, a cytokine comprising one CTP attached
to its amino terminus and two CTPs attached to its carboxy terminus
has enhanced biological in vivo activity compared to the same
cytokine in without CTPs.
[0048] In another embodiment, a cytokine modified with CTPs is used
to facilitate organ transplantation. In another embodiment, a
cytokine modified with CTPs is used to reduce inflammation. In
another embodiment, a cytokine modified with CTPs is used to induce
erythropoiesis. In another embodiment, a cytokine modified with
CTPs is used to induce growth. In another embodiment, a cytokine
modified with CTPs is used to induce weight gain.
[0049] In another embodiment, a cytokine modified with CTPs is used
in cancer therapy as will be readily understood by one of average
skill in the art. In another embodiment, a cytokine modified with
CTPs is used to induce an immune response. In another embodiment, a
cytokine modified with CTPs is used in infectious disease therapy
as will be readily understood by one of average skill in the art.
In another embodiment, a cytokine modified with CTPs is used in
treating allergy as will be readily understood by one of average
skill in the art.
[0050] In another embodiment, a subject is a human subject. In
another embodiment, a subject is a pet. In another embodiment, a
subject is a mammal. In another embodiment, a subject is a farm
animal. In another embodiment, a subject is a monkey. In another
embodiment, a subject is a horse. In another embodiment, a subject
is a cow. In another embodiment, a subject is a mouse. In another
embodiment, a subject is a rat.
[0051] In another embodiment, a CTP-cytokine-CTP-CTP as described
herein comprises a cytokine or an active fragment thereof connected
via a peptide bond to at least one CTP unit. In another embodiment,
a CTP-cytokine-CTP-CTP as described herein comprises a cytokine or
an active fragment thereof connected via a peptide bond to at least
one CTP unit which is connected to an additional CTP unit via a
peptide bond. In another embodiment, a polypeptide as described
herein comprising cytokine fragments thereof and CTP units and/or
fragments thereof are interconnected via a peptide bond. In another
embodiment, one nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide as
described herein comprising a cytokine and/or fragments thereof and
CTP units and/or fragments thereof.
[0052] In one embodiment, the cytokine is a homologue. In one
embodiment, a homologue also refers to a deletion, insertion, or
substitution variant, including an amino acid substitution, thereof
and biologically active polypeptide fragments thereof.
[0053] In another embodiment, the invention provides a polypeptide
consisting of a cytokine antagonist, a single chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide attached to the amino
terminus of the cytokine antagonist, and two chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to the carboxy
terminus of the cytokine antagonist. In another embodiment, the
invention provides a polypeptide consisting of a cytokine
antagonist, a single chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal
peptide attached to the amino terminus of the cytokine antagonist,
two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to
the carboxy terminus of the cytokine antagonist, and a signal
peptide attached to the amino terminus of one chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide.
[0054] In another embodiment, a cytokine antagonist modified with
CTPs is applied as an anti-cytokine strategy. In another
embodiment, a cytokine antagonist modified with CTPs is effective
in decreasing an inflammatory response. In another embodiment, a
cytokine antagonist modified with CTPs is more effective in
decreasing an inflammatory response compared to an unmodified
cytokine antagonist. In another embodiment, a cytokine antagonist
modified with CTPs is more stable than an unmodified cytokine
antagonist. In another embodiment, a cytokine antagonist modified
with CTPs is more stable in vivo than an unmodified cytokine
antagonist. In another embodiment, a cytokine antagonist modified
with CTPs is more bioactive than an unmodified cytokine
antagonist.
[0055] In another embodiment, a cytokine antagonist is a cytokine
homologue. In another embodiment, a cytokine antagonist is a
soluble fragment of a cytokine receptor. In another embodiment, a
cytokine antagonist is a chemokine receptor homologue.
[0056] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is
involved in cytokine signaling cascade comprising Ras-MAP kinase
pathway. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is
involved in induction of JNK. In another embodiment, a cytokine as
described herein is involved in induction of p38MAP. In another
embodiment, a cytokine as described herein induces cell
proliferation. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described
herein is involved in cytokine signaling cascade comprising the
JAK/STAT pathway. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described
herein induces cell growth inhibition. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein induces differentiation.
[0057] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a
four .alpha.-helix bundle cytokine. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is a long-chain 4-helix bundle
cytokine. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is
a short-chain 4-helix bundle cytokine.
[0058] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a
beta-trefoil cytokine. In another embodiment, a cytokine as
described herein is a beta-sandwich cytokine. In another
embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is an EGF-like cytokine.
In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein comprises a
Cystine knot dimerization domain. In another embodiment, a cytokine
as described herein comprises both alpha and beta chains. In
another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is an alpha
superfamily cytokine such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-3,
IFN-alpha, or IL-13. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described
herein is a dimeric 4-helix bundles cytokine. In another
embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a member of the IL
family of cytokines.
[0059] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a
long-chain 4-helix bundle superfamily cytokine such as GH, G-CSF,
Myelomonocytic growth factor, IL-6, IL-3, IL-7, LIF, Oncostatin M,
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or cholinergic differentiation
factor (CDF). In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein
is a short-chain 4-helix bundle superfamily cytokine such as IL-2,
IL-4, IL-13, IFN-alpha, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-3, or Macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is a dimeric 4-helix bundles such as
IFN-Gamma, IL-10, or IFN-Beta.
[0060] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a
Beta-Trefoil cytokine such as IL1-A, IL1-B, or FGF. In another
embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a Beta-sandwich
cytokine such as TNF-alpha or TNF-Beta. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is an EGF-like cytokine such as
TGF-Alpha. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein
comprises cystine knot dimerization domains. In another embodiment,
Gonadotropin, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Platelet-derived growth
factor (PDGF), and TGF-Beta2 comprise cystine knot dimerization
domains. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein
comprises both alpha and beta chains. In another embodiment, IL-8,
IP10, platelet factor 4 (PF-4), bTG, GRO, 9E3, HLA-A2, macrophage
inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), macrophage inflammatory
protein 1 beta (MIP-1 beta), and Melanoma growth stimulating
activity (MGSA) comprise both alpha and beta chains.
[0061] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein binds
a hematopoietin-receptor family member (also called the class I
cytokine receptor family). In another embodiment, a cytokine as
described herein binds a class II cytokine receptor (interferons or
interferon-like cytokines). In another embodiment, a cytokine as
described herein binds a tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNFR). In
another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein binds a
chemokine receptor. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described
herein binds a G protein-coupled receptor.
[0062] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is an
IL-2 cytokine. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described
herein is an interferon. In another embodiment, a cytokine as
described herein is an IL-10 cytokine. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is EPO. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is thrombopoietin (THPO). In another
embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is IL-1, IL-18, or
IL-17. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein
promotes proliferation of T-cells.
[0063] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a
member of the superfamily of growth hormone (GH)-like cytokines. In
another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is close to the
cluster formed by ciliary neurotrophic factor and granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor (CSF).
[0064] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein
enhances cytokine responses, type 1 (IFN-.gamma., TGF-.beta. etc.).
In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein enhances
antibody responses, type 2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, etc).
[0065] In another embodiment, a cytokine is a peptide. In another
embodiment, the cytokine is glycosylated. In another embodiment, a
cytokine is a polypeptide. In another embodiment, a cytokine as
described herein is a modified cytokine comprising at least one CTP
peptide attached to an amino terminus of said cytokine and at least
two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a
carboxy terminus of said cytokine. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is a modified cytokine consisting of a
cytokine, one CTP peptide attached to an amino terminus of the
cytokine, and at least two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal
peptides attached to a carboxy terminus of the cytokine. In another
embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is a modified cytokine
consisting of a cytokine, at least one CTP peptide attached to an
amino terminus of the cytokine, and two chorionic gonadotrophin
carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminus of the
cytokine. In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is
a modified cytokine consisting of a cytokine, one CTP peptide
attached to an amino terminus of the cytokine, and two chorionic
gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy
terminus of the cytokine.
[0066] In another embodiment, the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) is
attached to the cytokine via a linker. In another embodiment, the
linker which connects the CTP sequence to the cytokine is a
covalent bond. In another embodiment, the linker which connects the
CTP sequence to the cytokine is a peptide bond. In another
embodiment, the linker which connects the CTP sequence to the
cytokine is a substituted peptide bond. In another embodiment, the
carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) sequence comprises an amino acid
sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 and
SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0067] In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 17 comprise the following
amino acid (AA) sequence: DPRFQDSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ (SEQ
ID NO: 17). In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 18 comprise the
following amino acid (AA) sequence: SSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ
(SEQ ID NO: 18).
[0068] In another embodiment, the carboxy terminal peptide (CTP)
peptide of the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence
from amino acid 112 to position 145 of human chorionic
gonadotrophin, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17. In another
embodiment, the CTP sequence of the present invention comprises the
amino acid sequence from amino acid 118 to position 145 of human
chorionic gonadotropin, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18. In another
embodiment, the CTP sequence also commences from any position
between positions 112-118 and terminates at position 145 of human
chorionic gonadotrophin. In some embodiments, the CTP sequence
peptide is 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34 amino acids long and
commences at position 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117 or 118 of the
CTP amino acid sequence.
[0069] In another embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant of
chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTP by
1-5 conservative amino acid substitutions as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,712,122 which is incorporated herein by reference. In another
embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant of chorionic gonadotrophin
CTP which differs from the native CTP by 1 conservative amino acid
substitution. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant
of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTP by
2 conservative amino acid substitutions. In another embodiment, the
CTP peptide is a variant of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which
differs from the native CTP by 3 conservative amino acid
substitutions. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant
of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTP by
4 conservative amino acid substitutions. In another embodiment, the
CTP peptide is a variant of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which
differs from the native CTP by 5 conservative amino acid
substitutions. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide amino acid
sequence of the present invention is at least 70% homologous to the
native CTP amino acid sequence or a peptide thereof. In another
embodiment, the CTP peptide amino acid sequence of the present
invention is at least 80% homologous to the native CTP amino acid
sequence or a peptide thereof. In another embodiment, the CTP
peptide amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least
90% homologous to the native CTP amino acid sequence or a peptide
thereof. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide amino acid sequence
of the present invention is at least 95% homologous to the native
CTP amino acid sequence or a peptide thereof.
[0070] In another embodiment, the CTP peptide DNA sequence of the
present invention is at least 70% homologous to the native human
CTP DNA sequence or a peptide thereof. In another embodiment, the
CTP peptide DNA sequence of the present invention is at least 80%
homologous to the native human CTP DNA sequence or a peptide
thereof. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide DNA sequence of the
present invention is at least 90% homologous to the native CTP DNA
sequence or a peptide thereof. In another embodiment, the CTP
peptide DNA sequence of the present invention is at least 95%
homologous to the native CTP DNA sequence or a peptide thereof.
[0071] In one embodiment, at least one of the chorionic
gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences is truncated. In another
embodiment, both of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid
sequences are truncated. In another embodiment, 2 of the chorionic
gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are truncated. In another
embodiment, 2 or more of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid
sequences are truncated. In another embodiment, all of the
chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are truncated. In
one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 10 amino
acids of SEQ ID NO: 67. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 67
comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence: SSSSKAPPPSLP.
[0072] In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 11
amino acids of SEQ ID NO:43. In one embodiment, the truncated CTP
comprises the first 12 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 67. In one
embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 8 amino acids of
SEQ ID NO: 67. In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the
first 13 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 43. In one embodiment, the
truncated CTP comprises the first 14 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 67.
In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 6 amino
acids of SEQ ID NO: 67. In one embodiment, the truncated CTP
comprises the first 5 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 67.
[0073] In one embodiment, at least one of the chorionic
gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences is glycosylated. In another
embodiment, both of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid
sequences are glycosylated. In another embodiment, 2 of the
chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are glycosylated.
In another embodiment, 2 or more of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP
amino acid sequences are glycosylated. In another embodiment, all
of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are
glycosylated. In one embodiment, the CTP sequence of the present
invention comprises at least one glycosylation site. In one
embodiment, the CTP sequence of the present invention comprises 2
glycosylation sites. In one embodiment, the CTP sequence of the
present invention comprises 3 glycosylation sites. In one
embodiment, the CTP sequence of the present invention comprises 4
glycosylation sites.
[0074] In another embodiment, at least one carboxy-terminal peptide
(CTP) sequence comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the
sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18. In another
embodiment, at least one carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) is
truncated.
[0075] In another embodiment, the cytokine further comprises a
signal peptide for its secretion. In some embodiments, signal
sequences include, but are not limited to the endogenous signal
sequence for IFN. In some embodiments, signal sequences include,
but are not limited to the endogenous signal sequence of any known
cytokine. In another embodiment, the polypeptides and methods of
the present invention provide a cytokine having additionally a
signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 64 and at least one CTP peptide on the
N-terminus and at least one CTP peptide on the C-terminus. In
another embodiment, the polypeptides and methods of the present
invention provide a cytokine having additionally on the N-terminus
the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 64 and at least one CTP peptide on
the N-terminus and at least two CTP peptides on the C-terminus. In
another embodiment, the polypeptides and methods of the present
invention provide a cytokine having additionally on the N-terminus
the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 64 and a single CTP peptide on the
N-terminus and two CTP peptides on the C-terminus. In another
embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 64 comprise the following amino acid (AA)
sequence: MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALS (SEQ ID NO: 64).
[0076] In some embodiments, CTP sequences are attached at both the
amino terminal end of a cytokine and at the carboxy terminal end of
the cytokine provide enhanced protection against degradation of a
cytokine. In another embodiment, at least one CTP is attached
sequence at the amino terminal end of a cytokine and two CTP are
attached units at the carboxy terminal end of a cytokine provide
enhanced protection against clearance. In another embodiment, at
least one CTP is attached sequence at the amino terminal end of a
cytokine and two CTP are attached units at the carboxy terminal end
of a cytokine provide prolonged clearance time. In another
embodiment, at least one CTP sequence is attached at the amino
terminal end of a cytokine and two CTP units are attached at the
carboxy terminal end of a cytokine enhance C.sub.max of a
cytokine.
[0077] In another embodiment, at least one CTP sequence is attached
at the amino terminal end of a cytokine and two CTP units are
attached at the carboxy terminal end of a cytokine enhance
T.sub.max of a cytokine. In another embodiment, at least one CTP
sequence is attached at the amino terminal end of a cytokine and
two CTP units are attached at the carboxy terminal end of a
cytokine enhanced T.sub.1/2.
[0078] In some embodiments, CTP sequences at both the amino
terminal end of a cytokine and at the carboxy terminal end of the
cytokine extend the half-life of the attached cytokine. In another
embodiment, at least a single CTP sequence at the amino terminal
end of a cytokine and at least two CTP sequences at the carboxy
terminal end of the cytokine provide an extended half-life to the
modified cytokine. In another embodiment, a single CTP sequence at
the amino terminal end of a cytokine and two CTP sequences at the
carboxy terminal end of the cytokine provide an extended half-life
to the attached cytokine. In another embodiment, a single CTP
sequence at the amino terminal end of a cytokine and two CTP
sequences in tandem at the carboxy terminal end of the cytokine
provide an extended half-life to the cytokine.
[0079] In some embodiments, a CTP sequence at the amino terminal
end of a polypeptide, a CTP sequence at the carboxy terminal end of
the cytokine, and at least one additional CTP sequence attached in
tandem to the CTP sequence at the carboxy terminus provide enhanced
protection against degradation to a cytokine. In some embodiments,
a CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of a cytokine, a CTP
sequence at the carboxy terminal end of the cytokine, and at least
one additional CTP sequence attached in tandem to the CTP sequence
at the carboxy terminus extend the half-life of the cytokine. In
some embodiments, a CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of a
cytokine, a CTP sequence at the carboxy terminal end of the
cytokine, and at least one additional CTP sequence attached in
tandem to the CTP sequence at the carboxy terminus enhance the
biological activity of the cytokine.
[0080] In another embodiment, conjugated cytokines of this
invention are used in the same manner as unmodified cytokines. In
another embodiment, conjugated cytokines of this invention have an
increased circulating half-life and plasma residence time,
decreased clearance, and increased clinical activity in vivo. In
another embodiment, due to the improved properties of the
conjugated cytokines as described herein, these conjugates are
administered less frequently than unmodified cytokines. In another
embodiment, conjugated cytokines as described herein are
administered once a week instead of the three times a week for
unmodified cytokines. In another embodiment, decreased frequency of
administration will result in improved patient compliance leading
to improved treatment outcomes, as well as improved patient quality
of life. In another embodiment, compared to conventional conjugates
of cytokines linked to poly(ethylene glycol), it has been found
that conjugates having the molecular weight and linker structure of
the conjugates of this invention have an improved potency, improved
stability, elevated AUC levels, and enhanced circulating half-life.
In another embodiment, compared to conventional conjugates of
cytokines linked to poly(ethylene glycol) it has been found that
EPO having the molecular weight and linker structure of the
conjugates of this invention have an improved potency, improved
stability, elevated AUC levels, enhanced circulating half-life. In
another embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of a
conjugated cytokine is the amount of conjugate necessary for the in
vivo measurable expected biological activity. In another
embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugated EPO
is the amount of EPO conjugate necessary for the biological
activity of inducing bone marrow cells to increase production of
reticulocytes and red blood cells. In another embodiment, a
therapeutically effective amount of a conjugated cytokine is
determined according to factors as the exact type of condition
being treated, the condition of the patient being treated, as well
as the other ingredients in the composition. In another embodiment,
a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugated cytokine is 0.01
to 10 .mu.g per kg body weight administered once a week. In another
embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugated
cytokine is 0.1 to 1 .mu.g per kg body weight, administered once a
week. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a conjugated cytokine is formulated at a strength
effective for administration by various means to a human
patient.
[0081] In another embodiment, the cytokine is an interferon. In
another embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of the present
invention is at least 60% homologous to an IFN sequence set forth
in GenBank Accession No. NP_002167.1, as determined using BlastP
software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
using default parameters. In another embodiment, the IFN amino acid
sequence of the present invention is at least 70% homologous to an
IFN sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP_002167.1, as
determined using BlastP software of the NCBI using default
parameters. In another embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of
the present invention is at least 80% homologous to an IFN sequence
set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP_002167.1, as determined using
BlastP software of the NCBI using default parameters. In another
embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of the present invention is
at least 90% homologous to an IFN sequence set forth in GenBank
Accession No. NP_002167.1, as determined using BlastP software of
the NCBI using default parameters.
[0082] In some embodiments, "homology" according to the present
invention also encompasses deletions, insertions, or substitution
variants, including an amino acid substitution, thereof and
biologically active polypeptide fragments thereof. In one
embodiment the substitution variant is one, in which the glutamine
in position 65 of hGH is substituted by a valine (SEQ ID NO: 23)
[Gellerfors et al., J Pharm Biomed Anal 1989, 7:173-83].
[0083] In another embodiment, a cytokine utilized according to the
teachings of the present invention exhibits increased potency. In
some embodiments, the attachment of CTP sequence to both the amino
and carboxy termini of a cytokine results in prolonged in vivo
activity.
[0084] In one embodiment, the term "interferon" refers to the
mammalian interferon polypeptide (e.g., Type I). In one embodiment,
"interferon" refers to the mammalian interferon polypeptide (Type
II interferon) which exhibits an interferon activity, e.g.
antiviral or antiproliferative activity. In another embodiment,
GenBank accession numbers of non-limiting examples of interferons
are listed in Table 1 below. An interferon of the present invention
also refers in one embodiment, to homologs (e.g., polypeptides
which are at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%,
at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least
87%, at least 89%, at least 91%, at least 93%, at least 95% or more
say 100% homologous to interferon sequences listed in Table 1 as
determined using BlastP software of the National Center of
Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using default parameters). In
another embodiment, homolog may also refer to a deletion,
insertion, or substitution variant, including an amino acid
substitution thereof and biologically active polypeptide fragments
thereof. In some embodiments, additional suitable interferon
polypeptides are as known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In
some embodiments, the interferon is a Type I or Type II interferon,
including those commonly designated as alpha-interferon. In some
embodiments, the interferon is beta-interferon. In some
embodiments, the interferon is gamma-interferon. In some
embodiments, the interferon is omega-interferon. In another
embodiment, the interferon is a subspecies of interferon such as a
Type I or Type II interferon. In one embodiment, the subspecies of
interferon (IFN) is IFN-.alpha.2a. In one embodiment, the
subspecies of interferon (IFN) is IFN-.alpha.2b. In one embodiment,
the subspecies of interferon (IFN) is IFN-.beta.1a and. In one
embodiment, the interferon (IFN) subspecies is IFN-.beta.1b.
[0085] In some embodiments, GenBank Accession Nos. of non-limiting
examples of interferons are listed in Table 1 below.
[0086] In one embodiment, an interferon of the present invention
also refers to a homologue. In one embodiment, an interferon amino
acid sequence of the present invention is at least 50% homologous
to interferon sequences listed in Table 1 as determined using
BlastP software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information
(NCBI) using default parameters. In one embodiment, an interferon
amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least 60%
homologous interferon sequences listed in Table 1 as determined
using BlastP software of the NCBI using default parameters. In one
embodiment, an interferon amino acid sequence of the present
invention is at least 70% homologous interferon sequences listed in
Table 1 as determined using BlastP software of the NCBI using
default parameters. In one embodiment, an interferon amino acid
sequence of the present invention is at least 80% homologous to
interferon sequences listed in Table 1 as determined using BlastP
software of the NCBI using default parameters. In one embodiment,
an interferon amino acid sequence of the present invention is at
least 90% homologous to interferon sequences listed in Table 1 as
determined using BlastP software of the NCBI using default
parameters. In one embodiment, an interferon amino acid sequence of
the present invention is at least 95% homologous interferon
sequences listed in Table 1 as determined using BlastP software of
the NCBI using default parameters. In some embodiments, homology
according to the present invention also encompasses deletions,
insertions, or substitution variants, including an amino acid
substitution, thereof and biologically active polypeptide fragments
thereof. In one embodiment the cysteine in position 17 of
interferon 3 is substituted by a Serine (SEQ ID NO: 24).
[0087] Table 1 below lists examples of interferons with their
respective NCBI sequence numbers.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Interferon name NCBI sequence number
interferon, .alpha.1 NP_076918.1 interferon, .alpha.10 NP_002162.1
interferon, .alpha.13 NP_008831.2 interferon, .alpha.14 NP_002163.1
interferon, .alpha.16 NP_002164.1 interferon, .alpha.17 NP_067091.1
interferon, .alpha.2 NP_000596.2 interferon, .alpha.21 NP_002166.1
interferon, .alpha.4 NP_066546.1 interferon, .alpha.5 NP_002160.1
interferon, .alpha.6 NP_066282.1 interferon, .alpha.7 NP_066401.2
interferon, .alpha.8 NP_002161.2 interferon, .beta.1 NP_002167.1
interferon, .epsilon.1 NP_795372.1 interferon, .gamma. NP_000610.2
interferon, .epsilon. NP_064509.1 interferon, .OMEGA.1
NP_002168.1
[0088] In another embodiment, a method of treating or reducing a
disease treatable or reducible by a cytokine or a pharmaceutical
formulation comprising the same, in a subject, comprises the step
of administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of
the polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units as described
herein, thereby treating or reducing a disease treatable or
reducible by a cytokine in a subject.
[0089] In another embodiment, a method of treating or reducing a
disease treatable or reducible by an interferon or a pharmaceutical
formulation comprising the same, in a subject, comprises the step
of administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of
the polypeptide comprising IFN protein and CTP units as described
herein, thereby treating or reducing a disease treatable or
reducible by an interferon in a subject.
[0090] In another embodiment, a disease treatable or reducible by
an interferon is Hepatitis C infection, cancer, bacterial
infection, viral infection, injury, multiple sclerosis, hairy cell
leukemia, malignant melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, bladder cancer,
chronic myelocytic leukemia, kidney cancer, carcinoid tumors,
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, skin chronic Hepatitis C
(CHC), condylomata acuminata (CA), chronic Hepatitis B, follicular
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic granulomatous disease,
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), pulmonary fibrosis
osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.
[0091] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising IFN .alpha.-2a as well as pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the same are indicated for hairy cell leukemia (HCL),
acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma
(KS), chronic-phase Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic Hepatitis C (CHC). IFN
.alpha.-2a dosage varies depending on the indication. In another
embodiment, the effectiveness of IFN .alpha.2a as an
antineoplastic, immunomodulator and antiviral agent has been
established.
[0092] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising IFN .alpha.-2b as well as pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the same are indicated for HCL, AIDS-related Kaposi's
sarcoma and CHC. It is also indicated for condylomata acuminata
(CA), chronic Hepatitis B, malignant melanoma and follicular
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. IFN .alpha.-2b dosage varies depending on
its indication of usage.
[0093] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN
protein, at least a single CTP attached to its carboxy terminus,
and at least a single CTP attached to its amino terminus is used to
trigger an immune response. In another embodiment, a polypeptide
comprising an IFN protein, a single CTP attached to its amino
terminus, and at least two CTP units attached to its carboxy
terminus is used to trigger an immune response. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein, a single CTP
attached to its amino terminus, and two CTP units attached to its
carboxy terminus is used to trigger an immune response. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units
is formulated in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered
to a subject in need of triggering an immune response.
[0094] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN
protein and CTP units as described herein is used to trigger an
immune response against a viral infection. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated
in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered to a subject
in need of triggering an immune response against a viral
infection.
[0095] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN 3 and
CTP units as described herein is used to trigger an immune response
via the enhancement of activity of lymphocyte cells. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN 3 and CTP units is
formulated in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered to
a subject in need of triggering an immune response via the
enhancement of activity of lymphocyte cells.
[0096] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units as described herein is used as an anti-tumor agent.
In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN .alpha. and
CTP units as described herein is used as an anti-tumor agent. In
another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN .alpha. and CTP
units is formulated in a pharmaceutical composition that is
administered to a patient afflicted with cancer.
[0097] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN
protein and CTP units as described herein is used equivalently to a
regular or a recombinant interferon as known to one of average
skill in the art. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising
an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated equivalently to a
regular or a recombinant interferon as known to one of average
skill in the art.
[0098] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units as described herein modulates an immune response. In
another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP
units as described herein modulates a cellular immune response. In
another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP
units as described herein modulates an antibody immune response. In
another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP
units as described herein inhibits an immune response as described
herein. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units as described herein trigger an immune response as
described herein.
[0099] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN
inhibits the activity of T-cells, while simultaneously reducing the
production cytokines that operate in the inflammatory response to
infection and injury. In another embodiment, a polypeptide
comprising an IFN protein and CTP units as described herein
enhances the activity of T-cells, while simultaneously reducing the
production of cytokines that operate in the inflammatory response
to infection and injury. In another embodiment, a polypeptide
comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated in a
pharmaceutical composition that is administered to a patient in
need of T-cell activity enhancement. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated
in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered to a patient
afflicted with multiple sclerosis. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated
in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered to a patient
afflicted with a Hepatitis C infection.
[0100] In another embodiment, a cytokine is an interferon (IFN). In
another embodiment, a cytokine is a type I interferon. In another
embodiment, the interferon (IFN) is IFN-.alpha.. In another
embodiment, the interferon (IFN) is IFN-3. In another embodiment,
the interferon (IFN) is IFN-.gamma.. In another embodiment, an
interferon (IFN) as described herein comprises an amino acid
sequence as described herein, including the sequences provided in
FIGS. 14A, 14C, 14E, 14G, 14I, 14K and 14M. In another embodiment,
a polypeptide of the invention comprising an interferon (IFN)
peptide and at least one CTP unit attached to an amino and/or a
carboxy terminus of the polypeptide as described herein comprises
an amino acid sequence as described herein, including the sequences
provided in FIGS. 14A, 14C, 14E, 14G, 14I, 14K and 14M. In another
embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as described herein
comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. In
another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 48 comprises the following amino
acid (AA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00002 (SEQ ID NO: 48, Human Interferon-.beta. 1a-MOD-9010)
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLE
YCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGW
NETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRI
LHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN.
[0101] In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as
described herein comprises an amino acid sequence of human
interferon .beta.1a (hIFN .beta.1a). In another embodiment, an
interferon (IFN) peptide as described herein comprises an amino
acid sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP_002167.1
[0102] In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) as described
herein is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 49. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 49 comprises the
following nucleic acid (NA) sequence:
tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccac-
cgccctgagcatgagctacaacctg
ctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaat-
actgcctgaaggac
aggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgacca-
tctacgagatgct
gcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctg-
ctggccaacgtgt
accaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagct-
gatgagcagcct
gcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggacc-
atcgtgagggtgg
agatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaactgatgagtccgcggccgc
(SEQ ID NO: 49, Human Interferon-.beta.1a-MOD-9010). In another
embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as described herein is
encoded by a nucleic acid (NA) molecule of human interferon
.beta.1a (hIFN .beta.1a). In another embodiment, an interferon
(IFN) peptide as described herein is encoded by a nucleic acid (NA)
molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence set forth in GenBank
Accession No. NM_002176.
