U.S. patent application number 14/447170 was filed with the patent office on 2018-06-14 for method for forming a fire-resistant and thermal-resistant glass fiber product, and associated apparatus.
This patent application is currently assigned to BLH Technologies Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is BLH TECHNOLOGIES INC.. Invention is credited to Daniel Baroux.
Application Number | 20180162025 14/447170 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48904341 |
Filed Date | 2018-06-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180162025 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Baroux; Daniel |
June 14, 2018 |
METHOD FOR FORMING A FIRE-RESISTANT AND THERMAL-RESISTANT GLASS
FIBER PRODUCT, AND ASSOCIATED APPARATUS
Abstract
A method is provided for forming a glass fiber product, by
forming a first mixture including dry melt-resistant filiform glass
fibers, a fire-retarding solution, and a thickening agent; forming
a second mixture including the first mixture and a binding agent,
wherein the first mixture and the binding agent being configured to
form an expanding foam; and applying the second mixture to a
surface prior to the second mixture forming the expanding foam. A
method is also provided for forming a glass fiber product, by
adding a thickening agent to a fire-retarding solution to form a
first mixture; adding a hardening agent to the first mixture to
form a second mixture; and adding dry melt-resistant filiform glass
fibers to the second mixture to form a paste mixture. Associated
apparatuses are also provided.
Inventors: |
Baroux; Daniel; (Nanaimo,
CA) |
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Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BLH TECHNOLOGIES INC. |
Halifax |
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CA |
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Assignee: |
BLH Technologies Inc.
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Prior
Publication: |
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Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20160031132 A1 |
February 4, 2016 |
|
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Family ID: |
48904341 |
Appl. No.: |
14/447170 |
Filed: |
July 30, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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PCT/CA2013/050066 |
Jan 30, 2013 |
|
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14447170 |
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61592369 |
Jan 30, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C 44/3438 20130101;
B32B 2266/0271 20130101; B32B 2307/3065 20130101; B32B 21/02
20130101; B32B 2262/101 20130101; C03C 25/007 20130101; B29K
2309/08 20130101; B32B 2607/00 20130101; C09K 21/00 20130101; B32B
15/046 20130101; B32B 21/047 20130101; B29L 2031/768 20130101; B32B
2266/0278 20130101; B32B 2419/00 20130101; B32B 29/007 20130101;
C03C 2218/11 20130101; B32B 2266/0285 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B29C 44/34 20060101
B29C044/34 |
Claims
1. A method of forming a glass fiber product, said method
comprising: forming a wetted mixture including filiform glass
fibers and a first portion of a fire-retarding solution, the wetted
mixture having a solids content of the fire-retarding solution
substantially uniformly and thoroughly dispersed therethrough;
de-liquefying the wetted mixture to form the dry melt-resistant
filiform glass fibers; forming a first mixture including the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers, a second portion of the
fire-retarding solution, and a thickening agent; forming a second
mixture including the first mixture and a binding agent, the first
mixture and the binding agent being configured to form an expanding
foam; and applying the second mixture to a surface prior to the
second mixture forming the expanding foam.
2. (canceled)
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming the wetted
mixture comprises interacting the filiform glass fibers with the
first portion of the fire-retarding solution such that the fire
retarding solution substantially coats each of the filiform glass
fibers.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming the wetted
mixture comprises interacting exclusively filiform glass fibers
with the first portion of the fire-retarding solution.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming one of the first
mixture and the wetted mixture comprises forming one of the first
mixture and the wetted mixture with the fire-retarding solution
comprising one of a phosphorus compound, a chlorine compound, a
fluorine compound, an antimony compound, a halogen compound, an
inorganic hydrate, a bromine compound, magnesium hydroxide,
hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, a phosphonium salt, ammonium
phosphate, diammonium phosphate, methyl bromide, methyl iodide,
bromochlorodifluoromethane, dibromotetrafluoroethane,
dibromodifluoromethane, carbon tetrachloride, urea-potassium
bicarbonate, and combinations thereof.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming the first mixture
comprises forming the first mixture including the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers, the second portion of the
fire-retarding solution, and the thickening agent comprising guar
gum.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming the second
mixture comprises forming the second mixture including the first
mixture and the binding agent comprising one of a resin material
and an adhesive material.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming the second
mixture comprises forming the second mixture including the first
mixture and the binding agent comprising methylene dipenyl
diisocyanate (MDI).
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying the second
mixture to the surface comprises applying the second mixture to the
surface comprising a first facing member.
10. A method according to claim 9, further comprising applying a
second facing member to the second mixture such that the second
mixture is disposed between the first and second facing
members.
11. A method according to claim 1, wherein applying the second
mixture to the surface further comprises one of spraying the second
mixture, brushing the second mixture, and troweling the second
mixture on the surface.
12. A method according to claim 1, further comprising one of
fluffing, chopping, grinding, and pulverizing the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers prior to forming the first
mixture.
13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising varying an
average length of the dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers so
as to vary a magnitude of expansion of the expanding foam, the
magnitude of expansion of the expanding foam being inversely
proportional to the average fiber length.
14. A method according to claim 1, wherein forming one of the first
mixture and the wetted mixture further comprises forming one of the
first mixture and the wetted mixture with one of an aqueous
fire-retarding solution, a nontoxic liquid fire-retarding solution,
and a neutral pH liquid fire-retarding solution.
15. A method of forming a glass fiber product, said method
comprising: forming a wetted mixture including filiform glass
fibers and a first portion of a fire-retarding solution, the wetted
mixture having a solids content of the fire-retarding solution
substantially uniformly and thoroughly dispersed therethrough;
de-liquefying the wetted mixture to form dry melt-resistant
filiform glass fibers; adding a thickening agent to a second
portion of the fire-retarding solution to form a first mixture;
adding a hardening agent to the first mixture to form a second
mixture; and adding the dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers to
the second mixture to form a paste mixture.
16. (canceled)
17. A method according to claim 15, wherein forming the wetted
mixture comprises interacting the filiform glass fibers with the
first portion of the fire-retarding solution such that the fire
retarding solution substantially coats each of the filiform glass
fibers.
