U.S. patent application number 15/864436 was filed with the patent office on 2018-05-31 for system for optical wireless power supply.
The applicant listed for this patent is Wi-Charge Ltd.. Invention is credited to Ortal Alpert, Lior Golan, Ori Refael Mor, Omer Nahmias, Ran Sagi, Alexander Slepoy.
Application Number | 20180152055 15/864436 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59998412 |
Filed Date | 2018-05-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180152055 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Slepoy; Alexander ; et
al. |
May 31, 2018 |
SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL WIRELESS POWER SUPPLY
Abstract
A system incorporating safety features, for optical power
transmission to receivers, comprising an optical resonator having
end reflectors and a gain medium, a driver supplying power to the
gain medium, and controlling its small signal gain, a beam steering
apparatus and a controller to control at least the beam steering
apparatus and the driver. The controller responds to a safety risk
occurring in the system, by outputting a command to change at least
some of the small signal gain of the gain medium, the radiance of
the optical beam, the power supplied by the driver, the scan speed
or the scan direction and position of the beam steering apparatus,
or to register the scan pose which defines the location of said
optical-to-electrical power converter. The controller may also
ensure a high overall radiance efficiency, and may warn of
transmitted power not received by a targeted receiver.
Inventors: |
Slepoy; Alexander;
(Chandler, AZ) ; Golan; Lior; (Ramat Gan, IL)
; Nahmias; Omer; (Aminadav, IL) ; Sagi; Ran;
(Tel Aviv, IL) ; Alpert; Ortal; (Ness Ziona,
IL) ; Mor; Ori Refael; (Tel Aviv, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Wi-Charge Ltd. |
Rehovot |
|
IL |
|
|
Family ID: |
59998412 |
Appl. No.: |
15/864436 |
Filed: |
January 8, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15484722 |
Apr 11, 2017 |
9866075 |
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15864436 |
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62330679 |
May 2, 2016 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 31/0304 20130101;
H02J 50/30 20160201; H02J 50/40 20160201; H02J 7/025 20130101; H04B
10/807 20130101; H02J 7/35 20130101; Y02E 10/544 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H02J 50/30 20160101
H02J050/30; H02J 7/35 20060101 H02J007/35; H02J 50/40 20160101
H02J050/40; H01L 31/0304 20060101 H01L031/0304; H02J 7/02 20160101
H02J007/02 |
Claims
1. A system for optical wireless power transmission to at least one
power receiving apparatus, said system comprising: an optical
resonator having end reflectors and adapted to emit an optical
beam; a gain medium comprising either (i) a semiconductor device,
or (ii) a solid host doped with Neodymium ions and in optical
communication with a filter attenuating radiation for at least one
frequency having a wave number in the range 8,300 cm.sup.-1 to
12,500 cm.sup.-1, said gain medium being positioned inside said
optical resonator and having a first bandgap energy, said gain
medium being thermally attached to a cooling system and configured
to amplify light passing through it; a driver configured to supply
power to said gain medium, and enabling control of the small signal
gain of said gain medium; a beam steering apparatus configured to
direct said optical beam in at least one of a plurality of
directions; an optical-to-electrical power converter located in
said at least one power receiving apparatus and configured to
convert said optical beam into electrical power having a voltage,
said optical-to-electrical power converter having a second bandgap
energy; a detector configured to provide a signal indicative of
said optical beam impinging on said optical-to-electrical power
converter; a voltage converter connected to the output of said
optical-to-electrical power converter, said voltage converter
comprising an inductor having an inductance between L = 1 1.28 * 10
- 40 * f * E gain 2 * 1 - E gain 5 * 10 - 19 * V output P
laser_driver and ##EQU00013## L = 1 3 * 10 - 38 * f * E gain 2 * (
1 - E gain 4 * 10 - 20 * V output ) P laser_driver ##EQU00013.2##
where f in the switching frequency measured in Hertz, E.sub.gain is
the bandgap energy of the gain medium measured in Joules,
V.sub.output is the output voltage of the DC/DC converter in volts
and P.sub.laserdriver is the power measured in watts, supplied to
the gain medium by the laser driver; and a controller adapted to
control at least one of the status of said beam steering apparatus
and said driver, said controller receiving a control input signal
at least from said detector, wherein said optical beam has a
radiance of at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian and the overall
radiance efficiency of the transmission between said transmitter
and said at least one power receiving apparatus is at least
20%.