[0103] In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as
described herein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 50. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 50 comprises the
following amino acid (AA) sequence: TF*LQPFEAFALAQQVVGDT
VRVVNMTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYC
LKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLAN
VYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVR
VEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN (SEQ ID NO: 50).
[0104] In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as
described herein is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 51. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 51 comprises the
following nucleic acid (NA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00003 (SEQ ID NO: 51)
acattctaactgcaacctttcgaagcctttgctctggcacaacaggtagt
aggcgacactgttcgtgttgtcaacatgaccaacaagtgtctcctccaaa
ttgctctcctgttgtgcttctccactacagctctttccatgagctacaac
ttgcttggattcctacaaagaagcagcaattttcagtgtcagaagctcct
gtggcaattgaatgggaggcttgaatactgcctcaaggacaggatgaact
ttgacatccctgaggagattaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggac
gccgcattgaccatctatgagatgctccagaacatctttgctattttcag
acaagattcatctagcactggctggaatgagactattgttgagaacctcc
tggctaatgtctatcatcagataaaccatctgaagacagtcctggaagaa
aaactggagaaagaagatttcaccaggggaaaactcatgagcagtctgca
cctgaaaagatattatgggaggattctgcattacctgaaggccaaggagt
acagtcactgtgcctggaccatagtcagagtggaaatcctaaggaacttt
tacttcattaacagacttacaggttacctccgaaactga.
[0105] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprises a cytokine and at least three CTP units. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises an
interferon (IFN) peptide and three CTP units. In another
embodiment, the cytokine as described herein comprises an
interferon (IFN) peptide-CTP polypeptide encoded by an amino acid
sequence comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
52. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 52 comprises the following
amino acid (AA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00004 (SEQ ID NO: 52, MOD-9011)
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLE
YCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGW
NETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRI
LHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPS
PSRLPGPSDTPILPQ.
[0106] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprising an interferon (IFN) peptide- and CTP is encoded by a
nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53. In another
embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 53 comprises the following acid (NA)
sequence:
tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagc-
atgagctacaacctg
ctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaat-
actgcctgaaggac
aggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgacca-
tctacgagatgct
gcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctg-
ctggccaacgtgt
accaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagct-
gatgagcagcct
gcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggacc-
atcgtgagggtgg
agatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccc-
tccaccttccctgcc
cagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgatacaccaattctgccacagtgatga (SEQ ID NO:
53, MOD-9011).
[0107] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide and two CTP units attached to
its carboxy terminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as
described herein comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide-CTP
(.times.2) encoded by an amino acid sequence comprising the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. In another embodiment,
SEQ ID NO: 54 comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRM
NFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQI
NHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILR
NFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGP
SDTPILPQ (SEQ ID NO: 54, MOD-9012).
[0108] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprising an interferon (IFN) peptide--and two CTP units attached
to its carboxy terminus is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 55
comprises the following nucleic acid (NA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00005 (SEQ ID NO: 55, MOD-9012)
ctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtg
cttcagcaccaccgccctgagcatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgc
agaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggc
aggctggaatactgcctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagagga
aatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatct
acgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagc
accggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtacca
ccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggagg
acttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactac
ggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctg
gaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggc
tgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccttcc
ctgcccagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgacacaccaatcctgcc
acagagcagctcctctaaggcccctcctccatccctgccatccccctccc
ggctgcctggcccctctgacacccctatcctgcctcagtgatgaaggtct
ggatccgcggccgc.
[0109] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached
to the IFN's amino terminus, and two CTP units attached to the
IFN's carboxy terminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as
described herein comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single
CTP unit attached to the IFN's amino terminus and two CTP units
attached in tandem to the IFN's carboxy terminus. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises (from
amino to carboxy termini): CTP (.times.1)-interferon (IFN)
peptide-CTP (.times.2) comprising an amino acid sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 56. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 56 comprises
the following amino acid (AA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00006 (SEQ ID NO: 56, MOD-9013)
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQM
SYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQ
KEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTV
LEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEIL
RNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQSSSSKAP
PPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ.
[0110] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprising an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached
to the IFN's amino terminus and two CTP units attached to the IFN's
carboxy terminus is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 57. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 57 comprises the
following acid (NA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00007 (SEQ ID NO: 57, MOD-9013)
tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgt
gcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcagcagcagctccaaggccccacccccc
agcctgcccagccccagcagactgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcct
gccccagatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaact
tccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgc
ctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgca
gcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcaga
acatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgag
accatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacct
gaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggca
agctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcac
tacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggt
ggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctga
ggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccttccctgcccagtccaagc
cgactccctgggccctccgacacaccaatcctgccacagagcagctcctc
taaggcccctcctccatccctgccatccccctcccggctgcctggcccct
ctgacacccctatcctgcctcagtgatgaaggtctggatccgcggccgc.
[0111] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP attached to the
IFN's amino terminus, and a single CTP located within an IFN coding
sequence. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described
herein comprises (from amino to carboxy termini): CTP
(.times.1)-interferon (IFN) peptide (fragment 1)-CTP-interferon
(IFN) peptide (fragment 2) comprising an amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 58
comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence:
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNL
LGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEM
LQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSL
HLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPS
PSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEI
KQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVL
EEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRL TGYLRN
(SEQ ID NO: 58, MOD-9014).
[0112] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprising an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached
to the IFN's amino terminus, and a single CTP unit located within
the IFN coding sequence is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 59. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 59
comprises the following nucleic acid (NA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00008 (SEQ ID NO: 59, MOD-9014)
tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgt
gcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcagcagcagctccaaggccccacccccc
agcctgcccagccccagcaggctgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcct
gccccagatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaact
tccagtgccagaaactgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgc
ctgaaggaccggatgaacttcgacatccccgaagagatcaagcagctgca
gcagttccagaaagaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcaga
acatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgag
accatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacct
gaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaagaggacttcaccaggggca
agctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcac
tacctgaaggccaaagagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggt
ggagatcctgcggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctga
ggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccctccctgccctccccaagc
agactgcccggaccctccgacacaccaattctgccacagatgtcctacaa
tctgctcggatttctgcagcgctcctccaactttcagtgtcagaagctcc
tctggcagctcaatggccgcctggaatattgtctgaaagacagaatgaat
tttgacatcccagaggaaattaaacagctccagcagtttcagaaagaaga
tgctgctctcacaatctatgaaatgctccagaatatctttgcaatctttc
gccaggacagctcctccaccgggtggaatgagacaattgtcgagaatctg
ctcgccaatgtctatcatcagatcaatcacctcaagacagtcctcgaaga
aaaactcgaaaaagaagatttcacacgcggcaaactgatgtcctccctgc
atctgaagcgctactatgggcgcatcctgcattatctgaaagctaaagaa
tactcccactgtgcttggacaattgtgcgcgtcgagatcctgagaaactt
ttatttcattaaccgcctgacaggatacctgcgcaactgatgaaggtctg gatgcggccgc.
[0113] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide and a single CTP unit
attached to its amino terminus. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon (IFN)
peptide-CTP comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 60. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 60 comprises the
following amino acid (AA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00009 (SEQ ID NO: 60, MOD-9015)
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQM
SYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQ
KEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTV
LEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEIL
RNFYFINRLTGYLRN*.
[0114] In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein
comprising an interferon (IFN) peptide--and a single CTP attached
to its amino terminus is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 61. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 61
comprises the lo following nucleic acid (NA) sequence:
tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagc-
agcag
cagctccaaggccccaccccccagcctgcccagccccagcaggctgccaggccccagcgacaccccca-
tcctgccccagatgagc
tacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaaactgctgtggcagctgaacggca-
ggctggaatactgcc
tgaaggaccggatgaacttcgacatccccgaagagatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaagaggacgccgc-
cctgaccatctac
gagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtgg-
agaacctgctggc
caacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaagaggacttcaccagg-
ggcaagctgatga
gcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaagagtacagccactgcgc-
ctggaccatcgtga
gggtggagatcctgcggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaactgatgagtccgcgg-
ccgc (SEQ ID NO: 61, MOD-9015).
[0115] In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein
comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached
to its amino terminus, and a single CTP unit attached to its
carboxy terminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as
described herein comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide-CTP
comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62. In
another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 62 comprises the following amino
acid (AA) sequence:
TABLE-US-00010 (SEQ ID NO: 62, MOD-9016)
MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQM
SYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQ
KEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTV
LEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEIL
RNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ*.
[0116] In another embodiment, the cytokine as described herein
comprising an interferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached
to its amino terminus, and a single CTP unit attached to its
carboxy terminus is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 63. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 63 comprises the
following nucleic acid (NA) sequence:
tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccac-
cgccctgagcagcagcagctccaa
ggccccaccccccagcctgcccagccccagcagactgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcctgccccagatg-
agctacaacctg
ctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaat-
actgcctgaaggac
aggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgacca-
tctacgagatgct
gcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctg-
ctggccaacgtgt
accaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagct-
gatgagcagcct
gcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggacc-
atcgtgagggtgg
agatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccc-
tccaccttccctgcc
cagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgatacaccaattctgccacagtgatgaaggtctggatgcggccgc
(SEQ ID NO: 63, MOD-9016).
[0117] In another embodiment, an interferon .beta. peptide
comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 comprising the following amino acid (AA)
sequence:
TABLE-US-00011 (SEQ ID NO: 68)
MSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQSQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQ
KEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVL
EEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRN
FYFINRLTGYLRN.
[0118] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide an interferon beta 1 peptide having additionally one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and two CTP amino acid
peptides on the C-terminus for treating or inhibiting multiple
sclerosis. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provide an interferon beta 1 protein comprising an
interferon beta 1 sequence as provided herein for treating diseases
such as, but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viral
infections. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provide an interferon beta 1 protein comprising an
interferon beta 1 sequence as provided herein for treating diseases
such as, but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viral
infections. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provide an interferon beta 1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 56 for treating diseases such as, but not limited to, multiple
sclerosis, cancer, or viral infections. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an interferon beta 1
peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58 for treating diseases such as,
but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viral
infections. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provide an interferon beta 1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 60 for treating diseases such as, but not limited to, multiple
sclerosis, cancer, or viral infections. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an interferon beta 1
peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62 for treating diseases such as,
but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viral
infections.
[0119] As provided herein, attachment of a CTP sequence to both the
amino and carboxy termini of the EPO protein results in increased
potency at stimulating erythropoiesis (FIGS. 3-5 and Table 6 of
Example 4), as compared to recombinant EPO and other combinations
of EPO and CTP. In some embodiments, an EPO attached to three CTP
sequences does not impair binding to its receptor as evidenced in
Table 4 of Example 3, which demonstrates that EPO attached to three
CTP sequences is equally effective at stimulating proliferation of
TF-1 cells as wild-type EPO.
[0120] In some embodiments, "homology" according to the present
invention also encompasses deletions, insertions, or substitution
variants, including an amino acid substitution, thereof and
biologically active polypeptide fragments thereof. In one
embodiment, the substitution variant comprises a substitution of
the glycine in position 104 of erythropoietin amino acid sequence
with a serine (SEQ ID NO: 22).
[0121] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide an EPO protein having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide an EPO
protein having additionally one CTP amino acid peptide on the
N-terminus and two CTP amino acid peptides on the C-terminus for
the treatment of anemia.
[0122] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide an EPO protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 having
additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus
for the treatment of anemia. In another embodiment, the methods of
the present invention provide an EPO protein set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 1 having additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on
the N-terminus and at least one additional CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide an EPO
protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 having additionally at least one
CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia. In
another embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide an
EPO protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 having additionally at least
one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia.
In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide
an EPO protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 having additionally at
least one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one
CTP amino acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of
anemia. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide an EPO protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 having
additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus
and at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the C-terminus for the
treatment of anemia. In another embodiment, the methods of the
present invention provide an EPO protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6
having additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of anemia. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an EPO protein set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 16 having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide an EPO
protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 having additionally at least one
CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia.
[0123] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide a nucleic acid sequence encoding an EPO protein having
additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus
and at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the C-terminus for the
treatment of anemia. In another embodiment, the methods of the
present invention provide a nucleic acid sequence encoding an EPO
protein having additionally one CTP amino acid peptide on the
N-terminus and two CTP amino acid peptides on the C-terminus for
the treatment of anemia. In another embodiment, the methods of the
present invention provide a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 20 encoding an EPO protein and one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide a nucleic
acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 encoding an EPO protein
and one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and two CTP amino
acid peptides on the C-terminus for the treatment of anemia.
[0124] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide an EPO protein having additionally one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and two CTP amino acid peptides on the
C-terminus for inhibiting anemia, for treating or inhibiting
tumor-associated anemia for treating or inhibiting tumor hypoxia
for treating or inhibiting chronic infections such as HIV,
inflammatory bowel disease, or septic episodes, for treating
fatigue syndrome following cancer chemotherapy, for improving stem
cell engraftment, for increasing the survival rate of a patient
with aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide an EPO
protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3,
SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 16 or SEQ ID
NO: 22 having additionally one CTP peptide on the N-terminus and
two CTP peptides on the C-terminus for inhibiting anemia, for
treating or inhibiting tumor-associated anemia for treating or
inhibiting tumor hypoxia for treating or inhibiting chronic
infections such as HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, or septic
episodes, for treating fatigue syndrome following cancer
chemotherapy, for improving stem cell engraftment, for increasing
the survival rate of a patient with aplastic anemia or
myelodysplastic syndrome.
[0125] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide a nucleic acid sequence encoding an EPO protein having
additionally one CTP peptide on the N-terminus and two CTP amino
acid peptides on the C-terminus for inhibiting anemia, for treating
or inhibiting tumor-associated anemia for treating or inhibiting
tumor hypoxia for treating or inhibiting chronic infections such as
HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, or septic episodes, for treating
fatigue syndrome following cancer chemotherapy, for improving stem
cell engraftment, or for increasing the survival rate of a patient
with aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide a nucleic
acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 or SEQ ID NO: 21
encoding an EPO protein and one CTP peptide on the N-terminus and
two CTP peptides on the C-terminus for inhibiting anemia, for
treating or inhibiting tumor-associated anemia, for treating or
inhibiting tumor hypoxia, for treating or inhibiting chronic
infections such as HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, or septic
episodes, for treating fatigue syndrome following cancer
chemotherapy, for improving stem cell engraftment, or for
increasing the survival rate of a patient with aplastic anemia or
myelodysplastic syndrome.
[0126] In another embodiment, human growth hormone (hGH) is the
cytokine as described herein. In another embodiment,
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention bind adipocytes and
stimulates them to break down triglyceride and suppresses their
ability to take up and accumulate circulating lipids. In another
embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention exert
indirect effects mediated primarily by an insulin-like growth
factor-I (IGF-I) (as shown in the examples section).
[0127] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention stimulate body growth by stimulating the liver and other
tissues to secrete IGF-I. In another embodiment, IGF-I stimulates
proliferation of chondrocytes, resulting in bone growth.
[0128] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention induce metabolic effects on protein, lipid and
carbohydrate metabolism. In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP
constructs of the invention have a direct effect. In another
embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention have an
indirect effect through induction of IGF-I.
[0129] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs include
constructs comprising a leader peptide. In another embodiment,
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs include truncated constructs.
[0130] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention stimulate protein anabolism in a tissue. In another
embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention stimulate
amino acid uptake, increased protein synthesis, and decreased
oxidation of proteins.
[0131] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention stimulate fat metabolism. In another embodiment,
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention stimulate the
utilization of fat by stimulating triglyceride breakdown and
oxidation in adipocytes.
[0132] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention stimulate carbohydrate metabolism. In another embodiment,
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention maintain blood glucose
within a normal range. In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP
constructs of the invention comprise an anti-insulin activity. In
another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention
suppress the abilities of insulin to stimulate uptake of glucose in
peripheral tissues and enhance glucose synthesis in the liver. In
another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention
stimulate insulin secretion, leading to hyperinsulinemia.
[0133] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used to compensate for limited or no production of
growth hormone in a subject. In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP
constructs of the invention compensate for limited or no production
of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). In another embodiment,
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention compensate for the
increased activity of somatostatin. In another embodiment,
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention compensate for limited
or no production of ghrelin.
[0134] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used to treat diseases associated with lesions in
either the hypothalamus, the pituitary, or in target cells.
[0135] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH constructs of the invention
are used to treat diseases associated with reduced target cell's
response to the hormone.
[0136] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used to treat children with severe growth
retardation. In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of
the invention are used to treat children of pathologically short
stature. In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used to enhance athletic performance. In another
embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention are used to
treat symptoms of aging. In another embodiment, CTP-hGH constructs
of the invention are used to treat cosmetic symptoms of aging.
[0137] In another embodiment, CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used for enhancing milk production in a female
subject. In another embodiment, CTP-cowGH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used for enhancing milk production in dairy cattle.
In another embodiment, CTP-animal-GH-CTP-CTP constructs of the
invention are used in animal agriculture technology. In another
embodiment, CTP-farm animal-GH-CTP-CTP constructs of the invention
are used for enhancing growth of farm animal such as, but not
limited to, pigs.
[0138] In some embodiments, human growth hormone (hGH) is utilized
according to the teachings of the present invention. In some
embodiments, the attachment of CTP sequences to both the amino and
carboxy termini of the hGH protein results in increased potency
(FIG. 11).
[0139] In some embodiments, the attachment of CTP sequences to both
the amino and carboxy termini of the hGH protein results in
prolonged in vivo activity. In one embodiment, CTP-hGH polypeptides
of the present invention are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 39-41.
[0140] In one embodiment, the phrase "human growth hormone" (hGH)
refers to a polypeptide, such as that set forth in Genbank
Accession No. P01241 (SEQ ID NO: 47), exhibiting hGH activity (i.e.
stimulation of growth).
[0141] In one embodiment, "human growth hormone" (hGH) refers to a
polypeptide, such as that set forth in Genbank Accession No.
P01241, exhibiting hGH activity (i.e. stimulation of growth). In
one embodiment, an hGH of the present invention also refers to
homologues. In one embodiment, an hGH amino acid sequence of the
present invention is at least 50% homologous to an hGH sequence set
forth in GenBank Accession No. P01241 as determined using BlastP
software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
using default parameters). In one embodiment, an hGH amino acid
sequence of the present invention is at least 60% homologous to an
hGH sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. P01241 as
determined using BlastP software of the NCBI using default
parameters. In one embodiment, an hGH amino acid sequence of the
present invention is at least 70% homologous to an hGH sequence set
forth in GenBank Accession No. P01241 as determined using BlastP
software of the NCBI using default parameters. In one embodiment,
an hGH amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least 80%
homologous to an hGH sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No.
P01241 as determined using BlastP software of the NCBI using
default parameters.). In one embodiment, an hGH amino acid sequence
of the present invention is at least 90% homologous to an hGH
sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. P01241 as determined
using BlastP software of the NCBI using default parameters. In one
embodiment, an hGH amino acid sequence of the present invention is
at least 95% homologous to an hGH sequence set forth in GenBank
Accession No. P01241 as determined using BlastP software of the
NCBI using default parameters.
[0142] Exemplary CTP-hGH polypeptides of the present invention are
set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40 and SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0143] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide a CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP construct used for stimulating muscle
growth, increasing cardiac function, stimulating bone growth,
maintaining muscle integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing
muscle buildup, inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone
load, treating symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a
wasting disease, increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance,
treating osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 23 having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for stimulating muscle growth, increasing
cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining muscle
integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle buildup,
inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load, treating
symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease,
increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 36 having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for stimulating muscle growth, increasing
cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining muscle
integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle buildup,
inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load, treating
symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease,
increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 37 having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus for stimulating muscle growth,
increasing cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining
muscle integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle
buildup, inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load,
treating symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting
disease, increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 38 having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus for stimulating muscle growth,
increasing cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining
muscle integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle
buildup, inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load,
treating symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting
disease, increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 39 for stimulating muscle growth, increasing
cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining muscle
integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle buildup,
inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load, treating
symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease,
increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 40 for stimulating muscle growth, increasing
cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining muscle
integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle buildup,
inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load, treating
symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease,
increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 41 for stimulating muscle growth, increasing
cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining muscle
integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle buildup,
inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load, treating
symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease,
increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein as set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 42 having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus for stimulating muscle growth,
increasing cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining
muscle integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle
buildup, inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load,
treating symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting
disease, increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
methods of the present invention provide an hGH protein modified by
CTPs as described herein for stimulating muscle growth, increasing
cardiac function, stimulating bone growth, maintaining muscle
integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing muscle buildup,
inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone load, treating
symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease,
increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance, treating
osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof.
[0144] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide a nucleic acid sequence encoding an hGH protein as
described herein. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provides a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 45 encoding an hGH
protein comprising one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and
two CTP amino acid peptides on the C-terminus for stimulating
muscle growth, increasing cardiac function, stimulating bone
growth, maintaining muscle integrity, balancing muscle metabolism,
inducing muscle buildup, inducing de-novo muscle build-up,
enhancing bone load, treating symptoms associated with
osteoporosis, treating a wasting disease, increasing lipolysis,
improving fluid balance, treating osteoporosis, improving lung
function, improving immunity, regrowing a vital organ, increasing
sense of well-being, restoring REM sleep, or any combination
thereof. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provide a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 46 encoding an hGH
protein and one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and two
CTP amino acid peptides on the C-terminus for stimulating muscle
growth, increasing cardiac function, stimulating bone, growth,
maintaining muscle integrity, balancing muscle metabolism, inducing
muscle buildup, inducing de-novo muscle build-up, enhancing bone
load, treating symptoms associated with osteoporosis, treating a
wasting disease, increasing lipolysis, improving fluid balance,
treating osteoporosis, improving lung function, improving immunity,
regrowing a vital organ, increasing sense of well-being, restoring
REM sleep, or any combination thereof
[0145] In some embodiments, glucagon-like peptide-1 is utilized
according to the teachings of the present invention. In some
embodiments, the attachment of CTP sequences to both the amino and
carboxy termini of a "glucagon-like peptide-1" results in increased
potency. In some embodiments, the attachment of CTP to both the
amino and carboxy termini of a peptide results in prolonged in vivo
activity. In some embodiments, the attachment of CTP to both the
amino and carboxy termini of the glucagon-like peptide-results in
prolonged in vivo activity.
[0146] In one embodiment, "glucagon-like peptide-1" (GLP-1) refers
to a mammalian polypeptide. In one embodiment, "glucagon-like
peptide-1" (GLP-1) refers to a human polypeptide. In some
embodiments, GLP-1 is cleaved from the glucagon preproprotein
(Genbank ID No. NP002045) that has the ability to bind to the GLP-1
receptor and initiate a signal transduction pathway resulting in
insulinotropic activity. In one embodiment, "insulinotropic
activity" refers to the ability to stimulate insulin secretion in
response to elevated glucose levels, thereby causing glucose uptake
by cells and decreased plasma glucose levels. In some embodiments,
GLP-1 polypeptides include, but are not limited to those described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,666; which is incorporated by reference
herein.
[0147] In one embodiment, "GLP-1" refers to a polypeptide, such as
set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 as determined using BlastP software of
the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using
default parameters. In one embodiment, a GLP-1 of the present
invention also refers to a GLP-1 homologue. In one embodiment, a
GLP-1 amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least 50%
homologous to GLP-1 sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 as
determined using BlastP software of NCBI using default parameters.
In one embodiment, a GLP-1 amino acid sequence of the present
invention is at least 60% homologous to GLP-1 sequences set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 25 as determined using BlastP software of NCBI using
default parameters. In one embodiment, a GLP-1 amino acid sequence
of the present invention is at least 70% homologous to GLP-1
sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 as determined using BlastP
software of NCBI using default parameters. In one embodiment, a
GLP-1 amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least 80%
homologous to GLP-1 sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 as
determined using BlastP software of NCBI using default parameters.
In one embodiment, a GLP-1 amino acid sequence of the present
invention is at least 90% homologous to GLP-1 sequences set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 25 as determined using BlastP software of NCBI using
default parameters. In one embodiment, a GLP-1 amino acid sequence
of the present invention is at least 95% homologous to GLP-1
sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 as determined using BlastP
software of NCBI using default parameters.
[0148] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provides a GLP-1 peptide having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for treating or inhibiting type II
diabetes. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provides a GLP-1 peptide having additionally one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and two CTP amino acid
peptides on the C-terminus for treating or inhibiting type II
diabetes. In another embodiment, the methods of the present
invention provides a GLP-1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25
having additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for treating or inhibiting type II diabetes.
[0149] In another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest
is an insulin-like growth factor. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an epidermal growth factor. In
another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an
acidic or basic fibroblast growth factor. In another embodiment,
the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a platelet-derived growth
factor. In another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest
is a granulocyte-CSF. In another embodiment, the polypeptide
sequence-of-interest is a macrophage-CSF. In another embodiment,
the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an IL-2. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an IL-3. In
another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a tumor
necrosis factor. In another embodiment, the polypeptide
sequence-of-interest is an LHRH. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an LHRH analog. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a somatostatin.
In another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a
growth hormone releasing factor. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an endorphin. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an alveolar
surfactant protein. In another embodiment, the polypeptide
sequence-of-interest is a natriuretic factor. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an adhesion. In
another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an
angiostatin. In another embodiment, the polypeptide
sequence-of-interest is an endostatin. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a receptor peptide. In another
embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a receptor
binding ligand. In another embodiment, the polypeptide
sequence-of-interest is an antibody. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide sequence-of-interest is an antibody fragment. In
another embodiment, the polypeptide sequence-of-interest is a
peptide or a protein including any modified form.
[0150] In another embodiment, the polypeptide of the invention
comprises a cytokine having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on
the C-terminus. In another embodiment, the cytokine having
additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus
and two CTP amino acid peptides on the C-terminus is selected from
lymphokines, monokines, chemokine, and interleukin. In another
embodiment, the cytokine comprises an autocrine action activity. In
another embodiment, the cytokine comprises a paracrine action
activity. In another embodiment, the cytokine comprises an
endocrine action activity.
[0151] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide insulin having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of diabetes.
[0152] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide albumin having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of hypovolemic shock, hemodialysis or
cardiopulmonary bypass.
[0153] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Activase-altiplase/tPA having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction,
acute massive pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke.
[0154] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide adenosine deaminase having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of severe combined
immunodeficiency disease.
[0155] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide immune globulin having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on
the C-terminus for the treatment of transplant recipients.
[0156] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide immune globulin is a CMV immune globulin. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide
glucocerebrosidase having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of Gaucher disease.
[0157] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide leukine-sargramostim/GM-CSF having additionally at least
one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for the stimulation of hematopoietic
progenitor cells.
[0158] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide G-CSF having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of neutropenia. In another embodiment,
the methods of the present invention provide venoglobulin-S/IgG
having additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the C-terminus for the
treatment of immunodeficiency diseases.
[0159] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide proleukin-aldesleukin having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of renal carcinoma or
metastatic melanoma.
[0160] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide DNase having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
[0161] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Factor VIII having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of Hemophilia A.
[0162] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide helixate having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of Hemophilia A.
[0163] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide L-asparaginase having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide on
the C-terminus for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic
leukemia.
[0164] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide WinRho SDF Rh IgG having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of Rh isoimmunization and
immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
[0165] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Retavase retaplase/tPA having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of acute myocardial
infarction.
[0166] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Factor IX having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of Hemophilia B.
[0167] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Factor IX having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of Hemophilia B.
[0168] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide FSH having additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for stimulation of ovulation during assisted
reproduction.
[0169] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide globulin having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus
disease.
[0170] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide fibrin having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for wound management and hemostasis. In another
embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide
interleukin-11 having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia.
[0171] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide becaplermin/PDGF having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of diabetic foot
ulcers.
[0172] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide lepirudin/herudin having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for anticoagulation in
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
[0173] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide soluble TNF having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
[0174] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Thymoglobulin having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of organ transplant
rejection disease.
[0175] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide factor VIIa having additionally at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the C-terminus for the treatment of hemophilia.