18. A method according to claim 15, wherein forming the wetted
mixture comprises interacting exclusively filiform glass fibers
with the first portion of the fire-retarding solution.
19. A method according to claim 15, wherein one of adding the
thickening agent to the fire-retarding solution and forming the
wetted mixture comprises adding the thickening agent to the
fire-retarding solution and forming the wetted mixture with the
fire-retarding solution comprising one of a phosphorus compound, a
chlorine compound, a fluorine compound, an antimony compound, a
halogen compound, an inorganic hydrate, a bromine compound,
magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, a
phosphonium salt, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, methyl
bromide, methyl iodide, bromochlorodifluoromethane,
dibromotetrafluoroethane, dibromodifluoromethane, carbon
tetrachloride, urea-potassium bicarbonate, and combinations
thereof.
20. A method according to claim 15, wherein adding the thickening
agent comprises adding the thickening agent comprising guar
gum.
21. A method according to claim 15, wherein adding the hardening
agent comprises adding the hardening agent comprising one of liquid
polyurethane and acrylic.
22. A method according to claim 15, wherein adding the thickening
agent comprises adding an amount of the thickening agent equal to
between about 1% and about 10% by weight of the fire-retarding
solution.
23. A method according to claim 15, wherein adding the hardening
agent comprises adding an amount of the hardening agent equal to
between about 5% and about 65% by weight of the fire-retarding
solution.
24. A method according to claim 15, wherein adding the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers comprises adding an amount of
the dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers equal to between about
35% and about 65% by weight of the fire-retarding solution.
25. A method according to claim 15, further comprising one of
fluffing, chopping, grinding, and pulverizing the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers prior to adding the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers to the second mixture.
26. A method according to claim 15, further comprising varying an
average length of the dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers so
as to vary a magnitude of viscosity of the paste mixture, the
magnitude of viscosity of the paste mixture being directly
proportional to the average fiber length.
27. A method according to claim 15 wherein one of adding the
thickening agent to the second portion of the fire-retarding
solution and forming the wetted mixture comprises adding the
thickening agent to the second portion of the fire-retarding
solution and forming the wetted mixture with one of an aqueous
fire-retarding solution, a nontoxic liquid fire-retarding solution,
and a neutral pH liquid fire-retarding solution.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of International
Application No. PCT/CA2013/050066, filed Jan. 30, 2013, which
International Application was published by the International Bureau
in English on Aug. 8, 2013, claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/592,369, filed Jan. 30, 2012, all which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all
purposes.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] 1. Field of the Disclosure
[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods for
forming improved glass fiber products, and, more particularly, to a
method for forming a melt-resistant or otherwise
thermally-resistant glass fiber product, and associated
apparatus.
[0004] 2. Description of Related Art
[0005] It may sometimes be desirable for particular glass
fiber-based products to exhibit resistance to heat, such as that
resulting from an incidental fire, in addition to fire resistance.
In some instances, such a glass fiber-based insulation product may
have a fire-retardant product applied thereto, post-formation, to
provide some fire resistance capabilities therefor. That is, an
exemplary as-formed filiform glass fiber-based insulation product
may have a surface treatment, for example, a liquid fire retardant,
applied thereto in order for the treated product to exhibit at
least some fire resistance. However, such glass fiber-based
insulation products used, for example, in building construction,
may be comprised of filiform glass fibers that may tend to melt in
the presence of excess heat. Thus, while the treatment of the
as-formed glass fiber-based insulation product may be somewhat
effective for fire resistance, particularly with a liquid fire
retardant, it may be difficult or otherwise inefficient to achieve
an even and consistent fire-resistance treatment of that product,
and such treatment may not necessarily render the product
thermal/heat resistant. More particularly, the result of some fire
resistance treatment processes involving application of a liquid
fire-retardant to an as-formed glass fiber-based insulation product
may be an uneven or otherwise inconsistent coverage of the fire
retardant with respect to the product, with insignificant
improvement in thermal/heat resistance characteristics. In those
cases, the glass-fiber product may pose a hazard in the event of a
fire which the product is intended to retard or otherwise provide
some resistance to heat and/or flames. Further, such treatment
processes may not necessarily be efficient in terms of applying the
fire retardant to the glass fiber-based product, may not include
provisions for capturing or recycling excess portions of the fire
retardant product, and may not have the capability for preventing
or restricting losses of the fire retardant due, for instance, to
evaporative processes.
[0006] Thus, there exists a need for a process and associated
apparatus for evenly and consistently applying a fire retardant,
particularly a liquid fire retardant, to a filiform glass
fiber-based product. In some instances, it may be desirable to form
an integral glass fiber product having enhanced characteristics and
physical properties over an existing glass fiber product or
conventional products used for the same or similar purpose, while
also providing an enhanced level of heat and/or fire resistance. It
may also be desirable, in some instances, to have a glass
fiber-based product formation process with the capability of
capturing excess fire retardant and recycling the captured excess
in subsequent glass fiber product manufacturing cycles, whether the
excess is captured in a liquid form or in other forms, such as
vapors.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0007] The above and other needs are met by aspects of the present
disclosure, wherein one such aspect relates to a method of forming
a glass fiber product. Such a method comprises forming a first
mixture including dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers, a
fire-retarding solution, and a thickening agent; forming a second
mixture including the first mixture and a binding agent, wherein
the first mixture and the binding agent are configured to form an
expanding foam; and applying the second mixture to a surface prior
to the second mixture forming the expanding foam.
[0008] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method
of forming a glass fiber product. Such a method comprises adding a
thickening agent to a fire-retarding solution to form a first
mixture; adding a hardening agent to the first mixture to form a
second mixture; and adding dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers
to the second mixture to form a paste mixture.