2. A system according to claim 1 wherein said voltage converter is
configured to track the maximum power point of said
optical-to-electrical power converter
3. A system according to claim 1 wherein said voltage converter is
a DC/DC boost voltage converter.
4. A system according to claim 1, wherein said resonator comprises
at least one dielectric mirror
5. A system according to claim 1, wherein said
optical-to-electrical power converter is a photovoltaic cell
6. A system according to claim 5 wherein said photovoltaic cell
comprises a III-V semiconductor material.
7. A system according to claim 1, further including an energy
storage device that may be a capacitor or a rechargeable
battery.
8. A system according to claim 1, wherein said system is configured
to receive information from said power receiving apparatus.
9. A system according to claim 8 wherein said information includes
at least one of battery status, device identification, power needs,
voltage needs and a key.
10. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor for
determining the temperature of said optical-to-electrical power
converter.
11. A system according to claim 10 configured to modify the power
of said optical beam in response to changes in said temperature of
said optical-to-electrical power converter.
12. A system according to claim 1, further comprising an optical
window positioned between said photovoltaic optical-to-electrical
power converter and said beam steering apparatus, said window
having a refractive index of at least 1.5.
13. A system according to claim 1, wherein said second bandgap
energy is smaller than said first bandgap energy.
14. A system according to claim 1, wherein said controller is
adapted such that said beam steering apparatus directs said optical
beam onto said at least one power receiving apparatus.
15. A system for optical wireless power transmission to at least
one power receiving apparatus, said system comprising: an optical
resonator having end reflectors and adapted to emit an optical
beam; a gain medium comprising either a semiconductor device or a
solid host doped with Neodymium ions and in optical communication
with a filter attenuating radiation for at least one frequency
having a wave number in the range 8,300 cm.sup.-1 to 12,500
cm.sup.-1, said gain medium being positioned inside said optical
resonator and having a first bandgap energy, said gain medium being
thermally attached to a cooling system and configured to amplify
light passing through it; a driver configured to supply power to
said gain medium, and enabling control of the small signal gain of
said gain medium; a beam steering apparatus configured to direct
said optical beam in at least one of a plurality of directions; an
optical-to-electrical power converter located in said at least one
power receiving apparatus, and configured to convert said optical
beam into electrical power having a voltage, said
optical-to-electrical power converter having a second bandgap
energy; a detector configured to provide a signal indicative of
said optical beam impinging on said optical-to-electrical power
converter; a voltage converter connected to the output of said
optical-to-electrical power converter, said voltage converter
comprising an inductor having an inductance between L = 1 1.28 * 10
- 40 * f * E gain 2 * 1 - E gain 5 * 10 - 19 * V output P laser
driver and ##EQU00014## L = 1 3 * 10 - 38 * f * E gain 2 * ( 1 - E
gain 4 * 10 - 20 * V output ) P laser_driver ##EQU00014.2## where f
in the switching frequency measured in Hertz, E.sub.gain is the
bandgap energy of the gain medium measured in Joules, V.sub.output
is the output voltage of the DC/DC converter in volts and
P.sub.laserdriver is the power measured in watts, supplied to the
gain medium by the laser driver; and a controller adapted to
control at least one of the status of said beam steering apparatus
and said driver, said controller receiving a control input signal
at least from said detector, wherein said controller is configured
to respond to an indication of a safety risk occurring in the
system, by outputting a command to result in at least one of:
causing said driver to change the small signal gain of the gain
medium; changing the radiance of said optical beam; changing the
power supplied by said driver; changing the scan speed of said beam
steering apparatus; changing the pose of said beam steering
apparatus; and recording the scan pose which defines the location
of said optical-to-electrical power converter.