[0176] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide interferon alpha-2a having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of hairy cell
leukemia and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
[0177] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide interferon alpha-2b having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of Hairy cell
leukemia, genital warts, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, Hepatitis
C, Hepatitis B, malignant melanoma, and follicular lymphoma.
[0178] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide interferon alfa-N3 having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of genital
warts.
[0179] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide interferon gamma-1b having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of chronic
granulomatous disease.
[0180] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide interferon alfa n-1 having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of Hepatitis C
infection.
[0181] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide Interleukin-2 having additionally at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid
peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of renal carcinoma and
metastatic melanoma.
[0182] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide interferon beta-1b having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for the treatment of multiple
sclerosis.
[0183] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide hGH having additionally at least one CTP amino acid peptide
on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptide on the
C-terminus for the treatment of wasting disease, AIDS, cachexia, or
hGH deficiency.
[0184] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide an OKT3 monoclonal antibody having additionally at least
one CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the C-terminus for organ transplant.
[0185] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide a Reo monoclonal antibody having additionally at least one
CTP amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for prevention of complications from
coronary intervention and angioplasty.
[0186] In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention
provide a monoclonal antibody having additionally at least one CTP
amino acid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino
acid peptide on the C-terminus for treating colorectal cancer,
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, kidney transplant rejection, metastatic
breast cancer, or the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus
disease.
[0187] In some embodiments, the CTP sequence modification is
advantageous in permitting lower dosages to be used.
[0188] In some embodiments, "polypeptide" or "protein" as used
herein encompasses native polypeptides (either degradation
products, synthetically synthesized polypeptides or recombinant
polypeptides) and peptidomimetics (typically, synthetic
polypeptides), as well as peptoids and semipeptoids which are
polypeptide analogs, which have, in some embodiments, modifications
rendering the polypeptides even more stable while in a body or more
capable of penetrating into cells.
[0189] In some embodiments, modifications include, but are not
limited to N terminus modification, C terminus modification,
polypeptide bond modification, including, but not limited to,
CH2-NH, CH2-S, CH2-S.dbd.O, O.dbd.C--NH, CH2-O, CH2-CH2,
S.dbd.C--NH, CH.dbd.CH or CF.dbd.CH, backbone modifications, and
residue modification. Methods for preparing peptidomimetic
compounds are well known in the art and are specified, for example,
in Quantitative Drug Design, C. A. Ramsden Gd., Chapter 17.2, F.
Choplin Pergamon Press (1992), which is incorporated by reference
as if fully set forth herein. Further details in this respect are
provided hereinbelow.
[0190] In some embodiments, polypeptide bonds (--CO--NH--) within
the polypeptide are substituted. In some embodiments, the
polypeptide bonds are substituted by N-methylated bonds
(--N(CH3)-CO--). In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are
substituted by ester bonds (--C(R)H--C--O--O--C(R)--N--). In some
embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are substituted by ketomethylen
bonds (--CO-CH2-). In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are
substituted by .alpha.-aza bonds (--NH--N(R)--CO--), wherein R is
any alkyl, e.g., methyl, carba bonds (--CH2-NH--). In some
embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are substituted by
hydroxyethylene bonds (--CH(OH)--CH2-). In some embodiments, the
polypeptide bonds are substituted by thioamide bonds (--CS--NH--).
In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are substituted by
olefinic double bonds (--CH.dbd.CH--). In some embodiments, the
polypeptide bonds are substituted by retro amide bonds
(--NH--CO--). In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are
substituted by polypeptide derivatives (--N(R)--CH2-CO--), wherein
R is the "normal" side chain, naturally presented on the carbon
atom. In some embodiments, these modifications occur at any of the
bonds along the polypeptide chain and even at several (2-3 bonds)
at the same time.
[0191] In some embodiments, natural aromatic amino acids of the
polypeptide such as Trp, Tyr and Phe, are substituted for synthetic
non-natural acid such as Phenylglycine, TIC, naphthylelanine (Nol),
ring-methylated derivatives of Phe, halogenated derivatives of Phe
or o-methyl-Tyr. In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the
present invention include one or more modified amino acid or one or
more non-amino acid monomers (e.g. fatty acid, complex
carbohydrates etc).
[0192] In one embodiment, "amino acid" is understood to include the
20 naturally occurring amino acids; those amino acids often
modified post-translationally in vivo, including, for example,
hydroxyproline, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine; and other
unusual amino acid including, but not limited to, 2-aminoadipic
acid, hydroxylysine, isodesmosine, nor-valine, nor-leucine and
ornithine. In one embodiment, "amino acid" includes both D- and
L-amino acids.
[0193] In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the present
invention are utilized in therapeutics which requires the
polypeptides to be in a soluble form. In some embodiments, the
polypeptides of the present invention include one or more
non-natural or natural polar amino acids, including, but not
limited to, serine and threonine, which are capable of increasing
polypeptide solubility due to their hydroxyl-containing side
chain.
[0194] In some embodiments, the cytokines of the present invention
are utilized in a linear form, although it will be appreciated by
one skilled in the art that in cases where cyclicization does not
severely interfere with cytokines characteristics, cyclic forms of
the cytokines can also be utilized.
[0195] In some embodiments, the cytokines of present invention are
biochemically synthesized such as by using standard solid phase
techniques. In some embodiments, these biochemical methods include
exclusive solid phase synthesis, partial solid phase synthesis,
fragment condensation, or classical solution synthesis. In some
embodiments, these methods are used when the cytokines are
relatively short (about 5-15 kDa) and/or when it cannot be produced
by recombinant techniques (i.e., not encoded by a nucleic acid
sequence) and therefore involves different chemistry.
[0196] In some embodiments, solid phase cytokines synthesis
procedures are well known to one skilled in the art and further
described by John Morrow Stewart and Janis Dillaha Young, Solid
Phase Polypeptide Syntheses (2nd Ed., Pierce Chemical Company,
1984). In some embodiments, synthetic polypeptides are purified by
preparative high performance liquid chromatography [Creighton T.
(1983) Proteins, structures and molecular principles. WH Freeman
and Co. N.Y.], the composition of which can be confirmed via amino
acid sequencing by methods known to one skilled in the art.
[0197] In some embodiments, recombinant protein techniques are used
to generate the cytokines of the present invention. In some
embodiments, recombinant protein techniques are used for generation
of relatively long polypeptides (e.g., longer than 18-25 amino
acid). In some embodiments, recombinant protein techniques are used
for the generation of large amounts of the cytokines of the present
invention. In some embodiments, recombinant techniques are
described by Bitter et al., (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 153:516-544,
Studier et al. (1990) Methods in Enzymol. 185:60-89, Brisson et al.
(1984) Nature 310:511-514, Takamatsu et al. (1987) EMBO J.
6:307-311, Coruzzi et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:1671-1680 and Brogli et
al., (1984) Science 224:838-843, Gurley et al. (1986) Mol. Cell.
Biol. 6:559-565 and Weissbach & Weissbach, 1988, Methods for
Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, NY, Section VIII, pp
421-463.
[0198] In another embodiment, cytokines of the present invention
are synthesized using a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of
the present invention. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide
encoding cytokines of the present invention is ligated into an
expression vector, comprising a transcriptional control of a
cis-regulatory sequence (e.g., promoter sequence). In some
embodiments, the cis-regulatory sequence is suitable for directing
constitutive expression of the cytokines of the present invention.
In some embodiments, the cis-regulatory sequence is suitable for
directing tissue-specific expression of the cytokines of the
present invention. In some embodiments, the cis-regulatory sequence
is suitable for directing inducible expression of the cytokines of
the present invention.
[0199] In some embodiments, tissue-specific promoters suitable for
use with the present invention include sequences which are
functional in specific cell population. Examples include, but are
not limited to promoters such as albumin that is liver specific
[Pinkert et al., (1987) Genes Dev. 1:268-277], lymphoid specific
promoters [Calame et al., (1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275]; in
particular promoters of T-cell receptors [Winoto et al., (1989)
EMBO J. 8:729-733] and immunoglobulins; [Banerji et al. (1983) Cell
33729-740], neuron-specific promoters such as the neurofilament
promoter [Byrne et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
86:5473-5477], pancreas-specific promoters [Edlunch et al. (1985)
Science 230:912-916] or mammary gland-specific promoters such as
the milk whey promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European
Application Publication No. 264,166). Inducible promoters suitable
for use with the present invention include, for example, the
tetracycline-inducible promoter (Srour, M. A., et al., 2003.
Thromb. Haemost. 90: 398-405).
[0200] In one embodiment, the phrase "a polynucleotide" refers to a
single or double stranded nucleic acid sequence which be isolated
and provided in the form of an RNA sequence, a complementary
polynucleotide sequence (cDNA), a genomic polynucleotide sequence
and/or a composite polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a combination of
the above).
[0201] In one embodiment, "complementary polynucleotide sequence"
refers to a sequence, which results from reverse transcription of
messenger RNA using a reverse transcriptase or any other RNA
dependent DNA polymerase. In one embodiment, the sequence can be
subsequently amplified in vivo or in vitro using a DNA
polymerase.
[0202] In one embodiment, "genomic polynucleotide sequence" refers
to a sequence derived (isolated) from a chromosome and thus it
represents a contiguous portion of a chromosome.
[0203] In one embodiment, "composite polynucleotide sequence"
refers to a sequence, which is at least partially complementary and
at least partially genomic. In one embodiment, a composite sequence
can include some exonal sequences required to encode the
polypeptide of the present invention, as well as some intronic
sequences interposing there between. In one embodiment, the
intronic sequences can be of any source, including of other genes,
and typically will include conserved splicing signal sequences. In
one embodiment, intronic sequences include cis acting expression
regulatory elements.
[0204] In one embodiment, the polynucleotides of the present
invention further comprise a signal sequence encoding a signal
peptide for the secretion of the cytokines of the present
invention. In some embodiments, signal sequences include, but are
not limited to the endogenous signal sequence for EPO as set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 19 or the endogenous signal sequence for IFN-.beta.1
as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64. In another embodiment, the signal
sequence is N-terminal to the CTP sequence that is in turn
N-terminal to the polypeptide sequence of interest; e.g. the
sequence is (a) signal sequence--(b) CTP--(c)
sequence-of-interest--(d) optionally, 1 or more additional CTP
sequences. In another embodiment, 1 or more CTP sequences is
inserted between the signal sequence of a polypeptide sequence of
interest and the polypeptide sequence of interest itself, thus
interrupting the wild-type sequence of interest. Each possibility
represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.
[0205] In one embodiment, following expression and secretion, the
signal peptides are cleaved from the precursor proteins resulting
in the mature proteins.
[0206] In some embodiments, polynucleotides of the present
invention are prepared using PCR techniques as described in Example
1, or any other method or procedure known to one skilled in the
art. In some embodiments, the procedure involves the ligation of
two different DNA sequences (See, for example, "Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology", eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons,
1992).
[0207] In one embodiment, polynucleotides of the present invention
are inserted into expression vectors (i.e., a nucleic acid
construct) to enable expression of the recombinant polypeptide. In
one embodiment, the expression vector of the present invention
includes additional sequences which render this vector suitable for
replication and integration in prokaryotes. In one embodiment, the
expression vector of the present invention includes additional
sequences which render this vector suitable for replication and
integration in eukaryotes. In one embodiment, the expression vector
of the present invention includes a shuttle vector which renders
this vector suitable for replication and integration in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In some embodiments, cloning vectors
comprise transcription and translation initiation sequences (e.g.,
promoters, enhancers) and transcription and translation terminators
(e.g., polyadenylation signals).
[0208] In one embodiment, a variety of prokaryotic or eukaryotic
cells can be used as host-expression systems to express the
cytokines of the present invention. In some embodiments, these
include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria
transformed with a recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or
cosmid DNA expression vector containing the polypeptide coding
sequence; yeast transformed with recombinant yeast expression
vectors containing the polypeptide coding sequence; plant cell
systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g.,
cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or
transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors, such as Ti
plasmid, containing the polypeptide coding sequence.
[0209] In some embodiments, non-bacterial expression systems are
used (e.g. mammalian expression systems such as CHO cells) to
express the cytokines of the present invention. In one embodiment,
the expression vector used to express polynucleotides of the
present invention in mammalian cells is pCI-DHFR vector comprising
a CMV promoter and a neomycin resistance gene. Construction of the
pCI-dhfr vector is described, according to one embodiment, in
Example 1.
[0210] In some embodiments, in bacterial systems of the present
invention, a number of expression vectors can be advantageously
selected depending upon the use intended for the polypeptide
expressed. In one embodiment, large quantities of polypeptide are
desired. In one embodiment, vectors that direct the expression of
high levels of the protein product, possibly as a fusion with a
hydrophobic signal sequence, which directs the expressed product
into the periplasm of the bacteria or the culture medium where the
protein product is readily purified are desired. In one embodiment,
certain fusion protein engineered with a specific cleavage site to
aid in recovery of the polypeptide. In one embodiment, vectors
adaptable to such manipulation include, but are not limited to, the
pET series of E. coli expression vectors [Studier et al., Methods
in Enzymol. 185:60-89 (1990)].
[0211] In one embodiment, yeast expression systems are used. In one
embodiment, a number of vectors containing constitutive or
inducible promoters can be used in yeast as disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,932,447. In another embodiment, vectors which promote
integration of foreign DNA sequences into the yeast chromosome are
used.
[0212] In one embodiment, the expression vector of the present
invention can further include additional polynucleotide sequences
that allow, for example, the translation of several proteins from a
single mRNA such as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and
sequences for genomic integration of the promoter-chimeric
polypeptide.
[0213] In some embodiments, mammalian expression vectors include,
but are not limited to, pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1(+/-), pGL3, pZeoSV2(+/-),
pSecTag2, pDisplay, pEF/myc/cyto, pCMV/myc/cyto, pCR3.1, pSinRep5,
DH26S, DHBB, pNMT1, pNMT41, pNMT81, which are available from
Invitrogen, pCI which is available from Promega, pMbac, pPbac,
pBK-RSV and pBK-CMV which are available from Strategene, pTRES
which is available from Clontech, and their derivatives.
[0214] In some embodiments, expression vectors containing
regulatory elements from eukaryotic viruses such as retroviruses
are used by the present invention. SV40 vectors include pSVT7 and
pMT2. In some embodiments, vectors derived from bovine papilloma
virus include pBV-1MTHA, and vectors derived from Epstein Bar virus
include pHEBO, and p2O5. Other exemplary vectors include pMSG,
pAV009/A.sup.+, pMTO10/A.sup.+, pMAMneo-5, baculovirus pDSVE, and
any other vector allowing expression of proteins under the
direction of the SV-40 early promoter, SV-40 later promoter,
metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Rous
sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or other promoters
shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.
[0215] In some embodiments, recombinant viral vectors are useful
for in vivo expression of the cytokines of the present invention,
because they offer advantages such as lateral infection and
targeting specificity. In one embodiment, lateral infection is
inherent in the life cycle of, for example, retrovirus and is the
process by which a single infected cell produces many progeny
virions that bud off and infect neighboring cells. In one
embodiment, the result is that a large area becomes rapidly
infected, most of which was not initially infected by the original
viral particles. In one embodiment, viral vectors are produced that
are unable to spread laterally. In one embodiment, this
characteristic can be useful if the desired purpose is to introduce
a specified gene into only a localized number of targeted
cells.
[0216] In one embodiment, various methods can be used to introduce
the expression vector of the present invention into cells. Such
methods are generally described in Sambrook et al., Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New
York (1989, 1992), in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989),
Chang et al., Somatic Gene Therapy, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich.
(1995), Vega et al., Gene Targeting, CRC Press, Ann Arbor Mich.
(1995), Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their
Uses, Butterworths, Boston Mass. (1988) and Gilboa et at.
[Biotechniques 4 (6): 504-512, 1986] and include, for example,
stable or transient transfection, lipofection, electroporation and
infection with recombinant viral vectors. In addition, see U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,464,764 and 5,487,992 for positive-negative selection
methods.
[0217] In some embodiments, introduction of nucleic acid by viral
infection offers several advantages over other methods such as
lipofection and electroporation, since higher transfection
efficiency can be obtained due to the infectious nature of
viruses.
[0218] In one embodiment, it will be appreciated that the cytokines
of the present invention can also be expressed from a nucleic acid
construct administered to the individual employing any suitable
mode of administration, described hereinabove (i.e., in vivo gene
therapy). In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct is
introduced into a suitable cell via an appropriate gene delivery
vehicle/method (transfection, transduction, homologous
recombination, etc.) and an expression system as needed, and then
the modified cells are expanded in culture and returned to the
individual (i.e., ex vivo gene therapy).
[0219] In one embodiment, in vivo gene therapy using a cytokine has
been attempted in animal models such as rodents [Bohl et al.,
Blood. 2000; 95:2793-2798], primates [Gao et al., Blood, 2004,
Volume 103, Number 9] and has proven successful in human clinical
trials for patients with chronic renal failure [Lippin et al Blood
2005, 106, Number 7].
[0220] In one embodiment, plant expression vectors are used. In one
embodiment, the expression of a polypeptide coding sequence is
driven by a number of promoters. In some embodiments, viral
promoters such as the 35S RNA and 19S RNA promoters of CaMV
[Brisson et al., Nature 310:511-514 (1984)], or the coat protein
promoter to TMV [Takamatsu et al., EMBO J. 6:307-311 (1987)] are
used. In another embodiment, plant promoters are used such as, for
example, the small subunit of RUBISCO [Coruzzi et al., EMBO J.
3:1671-1680 (1984); and Brogli et al., Science 224:838-843 (1984)]
or heat shock promoters, e.g., soybean hsp17.5-E or hsp17.3-B
[Gurley et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:559-565 (1986)]. In one
embodiment, constructs are introduced into plant cells using Ti
plasmid, Ri plasmid, plant viral vectors, direct DNA
transformation, microinjection, electroporation and other
techniques well known to the skilled artisan. See, for example,
Weissbach & Weissbach [Methods for Plant Molecular Biology,
Academic Press, NY, Section VIII, pp 421-463 (1988)]. Other
expression systems such as insects and mammalian host cell systems,
which are well known in the art, can also be used by the present
invention.
[0221] It will be appreciated that other than containing the
necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the
inserted coding sequence (encoding the polypeptide), the expression
construct of the present invention can also include sequences
engineered to optimize stability, production, purification, yield
or activity of the expressed polypeptide.
[0222] Various methods, in some embodiments, can be used to
introduce the expression vector of the present invention into the
host cell system. In some embodiments, such methods are generally
described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989, 1992), in
Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley
and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989), Chang et al., Somatic Gene
Therapy, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995), Vega et al., Gene
Targeting, CRC Press, Ann Arbor Mich. (1995), Vectors: A Survey of
Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses, Butterworths, Boston
Mass. (1988) and Gilboa et at. [Biotechniques 4 (6): 504-512, 1986]
and include, for example, stable or transient transfection,
lipofection, electroporation and infection with recombinant viral
vectors. In addition, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,764 and 5,487,992
for positive-negative selection methods.
[0223] In some embodiments, transformed cells are cultured under
effective conditions, which allow for the expression of high
amounts of recombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, effective
culture conditions include, but are not limited to, effective
media, bioreactor, temperature, pH and oxygen conditions that
permit protein production. In one embodiment, an effective medium
refers to any medium in which a cell is cultured to produce the
recombinant polypeptide of the present invention. In some
embodiments, a medium typically includes an aqueous solution having
assimilable carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources, and appropriate
salts, minerals, metals and other nutrients, such as vitamins. In
some embodiments, cells of the present invention can be cultured in
conventional fermentation bioreactors, shake flasks, test tubes,
microtiter dishes and petri plates. In some embodiments, culturing
is carried out at a temperature, pH and oxygen content appropriate
for a recombinant cell. In some embodiments, culturing conditions
are within the expertise of one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0224] In some embodiments, depending on the vector and host system
used for production, resultant cytokines of the present invention
either remain within the recombinant cell, secreted into the
fermentation medium, secreted into a space between two cellular
membranes, such as the periplasmic space in E. coli; or retained on
the outer surface of a cell or viral membrane.
[0225] In one embodiment, following a predetermined time in
culture, recovery of the recombinant polypeptide is affected.
[0226] In one embodiment, the phrase "recovering the recombinant
polypeptide" used herein refers to collecting the whole
fermentation medium containing the polypeptide and need not imply
additional steps of separation or purification.
[0227] In one embodiment, cytokines of the present invention are
purified using a variety of standard protein purification
techniques, such as, but not limited to, affinity chromatography,
ion exchange chromatography, filtration, electrophoresis,
hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration
chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, concanavalin A
chromatography, chromatofocusing and differential
solubilization.
[0228] In one embodiment, to facilitate recovery, the expressed
coding sequence can be engineered to encode the polypeptide of the
present invention and fused cleavable moiety. In one embodiment, a
fusion protein can be designed so that the polypeptide can be
readily isolated by affinity chromatography; e.g., by
immobilization on a column specific for the cleavable moiety. In
one embodiment, a cleavage site is engineered between the
polypeptide and the cleavable moiety, and the polypeptide can be
released from the chromatographic column by treatment with an
appropriate enzyme or agent that specifically cleaves the fusion
protein at this site [e.g., see Booth et al., Immunol. Lett.
19:65-70 (1988); and Gardella et al., J. Biol. Chem.
265:15854-15859 (1990)].
[0229] In one embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention
is retrieved in "substantially pure" form.
[0230] In one embodiment, the phrase "substantially pure" refers to
a purity that allows for the effective use of the protein in the
applications described herein.
[0231] In one embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention
can also be synthesized using in vitro expression systems. In one
embodiment in vitro synthesis methods are well known in the art and
the components of the system are commercially available.
[0232] In one embodiment, production of CTP-cytokine polypeptides
using recombinant DNA technology is illustrated in Example 1.
[0233] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptides are
synthesized and purified; their therapeutic efficacy can be assayed
either in vivo or in vitro. In one embodiment, the binding
activities of the recombinant cytokines of the present invention
can be ascertained using various assays as described in Examples
2-6 and 8-9.
[0234] In another embodiment, in vitro binding activity is
ascertained by measuring the ability of the cytokine as described
herein as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same
to treat diseases such as cancers such as hairy cell leukemia,
malignant melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, bladder cancer, chronic
myelocytic leukemia, kidney cancer, carcinoid tumors, non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma, ovarian cancer, and skin cancers (for interferons). In
one embodiment, in vivo activity is deduced by analyzing
heamatocrit levels (FIGS. 3-5) and/or as a percentage of
reticulocytes (for EPO). In another embodiment, in vivo activity is
deduced by known measures of the disease that is being treated.
[0235] In some embodiments, the phrase "erythropoietin-associated
conditions" refers to any condition associated with below normal,
abnormal, or inappropriate modulation of erythropoietin. In some
embodiments, levels of erythropoietin associated with such
conditions are determined by any measure accepted and utilized by
those of skill in the art. In some embodiments,
erythropoietin-associated conditions typically include anemic
conditions.
[0236] In some embodiments, "anemic conditions" refers to any
condition, disease, or disorder associated with anemia. In some
embodiments, anemic conditions include, but are not limited to,
aplastic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, bone marrow
transplantation, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Diamond Blackfan anemia,
Fanconi's anemia, Felty syndrome, graft versus host disease,
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, hemolytic uremic syndrome,
myelodysplasic syndrome, nocturnal paroxysmal hemoglobinuria,
osteomyelofibrosis, pancytopenia, pure red-cell aplasia, purpura
Schoenlein-Henoch, sideroblastic anemia, refractory anemia with
excess of blasts, rheumatoid arthritis, Shwachman syndrome, sickle
cell disease, thalassemia major, thalassemia minor,
thrombocytopenic purpura, etc.
[0237] In one embodiment, the present invention comprises
CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP polypeptides. In one embodiment, recombinant DNA
technology methods are used for the production of CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP
polypeptides as illustrated in Example 7. In one embodiment, the
therapeutic efficacy of the CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP polypeptides of the
present invention is assayed in vivo. In one embodiment, the
therapeutic efficacy of the CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP polypeptides of the
present invention is assayed in vitro. In one embodiment, the
binding activities of the recombinant hGH polypeptides of the
present invention are measured using Nb2 (a prolactin-dependent rat
lymphoma cell line (ECACC Cell Bank)) or a FCD-P1 murine cell line,
previously transfected with human growth hormone receptor. In one
embodiment, binding of hGH to these receptors induces cell
proliferation, which in one embodiment, is measured by the levels
of MTT cellular stain as a function of hGH activity. In one
embodiment, in vivo activity is deduced by measuring weight gain
over time in treated growth hormone-deficient animals.
[0238] In some embodiments, human growth hormone polypeptides of
the present invention can be used to treat a subject, with
conditions related to growth and weight, such as a growth
deficiency disorder, AIDS wasting, aging, impaired immune function
of HIV-infected subjects, a catabolic illness, surgical recovery, a
congestive cardiomyopathy, liver transplantation, liver
regeneration after hepatectomy, chronic renal failure, renal
osteodystrophy, osteoporosis, achondroplasia/hypochondroplasia,
skeletal dysplasia, a chronic inflammatory or nutritional disorder
such as Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, juvenile chronic
arthritis, cystic fibrosis, male infertility, X-linked
hypophosphatemic rickets, Down's syndrome, Spina bifida, Noonan
Syndrome, obesity, impaired muscle strength and fibromyalgia.
[0239] In some embodiments, interferon polypeptides of the present
invention are used to treat a subject, with a variety of conditions
such as hairy cell leukemia (HCL), Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic Hepatitis C (CHC), condylomata
acuminata (CA), chronic Hepatitis B, malignant melanoma, follicular
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, chronic granulomatous
disease, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), pulmonary fibrosis,
osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.
[0240] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising IFN .alpha.-2a as well as pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the same are indicated for hairy cell leukemia (HCL),
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma
(KS), chronic-phase Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic Hepatitis C (CHC). IFN
.alpha.-2a dosage varies depending on the indication. In another
embodiment, the effectiveness of IFN .alpha.-2a as an
antineoplastic, immunomodulator and antiviral agent has been
established.
[0241] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising IFN .alpha.2b as well as pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the same are indicated for HCL, AIDS-related Kaposi's
sarcoma and CHC. It is also indicated for condylomata acuminata
(CA), chronic Hepatitis B, malignant melanoma and follicular
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. IFN .alpha.-2b dosage varies depending on
its indication of usage.
[0242] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms
in 0.1-5 ml solution. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the
present invention comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose
of 1-50 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution. In another embodiment,
polypeptides of the present invention comprising a cytokine are
administered in a dose of 1-25 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution. In
another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose of 50-90
micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution. In another embodiment,
polypeptides of the present invention comprising a cytokine are
administered in a dose of 10-50 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml
solution.
[0243] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms
in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (i.m.) injection,
subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, or intravenous (i.v.) injection once
a week. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present
invention comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose of 1-90
micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (i.m.) injection,
subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, or intravenous (i.v.) injection
twice a week. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present
invention comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose of 1-90
micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (i.m.) injection,
subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, or intravenous (i.v.) injection
three times a week. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the
present invention comprising a cytokine are administered in a dose
of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (i.m.)
injection, subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, or intravenous (i.v.)
injection once every two weeks. In another embodiment, polypeptides
of the present invention comprising a cytokine are administered in
a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular
(i.m.) injection, subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, or intravenous
(i.v.) injection once every 17 days. In another embodiment,
polypeptides of the present invention comprising a cytokine are
administered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by
intramuscular (i.m.) injection, subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, or
intravenous (i.v.) injection once every 19 days.
[0244] In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention
comprise recombinant cytokines. In another embodiment, polypeptides
of the present invention comprise a recombinant IFN-.beta.. In
another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprise
a recombinant IFN-.alpha.. In another embodiment, various
recombinant IFN are known to one of skill in the art.
[0245] In another embodiment, protein drugs of molecular weight
lower than 50,000 daltons, such as interferons, are in general
short-lived species in vivo, having short circulatory half-lives of
several hours. In another embodiment, the subcutaneous route of
administration in general provides slower release into the
circulation. In another embodiment, the CTP-modified polypeptide of
the invention prolongs the half-life of protein drugs of molecular
weight lower than 50,000 daltons, such as interferons. In another
embodiment, the CTP-modified polypeptide of the invention enables
interferons to exert their beneficial effects for a longer period
of time.
[0246] In another embodiment, the immunogenicity of a CTP-modified
polypeptide comprising a cytokine is equal to an isolated cytokine.
In another embodiment, the immunogenicity of a CTP-modified
polypeptide comprising a cytokine is comparable to an isolated
cytokine. In another embodiment, modifying a cytokine as described
herein with CTP peptides reduces the immunogenicity of the
cytokine. In another embodiment, the CTP-modified polypeptide
comprising a cytokine is as active as an isolated cytokine protein.