[0009] In some aspects, the fire-retarding solution may be an
aqueous fire-retarding solution. It may be preferred that the
fire-retarding solution be nontoxic and/or have a neutral pH and/or
be hypoallergenic and/or have any number of otherwise desirable
properties. In some aspects, the fire-retarding solution may
include any one or more of a phosphorus compound, a chlorine
compound, a fluorine compound, an antimony compound, a halogen
compound, an inorganic hydrate, a bromine compound, magnesium
hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, a phosphonium salt,
ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, methyl bromide, methyl
iodide, bromochlorodifluoromethane, dibromotetrafluoroethane,
dibromodifluoromethane, carbon tetrachloride, urea-potassium
bicarbonate, and combinations thereof.
[0010] In yet other aspects, the thickening agent may comprise guar
gum and/or other suitable material. The hardening agent may
comprise liquid polyurethane, acrylic, and/or other suitable
material. The binding agent may comprise methylene diphenyl
diisocyanate (MDI) and/or other suitable material.
[0011] Associated apparatuses configured, arranged, and/or adapted
to execute various method aspects of the present disclosure are
also disclosed herein.
[0012] Aspects of the present disclosure thus address the
identified needs and provide other advantages as otherwise detailed
herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
[0013] Having thus described the disclosure in general terms,
reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are
not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:
[0014] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an apparatus for forming a
glass fiber product, according to one aspect of the disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method of forming a glass
fiber product, according to one aspect of the disclosure; and
[0016] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a method of forming a glass
fiber product, according to another aspect of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0017] The present disclosure now will be described more fully
hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
some, but not all aspects of the disclosure are shown. Indeed, the
disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not
be construed as limited to the aspects set forth herein; rather,
these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy
applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements
throughout.
[0018] Aspects of the present disclosure are generally directed to
apparatuses and methods for forming an ignition-resistant
(fire-resistant) and/or melt-resistant (thermal-resistant) filiform
glass fiber product. As previously discussed, possible limitations
in the treatment of as-formed filiform glass fiber products, such
as a glass fiber-based insulation or board product, for fire
resistance, particularly with a liquid fire retardant, include
difficulty in achieving an even and consistent treatment of that
glass fiber product, as well as difficulty in effecting
thermal/heat resistance in the as-formed product. That is, the
result of some fire resistance surface-treatment processes may be
an uneven, non-uniform, or otherwise inconsistent or incomplete
application of the fire retardant to the glass fiber product. In
those cases, such uneven surface treatment may result in varying
levels of fire resistance of the treated glass fiber product which
may, in turn, become a hazard in the event of a fire which the
product is intended to retard or otherwise provide some resistance.
Moreover, such surface fire-retardant treatments may have little
effect on the overall thermal/heat resistance of the as-formed
product.
[0019] In one aspect of the present disclosure, filiform glass
fibers, a fire-retarding solution, and a thickening agent (see,
e.g., block 1200 in FIG. 2) may be combined to produce a first
mixture having the form of a slurry. In this form, the first
mixture may be relatively stable and may remain in slurry form for
an indefinite period. When a binding agent is added to the first
mixture (see, e.g., block 1300 in FIG. 2) to form a second mixture,
a reaction occurs between the first mixture and the binding agent
to produce the second mixture in the form of a foam material, in
some cases an expanding foam material. The foam material
subsequently cures into a solid material with varying hardness
depending, for example, on the magnitude of expansion of the foam
material upon forming the second mixture. The magnitude of the
expansion of the second mixture to form the foam material may
depend on one or more factors such as, for example, the average
length of the filiform glass fibers. For instance, in one aspect, a
relatively longer average length of the filiform glass fibers may
lower the magnitude of expansion of the foam material, while a
relatively shorter average length of the filiform glass fibers
(produced, for example, by chopping, grinding, or pulverizing
relatively longer filiform glass fibers) may increase the magnitude
of expansion of the foam material. In other instances, the
variation in the average length of the filiform glass fibers may
affect the density of the foam material similarly to the magnitude
of expansion. Because the second mixture cures to form the foam
material, the second mixture may be applied to a surface before or
commensurately with the second mixture forming the expanding foam
material and, in any instance, prior to the second mixture curing
to form the foam material (see, e.g., block 1400 in FIG. 2). In
this manner, the applied second mixture may cure on the selected
surface, for example, as a protective coating, which may be
resistant to heat, fire and/or ignition and/or may serve as a
thermal barrier for the coated surface. One skilled in the art will
appreciate that the second mixture may be applied to the surface in
many different manners such as, for example, by spraying, brushing,
or troweling.
[0020] The filiform glass fibers may vary in average length. Such
filiform glass fibers may be comprised of, for example, E-glass
(i.e., alumino-borosilicate glass with less than about 1% w/w
alkali oxides), A-glass (i.e., alkali-lime glass with little or no
boron oxide), E-CR-glass (i.e., alumino-lime silicate with less
than 1% w/w alkali oxides), C-glass (i.e., alkali-lime glass with
high boron oxide content), D-glass (i.e., borosilicate glass),
R-glass (i.e., alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO), and/or
S-glass (i.e., alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO
content). Such filiform glass fibers may be formed, for example,
using a direct melt process or a marble remelt process, wherein
bulk glass material is melted and then extruded through appropriate
bushings or nozzles. In a continuous filament process, a sizing may
be applied to the drawn fibers before the fibers are wound. In a
staple fiber process, the glass material can be blown or blasted
with heat or steam after exiting a formation machine. For example,
in a rotary process formation machine, molten glass enters a
rotating spinner, and due to centrifugal force is thrown
horizontally/laterally outward, wherein air jets may push the glass
vertically downward. In some instances, a binder may be applied to
the as-produced glass filaments, and wherein a resulting fiber mat
may be vacuumed to a screen and the binder then cured in an oven to
form a cohesive mat. As such, the filiform glass fibers implemented
herein may vary considerably with respect to the applicability
thereof to the disclosed process. One skilled in the art will
further appreciate that the average length of the filiform glass
fibers may be controlled or otherwise determined in various manners
such as, for example, by chopping, grinding, pulverizing, and/or
any other action, mechanical or otherwise, that may be applied to
relatively long filiform glass fibers to produce relatively short
filiform glass fibers.