16. A system according to claim 15 wherein said indication of a
safety risk occurring in the system is obtained at least from said
signal generated by said detector configured to provide a signal
indicative of said optical beam impinging on said
optical-to-electrical power converter, and from a signal generated
by the level received at said resonator of said beam reflected from
said at least one power receiving apparatus.
17. A system according to claim 16 wherein said voltage converter
is configured to track the maximum power point of said
optical-to-electrical power converter
18. A system according to claim 17 wherein said voltage converter
is a DC/DC boost voltage converter.
19. A system according to claim 17 wherein said
optical-to-electrical power converter is a photovoltaic cell
20. A system according to claim 19 wherein said photovoltaic cell
comprises a III-V semiconductor material.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/484,722, filed Apr. 11, 2017, which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/320,679, filed
Apr. 11, 2016. These applications are herein incorporated by
reference in their entirety for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to the field of wireless power
beaming, especially as applied to use of a laser based transmission
system to beam optical power in a domestic environment to a mobile
electronic device.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] There exists a long felt need for the transmission of power
to a remote location without the need for a physical wire
connection. This need has become important in the last few decades,
with the popularization of portable electronic devices operated by
batteries, which need recharging periodically. Such mobile
applications include mobile phones, laptops, cars, toys, wearable
devices and hearing aids. Presently, the capacity of state of the
art batteries and the typical battery use of a smart phone
intensively used may be such that the battery may need charging
more than once a day, such that the need for remote wireless
battery recharging is important.
[0004] Battery technology has a long history, and is still
developing. In 1748 Benjamin Franklin described the first battery
made of Leyden jars, the first electrical power source, which
resembled a cannon battery (hence the name battery). Later in 1800,
Volta invented the copper zinc battery, which was significantly
more portable. The first rechargeable battery, the lead acid
battery, was invented in 1859 by Gaston Plante. Since then the
energy density of rechargeable batteries has increased less than 8
times, as observed in FIG. 1, which shows the energy density, both
in weight and volume parameters, of various rechargeable battery
chemistries, from the original lead acid chemistry to the present
day lithium based chemistries and the zinc-air chemistry. At the
same time the power consumed by portable electronic/electrical
devices has reached a point where several full battery charges may
need to be replenished each day.
[0005] Almost a century after the invention of the battery, in the
period between 1870 and 1910, Tesla attempted the transmission of
power over distance using electromagnetic waves. Since then, many
attempts have been made to transmit power safely to remote
locations, which can be characterized as over a distance
significantly larger than the transmitting or receiving device.
This ranges from NASA, who conducted the SHARP (Stationary High
Altitude Relay Platform) project in the 1980s to Marin Soljacic,
who experimented with Tesla-like systems in 2007.
[0006] Yet, to date, only three commercially available technologies
allow transfer of power to mobile devices safely without wires
namely: [0007] Magnetic induction--which is typically limited in
range to just a few mm; [0008] Photovoltaic cells--which cannot
produce more than 0.1 Watt for the size relevant to mobile phones
when illuminated by either solar light or by available levels of
artificial lighting in a normally (safe) lit room; and [0009]
Energy harvesting techniques--which convert RF waves into usable
energy, but cannot operate with more than 0.01 W in any currently
practical situation, since RF signal transmission is limited due to
health and FCC regulations.
[0010] At the same time, the typical battery of a portable
electronic device has a capacity of between 1 and 100 Watt*hour,
and typically requires a daily charge, hence a much higher power
transfer at a much longer range is needed.