In another embodiment, the CTP-modified polypeptide comprising a
cytokine is more active than an isolated cytokine. In another
embodiment, the CTP-modified polypeptide comprising a cytokine
maximizes the cytokine's protective ability against degradation
while minimizing reductions in bioactivity.
[0247] In another embodiment, the cytokine of the present invention
can be provided to the individual per se. In one embodiment, the
cytokine of the present invention can be provided to the individual
as part of a pharmaceutical composition where it is mixed with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0248] In another embodiment, a "pharmaceutical composition" refers
to a preparation of one or more of the active ingredients described
herein with other chemical components such as physiologically
suitable carriers and excipients. The purpose of a pharmaceutical
composition is to facilitate administration of a compound to an
organism.
[0249] In another embodiment, "active ingredient" refers to the
polypeptide sequence of interest, which is accountable for the
biological effect.
[0250] In another embodiment, any of the compositions of this
invention will comprise at least two CTP sequences bound to a
cytokine of interest, in any form. In one embodiment, the present
invention provides combined preparations. In one embodiment, "a
combined preparation" defines especially a "kit of parts" in the
sense that the combination partners as defined above can be dosed
independently or by use of different fixed combinations with
distinguished amounts of the combination partners i.e.,
simultaneously, concurrently, separately or sequentially. In some
embodiments, the parts of the kit of parts can then, e.g., be
administered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is,
at different time points and with equal or different time intervals
for any part of the kit of parts. The ratio of the total amounts of
the combination partners, in some embodiments, can be administered
in the combined preparation.
[0251] In one embodiment, the combined preparation can be varied,
e.g., in order to cope with the needs of a patient subpopulation to
be treated or the needs of the single patient which different needs
can be due to a particular disease, severity of a disease, age,
sex, or body weight as can be readily made by a person skilled in
the art.
[0252] In another embodiment, the phrases "physiologically
acceptable carrier" and "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" which
can be used interchangeably, refer to a carrier or a diluent that
does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not
abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered
compound. An adjuvant is included under these phrases. In one
embodiment, one of the ingredients included in the pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier can be for example polyethylene glycol (PEG), a
biocompatible polymer with a wide range of solubility in both
organic and aqueous media (Mutter et al. (1979).
[0253] In another embodiment, "excipient" refers to an inert
substance added to a pharmaceutical composition to further
facilitate administration of an active ingredient. In one
embodiment, excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium
phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose
derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.
[0254] Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs are
found in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," Mack Publishing
Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition, which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0255] In another embodiment, suitable routes of administration,
for example, include oral, rectal, transmucosal, transnasal,
intestinal or parenteral delivery, including intramuscular,
subcutaneous and intramedullary injections as well as intrathecal,
direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal,
or intraocular injections.
[0256] In another embodiment, the preparation is administered in a
local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of
the preparation directly into a specific region of a patient's
body.
[0257] Various embodiments of dosage ranges are contemplated by
this invention. The dosage of the cytokine of the present
invention, in one embodiment, is in the range of 0.005-100 mg/day.
In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 0.005-5
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of
0.01-50 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range
of 0.1-20 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range
of 0.1-10 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range
of 0.01-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range
of 0.001-0.01 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 0.001-0.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 0.1-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 0.5-50 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 0.2-15 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 0.8-65 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 1-50 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 5-10 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in
the range of 8-15 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a
range of 10-20 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 20-40 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a
range of 60-120 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 12-40 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 40-60 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a
range of 50-100 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a
range of 1-60 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 15-25 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 5-10 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the
range of 55-65 mg/day.
[0258] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units is formulated in an intranasal dosage form. In
another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP
units is formulated in an injectable dosage form. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 0.0001 mg to 0.6
mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and
CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 0.001
mg to 0.005 mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a
cytokine and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose
ranging from 0.005 mg to 0.01 mg. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to
a subject in a dose ranging from 0.01 mg to 0.3 mg. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject in a dose in a dose ranging from 0.2 mg
to 0.6 mg.
[0259] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from
1-100 micrograms. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a
cytokine and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose
ranging from 10-80 micrograms. In another embodiment, a polypeptide
comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to a subject in
a dose ranging from 20-60 micrograms. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to
a subject in a dose ranging from 10-50 micrograms. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 40-80 micrograms.
In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP
units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 10-30
micrograms. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a
cytokine and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose
ranging from 30-60 micrograms.
[0260] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from
0.2 mg to 2 mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a
cytokine and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose
ranging from 2 mg to 6 mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide
comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to a subject in
a dose ranging from 4 mg to 10 mg. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to
a subject in a dose ranging from 5 mg to 15 mg.
[0261] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units is injected into the muscle (intramuscular
injection). In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a
cytokine and CTP units is injected below the skin (subcutaneous
injection). In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN
protein and CTP units is injected into the muscle. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units
is injected below the skin.
[0262] In another embodiment, the methods of the invention include
increasing the compliance in the use of cytokine therapy,
comprising providing to a subject in need thereof, a polypeptide
comprising a cytokine, one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal
peptide (CTP) attached to an amino terminus of the cytokine, and
two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a
carboxy terminus of the cytokine, thereby increasing compliance in
the use of cytokine therapy.
[0263] In another embodiment, the methods of the invention include
increasing the compliance of patients afflicted with chronic
illnesses that are in need of a cytokine therapy. In another
embodiment, the methods of the invention enable reduction in the
dosing frequency of a cytokine by modifying the cytokine with CTPs
as described hereinabove. In another embodiment, the term
compliance comprises adherence. In another embodiment, the methods
of the invention include increasing the compliance of patients in
need of a cytokine therapy by reducing the frequency of
administration of the cytokine. In another embodiment, reduction in
the frequency of administration of the cytokine is achieved due to
the CTP modifications which render the CTP-modified cytokine more
stable. In another embodiment, reduction in the frequency of
administration of the cytokine is achieved as a result of
increasing T.sub.1/2 of the cytokine. In another embodiment,
reduction in the frequency of administration of the cytokine is
achieved as a result of increasing the clearance time of the
cytokine. In another embodiment, reduction in the frequency of
administration of the cytokine is achieved as a result of
increasing the AUC measure of the cytokine.
[0264] In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine
and CTP units is administered to a subject once a day. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject once every two days. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject once every three days. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject once every four days. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject once every five days. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject once every six days. In another
embodiment, a polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is
administered to a subject once every week. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to
a subject once every 7-14 days. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to
a subject once every 10-20 days. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising a cytokine and CTP units is administered to
a subject once every 5-15 days. In another embodiment, a
polypeptide comprising an a cytokine and CTP units is administered
to a subject once every 15-30 days.
[0265] In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 50-500
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 50-150
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 100-200
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 150-250
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 200-300
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 250-400
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 300-500
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 350-500
mg/day.
[0266] In one embodiment, the dosage is 20 mg/day. In one
embodiment, the dosage is 30 mg/day. In one embodiment, the dosage
is 40 mg/day. In one embodiment, the dosage is 50 mg/day. In one
embodiment, the dosage is 0.01 mg/day. In another embodiment, the
dosage is 0.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1
mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 0.530 mg/day. In
another embodiment, the dosage is 10 mg/day. In another embodiment,
the dosage is 20-70 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 5
mg/day.
[0267] In another embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 mg/day. In another
embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 mg/2 days. In another embodiment,
the dosage is 1-90 mg/3 days. In another embodiment, the dosage is
1-90 mg/4 days. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 mg/5
days. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 mg/6 days. In
another embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 mg/week. In another
embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 mg/9 days. In another embodiment,
the dosage is 1-90 mg/11 days. In another embodiment, the dosage is
1-90 mg/14 days.
[0268] In another embodiment, the cytokine dosage is 10-50 mg/day.
In another embodiment, the dosage is 10-50 mg/2 days. In another
embodiment, the dosage is 10-50 mg/3 days. In another embodiment,
the dosage is 10-50 mg/4 days. In another embodiment, the dosage is
10-50 micrograms mg/5 days. In another embodiment, the dosage is
10-50 mg/6 days. In another embodiment, the dosage is 10-50
mg/week. In another embodiment, the dosage is 10-50 mg/9 days. In
another embodiment, the dosage is 10-50 mg/11 days. In another
embodiment, the dosage is 10-50 mg/14 days.
[0269] Oral administration, in one embodiment, comprises a unit
dosage form comprising tablets, capsules, lozenges, chewable
tablets, suspensions, emulsions and the like. Such unit dosage
forms comprise a safe and effective amount of the desired cytokine
of the invention, each of which is, in one embodiment, from about
0.7 or 3.5 mg to about 280 mg/70 kg, or, in another embodiment,
about 0.5 or 10 mg to about 210 mg/70 kg. The pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers suitable for the preparation of unit dosage
forms for peroral administration are well-known in the art. In some
embodiments, tablets typically comprise conventional
pharmaceutically-compatible adjuvants as inert diluents, such as
calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and
cellulose; binders such as starch, gelatin and sucrose;
disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and croscarmelose;
lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc. In
one embodiment, glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to
improve flow characteristics of the powder-mixture. In one
embodiment, coloring agents, such as the FD&C dyes, can be
added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, such as
aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, are
useful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules typically comprise
one or more solid diluents disclosed above. In some embodiments,
the selection of carrier components depends on secondary
considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not
critical for the purposes of this invention, and can be readily
made by a person skilled in the art.
[0270] In one embodiment, the oral dosage form comprises predefined
release profile. In one embodiment, the oral dosage form of the
present invention comprises an extended release tablets, capsules,
lozenges or chewable tablets. In one embodiment, the oral dosage
form of the present invention comprises a slow release tablets,
capsules, lozenges or chewable tablets. In one embodiment, the oral
dosage form of the present invention comprises an immediate release
tablets, capsules, lozenges or chewable tablets. In one embodiment,
the oral dosage form is formulated according to the desired release
profile of the pharmaceutical active ingredient as known to one
skilled in the art.
[0271] Peroral compositions, in some embodiments, comprise liquid
solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and the like. In some
embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers suitable for
preparation of such compositions are well known in the art. In some
embodiments, liquid oral compositions comprise from about 0.001% to
about 0.933% of the desired compound or compounds, or in another
embodiment, from about 0.01% to about 10%.
[0272] In some embodiments, compositions for use in the methods of
this invention comprise solutions or emulsions, which in some
embodiments, are aqueous solutions or emulsions comprising a safe
and effective amount of the compounds of the present invention and
optionally, other compounds, intended for topical intranasal
administration. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise from
about 0.001% to about 10.0% w/v of a subject compound, more
preferably from about 00.1% to about 2.0, which is used for
systemic delivery of the compounds by the intranasal route.
[0273] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are
administered by intravenous, intra-arterial, or intramuscular
injection of a liquid preparation. In some embodiments, liquid
formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions,
emulsions, oils and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical
compositions are administered intravenously, and are thus
formulated in a form suitable for intravenous administration. In
another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are
administered intra-arterially, and are thus formulated in a form
suitable for intra-arterial administration. In another embodiment,
the pharmaceutical compositions are administered intramuscularly,
and are thus formulated in a form suitable for intramuscular
administration.
[0274] Further, in another embodiment, the pharmaceutical
compositions are administered topically to body surfaces, and are
thus formulated in a form suitable for topical administration.
Suitable topical formulations include gels, ointments, creams,
lotions, drops and the like. For topical administration, the
compounds of the present invention are combined with an additional
appropriate therapeutic agent or agents, prepared and applied as
solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in a physiologically
acceptable diluent with or without a pharmaceutical carrier.
[0275] In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the
present invention are manufactured by processes well known in the
art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving,
granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating,
entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
[0276] In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions for use in
accordance with the present invention is formulated in conventional
manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers
comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing
of the active ingredients into preparations which can be used
pharmaceutically. In one embodiment, formulation is dependent upon
the route of administration chosen.
[0277] In one embodiment, injectables of the invention are
formulated in aqueous solutions. In one embodiment, injectables of
the invention are formulated in physiologically compatible buffers
such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt
buffer. In some embodiments, for transmucosal administration,
penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in
the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the
art.
[0278] In one embodiment, the preparations described herein are
formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., by bolus injection
or continuous infusion. In some embodiments, formulations for
injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or
in multidose containers with optionally, an added preservative. In
some embodiments, compositions are suspensions, solutions or
emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and contain formulatory
agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing
agents.
[0279] The compositions also comprise, in some embodiments,
preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride and thimerosal and the
like; chelating agents, such as edetate sodium and others; buffers
such as phosphate, citrate and acetate; tonicity agents such as
sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glycerin, mannitol and others;
antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, acetylcystine, sodium
metabisulfote and others; aromatic agents; viscosity adjustors,
such as polymers, including cellulose and derivatives thereof; and
polyvinyl alcohol and acid and bases to adjust the pH of these
aqueous compositions as needed. The compositions also comprise, in
some embodiments, local anesthetics or other actives. The
compositions can be used as sprays, mists, drops, and the like.
[0280] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for
parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active
preparation in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the
active ingredients, in some embodiments, are prepared as
appropriate oily or water-based injection suspensions. Suitable
lipophilic solvents or vehicles include, in some embodiments, fatty
oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters such as
ethyl oleate, triglycerides or liposomes. Aqueous injection
suspensions contain, in some embodiments, substances, which
increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol or dextran. In another
embodiment, the suspension also contains suitable stabilizers or
agents which increase the solubility of the active ingredients to
allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
[0281] In another embodiment, the active compound can be delivered
in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science
249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of
Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.),
Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp.
317-327; see generally ibid).
[0282] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
delivered in a controlled release system is formulated for
intravenous infusion, implantable osmotic pump, transdermal patch,
liposomes, or other modes of administration. In one embodiment, a
pump is used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed.
Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek
et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another embodiment,
polymeric materials can be used. In yet another embodiment, a
controlled release system can be placed in proximity to the
therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction
of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications
of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other
controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer
(Science 249:1527-1533 (1990).
[0283] In some embodiments, the active ingredient is in powder form
for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile,
pyrogen-free water-based solution, before use. Compositions are
formulated, in some embodiments, for atomization and inhalation
administration. In another embodiment, compositions are contained
in a container with attached atomizing means.
[0284] In one embodiment, the preparation of the present invention
is formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or
retention enemas, using, e.g., conventional suppository bases such
as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
[0285] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions suitable
for use in context of the present invention include compositions
wherein the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective
to achieve the intended purpose. In some embodiments, a
therapeutically effective amount means an amount of active
ingredients effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms
of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being
treated.
[0286] In one embodiment, determination of a therapeutically
effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in
the art.
[0287] Some examples of substances which can serve as
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or components thereof are
sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as
corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such
as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl
cellulose; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid
lubricants, such as stearic acid and magnesium stearate; calcium
sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame
oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as
propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene
glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers, such as the Tween.TM. brand
emulsifiers; wetting agents, such sodium lauryl sulfate; coloring
agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents, stabilizers;
antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline;
and phosphate buffer solutions. The choice of a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier to be used in conjunction with the compound is
basically determined by the way the compound is to be administered.
If the subject compound is to be injected, in one embodiment, the
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile, physiological
saline, with a blood-compatible suspending agent, the pH of which
has been adjusted to about 7.4.
[0288] In addition, the compositions further comprise binders (e.g.
acacia, cornstarch, gelatin, carbomer, ethyl cellulose, guar gum,
hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, povidone),
disintegrating agents (e.g. cornstarch, potato starch, alginic
acid, silicon dioxide, croscarmelose sodium, crospovidone, guar
gum, sodium starch glycolate), buffers (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate,
phosphate) of various pH and ionic strength, additives such as
albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents
(e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bile acid salts), protease
inhibitors, surfactants (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate), permeation
enhancers, solubilizing agents (e.g., glycerol, polyethylene
glycerol), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium
metabisulfite, butylated hydroxyanisole), stabilizers (e.g.
hydroxypropyl cellulose, hyroxypropylmethyl cellulose), viscosity
increasing agents (e.g. carbomer, colloidal silicon dioxide, ethyl
cellulose, guar gum), sweeteners (e.g. aspartame, citric acid),
preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens),
lubricants (e.g. stearic acid, magnesium stearate, polyethylene
glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate), flow-aids (e.g. colloidal silicon
dioxide), plasticizers (e.g. diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate),
emulsifiers (e.g. carbomer, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium lauryl
sulfate), polymer coatings (e.g., poloxamers or poloxamines),
coating and film forming agents (e.g. ethyl cellulose, acrylates,
polymethacrylates) and/or adjuvants.
[0289] Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs,
emulsions and suspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water.
For a suspension, typical suspending agents include methyl
cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose (e.g.
Avicel.TM., RC-591), tragacanth and sodium alginate; typical
wetting agents include lecithin and polyethylene oxide sorbitan
(e.g. polysorbate 80). Typical preservatives include methyl paraben
and sodium benzoate. In another embodiment, peroral liquid
compositions also contain one or more components such as
sweeteners, flavoring agents and colorants disclosed above.
[0290] The compositions also include incorporation of the active
material into or onto particulate preparations of polymeric
compounds such as polylactic acid, polglycolic acid, hydrogels,
etc, or onto liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or
multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts. Such
compositions will influence the physical state, solubility,
stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo
clearance.
[0291] Also comprehended by the invention are particulate
compositions coated with polymers (e.g. poloxamers or poloxamines)
and the compound coupled to antibodies directed against
tissue-specific receptors, ligands or antigens or coupled to
ligands of tissue-specific receptors.
[0292] In some embodiments, compounds modified by the covalent
attachment of water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol,
copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol,
carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol,
polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyproline. In another embodiment, the
modified compounds exhibit substantially longer half-lives in blood
following intravenous injection than do the corresponding
unmodified compounds. In one embodiment, modifications also
increase the compound's solubility in aqueous solution, eliminate
aggregation, enhance the physical and chemical stability of the
compound, and greatly reduce the immunogenicity and reactivity of
the compound. In another embodiment, the desired in vivo biological
activity is achieved by the administration of such polymer-compound
abducts less frequently or in lower doses than with the unmodified
compound.
[0293] In some embodiments, preparation of an effective amount or
dose can be estimated initially from in vitro assays. In one
embodiment, a dose can be formulated in animal models and such
information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses
in humans.
[0294] In one embodiment, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the
active ingredients described herein can be determined by standard
pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or
experimental animals. In one embodiment, the data obtained from
these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal studies can be
used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. In one
embodiment, the dosages vary depending upon the dosage form
employed and the route of administration utilized. In one
embodiment, the exact formulation, route of administration and
dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the
patient's condition. [See e.g., Fingl, et al., (1975) "The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch. 1 p. 1].
[0295] In one embodiment, depending on the severity and
responsiveness of the condition to be treated, dosing can be of a
single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment
lasting from several days to several weeks or until cure is
effected or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
[0296] In one embodiment, the amount of a composition to be
administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being
treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of
administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc.
[0297] In one embodiment, compositions including the preparation of
the present invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical
carrier are also prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and
labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
[0298] In another embodiment, a cytokine as described herein is
administered via systemic administration. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is administered by intravenous,
intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. In another embodiment, a
cytokine as described herein is in a lyophilized (i.e.,
freeze-dried) preparation in combination with complex organic
excipients and stabilizers such as nonionic surface active agents
(i.e., surfactants), various sugars, organic polyols and/or human
serum albumin. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprises a lyophilized cytokine as described in sterile water for
injection. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprises a lyophilized cytokine as described in sterile PBS for
injection. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprises a lyophilized cytokine as described in sterile 0.9% NaCl
for injection.
[0299] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprises a cytokine as described herein and complex carriers such
as human serum albumin, polyols, sugars, and anionic surface active
stabilizing agents. See, for example, WO 89/10756 (Hara et
al.--containing polyol and p-hydroxybenzoate). In another
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a cytokine as
described herein and lactobionic acid and an acetate/glycine
buffer. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprises a cytokine as described herein and amino acids, such as
arginine or glutamate that increase the solubility of interferon
compositions in water. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical
composition comprises a lyophilized cytokine as described herein
and glycine or human serum albumin (HSA), a buffer (e g. acetate)
and an isotonic agnet (e g. NaCl). In another embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized cytokine as
described herein and phosphate buffer, glycine and HSA.
[0300] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein is stabilized when placed
in buffered solutions having a pH of between about 4 and 7.2. In
another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a
cytokine as described herein is stabilized with an amino acid as a
stabilizing agent and in some cases a salt (if the amino acid does
not contain a charged side chain).
[0301] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein is a liquid composition
comprising a stabilizing agent at between about 0.3% and 5% by
weight which is an amino acid.
[0302] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein provides dosing accuracy
and product safety. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a cytokine as described herein provides a
biologically active, stable liquid formulation for use in
injectable applications. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical
composition comprises a non-lyophilized cytokine as described
herein.
[0303] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein provides a liquid
formulation permitting storage for a long period of time in a
liquid state facilitating storage and shipping prior to
administration.
[0304] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein comprises solid lipids as
matrix material. In another embodiment, the injectable
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises solid lipids as matrix material. In another
embodiment, the production of lipid microparticles by spray
congealing was described by Speiser (Speiser and al., Pharm. Res. 8
(1991) 47-54) followed by lipid nanopellets for peroral
administration (Speiser EP 0167825 (1990)). In another embodiment,
lipids, which are used are well tolerated by the body (e. g.
glycerides composed of fatty acids which are present in the
emulsions for parenteral nutrition).
[0305] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein is in the form of
liposomes (J. E. Diederichs and al., Pharm./nd. 56 (1994)
267-275).
[0306] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a cytokine as described herein comprises polymeric
microparticles. In another embodiment, the injectable
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises polymeric microparticles. In another embodiment,
the pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises nanoparticles. In another embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises liposomes. In another embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises lipid emulsion. In another embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises microspheres. In another embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises lipid nanoparticles. In another embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition comprising a cytokine as described
herein comprises lipid nanoparticles comprising amphiphilic lipids.
In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a
cytokine as described herein comprises lipid nanoparticles
comprising a drug, a lipid matrix and a surfactant. In another
embodiment, the lipid matrix has a monoglyceride content which is
at least 50% w/w.
[0307] In one embodiment, compositions of the present invention are
presented in a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA approved
kit, which contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the
active ingredient. In one embodiment, the pack, for example,
comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. In one
embodiment, the pack or dispenser device is accompanied by
instructions for administration. In one embodiment, the pack or
dispenser is accommodated by a notice associated with the container
in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the
manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is
reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the
compositions for human or veterinary administration. Such notice,
in one embodiment, is labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration for prescription drugs or of an approved product
insert.
[0308] In one embodiment, it will be appreciated that the cytokines
of the present invention can be provided to the individual with
additional active agents to achieve an improved therapeutic effect
as compared to treatment with each agent by itself. In another
embodiment, measures (e.g., dosing and selection of the
complementary agent) are taken to minimize adverse side effects
which are associated with combination therapies.
[0309] Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the
present invention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in
the art upon examination of the following examples, which are not
intended to be limiting. Additionally, each of the various
embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated
hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below finds
experimental support in the following examples.
EXAMPLES
[0310] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory
procedures utilized in the present invention include molecular,
biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such
techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for
example, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual" Sambrook et al.,
(1989); "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Volumes I-III
Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994); Ausubel et al., "Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989);
Perbal, "A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning", John Wiley &
Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., "Recombinant DNA", Scientific
American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) "Genome Analysis: A
Laboratory Manual Series", Vols. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057;
"Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook", Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E.,
ed. (1994); "Culture of Animal Cells--A Manual of Basic Technique"
by Freshney, Wiley-Liss, N.Y. (1994), Third Edition; "Current
Protocols in Immunology" Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994);
Stites et al. (eds), "Basic and Clinical Immunology" (8th Edition),
Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. (1994); Mishell and Shiigi
(eds), "Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology", W.H. Freeman and
Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays are extensively
described in the patent and scientific literature, see, for
example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578;
3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533;
3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and
5,281,521; "Oligonucleotide Synthesis" Gait, M. J., ed. (1984);
"Nucleic Acid Hybridization" Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds.
(1985); "Transcription and Translation" Hames, B. D., and Higgins
S. J., eds. (1984); "Animal Cell Culture" Freshney, R. I., ed.
(1986); "Immobilized Cells and Enzymes" IRL Press, (1986); "A
Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning" Perbal, B., (1984) and
"Methods in Enzymology" Vol. 1-317, Academic Press; "PCR Protocols:
A Guide To Methods And Applications", Academic Press, San Diego,
Calif. (1990); Marshak et al., "Strategies for Protein Purification
and Characterization--A Laboratory Course Manual" CSHL Press
(1996); all of which are incorporated by reference. Other general
references are provided throughout this document.
Example 1
Generation of EPO Constructs
Materials and Methods:
[0311] Construction of expression vector pCI-dhfr: pCI-neo
mammalian expression vector was purchased from Promega (Catalog No.
E1841). The vector contains a CMV IE enhancer/promoter and neomycin
phosphotransferase gene. The pSV2-dhfr clone was purchased from
ATCC (Catalog No. 37146). The plasmid contains the murine dhfr
gene. The construction of pCI-dhfr vector was performed as
follows:
[0312] The pSV2-dhfr plasmid was digested with restriction enzyme
BglII (3' end of the dhfr gene). DNA polymerase I, Large (Klenow)
Fragment was used to fill in the 5' overhangs to form blunt ends.
The DNA was then digested with restriction enzyme AvrII (5' end of
the dhfr gene). The dhfr gene (AvrII-blunt end) fragment was
isolated.
[0313] The pCI-neo vector was digested with restriction enzyme
BstXI (3' end of the neo gene). DNA polymerase I, Large (Klenow)
Fragment was used to remove the 3' overhangs to form blunt ends.
The DNA was then digested with restriction enzyme AvrII (5' end of
the neo gene). The expression vector (AvrII-blunt end) was
isolated.
[0314] The dhfr gene was ligated into pCI vector to form an
expression vector containing the dhfr gene (pCI-dhfr).
[0315] Construction of hEPO-CTP Variants:
[0316] A cassette gene containing the C-Terminal Peptide (CTP) of
the beta subunit of hCG was fused to the coding sequence of human
EPO (NP_000790.2) at different locations. Six EPO-CTP variants were
constructed as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-F. The proEPO signal peptide
was used for the construction of the secreted EPO-CTP variants.
XbaI-NotI fragments containing EPO sequences were ligated into the
pCI-dhfr expression vector of the present invention.
[0317] Table 2 hereinbelow summarizes the primer sequences used for
constructing the CTP-containing polypeptides of the present
invention.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 2 Restric- tion Pri- site (un- mer SEQ
derlined num- ID in se- ber NO sequence quence) 1 7 5'
AATCTAGAGGTCATCATGGGGGTGC 3' XbaI 2 8 5'
ATTGCGGCCGCGGATCCAGAAGACCTT NotI TATTG 3' 17.sup.R 9 5'
TAAATATTGGGGTGTCCGAGGGCCC 3' SspI 10 10 5'
CCAATATTACCACAAGCCCCACCACGCC SspI TCAT 3' 11.sup.R 11 5'
TGCGGCCGCGGATCCTTATCTGTCCCCT NotI GTCCTGC 3' 15 12 5'
GCCCTGCTGTCGGAAGC 3' 2.sup.R 13 5' ATTGCGGCCGCGGATCCAGAAGACCTTT
NotI ATTG 23.sup.R 14 5' CTTTGAGGAAGAGGAGCCCAGGACTGGG AGGC 3' 24 15
5' CCTGGGCTCCTCTTCCTCAAAGGC 3' 38.sup.R 16 5' GCTTCCGACAGCAGGGC
3'
[0318] EPO-1 701-1-p17-6 (Epo-1-SEQ ID NO: 1):
[0319] The XbaI-NotI 702 bp fragment was constructed by PCR using
the above primers (SEQ ID NOs: 7-16). Then the XbaI-NotI PCR
fragment containing Epo-ctp sequence was ligated into pCI-dhfr
expression vector.
[0320] EPO-2 701-2-p24-2 (Epo-2-SEQ ID NO: 2):
[0321] The XbaI/ApaI fragment (hGH-ctp) of pCI-dhfr-401-2-p21-2
(hGH-ctpx2) was replaced by the XbaI/ApaI fragment (EPO-ctp) of
701-1-p17-6 to create an Epo-ctpx2.