[0021] In some aspects, the filiform glass fibers may be initially
interacted with the same or a different fire-retarding solution,
prior to being combined into the first mixture/slurry. More
particularly, a wetted mixture may first be formed, including
filiform glass fibers and the fire-retarding solution. In some
instances, the wetted mixture exclusively includes filiform glass
fibers interacted with the fire-retarding solution. The wetted
mixture may be formed such that the solids content of the
fire-retarding solution is substantially uniformly and thoroughly
dispersed therethrough. In some instances, the fire retarding
solution may substantially coat each of the filiform glass fibers,
wherein the coating includes at least some of the solids content of
the fire-retarding solution. The wetted mixture may then be
de-liquefied, for example, by heating or other suitable drying
process, to form dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers. The dry
filiform glass fibers may be rendered melt-resistant by the coating
of the glass fibers formed by particular solid components of the
fire-retarding solution remaining on the glass fibers following the
heating/de-liquefying/drying process and/or bonding of such solid
components to the exposed surfaces of the glass fibers. In such
instances, the solid coating may form an insulating barrier capable
of diffusing incident heat (i.e., provide thermal/heat/melt
resistance for the glass fibers) while also resisting ignition by
incident flame (i.e., provide ignition/fire/flame resistance for
the glass fibers).
[0022] On this basis, according to some aspects, the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers themselves may be implemented
as a glass fiber end product. For example, the dry melt-resistant
filiform glass fibers may be used as blown-in insulation or
insulation sheets in bat or roll form. In other aspects, such
"pre-treated" filiform glass fibers may be processed, as necessary
or desired, in the same of similar manner as previously disclosed
herein, so as to prepare pre-treated filiform glass fibers having a
particular average length. One skilled in the art will appreciate,
however, that the "average length" of the filiform glass fibers
disclosed herein do not necessarily require a relatively small or
narrow range of fiber lengths. That is, the average length of the
glass fibers as used herein is for general guidance only and does
not preclude the effectiveness of the methods and apparatuses
herein if a relatively large range of lengths of filiform glass
fibers is implemented.
[0023] Further, in some instances, the glass fibers implemented to
form the resulting glass fiber product may be exclusively or
substantially exclusively comprised of filiform glass fibers of the
type disclosed herein (i.e., excluding materials other than such
filiform glass fibers). One skilled in the art will appreciate from
the disclosure herein, however, that in some aspects, that
contaminants in reasonable levels in the filiform glass fibers will
likely have little if any detrimental effect with respect to the
resulting as-formed glass fiber product. As such, a decontamination
process/apparatus may not necessarily be contemplated (e.g., for
the filiform glass fibers), but could be included to perform such
decontamination, should there be a need or desire for a
contaminant-free glass fiber product.
[0024] In some aspects, the fire-retarding solution, used to
pre-treat the filiform glass fibers and/or form the first mixture
(slurry) with the filiform glass fibers, may include, for example,
one or more of a phosphorus compound, a chlorine compound, a
fluorine compound, an antimony compound, a halogen compound, an
inorganic hydrate, a bromine compound, magnesium hydroxide,
hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, a phosphonium salt, ammonium
phosphate, diammonium phosphate, methyl bromide, methyl iodide,
bromochlorodifluoromethane, dibromotetrafluoroethane,
dibromodifluoromethane, carbon tetrachloride, urea-potassium
bicarbonate, and combinations thereof. In this regard, one skilled
in the art will appreciate that various fire-retarding or fire
resistant substances, either currently known or later developed or
discovered, in solution form, may be applicable to the disclosed
processes and apparatuses herein within the scope of the present
disclosure.
[0025] In particular aspects, the fire-retarding solution may be an
aqueous fire-retarding solution. It may be preferred that the
fire-retarding solution be nontoxic and/or have a neutral pH and/or
be hypoallergenic and/or have any number of otherwise desirable
properties affecting human/animal and/or environmental safety,
while maintaining the necessary efficacy, as implemented and upon
exposure of the filiform glass fibers and/or the glass fiber
product to heat and/or flame. In some aspects, the fire-retarding
solution may include a component which, standing alone, may not
necessarily exhibit one or more of the previously-disclosed
preferred or desirable properties. However, one skilled in the art
will appreciate that other different components of the
fire-retarding solution may interact with the noted component so as
to neutralize, minimize, or otherwise eliminate, chemically or
otherwise, the non-preferred or undesirable properties of the noted
component such that the overall fire-retarding solution exhibits
one or more of the preferred or desirable properties.
[0026] In some aspects, the thickening agent may comprise, for
example, guar gum, cornstarch, and/or any other suitable material
capable of inducing a thickening effect on the first mixture slurry
of filiform glass fibers and the fire-retarding solution.
[0027] In yet other aspects, the binding agent may comprise one of
a resin material and an adhesive material. In particular instances,
the binding agent may comprise methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
(MDI). However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the
binding agent 260 may vary considerably, as appropriate, and may
comprise other suitable materials such as, for instance, urea
formaldehyde (UF) or phenol formaldehyde (PF).
[0028] Once the second mixture is formed, the expanding/expandable
foam may be applied to a surface comprising a first facing member.
Such a first facing member may comprise, for example, Kraft paper,
encasement paper, foil, a medium density fiberboard (MDF) sheet, an
oriented strand board (OSB) sheet, a particleboard sheet, a metal
sheet, or any other suitable sheet member or combinations thereof.
If necessary, a bonding material, such as an adhesive or epoxy, may
be applied to the facing member, prior to the application of the
second mixture, so as to promote adhesion therebetween. In other
aspects, a second facing member may also be applied to the second
mixture such that the second mixture is disposed between the first
and second facing members, wherein the second facing member may be
the same as or different from the first facing member.