[0011] There is therefore an unmet need to safely transfer
electrical power, over a large field of view and a range larger
than a few meters, to portable electronic devices, which are
typically equipped with a rechargeable battery.
[0012] A few attempts to transfer power in residential
environments, using collimated or essentially collimated,
electromagnetic waves, especially laser beams, have been attempted.
However, commercial availability of such products to the mass
market is limited at the current time. A few problems need to be
solved before such a commercial system can be launched: [0013] A
system should be developed which is safe. [0014] A system should be
developed which is cost effective. [0015] A system should be
developed which is capable of enduring the hazards of a common
household environment, including contamination such as dust and
fingerprints or liquid spills, vibrations, blocking of the beam,
unprofessional installation, and periodic dropping onto the
floor.
[0016] Currently allowed public exposure to transmitted laser power
levels are insufficient for providing useful amount of power
without a complex safety system. For example, in the US, the Code
of Federal Regulations, title 21, volume 8, (21 CFR .sctn. 8),
revised on April 2014, Chapter I, Subchapter J part 1040 deals with
performance standards for light emitting products, including laser
products. For wavelengths outside of the visible range, there
exist, class I, class III-b and class IV lasers (class II, IIa, and
IIIa are for lasers between 400 nm and 710 nm, e.g. visible
lasers). Of the lasers outside the visible range, class 1 is
considered safe for general public use and classes IIIb and IV are
considered unsafe.
[0017] Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which is a graph showing the
MPE (maximal permissible exposure value) for a 7 mm. pupil
diameter, for class I lasers, according to the above referenced 21
CFR .sctn. 8, for 0.1-60 seconds exposure. It can be seen from the
above graph that: [0018] (i) The maximum permissible exposure
levels generally (but not always) increase with wavelength, and
[0019] (ii) Even if the laser is turned off some 0.1 second after a
person enters the beam, in order to meet the requirement specified
in 21 CFR .sctn. 8, no more than 1.25 W of light can be
transmitted, and that at wavelengths longer than 2.5.mu., with the
limit orders of magnitude less at shorter wavelengths.
[0020] Thus, without some kind of safety system, only a few
milliwatts of laser power are allowed to be transmitted, which even
if completely converted back to electricity, would supply
significantly less power than the power needed to charge most
portable electronic devices. A cellular phone, for example,
requires from 1 to 12 W for charging, depending on the model.
[0021] To transmit power higher than that of class 1 laser MPE, a
safety system is needed. None, to the best of the applicants'
knowledge, has yet been commercialized for transmitting significant
power levels in residential environment accessible to untrained
people.
[0022] Building of a transmission system having a robust safety
system is difficult. The required detection levels are very small
compared to the power that needs to be transmitted, the environment
in which the system operates is uncontrolled and many unpredictable
scenarios may happen while working.
[0023] It is well known in the art that fingerprints and dust
scatter laser light and that transparent surfaces reflect or
scatter it. If high power is to be transferred, then a class IV (or
Mb) laser would be needed, which would require a reliable safety
system. For Class IV lasers, even scattered radiation from the main
beam is dangerous. According to the 21 CFR .sctn. 8, as revised on
April 2014, Chapter I, Subchapter J part 1040, lasers emitting
between 400 nm and 1400 nm, having more than 0.5 W beam output, are
usually considered class IV lasers for exposures above 0.5 sec, and
even scattered radiation from such lasers may be dangerous. Such
lasers are required to have a lock key and a warning label similar
to that shown in FIG. 3, where it is noted that the warning relates
to "scattered radiation" also, and the user of the laser is usually
required to wear safety googles and is typically a trained
professional, all of these aspects being very different from the
acceptable conditions of use of a domestically available laser
power transmission system for charging mobile electronic
devices.