[0322] EPO-4-701-4-p42-1(Epo-4-SEQ ID NO: 4):
[0323] Firstly, a fragment from pCI-dhfr-EPO-ctp (701-1-p17-6) was
constructed by PCR using primers 1 and 17 followed by XbaI/SspI
digestion. This resulted in a fragment containing EPO and partial
5' CTP.
[0324] Secondly, a new fragment was constructed by overlapping PCR,
on pGT123-hEpo as a template, using primer 10 and primer 11.
SspI/NotI digestion resulted in a fragment containing 3' partial
CTP and Epo.
[0325] The two fragments were ligated into pCI-dhfr to construct
the p701-4-p42-1 clone.
[0326] EPO-3-p56-6 (Epo-3 SEQ ID NO 3):
[0327] Primers were purchased from Sigma-Genosys. A PCR reaction
was performed using primer 15 (SEQ ID NO: 12) and primer 2.sup.R
(SEQ ID NO: 13) and plasmid DNA of pCI-dhfr-EPO-ctp .times.2
(701-2-p24-2) as a template. As a result of the PCR amplification,
a 486 bp product was formed and ligated into TA cloning vector
(Invitrogen, catalog K2000-01). Stu I-NotI fragment containing
*Epo-ctp .times.2 sequence was isolated (209 bp).
[0328] Three sequential PCR reactions were performed. The first
reaction was conducted with primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) and primer
23.sup.R (SEQ ID NO: 14) and plasmid DNA of pGT123-epo-ctp as a
template; as a result of the PCR amplification, an 80 bp product
was formed (signal peptide).
[0329] The second reaction was conducted with primer 24 (SEQ ID NO:
15) and primer 11.sup.R (SEQ ID NO: 11) and plasmid DNA of
701-4-p42-1 as a template; as a result of the PCR amplification, a
610 bp product was formed.
[0330] The last reaction was conducted with primers 1 (SEQ ID NO:
7) and 11.sup.R (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a mixture of the products of
the previous two reactions as a template; as a result of the PCR
amplification, a 700 bp product was formed and the XbaI-StuI
fragment was isolated.
[0331] The two fragments (XbaI-StuI and StuI-NotI) were inserted
into the eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr (triple ligation) to
yield the 701-3-p56-6 clone.
[0332] EPO-5-p91-4 (Epo-5 SEQ ID NO 5-(ctp-Epo):
[0333] Primers were ordered from Sigma-Genosys. A PCR reaction was
performed using primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) and primer 11.sup.R (SEQ ID
NO: 11) and plasmid DNA of pCI-dhfr-ctp-EPO-ctp .times.2
(701-3-p56-6) as a template; as a result of the PCR amplification,
a 670 bp product was formed and ligated into TA cloning vector
(Invitrogen, catalog K2000-01). XbaI-NotI fragment containing
ctp-Epo sequence was ligated into our eukaryotic expression vector
pCI-dhfr to yield the 701-5-p91-4 clone.
[0334] EPO-6-p90-1 (Epo-6 SEQ ID NO: 6--(ctp-Epo-ctp):
[0335] Three PCR reactions were performed. The first reaction was
conducted with primer 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) and primer 38.sup.R(SEQ ID
NO: 16) and plasmid DNA of 701-3-p56-6 as a template; as a result
of the PCR amplification, a 400 bp product was formed.
[0336] The second reaction was conducted with primer 15 (SEQ ID NO:
12) and primer 2.sup.R (SEQ ID NO: 13) and plasmid DNA of
701-1-p17-6 as a template; as a result of the PCR amplification, a
390 bp product was formed.
[0337] The last reaction was conducted with primers 1 (SEQ ID NO:
7) and 2.sup.R (SEQ ID NO: 13) and a mixture of the products of the
previous two reactions as a template; as a result of the PCR
amplification, a 787 bp product was formed and ligated into a TA
cloning vector (Invitrogen, catalog K2000-01). The XbaI-NotI
fragment containing ctp-Epo-ctp sequence was ligated into the
eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr to yield the 701-6-p90-1
clone.
Example 2
Expression and Isolation of EPO-CTP Polypeptides
Materials and Methods
[0338] DNA Transfection and Clone Selection:
[0339] DG44 cells were transfected with pCI-DHFR expression vectors
containing EPO-CTP variants using FuGENE6 Reagent (FuGENE
Transfection Reagent--Roche Cat. 11 815 091 001). 48 hr following
transfection, cells were diluted and seeded at 50-200 cells per
well in a selective medium (CD DG44 Medium w/o HT (Gibco: Scotland
part: #07990111A) Sku num.:ME060027 supplemented with 8 mM
L-Glutamine (Biological Industries: Cat: 03-020-1A) and 18 mL/L of
10% Pluronic F-68 solution (Gibco: Cat: 240040-032). Selected
clones were screened for highest protein production using
commercial ELISA. 3-5 producing clones per each variant were frozen
for a backup cell bank. A selected clone for each variant was
adapted to growth in larger scale cultures up to 1 L flasks on an
orbital shaker platform. Supernatants were collected and analyzed
by ELISA, SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. Following the withdrawal of
aliquots, the protein-containing supernatants were kept frozen
until further use.
[0340] Cell Culture:
[0341] DG44 cells were maintained in DG44 medium with HT
(cat#12610-010, Gibco) supplemented with 8 mM L-Glutamine
(Biological Industries: Cat: 03-020-1A) and 18 mL/L of 10% Pluronic
F-68 solution (Gibco: Cat: 240040-032), at 37.degree. C. in a
humidified 8% % CO.sub.2 incubator. Transfected clones were
maintained in DG44 basal medium without HT supplement, hypoxanthine
and thymidine, with pluronic acid and L-glutamine.
[0342] Sample Preparation:
[0343] Supernatants were collected, filtrated and analyzed by ELISA
to determine protein concentration. SDS-PAGE and Western Blot were
used to determine purity and identity. Following ELISA, sample
concentrations were defined and the solution was dialyzed against
PBS. Following the withdrawal of aliquots, the protein-contained
supernatants were kept frozen at -20.degree. C. until further
use.
[0344] Western Blotting:
[0345] Samples were electrophoresed on nondenaturing 15%
SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Gels were allowed to equilibrate for 10
min in 25 mM Tris and 192 mM glycine in 20% (vol/vol) methanol).
Proteins were transferred to a 0.2 .mu.m pore size nitrocellulose
membrane (Sigma, Saint Louis, Mo.) at 250 mA for 3 h, using a Mini
Trans-Blot electrophoresis cell (Biorad Laboratories, Richmond,
Calif.). The nitrocellulose membrane was incubated in 5% non-fat
dry milk for 2 h at room temperature. The membrane was incubated
with EPO anti-serum (1:1000 titer) overnight at 4.degree. C.
followed by three consecutive washes in PBS containing 0.1% Tween
(10 min/wash). The membrane was incubated with secondary antibody
conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) (Zymed, San Francisco,
Calif.) for 2 h at room temperature, followed by three washes.
Finally, the nitrocellulose paper was reacted with enhanced
chemiluminescent substrate (ECL) (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) for 5
min, dried with a Whatman sheet, and exposed to X-ray film.
Results
[0346] Table 3 hereinbelow shows the concentrations of the various
CTP-modified EPO forms obtained from 5 selected clones and their
preparation for further testing.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 3 Post dilution in Mock sup. according to Post
Stock Titer Epo3 titer ultrafiltration #Version # Clone IU/ml.sup.1
IU/ml.sup.2 IU/ml.sup.3 Epo0 17 3093 102 335 SEQ ID NO: 16 Epo1 47
1049 104 291 SEQ ID NO: 1 Epo2 67 2160 110 303 SEQ ID NO: 2 Epo3 85
105 119 392 SEQ ID NO: 3 Epo4 112 6100 ND 342 SEQ ID NO: 4
.sup.1EPO variants stock concentration were determined by ELISA
(Quantikine IVD Epo ELISA, DEP00, R&D Systems) .sup.2Samples
EPO-0, 1, 2 and 4 were diluted to 105 IU/ml in mock sup (Adjusted
to Epo3 titer). Epo0 = wild type EPO expressed in the same system
as the CTP modified EPOs .sup.3All samples were concentrated and
dialyzed by ultrafiltration against PBS to a final concentration of
180 IU/ml.
[0347] All proteins were detected by Western blot as illustrated in
FIG. 2.
Example 3
Biological Activity of the EPO-CTP Polypeptides of the Present
Invention
[0348] The TF-1 bioactivity test represents the ability of the
EPO-CTP variant to bind its receptor and then stimulate activity
which results in cell proliferation. Therefore, this test was used
as a first step in evaluating the biological potency of the EPO-CTP
polypeptides of the present invention.
Materials and Methods
[0349] Cell Proliferation Analysis: Proliferation assay was
performed with the cell line TF-1, measuring levels of MTT cellular
stain as a function of EPO activity (Kitamura et al., Kitamura, T.
et al. (1989) Establishment and characterization of a unique human
cell line that proliferates; Hammerling U. et al. In vitro bioassay
for human erythropoietin based on proliferative stimulation of an
erythroid cell line and analysis of carbohydrate-dependent
microheterogeneity. Journal of Pharm. Biomed. Analysis 14(11):
1455-1469 (1996)). Exponentially growing TF-1 cells were washed
twice, plated at about 10.sup.4 cells/well in microtiter plates,
and incubated in basal medium with a titrated dilution series of
EPO (Recormon.RTM.), EPO standard (NIBSC standard), rhEPO
(MOD-7010), MOD-701 variants (EPO-1, EPO-2, EPO-3 and EPO-4) for 48
hours. 4 hours prior to assaying for cell proliferation, MTT
reagent was added to the wells, and absorbance was measured by
ELISA reader. A calculated protein concentration value for each
variant protein was obtained from Eprex.RTM.'s (Epoetin
(EPO)-man-made form of the human hormone) dose-response standard
curve.
Results
[0350] The in vitro biological activity of EPO polypeptides was
determined with an Epo-dependent cell line, human erythroleukemia
TF-1 (DSMZ Cell Bank) [Dong et al., Biochemical and Biophysical
Research Communications, Volume 339, Issue 1, 6 Jan. 2006, Pages
380-385]. The MTT assay was performed [Hammerling U. et al. In
vitro bioassay for human erythropoietin based on proliferative
stimulation of an erythroid cell line and analysis of
carbohydrate-dependent microheterogeneity. Journal of Pharm.
Biomed. Analysis 14(11): 1455-1469 (1996);], and the laboratory
standard of EPO used to generate the standard curve was calibrated
against the International Standard (Epo ampoule code 87/684 of
NIBSC).
[0351] The results are summarized in Table 4 hereinbelow. The
results indicate that the highest potency was achieved by using EPO
3 and EPO 0 in both 2 and 0.5 IU/ml concentrations.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 4 TF-1 Bioactivity IU/ml Eprex STD EPO 0 EPO 1
EPO 2 EPO 3 EPO 4 IU/ml SEQ ID NO: 16 SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 SEQ
ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO: 4 Recormon .RTM. EPO st 2 4.93 2.32 2.13 6.91
3.55 3.44 7.40 0.5 1.60 0.76 0.53 1.34 0.84 0.87 1.53
[0352] Conclusion
[0353] As summarized in Table 4 hereinabove, different levels of
potency were exerted by EPO-CTP polypeptides, indicating
differences in receptor binding. EPO-CTP polypeptides differ by the
number of CTP cassettes and the location to which they are fused.
EPO-1 and EPO-2 contain 1 CTP sequence or 2 CTP sequences at the
C-terminal of EPO, while EPO-3 contains 1 CTP at N-terminal and 2
CTP sequences at C-terminal. EPO-4 is a dimer of two EPO molecules
linked by CTP sequence. EPO-3 demonstrated potency level quite
similar to WT-EPO, while EPO-1 and EPO-4 were about 50% less potent
than WT-EPO, and EPO-2 potency was even less than 50%.
Example 4
Evaluation of the EPO-CTP Polypeptides of the Present Invention in
a Mouse Model
[0354] The following experiment was performed in order to compare
the bio-activity of the EPO-CTP polypeptides of the present
invention and commercial EPO.
Materials and Methods
Animals:
[0355] Species/Strain: ICR or CD-1 Mice of either sex about 20-25 g
Group Size: n=7 No. Groups: 9 Total No. Animals: n=63
[0356] Experimental design of the study: The experiment was set up
as summarized in Table 5 hereinbelow.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 5 No. Mice (a) TREATMENT Group per (c) Dose
Dosing No. Group (b) Compound Level Regimen 1 n = 7 Vehicle
(Control) 0 1x 2 MOCK weekly 3 MOD-7010 15 .mu.g/kg 4 MOD-7011 5
MOD-7012 6 MOD-7013 7 MOD-7014 8 Commercial 15 .mu.g/kg 9 rhEPO 5
.mu.g/kg 3 x
[0357] Animal Treatment:
[0358] All animals were administered with either control or the
test EPO polypeptides of the present invention by bolus injection.
The injection volume did not exceed 10 ml/kg. The length of the
experiment was 22 days. A morbidity and mortality check was
performed daily.
[0359] Reticulocyte Count and Hematocrit (hct) Examination:
[0360] Reticulocyte count was carried out in all test animals at
day 2 and 14 hrs following the 1st respective vehicle or treatment
injection. HCT was determined in all animals once prior to initial
treatment ("0" Baseline control) and at 24 hrs after the 1st
respective vehicle or treatment injection, and thereafter twice
weekly until study termination (Day22).
Results
[0361] The hematocrit results which are illustrated in FIGS. 3-5
show that EPO 3 has the highest hematocrit percentage change from
baseline compared to EPO 1, EPO 2, Recormon.RTM. 1, Recormon.RTM.
3, rhEPO, and vehicle. The results demonstrating the percentage of
reticulocytes in mice treated with the EPO-CTP polypeptides are
summarized in Table 6 hereinbelow. These results show that EPO-3 is
the most potent stimulator of erythropoiesis.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 6 % reticulocytes Days 2 14 Control 3.72 3.46
1.08 0.8 Mock 3.5 3.64 0.6 1.13 7010 SEQ ID NO: 16 3.5 3.9 0.6 1.54
7011 SEQ ID NO: 1 3.52 1.94 1.38 1.08 7012 SEQ ID NO: 2 3.82 3.0
1.02 0.88 7013 SEQ ID NO: 3 2.66 5.20 0.97 2.96 7014 SEQ ID NO: 4
3.48 3.82 0.71 0.90 Recormon .RTM. 1/W 3.23 3.27 0.73 0.59 Recormon
.RTM. 3/w 4.13 4.24 1.21 1.14
[0362] Conclusion
[0363] The in vivo experiment was designed to measure two
parameters; the first was to measure erythropoiesis parameters such
as percentage of reticulocytes and increase of hemoglobin, RBC and
hematocrit levels. The second was to measure the durability of the
biological activity of each variant by injecting once weekly
doses.
[0364] A superior performance of EPO-3 in its ability to stimulate
erythropoiesis was observed in normal mice.
Example 5
Comparison of the EPO-CTP Polypeptides of the Present Invention to
Aranesp.RTM.
[0365] The following experiment was performed in order to compare
the biological activity of a single bolus dose of some EPO-CTP
polypeptides of the present invention, commercial EPO and
Aranesp.RTM.. Aranesp.RTM. is a commercial long-acting recombinant
erythropoietin in which two site mutations were introduced,
resulting in two additional N-glycosylation sites and an increase
in the number of incorporated sialic acid residues.
Materials and Methods
Animals:
[0366] Species/Strain: Female CD-1 Mice of either sex about 20-25 g
Group Size: n=3
[0367] Experimental design of the study: The experiment was set up
as summarized in Table 7 hereinbelow.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 7 Dose animals/ Solution Dose group/ Conc.
Volume Time-Points * Group # Test Article time-point (.mu.g/mL)
(mL/kg) (hours post-administration) 1 MOD-7010 3 1.5 10 0
(Pre-dose), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 6, SEQ ID NO: 11 24, 48, 96, 168, 216,
264 and 336 hr post-dose administration 2 MOD-7013 3 1.5 10 0.25,
0.5, 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 96, 168, SEQ ID NO: 3 216, 264 and 336 hr
post-dose administration 3 Aranesp .RTM. 3 1.5 10 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2,
6, 24, 48, 96, 168, 216, 264 and 336 hr post-dose
administration
[0368] Animal Treatment:
[0369] All animals were administered with either control or the
test EPO polypeptides of the present invention by bolus injection.
The injection volume did not exceed 10 ml/kg. The length of the
experiment was 14 days. A morbidity and mortality check was
performed daily.
[0370] Reticulocyte Count and Hematocrit (Hct) Examination:
[0371] Reticulocyte count and hematocrit examination were performed
as described above.
[0372] Results
[0373] The results are illustrated in FIGS. 6-9. Following a single
I.V. injection of 15 .mu.g/kg of EPO 3, all three blood parameters
associated with erythropoietin i.e. number of reticulocytes,
hemoglobin level and hematocrit, were improved relative to those
obtained with similar injected dose of rhEPO or Aranesp.RTM..
Example 6
Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of EPO-CTP Polypeptides of the
Present Invention to Aranesp.RTM.
[0374] The following experiment was performed in order to compare
the pharmacokinetics of EPO-CTP polypeptide of the present
invention, commercial EPO and Aranesp.RTM..
Materials and Methods
[0375] Serum samples were analyzed in order to determine specific
concentration levels for each sample. Concentration and time-point
data were processed using WinNonLin noncompartmental analysis.
Parameters determined included: AUC, CL, Ke, t.sub.1/2, C.sub.max,
T.sub.max, and Vdz.
[0376] Serum concentrations were determined using two ELISA kits in
parallel. EPO-3 serum concentration was measured using StemCell
ELISA kit in comparison to EPO-0 and Aranesp.RTM. serum
concentration which were determined using R&D system ELISA
kit.
Results
[0377] The results of the pharmacokinetic analysis are summarized
in Table 8, hereinbelow. These results show that EPO 3 exhibited
favorable pharmacokinetic measures as indicated for example in AUC
measures, t.sub.1/2, and C.sub.max. T.sub.max measures were equal
to EPO-0, EPO-3, and Aranesp.RTM..
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 8 Parameters Units EPO-0 EPO-3 Aranesp .RTM.
AUClast hr * mIU/mL 31739 306072 178661 CL{circumflex over ( )}
mL/hr/kg 1.1152 0.2188 0.1207 Ke 1/hr 0.157 0.0529 0.0639 t.sub.1/2
hr 4.4139 13.1141 10.84 C.sub.max mIU/mL 10766 16466 13266
T.sub.max Hr 0.25 0.25 0.25 Vdz mL/kg 7.1017 4.1394 1.8877
[0378] The results of the serum concentration analysis are
illustrated in FIG. 9. These results show that EPO-3 was still
detectable in the serum after about 190 hours. Both EPO-0 and
Aranesp.RTM. were not detectable in the serum after about 140 hours
and 50 hours, respectively.
Conclusion
[0379] Clearance of EPO-3 (MOD-7013) from the blood of CD-1 mice
was significantly slower than that for rhEPO or Aranesp.RTM.. The
corresponding calculated half-life times were: rhEPO--4.41 h;
Aranesp.RTM.--0.84 h; and MOD-7013--13.11 h.
Example 7
Generation of hGH Constructs
Materials and Methods
[0380] Four hGH clones (variants of 20 kD protein) were
synthesized. Xba I-Not I fragments containing hGH sequences from
the four variants were ligated into the eukaryotic expression
vector pCI-dhfr previously digested with XbaI-NotI. DNA from the 4
clones (401-0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) was prepared. Another partial hGH
clone (1-242 bp) from 22 kD protein was also synthesized (0606114).
Primers were ordered from Sigma-Genosys. The primer sequences used
to generate the hGH-CTP polypeptides of the present invention are
summarized in Table 9, hereinbelow.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 9 Restric- tion Pri- site (un- mer SEQ
derlined num- ID in se- ber NO sequence quence) 25 27 5'
CTCTAGAGGACATGGCCAC 3' XbaI 32.sup.R 28 5' ACAGGGAGGTCTGGGGGTTCTGCA
3' 33 29 5' TGCAGAACCCCCAGACCTCCCTGTGC 3' 4.sup.R 30 5'
CCAAACTCATCAATGTATCTTA 3' 25 31 5' CTCTAGAGGACATGGCCAC 3' XbaI
35.sup.R 32 5' CGAACTCCTGGTAGGTGTCAAAGGC 3' 34 33 5'
GCCTTTGACACCTACCAGGAGTTCG 3' 37.sup.R 34 5'
ACGCGGCCGCATCCAGACCTTCATCAC NotI TGAGGC 3' 39.sup.R 35 5'
GCGGCCGCGGACTCATCAGAAGCCGCA GCTGCCC 3'
[0381] Construction of 402-0-p69-1 (hGH) SEQ ID NO: 36:
[0382] MOD-4020 is the wild type recombinant human growth hormone
(without CTP) which was prepared for use as control in the below
described experiments.
[0383] Three PCR reactions were performed. The first reaction was
conducted with primer 25 and primer 32.sup.R and plasmid DNA of
0606114 (partial clone of hGH 1-242 bp) as a template; as a result
of the PCR amplification, a 245 bp product was formed.
[0384] The second reaction was conducted with primer 33 and primer
4.sup.R and plasmid DNA of 401-0-p57-2 as a template; as a result
of the PCR amplification, a 542 bp product was formed.
[0385] The last reaction was conducted with primers 25 and 4.sup.R
and a mixture of the products of the previous two reactions as a
template; as a result of the PCR amplification, a 705 bp product
was formed and ligated into the TA cloning vector (Invitrogen,
catalog K2000-01). The XbaI-NotI fragment containing hGH-0 sequence
was ligated into the eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr. The
vector was transfected into DG-44 CHO cells. Cells were grown in
protein-free medium.
[0386] Construction of 402-1-p83-5 (hGH-CTP)--SEQ ID NO: 37 and
402-2-p72-3(hGH-CTP.times.2)--SEQ ID NO:
[0387] 38: MOD-4021 is a recombinant human growth hormone which was
fused to 1 copy of the C-terminal peptide of the beta chain of
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (CTP). The CTP cassette of MOD-4021
was attached to the C-terminus (one cassette). MOD-4022 is a
recombinant human growth hormone which was fused to 2 copies of the
C-terminal peptide of the beta chain of human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (CTP). The two CTP cassettes of MOD-4022 were attached
to the C-terminus (two cassettes).
[0388] Construction of hGH-CTP and hGH-CTP-CTP was performed in the
same way as the construction of hGH-0. pCI-dhfr-401-1-p20-1
(hGH*-ctp) and pCI-dhfr-401-2-p21-2 (hGH*-ctp .times.2) were used
as templates in the second PCR reaction.
[0389] MOD-4021 and MOD-4022 were expressed in DG-44 CHO cells.
Cells were grown in protein-free medium. The molecular weight of
MOD-4021 is .about.30.5 Kd since hGH has a MW of 22 Kd while each
"CTP cassette" contributes 8.5 Kd to the overall molecular weight
(see FIG. 10). The molecular weight of MOD-4022 is .about.39 Kd
(see FIG. 10).
[0390] Construction of 402-3-p81-4 (CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP)--SEQ ID NO: 39
and 402-4-p82-9(CTP*hGH-CTP-CTP)--SEQ ID NO: 40:
[0391] MOD-4023 is a recombinant human growth hormone which was
fused to 3 copies of the C-terminal peptide of the beta chain of
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (CTP). The three CTP cassettes of
MOD-4023 were attached to both N-terminus (one cassette) and the
C-terminus (two cassettes). MOD-4024 is a recombinant human growth
hormone which is fused to 1 truncated and 2 complete copies of the
C-terminal peptide of the beta chain of human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (CTP). The truncated CTP cassette of MOD-4024 was
attached to the N-terminus and two CTP cassettes were attached to
the C-terminus (two cassettes).
[0392] Three PCR reactions were performed. The first reaction was
conducted with primer 25 and primer 35.sup.R and plasmid DNA of
p401-3-p12-5 or 401-4-p22-1 as a template; as a result of the PCR
amplification, a 265 or 220 bp product was formed. The second
reaction was conducted with primer 34 and primer 37.sup.R and
plasmid DNA of TA-hGH-2-q65-1 as a template; as a result of the PCR
amplification, a 695 bp product was formed. The last reaction was
conducted with primers 25 and 37.sup.R and a mixture of the
products of the previous two reactions as a template; as a result
of the PCR amplification, a 938 or 891 bp product was formed and
ligated into TA cloning vector (Invitrogen, catalog K2000-01). Xba
I-Not I fragment containing hGH sequence was ligated into our
eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr.
[0393] MOD-4023 and MOD-4024 were expressed in DG-44 CHO cells.
Cells were grown in protein-free medium. The molecular weight of
MOD-4023 is .about.47.5 Kd (see FIG. 10) and the molecular weight
of MOD-4024 is .about.43.25 Kd (see FIG. 10).
[0394] Construction of 402-6-p95a-8 (CTP-hGH-CTP)--SEQ ID NO:
41:
[0395] Construction of hGH-6 was performed in the same way as the
construction of hGH-3. pCI-dhfr-402-1-p83-5 (hGH-ctp) was used as a
template in the second PCR reaction.
[0396] Construction of 402-5-p96-4 (CTP-hGH)--SEQ ID NO: 42:
[0397] PCR reaction was performed using primer 25 and primer
39.sup.R and plasmid DNA of pCI-dhfr-ctp-EPO-ctp (402-6-p95a-8) as
a template; as a result of the PCR amplification, a 763 bp product
was formed and ligated into TA cloning vector (Invitrogen, catalog
K2000-01). Xba I-Not I fragment containing ctp-hGH sequence was
ligated into our eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr to yield the
402-5-p96-4 clone.
Example 8
In Vivo Bioactivity Tests of hGH-CTP Polypeptides of the Present
Invention
[0398] The following experiment was performed in order to test the
potential long acting biological activity of hGH-CTP polypeptides
in comparison with commercial recombinant human GH and
MOD-4020.
Materials and Methods
[0399] Female hypophysectomized rats (60-100 g) received a weekly
S.C. injection of 21.7 .mu.g hGH-CTP polypeptides or a once daily 5
.mu.g S.C. injection of control commercial rhGH.
[0400] Weight was measured in all animals before treatment, 24
hours following first injection and then every other day until the
end of the study on day 21. Each point represents the group's
average weight gain percentage ((Weight day 0-weight last
day)/Weight day 0). Average weight gain was normalized against
once-daily injection of commercial hGH. The treatment schedule is
summarized in Table 10.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 10 Equi- Accumu- Treat- molar late Dose ment
Dose Dosage Vol. No. Drug N Route Schedule (.mu.g/rat) (.mu.g/rat)
(ml) 1 Vehicle 7 s.c. days 1, 7 NA NA 0.25 and 13; 1/W 2 Mock 7
s.c. days 1, 7 NA NA 0.25 and 13; 1/W 3 MOD-4020 7 s.c. days 1, 7
21.7 65 0.25 SEQ ID and 13; NO: 36 1/W 4 MOD-4021 7 s.c. days 1, 7
21.7 65 0.25 SEQ ID and 13; NO: 37 1/W 5 MOD-4022 7 s.c. days 1, 7
21.7 65 0.25 SEQ ID and 13; NO: 38 1/W 6 MOD-4023 7 s.c. days 1, 7
21.7 65 0.25 SEQ ID and 13; NO: 39 1/W 7 MOD-4024 7 s.c. days 1, 7
21.7 65 0.25 SEQ ID and 13; NO: 40 1/W 8 Commercial 7 s.c. days 1,
7 21.7 65 0.25 hGH v.1 and 13; 1/W 9 Commercial 7 s.c. days 1-13; 5
65 0.25 hGH v.1 d/W
Results
[0401] Results are summarized in FIG. 11. These results show that
MOD-4023 (SEQ ID NO: 39) and MOD-4024 (SEQ ID NO: 40) induced over
120% weight gain compared to commercial rhGH which induced 100%
weight gain.
Conclusion
[0402] Three weekly doses (Days of injections; 1, 7, and 13) of
21.7 lag of MOD-4023 (SEQ ID NO: 39) and MOD-4024 (SEQ ID NO: 40)
induced a 30% greater weight increase in hypophysectomised rats
compared to commercial rhGH injected at the same accumulated dose
which was administered once per day at a dose of 5 .mu.g for 13
days.
Example 9
The Superiority hGH-CTP Polypeptides of the Present Invention
[0403] Pharmacokinetic Studies
[0404] Single-dose pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in
Sprague-Dawley rats. All animal experimentation was conducted in
accordance with the Animal Welfare Act, the Guide for the Care and
Use of Laboratory Animals, and under the supervision and approval
of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of Modigene
Biotechnology General Ltd. Rats were housed either individually or
two per cage in rooms with a 12-h light/dark cycle. Access to water
(municipal supply) and noncertified rodent chow was provided ad
libitum.