[0029] In instances where either of the first and second facing
members comprises encasement paper or Kraft paper (or any other
"paper" including cellulose fibers), the paper may be comprised of
cellulose fibers and "pre-treated" filiform glass fibers, as
previously disclosed. In particular instances, the pre-treated
filiform glass fibers may be combined with the cellulose fibers
during the papermaking process, as will be appreciated by one
skilled in the art. In other instances, the fire-retarding solution
may be introduced to a mixture of cellulose fibers and filiform
glass fibers during the papermaking process, instead of or in
addition to using pre-treated filiform glass fibers. The amount of
filiform glass fibers included in the paper may be on the order of
between about 5% and about 50% by weight. The inclusion of the
filiform glass fibers may, for example, increase the tensile and/or
tearing strength of the paper product. In some instances, however,
the inclusion of pre-treated filiform glass fibers and/or the use
of the fire-retarding solution in the papermaking process may serve
to enhance the mechanical properties of the resulting paper.
Further, the inclusion of the fire-retarding solution in the
formation of the paper product may additionally facilitate a more
ignition/fire- and/or thermal/heat-resistant filiform glass fiber
product when applied to the expanding foam as the first and/or
second facing member. Of course, one skilled in the art will
appreciate that the paper product including the filiform glass
fibers may itself be implemented as a stand-alone ignition/fire-
and/or thermal/heat-resistant product, as necessary or desired.
[0030] When formed with the first and/or second facing member, the
assembly including the foam material may additionally be planarized
to form a sheet of regular thickness. Such planarization may be
accomplished, for example, using a press roll arrangement or other
suitable mechanical shaping process. Upon planarization, the
resulting sheet having the foam material with the first facing
member, or both the first and second facing members, engaged
therewith may be used, for example, as a wallboard substitute for
convention gypsum-based drywall.
[0031] In view of the preceding, one aspect of the present
disclosure may involve an apparatus for forming an ignition/fire-
and or thermal/heat/melt-resistant filiform glass fiber product,
such an apparatus being indicated as element 100 in FIG. 1. Such an
apparatus 100 may comprise, for example, a first mixing device 300
configured to form a wetted mixture 275 from filiform glass fibers
225 and a first fire-retarding solution 250, such that the wetted
mixture 275 has a solids content of the first fire-retarding
solution 250 substantially uniformly and thoroughly dispersed
therethrough. A first processing device 500 may also be provided to
de-liquefy the wetted mixture so as form dry, treated filiform
glass fibers. A second processing device 350 may then be configured
to receive the dry, treated filiform glass fibers, and/or in some
instances, untreated filiform glass fibers. The second processing
device 350 may be further configured to process the filiform glass
fibers so as to refine the filiform glass fibers to a desired
average length. A second mixing device 400 is configured to form a
cohesive mixture from the processed filiform glass fibers, a second
fire-retarding solution 360, and a thickening agent 370. In some
instances, the cohesive mixture may be directed to a third mixing
device 425 configured to add a binding agent 260 thereto, wherein
the resulting activated mixture 325 may then be directed to a
forming device 700 to have one or more facing members applied
thereto and/or to planarize the resulting formed glass fiber
product 750 comprising the expanded foam material.
[0032] In forming the wetted mixture 275, the first mixing device
300 may be configured to substantially saturate the filiform glass
fibers 225 with the first fire-retarding solution 250, wherein the
first fire-retarding solution 250 has a first concentration of the
particular solids content, and/or the first mixing device 300 may
be configured to form a slurry from the filiform glass fibers 225
and the first fire-retarding solution 250. In some instances, the
first mixing device 300 may also be configured to add water and/or
other appropriate liquid or chemical to the filiform glass fibers
225 and first fire-retarding solution 250 to form the slurry.
[0033] One skilled in the art will further appreciate that the
fire-retarding solution (whether the first or second fire-retarding
solution, as referenced herein) may be formed by adding a solid
fire-retardant product to a liquid (i.e., water) or other chemical
mixed with the filiform glass fibers such that the solid
fire-retardant product forms a solution with the liquid or other
chemical comprising a slurry with the filiform glass fibers 225. In
other instances, the solution formed from the solid fire-retardant
product and the liquid or other chemical may be used to form the
wetted mixture 275 with the filiform glass fibers 225. In some
aspects, the first mixing device 300 may be configured to agitate
the slurry or wetted mixture, so as to substantially uniformly
distribute the fire-retarding solution therethrough. In other
aspects, the first mixing device 300 may be configured to
manipulate the wetted mixture 275, such that the solids content of
the fire-retarding solution is substantially uniformly and
thoroughly dispersed through the wetted mixture. The first mixing
device 300 may be any machine suitable for forming the wetted
mixture and/or the slurry from the filiform glass fibers and the
fire-retarding solution, in the various manners discussed.
[0034] In another aspect, the first mixing device 300 may be, in
some cases, configured to interact the filiform glass fibers 225
with the fire-retarding solution such that the fire retarding
solution substantially coats each of the filiform glass fibers. In
yet another aspect, the fire-retarding solution itself may be
configured to substantially coat each of the filiform glass fibers
when interacted therewith. In such instances, the fire-retarding
solution may interact with the filiform glass fibers, for example,
such that the fire-retarding solution or a component thereof etches
the exposed surfaces of the glass fibers so as to promote and/or
facilitate bonding of particular solid components of the
fire-retarding solution with the exposed surfaces of the glass
fibers and/or formation of a coating over the exposed surfaces.
[0035] In some particular aspects, in order to facilitate
interaction between the fire-retarding solution and the glass
fibers, a processing device 500 may be provided to de-liquefy the
wetted mixture 275, and to form dry melt-resistant filiform glass
fibers. The processing device 500, such as a dryer, may thus be
provided, as necessary and as will be appreciated by one skilled in
the art, to process the wetted mixture 275 to form the dry
melt-resistant filiform glass fibers. In one aspect, the processing
device 500 may be configured to apply heat to the wetted mixture
275, for example, via heated air (i.e., air heated with combusted
natural gas or other suitable fuel source), or through any of a
variety of heating/de-liquefying/drying methods, such as, for
example, microwave or infrared drying techniques, as will be
appreciated by one skilled in the art.