[0024] The prior art typically uses anti-reflective coatings on
surfaces to prevent such reflections, in combination with elaborate
beam blocking structures to block such reflections, should they
nevertheless occur. However, the AR-coating solution used in the
prior art is prone to failure from dust or spilled liquid deposited
on its surface, or from coating wear and tear, such as from
improper cleaning. Additionally, the beam block solution typically
limits the field of view of the system severely, and is bulky
compared to the dimensions of modern portable electronic
devices.
[0025] The prior art therefore lacks a reliable and "small
footprint" mechanism to prevent scattering and reflections from the
power beam in unwanted directions. Such scattering and reflections
may be caused either by a transparent surface inadvertently placed
between the transmitter and the receiver, and the optical
characteristics of that transparent surface may arise from a vast
number of different transparent materials, or from liquid spills
and fingerprints which may be deposited on the external surfaces of
the system, typically on the front surface of the receiver.
[0026] A third problem with the solutions suggested in the prior
art, is that such safety systems generally require a mechanism to
guarantee good alignment of the power beam system and the safety
system such that both systems are boresighted on the same axis
until the power beam diverges enough or is attenuated enough (or a
combination of these factors and any other factors) so that it no
longer exceeds safety limits. This is extremely difficult to
achieve with a collimated class IV or IIIb laser beam, which
typically expands very little with distance and thus exceeds the
safety limit for a very long distance.
[0027] One prior art principle of operation used to build such a
safety system is the optical detection of transparent surfaces that
may be positioned in the beam's path. However transparent surfaces
that may enter the beam path may be made from a vast number of
different transparent materials, may be antireflection AR coated or
may be placed in an angle close to Brewster's angle so they are
almost invisible to an optical system unless they absorb the beam.
However, since light absorption levels for each material are
different, and may even be negligible, and since building an
optical system that relies on optical absorption will be highly
material specific, and since the number of available materials is
extremely large, such a system is likely to be complex, large and
expensive, and unless properly designed, is likely to be
unreliable, especially when considering that it is meant to be a
critical safety system. Relying on the reflections to provide
detectable attenuation of the beam is also problematic, as the
surfaces may be coated by an anti-reflective coating or positioned
in a near Brewster angle to the beam, such that the reflection may
be minimal for that particular position of the surface.
[0028] Another limitation of prior art systems is that they are
typically use lasers having good beam quality (low m.sup.2 value)
combined with large optics in order to yield high efficiency (for
example U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,535 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,705 B2
uses a wide aperture for the laser beams) while U.S. Pat. No.
5,260,639 uses a wavelength of 0.8 um to allow for small optics,
reducing cost and size of the optical system.
[0029] There therefore exists a need for a laser power transmission
system with built-in safety features, which overcomes at least some
of the disadvantages of prior art systems and methods.
[0030] The disclosures of each of the publications mentioned in
this section and in other sections of the specification are hereby
incorporated by reference, each in its entirety.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0031] One of the main challenges of wireless power transmission is
building a safe, low cost, and small transmitter and receiver,
which is nevertheless powerful (e.g. capable of transmitting
significant levels of power). In order to enable powerful and small
transmitter and receivers it is essential to keep the radiance of
the beam as high as possible throughout the optical path, but
especially at the output of the transmitter. Every component in the
optical path causes a certain loss of radiance. In this document,
the term radiance efficiency is sometimes used--its usual meaning
in the context of this document is the ratio of the outgoing
radiance of an optical component to the incoming radiance of the
beam entering the component. For components that may be configured
in various ways, such as a mirror that may be tilted on different
angles. There may be a different radiant efficiency for each
configuration.
[0032] In general the system as a whole needs to have a radiant
efficiency as high as possible, typical values of more than 60%
radiant efficiency and even up to 90% or 95% should be strived
for.
[0033] The transmitter's radiant efficiency is generally far more
important than the receiver's radiant efficiency. There are two
main factors reducing the beams radiance--the laser system and the
radiant efficiency of the transmitter. Besides these factors, other
more minor factors also influence it.