[0405] To compare the pharmacokinetics of MOD-4023 and GH in rats,
four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (270-290 g), three to six male
rats per group. The rats were randomly assigned to four treatment
groups (see Table 11). Rats were administered a single s.c. or i.v.
injection of GH (50 .mu.g/kg i.v: or s.c.) or MOD-4023 (108
.mu.g/kg i.v. or s.c.). With the exception of the predose sample,
which was collected under isoflurane anesthesia, blood collection
was performed in unanesthetized animals. Blood samples
(approximately 0.25 ml) were collected in EDTA-coated microtainers
for ELISA analyses of MOD-4023 plasma concentration at the times
outlined in Table 11. After each sampling, the blood volume was
replaced with an equal volume of sterile 0.9% saline. Samples were
stored on wet ice for up to 1 h prior to centrifugation and plasma
harvest. Plasma samples were stored at approximately -20.degree. C.
prior to analysis.
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 11 Experimental design of rat pharmacokinetic
study No. of Concentration animals/ Dose Injected (.mu.g/ml)/ Trt.
Test group/ Dose Level Vol. Total vol. Time-Points * Grp. Article
timepoint Route Gender (.mu.g/kg) (.mu.l) (ml) (hours post-dose) 1
Biotropin .RTM. 6# s.c. Male 50 500 .sup. 20/5 0 (Pre-dose) 0.5, 2,
4, 8, 24, 48 2 MOD-4023 6# s.c. Male 108 500 43.2/5 0.5, 2, 4, 8,
24, 48, 72, 96 3 Biotropin .RTM. 6# i.v. Male 50 300 .sup. 20/3 0,
0.12, 2, 4, 8, 24 4 MOD-4023 6# i.v. Male 108 300 43.2/3 0.12, 2,
4, 8, 24, 48, 72 Volume of blood sample/time point - 500 .mu.l
Terminal blood samples #3 rats per time point.
[0406] A commercial sandwich ELISA kit specific for detection of
human growth hormone (Roche Diagnostics) was used for evaluation of
the rat plasma samples. This kit detects human growth hormone in
plasma by means of an antibody sandwich ELISA format. This kit was
initially used to measure the concentration of MOD-4023 in rat
plasma. For these plasma samples, a MOD-4023 standard curve
(1.2-100 ng/ml) was used, and the concentrations of MOD-4023 in rat
plasma were interpolated from this curve.
[0407] Standard pharmacokinetic parameters, including clearance (CL
or CL/F), volume of distribution (Vd or Vd/F), half-life
(t.sub.1/2), area under the plasma concentration versus time curve
(AUC), maximal observed plasma concentration (C.sub.max) and time
to maximal observed plasma concentration (T.sub.max), were obtained
from plasma albutropin or GH concentration/time curves by
noncompartmental analysis using the modeling program WinNonlin
(Pharsight, version 3.1). Plasma MOD-4023 or GH concentration data
were uniformly weighted for this analysis. The AUC was calculated
using the log-linear trapezoidal analysis for the i.v. data and the
linear-up/log-down trapezoidal method for the s.c. data. Plasma
concentration profiles for each rat (with the exception of the s.c.
albutropin data) or monkey were analyzed individually, and
mean.+-.standard error of the mean (S.E.M.) values for the
pharmacokinetic parameters are reported in Table 13, and FIG.
17.
[0408] Single Dose/Repeated Dose Weight Gain Assay (WGA)
[0409] Hypophysectomized (interaural method) male rats, 3-4 weeks
of age, were obtained from CRL Laboratories. During a post-surgical
acclimation period of 3 weeks, rats were examined and weighed twice
weekly to eliminate animals deemed to have incomplete
hypophysectomy evidenced by weight gain similar to that of
sham-operated rats. Those rats with incomplete hypophysectomized
were eliminated from the study. The average body weights of the
hypophysectomized were 70-90, at the time of the experiment. This
is the standard USP and EP bioassay for hGH. Hypophysectomized rats
(rats from which the pituitary gland was removed) lose their
ability to gain weight. Injections of hGH (and of MOD-4023) to
these rats result in weight gain. Based on the measured weight gain
along a defined period of time and the amount of hGH injected, the
specific activity of hGH (and MOD-4023) is determined. Rats were
administered either a single s.c. dose of 0.4, 0.8 and 4 mg/Kg or
repeated s.c. doses of 0.6 and 1.8 mg/Kg 4 days apart for 3 weeks.
Individual body weights of all animals are determined at
randomization, prior to the first dosing, thereafter every two days
or in case of decedents at the time of death, and prior to
sacrifice.
[0410] Pharmacodynamics/Pharmacokinetics Studies
[0411] Hypophysectomized (interaural method) male rats, 3-4 weeks
of age, were obtained from CRL Laboratories. During a post-surgical
acclimation period of 3 weeks, rats were examined and weighed twice
weekly to eliminate animals deemed to have incomplete
hypophysectomy evidenced by weight gain similar to that of
sham-operated rats. Those rats with incomplete hypophysectomized
were eliminated from the study. The average body weights of the
hypophysectomized and sham rats were 70 and 150 g, respectively, at
the time of the experiment.
[0412] Rats were administered a single s.c. with MOD-4023, vehicle,
human growth hormone MOD-4023 or human growth hormone (20
.mu.g/rat) in an injection volume of 0.2 ml/rat. The dose of GH was
0.35 and 1.05 .mu.g/Kg, a dose of growth hormone that was equimolar
with the amount of GH in a corresponding 0.6 and 1.8 .mu.g/Kg dose
of MOD-4023. The treatment groups are summarized in Table 12.
Following injection, plasma samples for IGF-1 analyses were
obtained at the times described in Table 12. Samples were analyzed
for IGF-1 concentration using a commercial ELISA (R&D
systems).
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 12 Treatment schedule for hypophysectomized
rat study No. of animals/ Eq. Eq. MOD-4023 Dose Trt. Test group/
Dose Dose Dosage Conc. Vol. Time-Points * Grp. Article timepoint
Route (mg/rat) (mg/Kg) mg/ml (ml) (hours post-dose) M7 Biotropin
.RTM. 9 s.c. 0.032 0.35 0.16 0.2 0 (Pre-dose) 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48,
72, 96 M8 Biotropin .RTM. 9 s.c. 0.095 1.05 0.475 0.2 0 (Pre-dose)
0.5, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 M9 EN648-01- 12 s.c. 0.032 0.35 0.275
0.2 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 08-005 (0.055) (0.6) M10 EN648-01-
12 s.c. 0.095 1.05 0.825 0.2 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 08-005
(0.165) (1.8) Volume of blood sample/time point - 500 .mu.l
Terminal blood samples
[0413] Carbohydrate Content and Sialic Acid Content
[0414] Analysis of O-glycans is based on a Prozyme kit. O-glycans
are chemically and enzymatically cleaved from the protein and
separated from peptides using paper chromatography. Sequencing of
the O-glycan pool is performed by sequential enzymatic digestions
(exo-glycosidases) followed by HPLC analysis compared to
standards.
[0415] Glycoprofiling with Sequence Analysis
[0416] Glycoprofiling was performed by Ludger Ltd. Two samples
(EN648 and RS0708) were taken through triplicate releases and each
release was also analyzed by HPLC in triplicate. Triplicate 300
.mu.g samples of EN648 and RS0708 and a single 100 .mu.l sample of
citrate/sodium chloride buffer, plus a positive control fetuin (250
.mu.g) and a 100 .mu.l water negative control, were ultra-filtrated
by centrifugation using a molecular weight cut off membrane of
10,000 Da to replace the buffer with water, then taken through
hydrazinolysis under O-mode conditions (6 h at 60.degree. C.).
Released glycans were re-N-acetylated and cleaned up by LudgerClean
CEX cartridges. An aliquot of the released glycans was then labeled
with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), cleaned up with Ludger Clean S
cartridges and analyzed by LudgerSep-N2 HILIC-HPLC.
[0417] Monosaccharide Content
[0418] Analysis of neutral monosaccharides requires hydrolysis of
glycans to their constituent monosaccharide components. The
hydrolysis was performed by Ludger Ltd, on intact glycoprotein
samples. Specifically, 50 .mu.g of intact glycoprotein was acid
hydrolyzed, 2-AB (2-aminobenzamide) labeled and run on a reverse
phase HPLC column. This method hydrolyzes all glycans present on
the glycoprotein inclusive of N and O linked types.
[0419] Sialic Acid Profiling
[0420] Two samples (EN648 and RS0708) and a buffer control were
analyzed. Sialic acid analysis requires mild acid release of the
monosaccharides followed by DMB fluorophore labeling and HPLC
analysis on a LudgerSep-R1 column. 50 .mu.g of intact glycoprotein
was acid hydrolyzed for each analysis.
Results and Conclusions
[0421] MOD-4023 (CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP) is a single chain protein of 275
amino acids and up to twelve O-linked carbohydrates. The structure
consists of modified human Growth Hormone (Somatropin) attached to
three copies of the C-terminal peptide (CTP) of the beta chain of
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG); one copy at the N-terminus and
two copies (in tandem) at the C terminus. Human Growth Hormone is
comprised of 191 amino acids. CTP is comprised of 28 amino acids
and four O-linked sugar chains.
[0422] Pharmacokinetics of MOD-4023 in SD Rats
[0423] The pharmacokinetics of MOD-4023 was evaluated and compared
to that of commercial hGH (Biotropin.RTM.).
[0424] Data Statistical Analysis
[0425] Analysis of serum samples was performed in order to
determine specific concentration levels for each sample.
Concentration and time-point data were processed using WinNonLin
noncompartmental analysis.
[0426] Parameters that were determined included: AUC, MRT,
t.sub.1/2, C.sub.max, and T.sub.max. FIG. 17 demonstrates the
superior pharmacokinetic profile of MOD-4023 plasma concentration
compared to GH concentrations (pg/ml) following a single i.v. or
s.c. dose of MOD-4023 or GH in rats (n=3-6 per dose/route).
[0427] Following a single s.c. injection of 50 .mu.g/kg, clearance
of MOD-4023 from SD rat's blood was significantly slower than that
of MOD-4026 and of Biotropin.RTM.. The corresponding calculated
half-life times and AUCs were:
TABLE-US-00023 Biotropin .RTM. T.sub.1/2 1.7 h, AUC 41 hr * ng/mL
MOD-4026 T.sub.1/2 8.5 h, AUC 424 hr * ng/mL MOD-4023 T.sub.1/2 9.0
h, AUC 680 hr * ng/mL
Conclusion:
[0428] MOD-4023 was chosen as the final candidate out of 6 other
variants. MOD-4023 demonstrated superior performance in terms of
biological activity and pharmacokinetics.
[0429] Single Dose and Repeated Dose Weight Gain Assay
[0430] The results comparing whole body growth response following
different dosing patterns of MOD-4023 in hypophysectomized rats are
demonstrated in FIG. 18. The results demonstrate that a single
injection of 0.4 & 0.8 mg/Kg/day doses of hGH-CTP were
equivalent to 4 daily injections of 0.1 mg/Kg/day of
Biotropin.RTM.. The peak of the hGH-CTP effect was after 2
days.
[0431] FIG. 19 further demonstrates that the area under the curve
following a single injection of MOD-4023 correlates with body
weight gain in rats. Thus, the collective data demonstrates that
body weight gain is closely correlated with cumulative AUC.
[0432] hGH-CTP construct administered 4 days apart promotes the
same weight gain as daily injections of Biotropin.RTM. as
demonstrated in FIG. 20. Half-life of hGH in humans is expected to
be 5.times. better than in rats, indicating a potential peak effect
in humans after 10 days for one single injection. These results
support administration of hGH-CTP construct, MOD-4023, once weekly
or bi-weekly in humans.
[0433] Glyco Analysis of MOD-4023
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 14 Glycan analysis. Structural assignments and
percentage areas of peaks are based upon HPLC and enzyme array
digests. Percent from total glycans.sup.e Peak ABS ID.sup.a
GU.sup.b Structure.sup.c name Und.sup.d NAN1 ABS BTG 1.sup.f 0.92
##STR00001## + bgd GaINAc 0.4 0.4 .sup. 0.6 53.0 .sup. 2.sup.f 1.02
##STR00002## + bgd galactose 1.9 9.7 .sup. 23.8 26.5 .sup. * 1.72
4.3 4.6 .sup. 2.3 3 1.79 ##STR00003## Gal.beta.1-3GalNAc 2.3 67.7
.sup. 69.4 17.1 .sup.h 4.sup.g 2.25 ##STR00004##
NeuNAc.alpha.2-3Gal 19.8 13.0 .sup.h * 2.57 1.5 1.9 .sup. 1.1 1.1
.sup. 5 2.90 ##STR00005## NeuNAc.alpha.2-3Gal.beta.1-3 GalNAc 70.6
* 3.58 0.6 0.7 .sup. 0.6 6 3.22 ##STR00006##
Gal.beta.1-3[NeuNAc.alpha.2-6] GalNAc 0.9 2.3 .sup. 7 4.42
##STR00007## NeuNAc.alpha.2-3Gal.beta.1-3 [NeuNAc.alpha.2-6]GalNAc
1.8
[0434] The monosaccharide profiles indicate that the MOD-4023
glycoprotein samples contain predominantly O-link type glycans. The
major O-glycan peak is sialylated core 1
(Neu5Ac.alpha.2-3Gal.beta.1-3GalNAc). The major sialic acid is
Neu5Ac and there are some minor peaks suggesting the presence of
3-4% of di-acetylated sialic acid N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic
acid (Neu5, 9Ac2) and less than 1% N-glycolylneuraminic acid. There
are also small amounts of Neu5Ac.alpha.2-6(Gal.beta.1-3)GalNAc.
[0435] Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of MOD-4023 in
Hypophysectomized Rats
[0436] Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on
the mean serum concentration versus time curves for each group.
MOD-4023 C.sub.max was significantly higher than Biotropin.RTM.
C.sub.max. The terminal half-life of MOD-4023 was 6 times higher
than Biotropin.RTM..
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 15 Pharmacokinetic Parameter Estimates of
MOD-4023 and Biotropin Following a Single Subcutaneous Injection in
hypophysectomized Rats Dose C.sub.max T.sub.max AUC.sub.0-.infin.
AUC.sub.0-t CL/F T.sub.1/2 Group mg/kg Gender ng/mL hr ng-hr/mL
ng-hr/mL mL/hr/kg hr MOD- 1.8 M 2,150 8 37,713 37,695 0.928 6.86
4023 0.6 M 681 8 11,505 11,489 3.042 6.8 hGH 1.05 M 1,078 0.5 3,541
3,540 9.884 1 0.35 M 439 0.5 1,279 1,279 27.36 1
[0437] The AUC.sub.0-t and the AUC.sub.0-.infin. were very similar
suggesting the duration of sampling was adequate to characterize
the pharmacokinetic profiles. AUC of MOD-4023 was 10 times higher
than of Biotropin.RTM.. Moreover, C.sub.max was generally
proportional to dose and for MOD-4023, and twice as high as the
C.sub.max of Biotropin.RTM.. However, as shown in FIG. 21,
T.sub.max of MOD-4023 was 8 hr as compare to 0.5 hr of
Biotropin.RTM. and the terminal half-lives did not appear to vary
with dose level. T.sub.1/2 of MOD-4023 was 6.8 times longer than of
Biotropin.RTM..
[0438] Indirect effects of GH are mediated primarily by an
insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a hormone that is secreted
from the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone. A
majority of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone is
actually due to IGF-I acting on its target cells. Accordingly, the
effect of the CTP-hGH construct, MOD-4023, on IGF-1 serum levels in
hypophysectomized rats was measured. FIG. 22 presents results of
IGF-1 serum levels in hypophysectomized rats following s.c.
injection of MOD-4023 and commercial hGH.
[0439] A single dose of MOD-4023 0.6 or 1.8 mg/Kg, or
Biotropin.RTM. 0.35 or 1.05 mg/Kg was injected subcutaneously to
hypophysectomised rats for the determination of the PK/PD profile.
Serum IGF-I post-injection was measured using specific ELISA kits
(Roche Diagnostics).
[0440] The cumulative serum levels of IGF-I following injection of
MOD-4023 was significantly higher than following injection of
Biotropin.RTM.. The C.sub.max was generally proportional to the
dose, and for MOD-4023, it was 3-4 times higher than the C.sub.max
of Biotropin.RTM.. The T.sub.max of MOD-4023 was 36-48 hr as
compared to 20-24 hr of Biotropin.RTM.. In conclusion, higher hGH
levels and longer presence in serum result in a significant
increase in IGF-1 levels.
[0441] Pharmacokinetic/Toxicokinetic Analysis in Rhesus Monkeys
[0442] Serum concentrations versus time curves were generated for
each animal. Non-compartmental analysis was performed with
WinNonlin professional version 5.2.1 (Pharsight Corporation, Mt
View Calif.). The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in
the table 16 below:
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 16 Estimates of MOD-4023 Pharmacokinetic
Parameters (Mean .+-. SD) from Non-compartmental Analysis Following
A Single Subcutaneous Injection in Rhesus Monkeys Parameter 1.8
mg/kg 90 mg/kg C.sub.max (.mu.g/mL) 2.073 .+-. 0.417 108.7 .+-.
46.0 T.sub.max (hr) 4 .+-. 0 11 .+-. 7 AUC.sub.0-t (.mu.g-hr/mL)
38.7 .+-. 7.4 2,444 .+-. 394 AUC.sub.0-.infin. (.mu.g-hr/mL) 39.0
.+-. 7.3 2,472 .+-. 388 CL/F (mL/hr/kg) 47.5 .+-. 9.0 37.04 .+-.
4.78 T.sub.1/2 (hr) 10.00 .+-. 1.47 9.85 .+-. 1.07 Vz/F (mL/kg) 701
.+-. 236 529 .+-. 104
[0443] The AUC.sub.0-t and the AUC.sub.0-.infin. were very similar
suggesting the duration of sampling was adequate to characterize
the pharmacokinetic profiles. The C.sub.max was proportional to
dose. The T.sub.max was later at the higher dose. The T.sub.max was
at 4 hours for all animals in the low dose group and was at 8 or 24
hours in the high dose group. The terminal half-lives were similar
for the two dose groups.
[0444] The AUC was approximately proportional to dose with a
slightly larger than proportional AUC at the higher dose producing
a slightly lower estimate for CL/F and Vz./F compared to the lower
dose. It is not possible to say if CL and Vz are lower at the
higher dose or if F is lower at the lower dose. There was overlap
between the groups so it is questionable that this represents a
meaningful difference in CL/F and Vz/F.
[0445] Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by the model were very
similar to those from non-compartment analysis. Absorption and
elimination half-lives are shown in Table 17 below:
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 17 Estimates of MOD-4023 Absorption and
Elimination Half-lives (Mean .+-. SD) Following Subcutaneous
Injection Derived From Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Rhesus Monkeys
Dose T.sub.1/2 abs (hr) T.sub.1/2 el (hr) 1.8 mg/kg 1.17 .+-. 0.40
10.41 .+-. 2.36 90 mg/kg 6.49 .+-. 1.87 7.26 .+-. 1.85
[0446] The data indicate that the elimination rates are fairly
similar between the groups with a slightly longer T.sub.1/2 el in
the lower dose group. The absorption, however, is more than 5-fold
slower following subcutaneous administration of 90 mg/kg compared
to that following 1.8 mg/kg. As in the case of the
non-compartmental analysis, modeling indicated a later T.sub.max at
the high dose.
[0447] Although GH supplementation is effective in the treatment of
GH deficiency in children and adults, the disadvantages of daily
injections over extended periods of time limit its use by
physicians in certain patient populations as well as increase the
risk of dosing error, the number of care givers, the cost of
treatment and noncompliance. Especially important in certain
populations, such as children of short stature who may not
understand the implications of not following the prescribed GH
dosing regimen, is the necessity of compliance to achieve the
optimal benefit from GH therapy. The issue of finding a more
suitable alternative to daily GH injections and subsequent
compliance gains further importance as GH-deficient children
transition into adults with a continuing need for GH treatment. The
requirement of daily therapy is largely due to recombinant GH's
short plasma half-life and has led to the development of a
sustained release form of GH (Reiter E O. Attire K M., Mashing T J.
Silverman B L. Kemp S F. Neolith R B. Ford K M. and Sanger P. A
multimember study of the efficacy and safety of sustained release
GH in the treatment of naive pediatric patients with GH deficiency.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2001), pp. 4700-4706.).
[0448] MOD-4023, a recombinant human growth hormone-CTP fusion
protein, as described herein, has a pharmacokinetic profile in the
rat that is longer in duration than that of GH. This unique
pharmacokinetic profile allows for intermittent administration of
MOD-4023 to achieve pharmacodynamic effects in growth
hormone-deficient rat as evidenced by growth and elevations in
plasma IGF-1 levels, respectively.
[0449] MOD-4023 offers a superior pharmacokinetic profile compared
with that of GH when administered s.c. in the rat. There are
substantial differences in plasma clearance of MOD-4023 compared to
GH. Specifically, plasma is cleared of MOD-4023 at more than 6
times slower rate than of GH following s.c. dosing. The terminal
half-life and mean residence time of MOD-4023 were approximately
six times longer than that of GH in rats following s.c.
administration. In addition, the Cl/F following s.c. dosing is 10
times lower for MOD-4023 than for GH.
[0450] In an effort to examine whether the pharmacokinetic
advantages in the rat translated to a pharmacodynamic benefit, the
possibility that MOD-4023 might stimulate growth in GH-deficient
hypophysectomized rats with dosing regimens less frequent than
daily was tested at equimolar MOD-4023 and GH dose levels. Single
s.c. injection of MOD-4023 promoted incremental weight gain which
was equal to 4 daily consecutive injections of GH. In addition, the
every fourth day administration schedule for MOD-4023 shows
enhanced body weight gain over GH.
[0451] Pharmacodynamically, the long circulation time of MOD-4023
relative to GH in the hypophysectomized rats resulted in a
prolonged IGF-1 response measured in blood plasma following a
single s.c. injection. Subcutaneous administration of a single dose
of MOD-4023 increased circulating IGF-1 concentrations in a
dose-dependent manner in the hypophysectomized rats. At the highest
albutropin dose, IGF-1 concentrations were elevated above baseline
for as long as 75 hours after a single administration. Thus, the
enhanced circulation time of a single dose of MOD-4023 resulted in
substantial pharmacodynamic improvement over a single dose of GH,
raising the possibility that MOD-4023 could offer similar growth
enhancement with reduced dosing frequency compared with standard GH
treatment regimens.
[0452] Single CTP-modified hGH doses of 90 mg/kg in rhesus and 180
mg/kg in rats were well tolerated in both species. The allometric
factor between rats and primates is approximately X2 which is based
on the anticipated clearance of proteins in these animals. In line
with industry-accepted extrapolation models for therapeutic
proteins half-life increase between species (FDA Guidance). 90
mg/kg in primates has a PK profile slightly better than 180 mg/kg
of CTPs modified hGH in rat. Thus, allometric extrapolation to
humans supports weekly or once/2 week injections.
[0453] The present concept utilizing a CTP-GH construct, reduced
dosing frequency compared to the commercial GH recombinant product.
Nutropin Depot.RTM. is a sustained release formulation of GH
approved for use in pediatric populations; however, comparisons to
historical controls have revealed that 1- and 2-year growth rates
are significantly (p<0.001) lower in children given Nutropin
Depot.RTM. (1-year growth rate 8.2.+-.1.8 cm/year) than in children
treated with GH (one-year growth rate 10.1.+-.2.8 cm/year)
(Silverman B L. Blethen S L. Reiter E O. Attie K M. Neuwirth R B.
and Ford K M. A long-acting human growth hormone (Nutropin
Depot.RTM.): efficacy and safety following two years of treatment
in children with growth hormone deficiency. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol.
Metab. 15 (2002), pp. 715-722.). The local effects of
subcutaneously administered Nutropin Depot.RTM. include nodules,
erythema, pain at the injection site, headache and vomiting.
Preclinical toxicology studies in both rat and monkey have shown
that s.c. administration of CTP-hGH-CTP-CTP produces no local
reactions compared to vehicle. Given the medical need for a less
frequently administered form of GH, the pharmacologic properties of
MOD-4023 in this study in rats suggest that this product is
favorable also in terms of toxicology and patient compliance. The
sustained activity of MOD-4023 in the rat support its potential
utility as an agent that requires only intermittent administration
to attain a therapeutic benefit that is currently achieved with
daily dosing.
Example 10
Construction of hIFN Beta-CTP Variants
[0454] Construction of hIFN.beta.-CTP Variants:
[0455] A cassette gene containing the C-Terminal peptide (CTP) of
the beta subunit of hCG was fused to the coding sequence of human
IFN beta 1a (SEQ ID NO: 49) at different locations. Seven
IFN.beta.-CTP variants were constructed as illustrated in FIGS.
14A-14N. The proIFN.beta. signal peptide was used for the
construction of the secreted IFN.beta.-CTP variants. XbaI-NotI
fragments containing IFN.beta. sequences were ligated into the
pCI-dhfr expression vector of the present invention.
[0456] Table 18 hereinbelow summarizes the primer sequences used
for constructing the CTP-containing polypeptides of the present
invention.
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 18 Restric- tion Pri- site (un- mer SEQ
derlined num- ID in se- ber NO Sequence quence) 40 20 5'
GAATTCTAGAGGACATGACCAAC 3' XbaI 41.sup.R 21 5'
GCGGCCGCGGACTCATCAGTTCCTCA NotI GGTAGCCG 3'
[0457] IFN.beta.-1 901-1-p107-2 (IFN.beta.-1--SEQ ID NO: 53): The
IFN.beta.-ctp clone was synthesized by GeneArt (Geneart No.
0609229).
[0458] Then the XbaI-NotI fragment containing IFN.beta.-ctp
sequence was ligated into pCI-dhfr expression vector. The amino
acid sequence of this clone is presented in SEQ ID NO: 52.
[0459] IFN.beta.-2 901-2-p113-3 (IFN.beta.-2--SEQ ID NO: 55): The
XbaI/ApaI fragment (IFN-ctp) of pCI-dhfr-701-2-p24-2 (IFN-ctpx2)
was replaced by the XbaI/ApaI fragment (IFN.beta.ctp) of
901-1-p107-2 to create a IFN.beta.ctpx2 clone. The amino acid
sequence of this clone is presented in SEQ ID NO: 54.
[0460] IFN.beta.-4 901-4-p108-16 (IFN.beta.-4--SEQ ID NO: 59): The
ctp-IFN.beta.-ctp-IFN.beta. clone was synthesized by GeneArt
(Geneart No. 0609227).
[0461] Then the XbaI-NotI fragment containing sequence
ctp-IFN.beta.-ctp-IFN.beta. was ligated into pCI-dhfr expression
vector. The amino acid sequence of this clone is presented in SEQ
ID NO: 11.
[0462] IFN.beta.-6 901-6-p109-3 (IFN.beta.-6 SEQ ID NO:16): The
ctp-IFN.beta.-ctp clone was synthesized by GeneArt (Geneart No.
0609228).
[0463] Then the XbaI-NotI fragment containing sequence
ctp-IFN.beta.-ctp was ligated into pCI-dhfr expression vector. The
amino acid sequence of this clone is presented in SEQ ID NO:
62.
[0464] IFN.beta.-5-p103-10 (IFN.beta.-5 SEQ ID NO:
14--(ctp-IFN.beta.): Primers were ordered from Sigma-Genosys. A PCR
reaction was performed using primer 40 (SEQ ID NO: 65) and primer
41 R (SEQ ID NO:21) and plasmid DNA of the synthesized
ctp-IFN.beta.-ctp (Geneart No. 0609228) as a template; as a result
of the PCR amplification, a 677 bp product was formed. The PCR
fragment was digested with XbaI-NotI, and the fragment containing
ctp-IFN.beta. sequence was ligated into our eukaryotic expression
vector pCI-dhfr to yield the 901-5-p103-10 clone. The amino acid
sequence of this clone is presented in SEQ ID NO: 60.
[0465] IFN.beta.-3-3 901-3-p114-5 (IFN.beta.-3 SEQ ID NO: 57
(ctp-IFN-CTP(.times.2)): The XbaI/ApaI fragment (IFN-ctp) of
pCI-dhfr-701-2-p24-2 (IFN-ctpx2) was replaced by the XbaI/ApaI
fragment (ctp-IFN.beta.-ctp) of 901-6-p109-3 to create a
ctp-IFN.beta.ctpx2 clone. The amino acid sequence of this clone is
presented in SEQ ID NO: 56.