[0036] In instances where the first mixing device 300 is configured
to form a slurry from the filiform glass fibers and the
fire-retarding solution, the processing device 500 may be
configured to dewater the slurry, before drying the dewatered
slurry to form the dry melt-resistant filiform glass fibers. Such a
dewatering process may be accomplished, for example, by a suitably
modified Fourdrinier-type machine, or other appropriate process, as
will be appreciated by one skilled in the art. The slurry may also
be dewatered, for instance, using a twin wire forming section
and/or appropriate screening devices. Further, as previously
disclosed, in order to dry the dewatered slurry, the processing
device 500 may be configured to apply heat to the wetted mixture,
for example, via heated air (i.e., air heated with combusted
natural gas or other suitable fuel source), or through any of a
variety of heating/de-liquefying/drying methods, such as, for
example, microwave or infrared drying techniques, as will be
appreciated by one skilled in the art. One skilled in the art will
also appreciate that the processing device 500 may be configured in
many different manners. For example, a suitably-configured screen
device may be configured to receive the slurry, wherein the screen
device may include a number of perforations. Once deposited in the
screen device, the slurry may be engaged by an opposing platen,
which may also be perforated. The perforations may serve to dewater
the slurry, while the platen and/or the screen device may be heated
to provide for drying of the dewatered slurry. In other instances,
the processing device 500 may comprise, for example a press
arrangement configured to apply pressure to the slurry to force out
the liquid portion thereof.
[0037] In some aspects, the apparatus 100 may also comprise a
recovery device 600 configured to recover excess fire-retarding
solution, in one of a liquid and a vapor form, upon the processing
device 500 de-liquefying/drying the wetted mixture 275. In some
instances, the recovery device 600 may also be configured to engage
the first mixing device 300 for accomplishing the recovery of the
excess fire-retarding solution. That is, the recovery device 600
may be configured to direct the recovered excess fire-retarding
solution, removed from the wetted mixture upon de-liquefication
thereof by the processing device 500, to the mixing device 300, for
example, in a closed-loop, fire-retarding solution recycling
process. Upon recovery of the excess portions, including liquids
and vapors, by the recovery device 600, the recovered excess
fire-retarding solution may be strained, filtered, or otherwise
purified, and then reintroduced to the first mixing device 300 to
form subsequent portions of the wetted mixture 275, such that the
fire-retarding solution is substantially or entirely prevented from
leaving the apparatus 100 as a waste product.
[0038] A second processing device 350 may then be configured to
receive the dry, treated filiform glass fibers, and/or in some
instances, untreated filiform glass fibers. That is, the disclosed
process hereinafter discussed may be configured to implement
filiform glass fibers "pre-treated" with the fire-retarding
solution, untreated filiform glass fibers, or a combination
thereof. As such, in some aspects, the first mixing device
300/processing device 500 may be bypassed, particularly when
implementing untreated filiform glass fibers. The second processing
device 350 may be further configured to process the filiform glass
fibers so as to refine the filiform glass fibers to a desired
average length. As necessary or desired, the second processing
device 350 may be configured, for example, to chop, grind,
pulverize, or otherwise manipulate dry filiform glass fibers,
whether treated with the fire-retarding solution or untreated, to
reduce filiform glass fibers having a relatively longer average
fiber length to filiform glass fibers having a relatively shorter
average fiber length. In some aspects, the second processing device
350 may not be necessary if the filiform glass fibers are initially
provided with the necessary or desired average fiber length.
[0039] A second mixing device 400 may then be configured to form a
cohesive mixture from the processed filiform glass fibers
(processed by the second processing device 350), a second
fire-retarding solution 360, and a thickening agent 370. The second
fire-retarding solution may be the same as, or different from, the
first fire-retarding solution. If the second fire-retarding
solution is different from the first fire-retarding solution, it
may be preferable for the second fire-retarding solution to enhance
the fire-retarding properties of the first fire-retarding solution,
or at least to have limited or no negative interaction with the
first fire-retarding solution. In some aspects, the thickening
agent may comprise, for example, guar gum, cornstarch, and/or any
other suitable material capable of inducing a thickening effect on
the first mixture slurry of filiform glass fibers and the
fire-retarding solution. Once combined by the second mixing device
400, the cohesive mixture may remain stable an in the as-mixed form
for a particular time duration. In some instances, the time
duration may be indefinite.
[0040] In some instances, the cohesive mixture may be directed to a
third mixing device 425 configured to add a binding agent 260
thereto to form a second mixture 325. The binding agent may
comprise, for example, one of a resin material, an epoxy material,
and an adhesive material. In particular instances, the binding
agent may comprise methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). However,
one skilled in the art will appreciate that the binding agent 260
may vary considerably, as appropriate, and may comprise other
suitable materials such as, for instance, urea formaldehyde (UF) or
phenol formaldehyde (PF). The third mixing device may be configured
to agitate or otherwise manipulate the second mixture so as to
thoroughly mix the binding agent with the cohesive mixture. In
particular aspects, the binding agent may react with the cohesive
mixture to form a foam material, wherein the foam material may
exhibit a particular amount of expansion due to the reaction. As
previously discussed, the magnitude of the expansion may be
dependent upon different factors such as, for example, the average
length of the filiform glass fibers implemented in the process.
[0041] In aspects including the third mixing device 425/cohesive
mixture 325/binding agent 260, there may be a short duration onset
of a reaction between the cohesive mixture and the binding agent,
as well as a short duration to cure. Accordingly, in some
instances, the third mixing device may be disposed in close
proximity to the surface to which the second mixture/activated foam
material is to be applied. In other instances, the resulting
activated mixture may be directed from the third mixing device to a
forming device 700, for example, to have one or more facing members
(i.e., as the application "surface") applied thereto and/or to
planarize the resulting formed glass fiber product 750 comprising
the expanded foam material.
[0042] In other aspects, the forming device 700 may be implemented
in different manners to form the cohesive mixture into the formed
glass fiber product 750. For example, the forming device 700 may be
configured to compress the second mixture (foam material) to form a
densified glass fiber product, extrude the second mixture to form
the formed glass fiber product, spray the second mixture to form
the formed glass fiber product, and/or mold the second mixture to
form the formed glass fiber product. One skilled in the art will
appreciate, from the disclosure herein, that the second mixture,
and the glass fiber product formed therefrom, are distinguished
from fiberglass (also called glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), glass
fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP), or fiber-reinforced plastic
(FRP)). That is, "fiberglass" is generally characterized as a fiber
reinforced polymer made of a plastic or polymeric matrix reinforced
by fine fibers of glass, wherein the plastic/polymer matrix may be,
for example, an epoxy, a thermosetting plastic (i.e., polyester or
vinylester), or a thermoplastic. In contrast, aspects of the
present disclosure implement a second mixture that, upon reaction
of the components thereof, forms a foam material for which the
magnitude of expansion can be manipulated or otherwise controlled.