[0034] Lasers with high radiance values are generally bigger and
more complex, while lasers having lower radiance are typically
smaller and simpler. The present system is limited in laser
radiance because it typically uses an uncommon wavelength allowing
for improved safety features, and small, low cost, high radiance
lasers at such unconventional wavelengths are less commonly
available and are likely to increase the cost of the system.
[0035] Prior art systems such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,639 and U.S.
Pat. No. 6,407,535 B1 use a shorter wavelength (0.8 .mu.m or 0.53
.mu.m) to allow for a more compact transmitter and receiver,
however the current system utilizes a longer wavelength and hence
is required to use different methods to reduce the size of the
system.
[0036] The longer wavelength used by the current system allows for
detection of transparent plastics in the beam's path by using a
wavelength that is specifically absorbed by virtually all plastic
materials, as explained in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
14/811,260, having common inventors with the present
application.
[0037] Opaque or even partially opaque materials can be easily
detected when placed in the beam, by measuring the beam's
attenuation. However some materials are transparent or nearly
transparent and it is such transparent materials that are
significantly harder to detect. There are two major groups of solid
transparent materials, organic and inorganic materials. The number
of inorganic transparent solid materials available to the general
public is fairly limited, consisting mostly of glasses, a few
semiconductor materials in common use, quartz, and some naturally
occurring minerals such as diamonds, ruby and calcite. It is
therefore possible to build a detection system for reflections from
inorganic transparent materials, covering all likely scenarios.
[0038] On the other hand, the availability of different organic,
transparent materials to the general public is enormous, and new
transparent materials are being added to the list all the time.
This is a significant problem as characterizing this group
optically is thus virtually impossible.
[0039] Polymers are a significant group of transparent organic
materials, and they will be used as a sample group to assist in
explaining the way in which the current invention is intended to
operate. Polymers typically consist of long chains of monomers,
with the backbone of such polymers being typically made of either
carbon or silicon. FIGS. 4 to 9 show the chemical structure of some
commonly used transparent polymers. FIG. 4 shows a Poly-methyl
methacrylate (PMMA) chain; FIG. 5 shows the structure of a
polycarbonate; FIG. 6 shows the polystyrene structure; FIG. 7 shows
nylon 6,6; FIG. 8 shows a polypropylene chain; and FIG. 9 shows the
polyethylene chain structure.
[0040] As is observed, the chemical structure of the sample
polymers shown is very different, and the absorption spectra of
these polymers depend on many factors including the density of the
material, trace amounts of reagent, and the chain length. Yet it is
observed that all the above transparent polymers have some chemical
bonds in common, especially C--C and C--H bonds. This is especially
true for commercially available polymers, which are almost entirely
based on organic materials, which would be detected by the systems
of the present disclosure, or semi-organic silicon based polymers
such as silicones, polysilanes, polygermanes and polystannanes, or
polyphospahazenes, which would also be detected by systems of the
present disclosure.
[0041] Apart from that, the number of transparent materials
available to the general public which is not based on carbon
chemistry is fairly limited, consisting mostly of various glasses,
most of which have readily available data on their transmission
spectra.
[0042] If a system were designed so that the laser excites either a
vibrational C--H, or also possibly a C--C bond in polymers, then it
would be easy to detect when one such polymer were positioned
within the beam, by monitoring the power drop caused by the
polymer. This assumes that the absorption of the C--H or C--C bond
is always present and is always wavelength aligned to the laser
wavelength. Rotational peaks could also be used for this purpose,
but they may be unreliable in polymers, such that the vibrational
C--H (or C--C) absorptions are better suited for this purpose.
[0043] Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which shows a chart of
typical absorption regions of different polymer bonds. It is
observed that the C--H stretch vibration around 2900-3200
cm.sup.-1, appears in almost all of the polymers shown. This could
therefore be used as the absorption mechanism trigger for a safety
system, using the change in transmitted power resulting from the
absorption bands. However, there are two problems with these
absorption bands, which make them less useful for this purpose.