[0466] IFN.beta.-901-0-p102-1 (IFN.beta.-0 SEQ ID NO:
2--(IFN.beta.): Primers were ordered from Sigma-Genosys. A PCR
reaction was performed using primer 40 (SEQ ID NO:20) and primer
41R (SEQ ID NO:21) and plasmid DNA of the synthesized IFN.beta.-ctp
(Geneart No. 0609229) as a template; as a result of the PCR
amplification, a 599 bp product was formed. The PCR fragment was
digested with XbaI-NotI, and the fragment containing IFN.beta.
sequence was ligated into our eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr
to yield the 901-0-p102-1 clone. The amino acid sequence of this
clone is presented in SEQ ID NO: 1.
Example 11
Expression and Isolation of IFN-CTP Polypeptides
Materials and Methods
[0467] DNA Transfection and Clone Selection:
[0468] DG44 cells were transfected with pCI-DHFR expression vectors
containing IFN.beta.-CTP variants using FuGENE6 Reagent (FuGENE
Transfection Reagent--Roche Cat. 11 815 091 001). Forty-eight hours
following transfection, cells were diluted and seeded at 50-200
cells per well in a selective medium (CD DG44 Medium w/o HT (Gibco:
Scotland part: #07990111A) Sku num.:ME060027 supplemented with 8 mM
L-Glutamine Biological Industries: Cat: 03-020-1A) and 18 mL/L of
10% Pluronic F-68 solution (Gibco: Cat: 240040-032). Selected
clones were screened for highest protein production using
commercial ELISA. Three to five producing clones per each variant
were frozen for a backup cell bank. A selected clone for each
variant was adapted to growth in larger scale cultures up to 1 L
flasks on an orbital shaker platform. Supernatants were collected
and analyzed by ELISA, SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. Following the
withdrawal of aliquots, the protein-containing supernatants were
kept frozen until further use.
[0469] Cell Culture:
[0470] DG44 cells were maintained in DG44 medium with HT
(cat#12610-010, Gibco) supplemented with 8 mM L-Glutamine
(Biological Industries: Cat: 03-020-1A) and 18 mL/L of 10% Pluronic
F-68 solution (Gibco: Cat: 240040-032), at 37.degree. C. in
humidified 8% CO.sub.2 incubator. Transfected clones were
maintained in DG44 basal medium without HT supplement, hypoxanthine
and thymidine, with pluronic acid and L-glutamine.
[0471] Sample Preparation:
[0472] Supernatants were collected, filtrated and analyzed by ELISA
to determine protein concentration. SDS-PAGE and Western Blot were
used to determine purity and identity. Following ELISA, sample
concentrations were defined and the solution was dialyzed against
PBS. Following the withdrawal of aliquots, the protein-contained
supernatants were kept frozen at -20.degree. C. until further
use.
[0473] Western Blotting:
[0474] Samples were electrophoresed on nondenaturing 15%
SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Gels were allowed to equilibrate for 10
min in 25 mM Tris and 192 mM glycine in 20% (vol/vol) methanol).
Proteins were transferred to a 0.2 .mu.m pore size nitrocellulose
membrane (Sigma, Saint Louis, Mo.) at 250 mA for 3 h, using a Mini
Trans-Blot electrophoresis cell (Biorad Laboratories, Richmond,
Calif.). The nitrocellulose membrane was incubated in 5% non-fat
dry milk for 2 h at room temperature. The membrane was incubated
with IFN anti-serum (1:1000 titer) overnight at 4. .degree. C.
followed by three consecutive washes in PBS containing 0.1% Tween
(10 min/wash). The membrane was incubated with secondary antibody
conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) (Zymed, San Francisco,
Calif.) for 2 h at room temperature, followed by three washes.
Finally, the nitrocellulose paper was reacted with enhanced
chemiluminescent substrate (ECL) (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) for 5
min, dried with a Whatman sheet, and exposed to X-ray film.
[0475] FIG. 12 indicates that MOD-901X-variants are recognized by
anti IFN-.beta.1a antibodies. The SDS PAGE gel was stained using
coomassie blue (A) or (B) blotted and stained using monoclonal
anti-IFN.beta.1a antibodies.
Example 12
The IFN-CTP Polypeptides are Bioactive
[0476] To determine the bioactivity of MOD-901X variants through
its recognition and binding to the IFN receptor, the Daudi cell
line (human Burkitt lymphoma) ATCC catalog No. CCL-213 TM (one of
the most sensitive cell lines to the anti-proliferative effect of
IFN-.beta.1a) were used. Daudi cells, grown in suspension were
treated with different concentrations of IFN-.beta.1a (50-1000
pg/ml final concentration) and incubated for 72 hours. The number
of viable cells was measured using CellTiter 96.RTM. AQueous One
Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega G3580) according to
manufacturer procedures. The assay's standard curve was prepared
using recombinant human IFN-.beta.1a (PtoSpec Tany TechnoGene).
[0477] IFN-.beta.1a is a cytokine that exhibit antiviral activity
against a variety of viruses. The potency of IFN-.beta.1a as an
antiviral agent can be determined by a viral cytopathic effect
(CPE) bioassay that measures the ability of the protein to protect
human lung carcinoma A549 cells (grown at 37.degree. C., 5%
CO.sub.2) challenged with encephalomyocarditis (ECM) virus. A549
cells were plated into 96 well microtiter plate. Serial dilutions
of IFN-.beta.1a standards and test samples were added, and 24 h
later, the cells were challenged with ECP virus. Viable cells were
quantified two days later.
[0478] The potency (titer) of an IFN-.beta.1a test sample is
determined as the reciprocal of the dilution represented in the
well in which 50% of the cell monolayer is protected from the CPE
virus. The actual potency is calculated by comparing the sample's
protective effect with the same effect of a reference standard
calibrated in International Units, provided by the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH). The results are
shown in Table 19.
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 19 Specific Activity IU/mg .times.
10{circumflex over ( )}8 IC50 Anti-viral Anti-proliferation pg/ml
Intl. Standard 2.00 318 IFNb-0 3.90 2.53 251 IFNb-1 4.00 2.41 264
IFNb-2 4.00 1.90 334 IFNb-3 4.00 2.77 230 IFNb-5 4.00 6.24 102
IFNb-6 3.70 1.97 323 *concentration was determined by Elisa
assay
[0479] Conclusion: The activity of MOD-901X variants as measured by
its antiviral effects were at normal range of the international
standard and similar to rhIFN. The same effect was observed in
anti-proliferation assay except for MOD-9015 which was 3 times more
potent than the other variants. IFNb-0 is SEQ ID NO: 1. IFNb-1 is
SEQ ID NO: 52 (MOD-9011). IFNb-2 is SEQ ID NO: 54 (MOD-9012).
IFNb-3 is SEQ ID NO: 56 (MOD-9013). IFNb-4 is SEQ ID NO: 58
(MOD-9014). IFNb-5 is SEQ ID NO: 60 (MOD-9015). IFNb-6 is SEQ ID
NO: 62 (MOD-9016).
Example 13
Comparative Pharmacokinetics (Mod-901X Variants, Avonex.RTM. and
REBIF.RTM.)
[0480] In order to determine the pharmacokinetics of MOD-901x and
compare it to that of commercial IFN-.beta.1a (Rebif.RTM.,
Avonex.RTM.) data, statistical analysis was performed. The analysis
included analysis of serum samples that was performed in order to
determine specific concentration levels for each sample.
Concentration and time-point data were processed using WinNonLin
nocomparmental analysis. The following parameters were determined:
AUC, CL, Ke, t.sub.1/2, C.sub.max, T.sub.max, and Vdz.
[0481] The experimental design is provided in Table 20.
[0482] FIG. 13 shows the change in serum concentration of
IFN-.beta.1a or MOD-901x concentrations (ng/ml) following
single-dose i.v. administration of IFN-.beta.1a or MOD-901x in SD
rats.
[0483] Table 21 shows the mean pharmacokinetic parameters following
single-dose i.v. or Sub-Cutaneous (s.c.) administration of
IFN-.beta.1a and MOD-901x in Sprague-Dawley rats.
[0484] In conclusion: IFN-.beta.1a with 3 CTP units has 8 times
longer half-life than that of Rebif.RTM. or Avonex.RTM. when
injected i.v.
[0485] FIG. 13 shows the mean plasma of Rebif.RTM., MOD-9012, and
MOD-9013 concentrations (ng/ml) following single-dose i.v. or s.c.
administration of IFN-.beta.1a, MOD-9012 or MOD-9013 in SD rats
(n=3 per dose/route/timepoint). IFN-.beta.1a serum concentrations
were determined using commercial ELISA kit.
[0486] Table 22 displays the mean pharmacokinetic parameters
following single-dose i.v. or s.c. administration of Rebif.RTM.,
MOD-9012, and MOD-9013 in Spargue-Dawley rats.
[0487] In conclusion, IFN-.beta.1a with 3 CTP units (MOD-9013) has
9.2 times longer half-life than that of Rebif.RTM. when injected
i.v. and 6.7 times longer half-life when injected s.c. AUClast of
MOD-9013 is 66 times better than Rebif.RTM. when injected s.c. and
24 times better when injected i.v. MRT of MOD-9013 is 5.8 times
better when injected s.c. and 9.3 times better when injected
i.v.
[0488] The MOD-9013 molecule, which comprises one CTP attached to
the N-terminus of IFN-.beta.1a and two CTP attached to its
C-terminus, was tested in vitro for its ability to bind to the
human IFN receptor and in vivo for its pharmacokinetic performance.
The conclusions of these studies can be summarized as follows: (1)
The in vitro anti-proliferation activity of MOD-9013 as
demonstrated in the Daudi cell assay was similar to the
international standard and to that of MOD-9010 (rIFN-.beta.1a
expressed by Modigene). (2) The anti-viral protective activity of
MOD-9013 shown in Daudi cells was the same as the international
standard and as of that of MOD-9010 (rIFN-.beta.1a expressed by
Modigene). (3) In terms of its pharmacokinetic features, MOD-9013
was compared in SD rats to Rebif.RTM. and Avonex.RTM.. Following a
single i.v./s.c. injection of 38/66 .mu.g/kg, clearance of MOD-9013
from SD rats blood was significantly slower than that for
Rebif.RTM. and Avonex.RTM.. The corresponding calculated half-life
times and AUCs for i.v. administration were:
TABLE-US-00030 Rebif .RTM. T.sub.1/2 1 h, AUC106 hr * ng/mL
MOD-9013 T.sub.1/2 8.4 h, AUC2563 hr * ng/mL
[0489] For s.c. administration, the corresponding calculated
half-life times and AUCs were:
TABLE-US-00031 Rebif .RTM. T.sub.1/2 2.1 h, AUC34.8 hr * ng/mL
MOD-9013 T.sub.1/2 14.2 h, AUC2299.5 hr * ng/mL
[0490] The superior performance of MOD-9013 to stimulate anti-viral
and anti-proliferation activity and to retain long lasting
stimulation results from three main reasons: i) Addition of up to
24 sialic acid residues; ii) Stabilizing effect on the IFN-.beta.1a
molecule by fusing the CTP cassettes to both N and C termini; and
iii) Increase in molecular weight of the whole molecule from
.about.31,242-48,000 Daltons.
[0491] As shown hereinabove, different levels of potency were
exerted by IFN-CTP polypeptides, indicating differences in receptor
binding. IFN-CTP polypeptides differ by the number of CTP cassettes
and the location to which they are fused. MOD-9011 and MOD-9012
contain 1 CTP sequence or 2 CTP sequences at the C-terminal of IFN
protein, while MOD-9013 contains 1 CTP at N-terminal and 2 CTP
sequences at the C-terminal. MOD-9014 is a dimer of two IFN
molecules linked by a CTP sequence. MOD-9013 demonstrated
unexpected potency.
Sequence CWU 1
1
681221PRTHomo sapiens 1Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp
Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val
Leu Gly Ala Pro Pro Arg Leu 20 25 30 Ile Cys Asp Ser Arg Val Leu
Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ala Glu Asn Ile Thr
Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu 50 55 60 Asn Ile Thr
Val Pro Asp Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Val Gly Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala Leu 85 90
95 Leu Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu Val Asn Ser Ser
100 105 110 Gln Pro Trp Glu Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp Lys Ala Val
Ser Gly 115 120 125 Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly
Ala Gln Lys Glu 130 135 140 Ala Ile Ser Pro Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala
Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr Ile 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Asp Thr Phe Arg Lys
Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser Asn Phe Leu 165 170 175 Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys
Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp 180 185 190 Arg Ser Ser
Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser 195 200 205 Arg
Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 210 215 220
2249PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp
Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val
Leu Gly Ala Pro Pro Arg Leu 20 25 30 Ile Cys Asp Ser Arg Val Leu
Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ala Glu Asn Ile Thr
Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu 50 55 60 Asn Ile Thr
Val Pro Asp Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Val Gly Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala Leu 85 90
95 Leu Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu Val Asn Ser Ser
100 105 110 Gln Pro Trp Glu Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp Lys Ala Val
Ser Gly 115 120 125 Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly
Ala Gln Lys Glu 130 135 140 Ala Ile Ser Pro Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala
Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr Ile 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Asp Thr Phe Arg Lys
Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser Asn Phe Leu 165 170 175 Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys
Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp 180 185 190 Arg Ser Ser
Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser 195 200 205 Arg
Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Ser Ser Ser 210 215
220 Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly
225 230 235 240 Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 245 3277PRTHomo
sapiens 3Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp Leu Leu Leu
Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Ser
Ser Ser Ser Lys 20 25 30 Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser
Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser 35 40 45 Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Ala
Pro Pro Arg Leu Ile Cys Asp Ser 50 55 60 Arg Val Leu Glu Arg Tyr
Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Glu Ala Glu Asn Ile 65 70 75 80 Thr Thr Gly Cys
Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Ile Thr Val 85 90 95 Pro Asp
Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg Met Glu Val Gly 100 105 110
Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala Leu Leu Ser Glu Ala 115
120 125 Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu Val Asn Ser Ser Gln Pro Trp
Glu 130 135 140 Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp Lys Ala Val Ser Gly Leu
Arg Ser Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Thr Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly Ala Gln
Lys Glu Ala Ile Ser Pro 165 170 175 Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro
Leu Arg Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Thr 180 185 190 Phe Arg Lys Leu Phe Arg
Val Tyr Ser Asn Phe Leu Arg Gly Lys Leu 195 200 205 Lys Leu Tyr Thr
Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp Arg Ser Ser Ser 210 215 220 Ser Lys
Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly 225 230 235
240 Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
245 250 255 Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp Thr 260 265 270 Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 275 4387PRTHomo sapiens
4Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1
5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Ala Pro Pro Arg
Leu 20 25 30 Ile Cys Asp Ser Arg Val Leu Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu
Ala Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ala Glu Asn Ile Thr Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His
Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu 50 55 60 Asn Ile Thr Val Pro Asp Thr Lys Val
Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Val Gly Gln Gln Ala
Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala Leu 85 90 95 Leu Ser Glu Ala Val
Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu Val Asn Ser Ser 100 105 110 Gln Pro Trp
Glu Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp Lys Ala Val Ser Gly 115 120 125 Leu
Arg Ser Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly Ala Gln Lys Glu 130 135
140 Ala Ile Ser Pro Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr Ile
145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Asp Thr Phe Arg Lys Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser
Asn Phe Leu 165 170 175 Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala
Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp 180 185 190 Arg Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro
Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser 195 200 205 Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp
Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Ala Pro Pro 210 215 220 Arg Leu Ile Cys Asp
Ser Arg Val Leu Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala 225 230 235 240 Lys Glu
Ala Glu Asn Ile Thr Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu 245 250 255
Asn Glu Asn Ile Thr Val Pro Asp Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp 260
265 270 Lys Arg Met Glu Val Gly Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly
Leu 275 280 285 Ala Leu Leu Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu
Leu Val Asn 290 295 300 Ser Ser Gln Pro Trp Glu Pro Leu Gln Leu His
Val Asp Lys Ala Val 305 310 315 320 Ser Gly Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Thr
Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly Ala Gln 325 330 335 Lys Glu Ala Ile Ser Pro
Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro Leu Arg 340 345 350 Thr Ile Thr Ala
Asp Thr Phe Arg Lys Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser Asn 355 360 365 Phe Leu
Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr 370 375 380
Gly Asp Arg 385 5221PRTHomo sapiens 5Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro
Ala Trp Leu Trp Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu
Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys 20 25 30 Ala Pro Pro
Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser 35 40 45 Asp
Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Ala Pro Pro Arg Leu Ile Cys Asp Ser 50 55
60 Arg Val Leu Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Glu Ala Glu Asn Ile
65 70 75 80 Thr Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Ile
Thr Val 85 90 95 Pro Asp Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg
Met Glu Val Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu
Ala Leu Leu Ser Glu Ala 115 120 125 Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu
Val Asn Ser Ser Gln Pro Trp Glu 130 135 140 Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val
Asp Lys Ala Val Ser Gly Leu Arg Ser Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Thr Leu
Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly Ala Gln Lys Glu Ala Ile Ser Pro 165 170 175 Pro
Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Thr 180 185
190 Phe Arg Lys Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser Asn Phe Leu Arg Gly Lys Leu
195 200 205 Lys Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp Arg 210
215 220 6249PRTHomo sapiens 6Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp
Leu Trp Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu
Pro Val Leu Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys 20 25 30 Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser
Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser 35 40 45 Asp Thr Pro
Ile Leu Pro Gln Ala Pro Pro Arg Leu Ile Cys Asp Ser 50 55 60 Arg
Val Leu Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Glu Ala Glu Asn Ile 65 70
75 80 Thr Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Ile Thr
Val 85 90 95 Pro Asp Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg Met
Glu Val Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala
Leu Leu Ser Glu Ala 115 120 125 Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu Val
Asn Ser Ser Gln Pro Trp Glu 130 135 140 Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp
Lys Ala Val Ser Gly Leu Arg Ser Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Thr Leu Leu
Arg Ala Leu Gly Ala Gln Lys Glu Ala Ile Ser Pro 165 170 175 Pro Asp
Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Thr 180 185 190
Phe Arg Lys Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser Asn Phe Leu Arg Gly Lys Leu 195
200 205 Lys Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp Arg Ser Ser
Ser 210 215 220 Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg
Leu Pro Gly 225 230 235 240 Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 245
725DNAArtificial SequenceForward primer for EPO-CTP constructs
7aatctagagg tcatcatggg ggtgc 25832DNAArtificial SequenceForward
primer for NotI CTP containing polypeptide 8attgcggccg cggatccaga
agacctttat tg 32925DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for SspI
CTP containing polypeptide 9taaatattgg ggtgtccgag ggccc
251032DNAArtificial SequenceForward primer for SspI CTP containing
polypeptide 10ccaatattac cacaagcccc accacgcctc at
321135DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for NotI CTP containing
polypeptide 11tgcggccgcg gatccttatc tgtcccctgt cctgc
351217DNAArtificial SequenceForward primer for EPO-CTP constructs
12gccctgctgt cggaagc 171332DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for
NotI CTP containing polypeptide 13attgcggccg cggatccaga agacctttat
tg 321432DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for EPO-CTP
constructs 14ctttgaggaa gaggagccca ggactgggag gc
321524DNAArtificial SequenceForward primer for EPO-CTP constructs
15cctgggctcc tcttcctcaa aggc 241617DNAArtificial SequenceReverse
primer for EPO-CTP constructs 16gcttccgaca gcagggc
171734PRTArtificial SequenceCTP amino acid sequence 17Asp Pro Arg
Phe Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu
Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu 20 25
30 Pro Gln 1828PRTArtificial SequenceCTP amino acid sequence 18Ser
Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg 1 5 10
15 Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 20 25
1927PRTHomo sapiens 19Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp
Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val
Leu Gly 20 25 20786DNAHomo sapiens 20tctagaggtc atcatggggg
tgcacgaatg tcctgcctgg ctgtggcttc tcctgtccct 60tctgtcgctc cctctgggcc
tcccagtcct gggctcctct tcctcaaagg cccctccccc 120gagccttcca
agtccatccc gactcccggg gccctcggac accccaatat taccacaagc
180cccaccacgc ctcatctgtg acagccgagt cctggagagg tacctcttgg
aggccaagga 240ggccgagaat atcacgacgg gctgtgctga acactgcagc
ttgaatgaga atatcactgt 300cccagacacc aaagttaatt tctatgcctg
gaagaggatg gaggtcgggc agcaggccgt 360agaagtctgg cagggcctgg
ccctgctgtc ggaagctgtc ctgcggggcc aggccctgtt 420ggtcaactct
tcccagccgt gggagcccct gcagctgcat gtggataaag ccgtcagtgg
480ccttcgcagc ctcaccactc tgcttcgggc tctgggagcc cagaaggaag
ccatctcccc 540tccagatgcg gcctcagctg ctccactccg aacaatcact
gctgacactt tccgcaaact 600cttccgagtc tactccaatt tcctccgggg
aaagctgaag ctgtacacag gggaggcctg 660caggacaggg gacagatcct
cttcctcaaa ggcccctccc ccgagccttc caagtccatc 720ccgactcccg
gggccctcgg acaccccgat cctcccacaa taaaggtctt ctggatccgc 780ggccgc
78621873DNAHomo sapiens 21tctagaggtc atcatggggg tgcacgaatg
tcctgcctgg ctgtggcttc tcctgtccct 60tctgtcgctc cctctgggcc tcccagtcct
gggctcctct tcctcaaagg cccctccccc 120gagccttcca agtccatccc
gactcccggg gccctcggac accccaatat taccacaagc 180cccaccacgc
ctcatctgtg acagccgagt cctggagagg tacctcttgg aggccaagga
240ggccgagaat atcacgacgg gctgtgctga acactgcagc ttgaatgaga
atatcactgt 300cccagacacc aaagttaatt tctatgcctg gaagaggatg
gaggtcgggc agcaggccgt 360agaagtctgg cagggcctgg ccctgctgtc
ggaagctgtc ctgcggggcc aggccctgtt 420ggtcaactct tcccagccgt
gggagcccct gcagctgcat gtggataaag ccgtcagtgg 480ccttcgcagc
ctcaccactc tgcttcgggc tctgggagcc cagaaggaag ccatctcccc
540tccagatgcg gcctcagctg ctccactccg aacaatcact gctgacactt
tccgcaaact 600cttccgagtc tactccaatt tcctccgggg aaagctgaag
ctgtacacag gggaggcctg 660caggacaggg gacagatcct cttcctcaaa
ggcccctccc ccgagccttc caagtccatc 720ccgactcccg gggccctccg
acacaccaat cctgccacag agcagctcct ctaaggcccc 780tcctccatcc
ctgccatccc cctcccggct gcctggcccc tctgacaccc ctatcctgcc
840tcagtgatga aggtcttctg gatccgcggc cgc 87322221PRTHomo sapiens
22Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1
5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Ala Pro Pro Arg
Leu 20 25 30 Ile Cys Asp Ser Arg Val Leu Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu
Ala Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ala Glu Asn Ile Thr Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His
Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu 50 55 60 Asn Ile Thr Val Pro Asp Thr Lys Val
Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Val Gly Gln Gln Ala
Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala Leu 85 90 95 Leu Ser Glu Ala Val
Leu Arg Ser Gln Ala Leu Leu Val Asn Ser Ser 100 105 110 Gln Pro
Trp Glu Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp Lys Ala Val Ser Gly 115 120 125
Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly Ala Gln Lys Glu 130
135 140 Ala Ile Ser Pro Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr
Ile 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Asp Thr Phe Arg Lys Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr
Ser Asn Phe Leu 165 170 175 Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu
Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp 180 185 190 Arg Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser 195 200 205 Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 210 215 220 23217PRTHomo sapiens 23Met
Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10
15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu
20 25 30 Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu
His Gln 35 40 45 Leu Ala Phe Asp Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala
Tyr Ile Pro Lys 50 55 60 Val Gln Lys Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro
Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe 65 70 75 80 Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro Ser
Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys 85 90 95 Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu
Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp 100 105 110 Leu Glu Pro Val
Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val 115 120 125 Tyr Gly
Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu 130 135 140
Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg 145
150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln Ile Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr
Asn Ser 165 170 175 His Asn Asp Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu
Leu Tyr Cys Phe 180 185 190 Arg Lys Asp Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe
Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys 195 200 205 Arg Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys Gly
Phe 210 215 24166PRTHomo sapiens 24Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly Phe
Leu Gln Arg Ser Ser Asn Phe Gln 1 5 10 15 Ser Gln Lys Leu Leu Trp
Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys Leu 20 25 30 Lys Asp Arg Met
Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln 35 40 45 Gln Phe
Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr Glu Met Leu Gln 50 55 60
Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Trp Asn 65
70 75 80 Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His Gln
Ile Asn 85 90 95 His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys
Glu Asp Phe Thr 100 105 110 Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His Leu
Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Arg 115 120 125 Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala Lys
Glu Tyr Ser His Cys Ala Trp Thr 130 135 140 Ile Val Arg Val Glu Ile
Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Tyr
Leu Arg Asn 165 2530PRTHomo sapiens 25His Ala Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr
Ser Asp Val Ser Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly 1 5 10 15 Gln Ala Ala Lys Glu
Phe Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Lys Gly Arg 20 25 30 2621PRTHomo sapiens
26Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ser 1
5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser 20 2719DNAArtificial SequenceXbaI
Forward primer for HGH-CTP constructs 27ctctagagga catggccac
192824DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for HGH-CTP constructs
28acagggaggt ctgggggttc tgca 242926DNAArtificial SequenceForward
primer for HGH-CTP constructs 29tgcagaaccc ccagacctcc ctgtgc
263022DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for HGH-CTP constructs
30ccaaactcat caatgtatct ta 223119DNAArtificial SequenceXbaI Forward
primer for HGH-CTP constructs 31ctctagagga catggccac
193225DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for HGH-CTP constructs
32cgaactcctg gtaggtgtca aaggc 253325DNAArtificial SequenceForward
primer for HGH-CTP constructs 33gcctttgaca cctaccagga gttcg
253433DNAArtificial SequenceNotI Reverse primer for HGH-CTP
constructs 34acgcggccgc atccagacct tcatcactga ggc
333534DNAArtificial SequenceReverse primer for HGH-CTP constructs
35gcggccgcgg actcatcaga agccgcagct gccc 3436217PRTHomo sapiens
36Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1
5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro
Leu 20 25 30 Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg
Leu His Gln 35 40 45 Leu Ala Phe Asp Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu
Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys 50 55 60 Glu Gln Lys Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn
Pro Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe 65 70 75 80 Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro
Ser Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys 85 90 95 Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu
Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp 100 105 110 Leu Glu Pro
Val Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val 115 120 125 Tyr
Gly Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu 130 135
140 Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg
145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln Ile Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp
Thr Asn Ser 165 170 175 His Asn Asp Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly
Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe 180 185 190 Arg Lys Asp Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr
Phe Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys 195 200 205 Arg Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys
Gly Phe 210 215 37245PRTHomo sapiens 37Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr
Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu
Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu 20 25 30 Ser Arg Leu
Phe Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His Gln 35 40 45 Leu
Ala Phe Asp Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys 50 55
60 Glu Gln Lys Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe
65 70 75 80 Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln
Gln Lys 85 90 95 Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu
Ile Gln Ser Trp 100 105 110 Leu Glu Pro Val Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val
Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val 115 120 125 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val
Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu 130 135 140 Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu
Met Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln
Ile Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser 165 170 175 His
Asn Asp Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe 180 185
190 Arg Lys Asp Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys
195 200 205 Arg Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys
Ala Pro 210 215 220 Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly
Pro Ser Asp Thr 225 230 235 240 Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 245
38273PRTHomo sapiens 38Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu
Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser
Ala Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu 20 25 30 Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Asn Ala
Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His Gln 35 40 45 Leu Ala Phe Asp Thr
Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys 50 55 60 Glu Gln Lys
Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe 65 70 75 80 Ser
Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys 85 90
95 Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp
100 105 110 Leu Glu Pro Val Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn Ser