As such, the resulting glass fiber product may be characterized,
for instance, as a filiform glass fiber network, wherein the glass
fibers treated with the fire-retarding solution are held together
in a cohesive manner through reaction between the fire-retarding
solution, the thickening agent, and/or the binding agent, in
cooperation with the filiform glass fibers.
[0043] One skilled in the art will also appreciate that, according
to some aspects of the present disclosure, the second mixture may
itself be ignition-resistant/melt-resistant due to the
ignition-resistant/melt-resistant characteristics of the glass
fibers, wherein such ignition-resistance/melt-resistance may be
facilitated, in some instances, through heat and/or fire resistance
characteristics of the selected binding agent (i.e., the second
mixture may in and of itself provide thermal/heat/melt resistance
protective characteristics). The second mixture may also be capable
of resisting ignition by incident flame (i.e., provide
ignition/fire/flame resistance characteristics). On this basis,
according to some aspects, the second mixture itself may be
implemented as all of part of a glass fiber end product. For
example, the second mixture may be applied, whether via the forming
device 700, or independently thereof, to various as-formed products
as a "coating" formed upon suitable application of the second
mixture to the product upon actuation thereof via the binding
agent. In one case, for instance, the second mixture may be applied
to various products to form a protective "coating" therefor. For
example, the second mixture may be applied to various components of
a building, such as a floor, interior or exterior walls, or even
individual support beams, whether wood-based or metal, or otherwise
applied as an encasement element (in any instance, upon suitable
actuation thereof via the binding agent).
[0044] One skilled in the art will further appreciate that, in some
instances, the second mixture may be manipulated in different
manners using variants of the forming device 700 to achieve
different end products. For example, in some instances, the second
mixture may form one or more layers of the resulting product, which
may be in a composite or pseudo-laminate form.
[0045] In some aspects, the glass fiber product 750 may be formed
as a sheet or board having a desired length, width, and thickness,
or as a continuous sheet that is later subdivided into segments of
a desired length. In some instances, the forming device 700 may be
configured to engage the second mixture with one of a negative die
and a positive die, so as to form a glass fiber product having a
surface defining a negative impression of the one of the negative
die and the positive die. That is, for example, various platen may
be appropriately patterned with a raised and/or depressed pattern
such that the formed glass fiber product will have a corresponding
surface defining a negative impression of the pattern. One skilled
in the art will also appreciate that the capability of manipulating
the second mixture in this manner indicates that the final form of
the glass fiber product need not necessarily be in planar form, but
may take many different shapes, contours, and sizes in addition to
that disclosed herein. For example, the final form of the glass
fiber product may be determined by forming, molding, extrusion,
pressing, stamping, or by any other suitable manipulation
procedure/production method.
[0046] Further, in some instances, the glass fiber product formed
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, particularly
through treatment of the filiform glass fibers with the
fire-retarding solution, may provide a more uniform and thorough
dispersion and distribution of the fire-retarding solution within
the formed glass fiber product, thus enhancing fire resistance
(flame spread), as well as thermal barrier (thermal
resistance/insulation) and/or other characteristics. Since one of
the aspects disclosed herein involves a wallboard substitute for
convention gypsum-based drywall, it follows that it may be
advantageous to have other aspects of a wall construction system
also rendered ignition/fire- and/or thermal/heat/melt-resistant. As
such, another aspect of the present disclosure comprises a "drywall
mud" or joint compound material, wherein the characteristics of
such materials will be appreciated by one skilled in the art. For
instance, it is known that seams between conventional drywall
sheets, once the drywall sheets are mounted to a wall structure,
are covered and smoothed by "drywall mud" or joint compound,
sometimes with the use of a fibrous "joint tape." Once the mud is
applied to the seam, roughly smoothed, and allowed to dry, the
mudded seam may be sanded to hide the seam and then painted if
necessary or desired. As such, it may be necessary for such a mud
to be smoothable, sandable, and/or paintable. In some instances, it
may be desirable for such a mud to be water resistant, mold
resistant, and/or termite resistant. Further, it may be desirable
for such a mud to exhibit a certain tensile strength (i.e., to
resist cracking at the seam in the event of expansion/contraction
or other mechanical event), and to be ignition/fire- and
thermal/heat/melt resistant.
[0047] Accordingly, one such aspect is directed to a drywall mud or
joint compound comprising filiform glass fibers, a fire-retarding
solution, a thickening agent, and a hardening agent. The
fire-retarding solution may comprise the particular materials as
previously disclosed. More particularly, the fire-retarding
solution may include, for example, one or more of a phosphorus
compound, a chlorine compound, a fluorine compound, an antimony
compound, a halogen compound, an inorganic hydrate, a bromine
compound, magnesium hydroxide, hydromagnesite, antimony trioxide, a
phosphonium salt, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, methyl
bromide, methyl iodide, bromochlorodifluoromethane,
dibromotetrafluoro ethane, dibromodifluoromethane, carbon
tetrachloride, urea-potassium bicarbonate, and combinations
thereof. In this regard, one skilled in the art will appreciate
that various fire-retarding or fire resistant substances, either
currently known or later developed or discovered, in solution form,
may be applicable to the disclosed processes and apparatuses herein
within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0048] The filiform glass fibers may be pre-treated with a
fire-retarding solution, which may be the same as or different from
the fire-retarding solution used to form the compound, in a similar
manner to that previously disclosed (or may remain untreated in
some aspects). In one particular instance, the filiform glass
fibers are pre-treated with the fire-retarding solution (i.e.,
wetted and de-liquefied, in a process as previously disclosed), and
then processed to obtain a desired average fiber length. In some
aspects, the thickening agent may comprise, for example, guar gum,
cornstarch, or any other suitable material capable of inducing a
thickening effect on the first mixture slurry of filiform glass
fibers and the fire-retarding solution. The hardening agent may
comprise, for example, liquid polyurethane (i.e., clear
polyurethane sealer used for coating and protecting exterior wood),
acrylic, and/or any other suitable hardening agent. One skilled in
the art will appreciate that the hardening agent may vary, as
appropriate, but will generally be characterized as a liquid
product that remains in liquid form when contained, but hardens
upon exposure to the atmosphere or environment.