[0044] (i) The C--H vibrational absorption lines are typically very
sharp, and their exact frequency varies much from one polymer to
another, so a laser may excite one polymer, but not another. Thus,
unless the laser is tuned exactly to the specific C--H vibration
line of that polymer, it would not be absorbed. [0045] (ii) Such
C--H vibration peaks are generally medium absorption peaks, meaning
that the attenuation of a beam due to a material section a few mm
thick would be 20-50% (i.e. it allows detection of even trace
amounts of material in a small container), and while medium (20-70%
attenuation per cm material) and strong (>70% attenuation per
cm) absorption peaks are generally much easier to detect, they
cannot be used to construct a robust system.
[0046] In a commercial system, designed for the consumer
environment, fingerprints are a common problem. In normal operation
the system should not fail simply when a fingerprint is deposited
upon it; instead the system should shut down transmission when
there is a risk of exceeding safety limits. To do this, the system
should detect blocking of the beam but should not cease
transmission due to any fingerprint deposited on the receiver. If a
strong or medium absorption peak is used, then should a fingerprint
or some other contamination be deposited on the external optical
surface of the receiver or transmitter, it would absorb the beam
significantly, causing power transmission to fail. This arises
since fingerprints also contain organic compounds that would absorb
the beam, resulting in uncontrolled system failure. In order to
allow the system to operate in an environment where organic
materials such as fingerprints may be deposited on the surface of
its typically external optical components, it would be necessary to
build a system where the laser beam successfully traverses the
finger print, while the safety system detects dangerous transparent
items that may be inserted into the beam. If, on the other hand, a
safety system were to utilize a weak absorption band instead of a
medium or strong one, then the system should continue to operate
with the fingerprint, and shutoff may be done based on an
electronic decision and not in an uncontrolled manner.
[0047] Turning to the C--C absorption band, stretching from 800
cm.sup.-1 to 1300 cm.sup.-1, this is such a wide band that a
narrowband laser is almost certain to miss a narrowband absorption
peak in this region, since while the peak may be positioned in the
800 cm.sup.-1 to 1300 cm.sup.-1 range, its typical width is very
small, and may be easily missed by a narrowband laser.
Additionally, as will be seen in FIG. 11 hereinbelow, this band
vanishes for some polymers, where no absorption peak is visible
between 800 and 1300 cm.sup.-1 and some polymers may exist where
C--C bonds are not present, and are replaced by aromatic
carbon-carbon bonds or by C.dbd.C bonds and C--O--C bonds.
[0048] An additional problem arises from the absorption strength of
the C--C line. In symmetrical compounds such as polyethylene, it
may be nearly impossible to detect, while in other compounds it may
be so strong that even a weak fingerprint on the surface of the
receiver will make the system inoperable, as a significant portion
of the power may be absorbed by the fingerprint, making the device
unusable. To enable operation of a system in which fingerprints may
be deposited on its optical surfaces, a weak, but not too weak
absorption line is required that will not change much between
different polymers and which would be found in most organic
polymers, and a laser tuned to that peak should be used, in
conjunction with a system that operates around that peak. As can be
seen from FIG. 10, there is no such peak in the commonly used
polymers and in the absorption bands shown.