Leu Val 115 120 125 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu
Lys Asp Leu Glu 130 135 140 Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu
Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln Ile Phe Lys Gln
Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser 165 170 175 His Asn Asp Asp Ala
Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe 180 185 190 Arg Lys Asp
Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys 195 200 205 Arg
Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro 210 215
220 Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr
225 230 235 240 Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro
Pro Ser Leu 245 250 255 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp
Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro 260 265 270 Gln 39301PRTHomo sapiens 39Met Ala
Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15
Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala 20
25 30 Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp 35 40 45 Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Ser
Arg Leu Phe 50 55 60 Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His
Gln Leu Ala Phe Asp 65 70 75 80 Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr
Ile Pro Lys Glu Gln Lys Tyr 85 90 95 Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln
Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe Ser Glu Ser Ile 100 105 110 Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn
Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu 115 120 125 Leu Leu Arg
Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp Leu Glu Pro Val 130 135 140 Gln
Phe Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val Tyr Gly Ala Ser 145 150
155 160 Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gly Ile
Gln 165 170 175 Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg Thr
Gly Gln Ile 180 185 190 Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn
Ser His Asn Asp Asp 195 200 205 Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu
Tyr Cys Phe Arg Lys Asp Met 210 215 220 Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu
Arg Ile Val Gln Cys Arg Ser Val Glu 225 230 235 240 Gly Ser Cys Gly
Phe Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu 245 250 255 Pro Ser
Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro 260 265 270
Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser 275
280 285 Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 290 295
300 40285PRTHomo sapiens 40Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu
Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly
Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala 20 25 30 Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro
Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Ser Arg Leu Phe 35 40 45 Asp Asn Ala Met
Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His Gln Leu Ala Phe Asp 50 55 60 Thr Tyr
Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys Glu Gln Lys Tyr 65 70 75 80
Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe Ser Glu Ser Ile 85
90 95 Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys Ser Asn Leu
Glu 100 105 110 Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp Leu
Glu Pro Val 115 120 125 Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu
Val Tyr Gly Ala Ser 130 135 140 Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys
Asp Leu Glu Glu Gly Ile Gln 145 150 155 160 Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu
Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile 165 170 175 Phe Lys Gln Thr
Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser His Asn Asp Asp 180 185 190 Ala Leu
Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe Arg Lys Asp Met 195 200 205
Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys Arg Ser Val Glu 210
215 220 Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser
Leu 225 230 235 240 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr
Pro Ile Leu Pro 245 250 255 Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro
Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser 260 265 270 Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr
Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 275 280 285 41273PRTHomo sapiens 41Met Ala Thr
Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys
Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala 20 25
30 Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp
35 40 45 Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Ser Arg
Leu Phe 50 55 60 Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His Gln
Leu Ala Phe Asp 65 70 75 80 Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr Ile
Pro Lys Glu Gln Lys Tyr 85 90 95 Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln Thr
Ser Leu Cys Phe Ser Glu Ser Ile 100 105 110 Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg
Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu 115 120 125 Leu Leu Arg Ile
Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp Leu Glu Pro Val 130 135 140 Gln Phe
Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val Tyr Gly Ala Ser 145 150 155
160 Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gly Ile Gln
165 170 175 Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg Thr Gly
Gln Ile 180 185 190 Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser
His Asn Asp Asp 195 200 205 Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu Tyr
Cys Phe Arg Lys Asp Met 210 215 220 Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu Arg
Ile Val Gln Cys Arg Ser Val Glu 225 230 235 240 Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe
Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu 245
250 255 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu
Pro 260 265 270 Gln 42245PRTHomo sapiens 42Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg
Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp
Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala 20 25 30 Pro Pro
Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp 35 40 45
Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Ser Arg Leu Phe 50
55 60 Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His Gln Leu Ala Phe
Asp 65 70 75 80 Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys Glu
Gln Lys Tyr 85 90 95 Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys
Phe Ser Glu Ser Ile 100 105 110 Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr
Gln Gln Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu 115 120 125 Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu
Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp Leu Glu Pro Val 130 135 140 Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser
Val Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val Tyr Gly Ala Ser 145 150 155 160 Asp Ser
Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gly Ile Gln 165 170 175
Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile 180
185 190 Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser His Asn Asp
Asp 195 200 205 Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe Arg
Lys Asp Met 210 215 220 Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu Arg Ile Val Gln
Cys Arg Ser Val Glu 225 230 235 240 Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe 245
4312PRTArtificial SequenceCTP amino acid sequence 43Ser Ser Ser Ser
Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro 1 5 10 44853DNAHomo sapiens
44tctagaggac atggccaccg gcagcaggac cagcctgctg ctggccttcg gcctgctgtg
60cctgccatgg ctgcaggagg gcagcgccag ctcttcttct aaggctccac ccccatctct
120gcccagcccc agcagactgc cgggccccag cgacacaccc attctgcccc
agttccccac 180catccccctg agcaggctgt tcgacaacgc catgctgagg
gctcacaggc tgcaccagct 240ggcctttgac acctaccagg agttcgagga
agcctacatc cccaaggagc agaagtacag 300cttcctgcag aacccccaga
cctccctgtg cttcagcgag agcatcccca cccccagcaa 360cagagaggag
acccagcaga agagcaacct ggagctgctg aggatctccc tgctgctgat
420ccagagctgg ctggagcccg tgcagttcct gagaagcgtg ttcgccaaca
gcctggtgta 480cggcgccagc gacagcaacg tgtacgacct gctgaaggac
ctggaggagg gcatccagac 540cctgatgggc cggctggagg acggcagccc
caggaccggc cagatcttca agcagaccta 600cagcaagttc gacaccaaca
gccacaacga cgacgccctg ctgaagaact acgggctgct 660gtactgcttc
agaaaggaca tggacaaggt ggagaccttc ctgaggatcg tgcagtgcag
720aagcgtggag ggcagctgcg gcttcagctc cagcagcaag gcccctcccc
cgagcctgcc 780ctccccaagc aggctgcctg ggccctccga cacaccaatc
ctgcctcagt gatgaaggtc 840tggatgcggc cgc 85345937DNAHomo sapiens
45tctagaggac atggccaccg gcagcaggac cagcctgctg ctggccttcg gcctgctgtg
60cctgccatgg ctgcaggagg gcagcgccag ctcttcttct aaggctccac ccccatctct
120gcccagcccc agcagactgc cgggccccag cgacacaccc attctgcccc
agttccccac 180catccccctg agcaggctgt tcgacaacgc catgctgagg
gctcacaggc tgcaccagct 240ggcctttgac acctaccagg agttcgagga
agcctacatc cccaaggagc agaagtacag 300cttcctgcag aacccccaga
cctccctgtg cttcagcgag agcatcccca cccccagcaa 360cagagaggag
acccagcaga agagcaacct ggagctgctg aggatctccc tgctgctgat
420ccagagctgg ctggagcccg tgcagttcct gagaagcgtg ttcgccaaca
gcctggtgta 480cggcgccagc gacagcaacg tgtacgacct gctgaaggac
ctggaggagg gcatccagac 540cctgatgggc cggctggagg acggcagccc
caggaccggc cagatcttca agcagaccta 600cagcaagttc gacaccaaca
gccacaacga cgacgccctg ctgaagaact acgggctgct 660gtactgcttc
agaaaggaca tggacaaggt ggagaccttc ctgaggatcg tgcagtgcag
720aagcgtggag ggcagctgcg gcttcagctc cagcagcaag gcccctcccc
cgagcctgcc 780ctccccaagc aggctgcctg ggccctccga cacaccaatc
ctgccacaga gcagctcctc 840taaggcccct cctccatccc tgccatcccc
ctcccggctg cctggcccct ctgacacccc 900tatcctgcct cagtgatgaa
ggtctggatg cggccgc 93746889DNAHomo sapiens 46tctagaggac atggccaccg
gcagcaggac cagcctgctg ctggccttcg gcctgctgtg 60cctgccatgg ctgcaggagg
gcagcgccag ctcttcttct aaggctccac ccccgagcct 120gcccttcccc
accatccccc tgagcaggct gttcgacaac gccatgctga gggctcacag
180gctgcaccag ctggcctttg acacctacca ggagttcgag gaagcctaca
tccccaagga 240gcagaagtac agcttcctgc agaaccccca gacctccctg
tgcttcagcg agagcatccc 300cacccccagc aacagagagg agacccagca
gaagagcaac ctggagctgc tgaggatctc 360cctgctgctg atccagagct
ggctggagcc cgtgcagttc ctgagaagcg tgttcgccaa 420cagcctggtg
tacggcgcca gcgacagcaa cgtgtacgac ctgctgaagg acctggagga
480gggcatccag accctgatgg gccggctgga ggacggcagc cccaggaccg
gccagatctt 540caagcagacc tacagcaagt tcgacaccaa cagccacaac
gacgacgccc tgctgaagaa 600ctacgggctg ctgtactgct tcagaaagga
catggacaag gtggagacct tcctgaggat 660cgtgcagtgc agaagcgtgg
agggcagctg cggcttcagc tccagcagca aggcccctcc 720cccgagcctg
ccctccccaa gcaggctgcc tgggccctcc gacacaccaa tcctgccaca
780gagcagctcc tctaaggccc ctcctccatc cctgccatcc ccctcccggc
tgcctggccc 840ctctgacacc cctatcctgc ctcagtgatg aaggtctgga tgcggccgc
88947217PRTHomo sapiens 47Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu
Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly
Ser Ala Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu 20 25 30 Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Asn
Ala Met Leu Arg Ala His Arg Leu His Gln 35 40 45 Leu Ala Phe Asp
Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys 50 55 60 Glu Gln
Lys Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe 65 70 75 80
Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys 85
90 95 Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser
Trp 100 105 110 Leu Glu Pro Val Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val Phe Ala Asn
Ser Leu Val 115 120 125 Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp Leu
Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu 130 135 140 Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Met Gly Arg
Leu Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln Ile Phe Lys
Gln Thr Tyr Ser Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser 165 170 175 His Asn Asp Asp
Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe 180 185 190 Arg Lys
Asp Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys 195 200 205
Arg Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe 210 215 48187PRTHomo sapiens
48Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ser 1
5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Gln
Arg 20 25 30 Ser Ser Asn Phe Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu Trp Gln Leu
Asn Gly Arg 35 40 45 Leu Glu Tyr Cys Leu Lys Asp Arg Met Asn Phe
Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu 50 55 60 Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln Phe Gln Lys
Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile 65 70 75 80 Tyr Glu Met Leu Gln Asn Ile
Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ser Thr Gly Trp Asn
Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val 100 105 110 Tyr His Gln
Ile Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu 115 120 125 Lys
Glu Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His Leu Lys 130 135
140 Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala Lys Glu Tyr Ser
145 150 155 160 His Cys Ala Trp Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu Ile Leu Arg
Asn Phe Tyr 165 170 175 Phe Ile Asn Arg Leu Thr Gly Tyr Leu Arg Asn
180 185 49589DNAHomo sapiens 49tctagaggac atgaccaaca agtgcctgct
gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac 60caccgccctg agcatgagct acaacctgct
gggcttcctg cagaggtcca gcaacttcca 120gtgccagaag ctgctgtggc
agctgaacgg caggctggaa tactgcctga aggacaggat 180gaacttcgac
atcccagagg aaatcaagca gctgcagcag ttccagaagg aggacgccgc
240cctgaccatc tacgagatgc tgcagaacat cttcgccatc ttcaggcagg
acagcagcag 300caccggctgg aacgagacca tcgtggagaa cctgctggcc
aacgtgtacc accagatcaa 360ccacctgaaa accgtgctgg aagagaagct
ggaaaaggag gacttcacca ggggcaagct 420gatgagcagc ctgcacctga
agaggtacta cggcagaatc ctgcactacc tgaaggccaa 480ggagtacagc
cactgcgcct ggaccatcgt gagggtggag atcctgagga acttctactt
540catcaacagg ctgaccggct acctgaggaa ctgatgagtc cgcggccgc
58950211PRTHomo sapiens 50Thr Phe Leu Gln Pro Phe Glu Ala Phe Ala
Leu Ala Gln Gln Val Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Asp Thr Val Arg Val Val Asn
Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln 20 25 30 Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys
Phe Ser Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Met Ser Tyr 35 40 45 Asn Leu Leu Gly
Phe Leu Gln Arg Ser Ser Asn Phe Gln Cys Gln Lys 50 55 60 Leu Leu
Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys Leu Lys Asp Arg 65 70 75 80
Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln Phe Gln 85
90 95 Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr Glu Met Leu Gln Asn Ile
Phe 100 105 110 Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Trp Asn
Glu Thr Ile 115 120 125 Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His Gln
Ile Asn His Leu Lys 130 135 140 Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys
Glu Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys 145 150 155 160 Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His
Leu Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Ile Leu His 165 170 175 Tyr Leu Lys Ala
Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Cys Ala Trp Thr Ile Val Arg 180 185 190 Val Glu
Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg Leu Thr Gly Tyr 195 200 205
Leu Arg Asn 210 51639DNAHomo sapiens 51acattctaac tgcaaccttt
cgaagccttt gctctggcac aacaggtagt aggcgacact 60gttcgtgttg tcaacatgac
caacaagtgt ctcctccaaa ttgctctcct gttgtgcttc 120tccactacag
ctctttccat gagctacaac ttgcttggat tcctacaaag aagcagcaat
180tttcagtgtc agaagctcct gtggcaattg aatgggaggc ttgaatactg
cctcaaggac 240aggatgaact ttgacatccc tgaggagatt aagcagctgc
agcagttcca gaaggaggac 300gccgcattga ccatctatga gatgctccag
aacatctttg ctattttcag acaagattca 360tctagcactg gctggaatga
gactattgtt gagaacctcc tggctaatgt ctatcatcag 420ataaaccatc
tgaagacagt cctggaagaa aaactggaga aagaagattt caccagggga
480aaactcatga gcagtctgca cctgaaaaga tattatggga ggattctgca
ttacctgaag 540gccaaggagt acagtcactg tgcctggacc atagtcagag
tggaaatcct aaggaacttt 600tacttcatta acagacttac aggttacctc cgaaactga
63952215PRTHomo sapiens 52Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala
Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Met Ser Tyr
Asn Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Gln Arg 20 25 30 Ser Ser Asn Phe Gln Cys
Gln Lys Leu Leu Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg 35 40 45 Leu Glu Tyr Cys
Leu Lys Asp Arg Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu 50 55 60 Ile Lys
Gln Leu Gln Gln Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile 65 70 75 80
Tyr Glu Met Leu Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser 85
90 95 Ser Thr Gly Trp Asn Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn
Val 100 105 110 Tyr His Gln Ile Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu
Lys Leu Glu 115 120 125 Lys Glu Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser
Ser Leu His Leu Lys 130 135 140 Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Ile Leu His Tyr
Leu Lys Ala Lys Glu Tyr Ser 145 150 155 160 His Cys Ala Trp Thr Ile
Val Arg Val Glu Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr 165 170 175 Phe Ile Asn Arg
Leu Thr Gly Tyr Leu Arg Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys 180 185 190 Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser 195 200 205
Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 210 215 53661DNAHomo sapiens
53tctagaggac atgaccaaca agtgcctgct gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac
60caccgccctg agcatgagct acaacctgct gggcttcctg cagaggtcca gcaacttcca
120gtgccagaag ctgctgtggc agctgaacgg caggctggaa tactgcctga
aggacaggat 180gaacttcgac atcccagagg aaatcaagca gctgcagcag
ttccagaagg aggacgccgc 240cctgaccatc tacgagatgc tgcagaacat
cttcgccatc ttcaggcagg acagcagcag 300caccggctgg aacgagacca
tcgtggagaa cctgctggcc aacgtgtacc accagatcaa 360ccacctgaaa
accgtgctgg aagagaagct ggaaaaggag gacttcacca ggggcaagct
420gatgagcagc ctgcacctga agaggtacta cggcagaatc ctgcactacc
tgaaggccaa 480ggagtacagc cactgcgcct ggaccatcgt gagggtggag
atcctgagga acttctactt 540catcaacagg ctgaccggct acctgaggaa
cagctccagc agcaaggccc ctccaccttc 600cctgcccagt ccaagccgac
tccctgggcc ctccgataca ccaattctgc cacagtgatg 660a 66154243PRTHomo
sapiens 54Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys
Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly
Phe Leu Gln Arg 20 25 30 Ser Ser Asn Phe Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu
Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg 35 40 45 Leu Glu Tyr Cys Leu Lys Asp Arg
Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu 50 55 60 Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Gln
Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile 65 70 75 80 Tyr Glu Met Leu
Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ser Thr
Gly Trp Asn Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val 100 105 110
Tyr His Gln Ile Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu 115
120 125 Lys Glu Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His Leu
Lys 130 135 140 Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala Lys
Glu Tyr Ser 145 150 155 160 His Cys Ala Trp Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu
Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr 165 170 175 Phe Ile Asn Arg Leu Thr Gly Tyr
Leu Arg Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys 180 185 190 Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu
Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser 195 200 205 Asp Thr Pro Ile
Leu Pro Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro 210 215 220 Ser Leu
Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile 225 230 235
240 Leu Pro Gln 55765DNAHomo sapiens 55tctagaggac atgaccaaca
agtgcctgct gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac 60caccgccctg agcatgagct
acaacctgct gggcttcctg cagaggtcca gcaacttcca 120gtgccagaag
ctgctgtggc agctgaacgg caggctggaa tactgcctga aggacaggat
180gaacttcgac atcccagagg aaatcaagca gctgcagcag ttccagaagg
aggacgccgc 240cctgaccatc tacgagatgc tgcagaacat cttcgccatc
ttcaggcagg acagcagcag 300caccggctgg aacgagacca tcgtggagaa
cctgctggcc aacgtgtacc accagatcaa 360ccacctgaaa accgtgctgg
aagagaagct ggaaaaggag gacttcacca ggggcaagct 420gatgagcagc
ctgcacctga agaggtacta cggcagaatc ctgcactacc tgaaggccaa
480ggagtacagc cactgcgcct ggaccatcgt gagggtggag atcctgagga
acttctactt 540catcaacagg ctgaccggct acctgaggaa cagctccagc
agcaaggccc ctccaccttc 600cctgcccagt ccaagccgac tccctgggcc
ctccgacaca ccaatcctgc cacagagcag 660ctcctctaag gcccctcctc
catccctgcc atccccctcc cggctgcctg gcccctctga 720cacccctatc
ctgcctcagt gatgaaggtc tggatccgcg gccgc 76556271PRTHomo sapiens
56Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ser 1
5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser
Leu 20 25 30 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro
Ile Leu Pro 35 40 45 Gln Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Gln
Arg Ser Ser Asn Phe 50 55
60 Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys
65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Asp Arg Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys
Gln Leu 85 90 95 Gln Gln Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile
Tyr Glu Met Leu 100 105 110 Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp
Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Trp 115 120 125 Asn Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu
Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His Gln Ile 130 135 140 Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val
Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys Glu Asp Phe 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Gly
Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His Leu Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Gly 165 170 175 Arg
Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Cys Ala Trp 180 185
190 Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg
195 200 205 Leu Thr Gly Tyr Leu Arg Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
Pro Pro 210 215 220 Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp Thr Pro Ile 225 230 235 240 Leu Pro Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala
Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser 245 250 255 Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro
Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 260 265 270 57846DNAHomo sapiens
57tctagaggac atgaccaaca agtgcctgct gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac
60caccgccctg agcagcagca gctccaaggc cccacccccc agcctgccca gccccagcag
120actgccaggc cccagcgaca cccccatcct gccccagatg agctacaacc
tgctgggctt 180cctgcagagg tccagcaact tccagtgcca gaagctgctg
tggcagctga acggcaggct 240ggaatactgc ctgaaggaca ggatgaactt
cgacatccca gaggaaatca agcagctgca 300gcagttccag aaggaggacg
ccgccctgac catctacgag atgctgcaga acatcttcgc 360catcttcagg
caggacagca gcagcaccgg ctggaacgag accatcgtgg agaacctgct
420ggccacgtgt accaccagat caaccacctg aaaaccgtgc tggaagagaa
gctggaaaag 480gaggacttca ccaggggcaa gctgatgagc agcctgcacc
tgaagaggta ctacggcaga 540atcctgcact acctgaaggc caaggagtac
agccactgcg cctggaccat cgtgaggtgg 600agatcctgag gaacttctac
ttcatcaaca ggctgaccgg ctacctgagg aacagctcca 660gcagcaaggc
ccctccactt ccctgcccag tccaagccga ctccctgggc cctccgacac
720accaatcctg ccacagagca gctcctctaa ggcccctcct ccatccctgc
catccccctc 780ccggctgcct ggcccctctg acacccctat cctgcctcag
tgatgaaggt ctggatccgc 840ggccgc 84658409PRTHomo sapiens 58Met Thr
Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ser 1 5 10 15
Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu 20
25 30 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu
Pro 35 40 45 Gln Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Gln Arg Ser
Ser Asn Phe 50 55 60 Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly
Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys 65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Asp Arg Met Asn Phe Asp Ile
Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys Gln Leu 85 90 95 Gln Gln Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp
Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr Glu Met Leu 100 105 110 Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala
Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Trp 115 120 125 Asn Glu Thr
Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His Gln Ile 130 135 140 Asn
His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys Glu Asp Phe 145 150
155 160 Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His Leu Lys Arg Tyr Tyr
Gly 165 170 175 Arg Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala Lys Glu Tyr Ser His
Cys Ala Trp 180 185 190 Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe
Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg 195 200 205 Leu Thr Gly Tyr Leu Arg Asn Ser Ser
Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro 210 215 220 Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg
Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile 225 230 235 240 Leu Pro Gln Met
Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Gln Arg Ser Ser 245 250 255 Asn Phe
Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu 260 265 270
Tyr Cys Leu Lys Asp Arg Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys 275
280 285 Gln Leu Gln Gln Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr
Glu 290 295 300 Met Leu Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser
Ser Ser Thr 305 310 315 320 Gly Trp Asn Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu
Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His 325 330 335 Gln Ile Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val
Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys Glu 340 345 350 Asp Phe Thr Arg Gly Lys
Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His Leu Lys Arg Tyr 355 360 365 Tyr Gly Arg Ile
Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Cys 370 375 380 Ala Trp
Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile 385 390 395
400 Asn Arg Leu Thr Gly Tyr Leu Arg Asn 405 591262DNAHomo sapiens
59tctagaggac atgaccaaca agtgcctgct gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac
60caccgccctg agcagcagca gctccaaggc cccacccccc agcctgccca gccccagcag
120gctgccaggc cccagcgaca cccccatcct gccccagatg agctacaacc
tgctgggctt 180cctgcagagg tccagcaact tccagtgcca gaaactgctg
tggcagctga acggcaggct 240ggaatactgc ctgaaggacc ggatgaactt
cgacatcccc gaagagatca agcagctgca 300gcagttccag aaagaggacg
ccgccctgac catctacgag atgctgcaga acatcttcgc 360catcttcagg
caggacagca gcagcaccgg ctggaacgag accatcgtgg agaacctgct
420ggccaacgtg taccaccaga tcaaccacct gaaaaccgtg ctggaagaga
agctggaaaa 480agaggacttc accaggggca agctgatgag cagcctgcac
ctgaagaggt actacggcag 540aatcctgcac tacctgaagg ccaaagagta
cagccactgc gcctggacca tctgtgaggg 600tggagatcct gcggaacttc
tacttcatca acaggctgac cggctacctg aggaacagct 660ccagcagcaa
ggcccctcca ccctccctgc cctccccaag cagactgccc ggaccctccg
720acacaccaat tctgccacag atgtcctaca atctgctcgg atttctgcag
cgctcctcca 780actttcagtg tcagaagctc ctctggcagc tcaatggccg
cctggaatat tgtctgaaag 840acagaatgaa ttttgacatc ccagaggaaa
ttaaacagct ccagcagttt cagaaagaag 900atgctgctct cacaatctat
gaaatgctcc agaatatctt tgcaatcttt cgccaggaca 960gctcctccac
cgggtggaat gagacaattg tcgagaatct gctcgccaat gtctatcatc
1020agatcaatca cctcaagaca gtcctcgaag aaaaactcga aaaagaagat
ttcacacgcg 1080gcaaactgat gtcctccctg catctgaagc gctactatgg
gcgcatcctg cattatctga 1140aagctaaaga atactcccac tgtgcttgga
caattgtgcg cgtcgagatc ctgagaaact 1200tttatttcat taaccgcctg
acaggatacc tgcgcaactg atgaaggtct ggatgcggcc 1260gc 126260215PRTHomo
sapiens 60Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys
Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser Leu 20 25 30 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro 35 40 45 Gln Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly
Phe Leu Gln Arg Ser Ser Asn Phe 50 55 60 Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu
Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys 65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Asp Arg
Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys Gln Leu 85 90 95 Gln Gln
Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr Glu Met Leu 100 105 110
Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Trp 115
120 125 Asn Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His Gln
Ile 130 135 140 Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys
Glu Asp Phe 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His
Leu Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Gly 165 170 175 Arg Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala
Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Cys Ala Trp 180 185 190 Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu
Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg 195 200 205 Leu Thr Gly Tyr
Leu Arg Asn 210 215 61673DNAHomo sapiens 61tctagaggac atgaccaaca
agtgcctgct gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac 60caccgccctg agcagcagca
gctccaaggc cccacccccc agcctgccca gccccagcag 120gctgccaggc
cccagcgaca cccccatcct gccccagatg agctacaacc tgctgggctt
180cctgcagagg tccagcaact tccagtgcca gaaactgctg tggcagctga
acggcaggct 240ggaatactgc ctgaaggacc ggatgaactt cgacatcccc
gaagagatca agcagctgca 300gcagttccag aaagaggacg ccgccctgac
catctacgag atgctgcaga acatcttcgc 360catcttcagg caggacagca
gcagcaccgg ctggaacgag accatcgtgg agaacctgct 420ggccaacgtg
taccaccaga tcaaccacct gaaaaccgtg ctggaagaga agctggaaaa
480agaggacttc accaggggca agctgatgag cagcctgcac ctgaagaggt
actacggcag 540aatcctgcac tacctgaagg ccaaagagta cagccactgc
gcctggacca tcgtgagggt 600ggagatcctg cggaacttct acttcatcaa
caggctgacc ggctacctga ggaactgatg 660agtccgcggc cgc 67362243PRTHomo
sapiens 62Met Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys
Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser Leu 20 25 30 Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro 35 40 45 Gln Met Ser Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gly
Phe Leu Gln Arg Ser Ser Asn Phe 50 55 60 Gln Cys Gln Lys Leu Leu
Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys 65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Asp Arg
Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys Gln Leu 85 90 95 Gln Gln
Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr Glu Met Leu 100 105 110
Gln Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Trp 115
120 125 Asn Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val Tyr His Gln
Ile 130 135 140 Asn His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys
Glu Asp Phe 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser Leu His
Leu Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Gly 165 170 175 Arg Ile Leu His Tyr Leu Lys Ala
Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Cys Ala Trp 180 185 190 Thr Ile Val Arg Val Glu
Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg 195 200 205 Leu Thr Gly Tyr
Leu Arg Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro 210 215 220 Ser Leu
Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile 225 230 235
240 Leu Pro Gln 63763DNAHomo sapiens 63tctagaggac atgaccaaca
agtgcctgct gcagatcgcc ctgctgctgt gcttcagcac 60caccgccctg agcagcagca
gctccaaggc cccacccccc agcctgccca gccccagcag 120actgccaggc
cccagcgaca cccccatcct gccccagatg agctacaacc tgctgggctt
180cctgcagagg tccagcaact tccagtgcca gaagctgctg tggcagctga
acggcaggct 240ggaatactgc ctgaaggaca ggatgaactt cgacatccca
gaggaaatca agcagctgca 300gcagttccag aaggaggacg ccgccctgac
catctacgag atgctgcaga acatcttcgc 360catcttcagg caggacagca
gcagcaccgg ctggaacgag accatcgtgg agaacctgct 420ggccaacgtg
taccaccaga tcaaccacct gaaaaccgtg ctggaagaga agctggaaaa
480ggaggacttc accaggggca agctgatgag cagcctgcac ctgaagaggt
actacggcag 540aatcctgcac tacctgaagg ccaaggagta cagccactgc
gcctggacca tcgtgagggt 600ggagatcctg aggaacttct acttcatcaa
caggctgacc ggctacctga ggaacagctc 660cagcagcaag gcccctccac
cttccctgcc cagtccaagc cgactccctg ggccctccga 720tacaccaatt
ctgccacagt gatgaaggtc tggatgcggc cgc 7636421PRTHomo sapiens 64Met
Thr Asn Lys Cys Leu Leu Gln Ile Ala Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ser 1 5 10
15 Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser 20 6523DNAHomo sapiens 65gaattctaga
ggacatgacc aac 236633DNAHomo sapiens 66gcggccgcgg actcatcagt
tcctcaggta gcc 336712PRTHomo sapiens 67Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro 1 5 10 68166PRTHomo sapiens 68Met Ser Tyr Asn
Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Gln Arg Ser Ser Asn Phe Gln 1 5 10 15 Ser Gln
Lys Leu Leu Trp Gln Leu Asn Gly Arg Leu Glu Tyr Cys Leu 20 25 30
Lys Asp Arg Met Asn Phe Asp Ile Pro Glu Glu Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln 35
40 45 Gln Phe Gln Lys Glu Asp Ala Ala Leu Thr Ile Tyr Glu Met Leu
Gln 50 55 60 Asn Ile Phe Ala Ile Phe Arg Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Thr
Gly Trp Asn 65 70 75 80 Glu Thr Ile Val Glu Asn Leu Leu Ala Asn Val
Tyr His Gln Ile Asn 85 90 95 His Leu Lys Thr Val Leu Glu Glu Lys
Leu Glu Lys Glu Asp Phe Thr 100 105 110 Arg Gly Lys Leu Met Ser Ser
Leu His Leu Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Arg 115 120 125 Ile Leu His Tyr Leu
Lys Ala Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Cys Ala Trp Thr 130 135 140 Ile Val Arg
Val Glu Ile Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Phe Ile Asn Arg Leu 145 150 155 160
Thr Gly Tyr Leu Arg Asn 165
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