[0049] In one aspect, the filiform glass fibers, the fire-retarding
solution, the thickening agent, and the hardening agent, when
combined, produce a mixture in the form of a pliable paste that may
be troweled or is otherwise spreadable, smoothable, sandable (once
dried/hardened), and paintable. In some instances, the mixture may
be produced with a thinner consistency which may allow, for
instance, the mixture to be applied to a surface as a skim coating,
or directed through a sprayer for application to a surface. In
other instances, a thicker coating of the mixture may provide a
thermal (insulating) barrier for the surface to which it is
applied. Such applications are premised upon the mixture being
exposed to atmosphere or the environment, which causes the mixture
to dry and harden. However, in a similar manner to drywall
mud/joint compound, the mixture may remain in a pliable,
non-hardened state for an extended time duration, as long as the
mixture is isolated (i.e., contained in a container) from the
atmosphere or environment.
[0050] In another aspect, the noted components of the mixture may
be combined in a particular order to produce desirable
characteristics of the mixture. For example, the thickening agent
(i.e., guar gum) may be first added to the fire-retarding solution
(see, e.g., block 1500 in FIG. 3), on the order of between about 1%
and about 10% by weight of the fire-retarding solution. In one
instance, the thickening agent may be added to the fire-retarding
solution in an amount equal to about 2% by weight of the
fire-retarding solution.
[0051] The hardening agent is then added to the fire-retarding
solution/thickening agent mixture (see, e.g., block 1600 in FIG.
3), on the order of between about 5% and about 65% by weight of the
fire-retarding solution. In one instance, the hardening agent may
be added to the fire-retarding solution/thickening agent mixture in
an amount equal to about 50% by weight of the fire-retarding
solution.
[0052] Finally, the filiform glass fibers are then added to the
fire-retarding solution/thickening agent/hardening agent mixture
(see, e.g., block 1700 in FIG. 3), on the order of between about
35% and about 65% by weight of the fire-retarding solution. In one
instance, the filiform glass fibers may be added to the
fire-retarding solution/thickening agent/hardening agent mixture in
an amount equal to about 50% by weight of the fire-retarding
solution. In order to obtain the necessary or desired average
length of the filiform glass fibers, the treated or untreated
filiform glass fibers may be appropriately processed, for example,
by fluffing, chopping, grinding, pulverizing, or the like. In some
instances, it has been found that relatively short average fiber
lengths (i.e., ground filiform glass fibers) may provide a less
viscous resulting mixture, while a relatively long average fiber
length (i.e., fluffed filiform glass fibers) may provide a more
viscous resulting mixture.
[0053] In some instances, the less viscous resulting mixture may be
applied as a cover coating for a particular surface (i.e., as a
skim coat over an existing sheet of convention gypsum-based
drywall). Accordingly, the skim coat may provide
ignition/fire-resistance of the underlying conventional drywall. In
thicker coats of the resulting mixture, the coating may
additionally serve, for example, as a thermal barrier or insulation
layer for the underlying surface. In other instances, where the
resulting mixture may be applied as "drywall mud," the mixture may
be applied over or in conjunction with fibrous joint tape. In still
other instances, the fibrous joint tape itself may be comprised of
filiform glass fibers treated with a fire-retarding solution of the
type disclosed herein, thereby rendering the joint tape
ignition/fire- and/or thermal/heat/melt-resistant. Accordingly,
aspects of the present disclosure also contemplate a structure
construction system implementing one or more of the end products
disclosed herein. For example, the expandable foam and encasement
paper end products may be used to produce the wallboard substitute,
which may then be attached to the frame structure of a wall. In
some instances, the frame structure may be sprayed with expanding
foam as an ignition/fire- and/or thermal/heat-resistant coating
therefor. In still other instances, voids in the frame structure
may be filled with filiform glass fibers treated with a
fire-retarding solution of the types disclosed herein, wherein such
treated glass fibers (i.e., in batt or loose fill form) may provide
an ignition/fire- and/or thermal/heat resistant insulation product
therefor. Seams between the sheets of the wallboard substitute may
be covered with fibrous joint tape comprised of filiform glass
fibers treated with a fire-retarding solution of the types
disclosed herein, and the tape/seam then mudded by a "drywall mud"
or joint compound disclosed herein as aspects of the present
disclosure. In some instances, the joint compound disclosed herein
may be applied as a skim coat over the wallboard substitute to
provide additional ignition/fire- and/or
thermal/heat/melt-resistance properties for the wall structure.
Such a joint compound can then be sanded and painted, as with
conventional wall structures.
[0054] Many modifications and other aspects of the disclosures set
forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which
these disclosures pertain having the benefit of the teachings
presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated
drawings. In some instances, the first mixing device 300 may be
configured to add and/or receive other appropriate
substances/materials/chemicals for addition to the filiform glass
fibers. For example, the first mixing device 300 may be configured
to receive a mold inhibitor; a water repellant, waterproofing,
and/or otherwise water resistant substance. In some instance, the
filiform glass fibers themselves may provide a measure of termite
resistance, or a separate termite inhibitor may be added. In any
instance, it may be preferable that any additional substances
received into the filiform glass fibers be suitably processed by
the first mixing device 300 so as to be substantially uniformly and
thoroughly distributed and dispersed within the filiform glass
fibers. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosures are
not to be limited to the specific aspects disclosed and that
modifications and other aspects are intended to be included within
the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are
employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense
only and not for purposes of limitation.
* * * * *