[0049] A system for optical wireless power transmission to a power
receiving apparatus may comprise: [0050] (a) an optical resonator
having end reflectors and adapted to emit an optical beam, [0051]
(b) a gain medium positioned inside the optical resonator and
having a first bandgap energy, the gain medium being thermally
attached to a cooling system and configured to amplify light
passing through it, [0052] (c) a collimating lens, reducing the
divergence of the light, and having a high radiant efficiency
(>50%) [0053] (d) a driver supplying power to the gain medium,
and controlling the small signal gain of the gain medium, [0054]
(e) a beam steering apparatus configured to direct the optical beam
in at least one of a plurality of directions, and typically having
a high radiant efficiency, typically larger than 50%), [0055] (f)
an optical-to-electrical power converter configured to convert the
optical beam into electrical power having a voltage, the
optical-to-electrical power converter having a second bandgap
energy, and a thickness such that it acts as an absorbing layer
(typically a semiconductor). [0056] (g) an electrical voltage
converter, adapted to convert the voltage of the electrical power
generated by the optical-to-electrical power converter into a
different voltage, the electrical voltage converter comprising an
inductor, an energy storage device and a switch, [0057] (h) at
least one surface associated with the optical-to-electrical power
converter and optically disposed between the gain medium and the
optical-to-electrical power converter, [0058] (i) a detector
configured to provide a signal indicative of the optical beam
impinging on the optical-to-electrical power converter, [0059] (j)
a safety system assessing the potential for a breach of security,
[0060] (k) a controller adapted to control at least one of the
status of the beam steering apparatus and the driver, the
controller receiving a control input signal from at least the
detector, wherein: [0061] (l) the at least one surface has
properties such that it reflects a small part of light incident on
it, either (i) in more than one direction, or (ii) such that the
reflected light has a virtual focus positioned remotely from the
optical resonator relative to the surface, or (iii) such that the
reflected light has a real focus positioned at least 1 cm. in the
direction of the optical resonator relative to the surface, [0062]
(m) the controller is configured to respond to the control input
signal received from the detector by at least one of (i) causing
the driver to change the small signal gain of the gain medium, (ii)
changing the radiance of the optical beam, (iii) changing the power
supplied by the driver, (iv) changing the scan speed of the beam
steering apparatus, (v) changing the scan position of the beam
steering apparatus, and (vi) recording a scan position defining the
position of the optical-to-electrical power converter, [0063] (n)
the gain medium is a semiconductor device or a solid host doped
with Nd ions, and includes a filter attenuating radiation for at
least one frequency having a wave number in the range 8,300
cm.sup.-1 to 12,500 cm.sup.-1, [0064] (o) the thickness of the
optical-to-electrical power converter active semiconductor layer is
selected to be large enough to absorb most of the optical beam yet
not so large that the quantum efficiency of the semiconductor layer
becomes significantly reduced. [0065] (p) the second bandgap energy
is smaller than the first bandgap energy, [0066] (q) the first
bandgap energy is between 0.8 eV and 1.1 eV, [0067] (r) the switch
has a closed serial resistance smaller than R, given by the
equation:
[0067] R .ltoreq. E gain 2 2 * 10 - 40 * P laser driver
##EQU00001## [0068] where R is measured in Ohms, E.sub.gain is the
first bandgap energy measured in Joules, and [0069] P.sub.laser
driver is the power supplied by the laser driver to the gain
medium, measured in Watts, [0070] (s) the optical beam has a
radiance of at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian, and a frequency
between the first overtone of the C--H absorption situated at
approximately 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the second overtone of the C--H
absorption situated at approximately 8130 cm.sup.-1, and (t) the
optical components in the system, especially the collimation lens
and the beam director, have a radiant efficiency of at least
50%.
[0071] In any such a system, the different voltage may be a higher
voltage than the voltage generated by the optical-to-electrical
converter. Furthermore, the status of the beam steering apparatus
may be either or both of the aiming direction and the scan speed of
the beam steering apparatus.
[0072] Furthermore, in any of the above-described systems the
optical beam may have a radiance of at least 800
kW/m.sup.2/Steradian.
[0073] Another example implementation can involve any of the above
described systems in which each one of the end reflectors of the
resonator are either (i) dielectric mirrors, (ii) Bragg mirrors,
(iii) Fresnel reflectors or (iv) mirrors composed of alternating
layers of dielectric or semiconductor material having different
refractive indexes. Additionally, the gain medium can be either a
transparent solid host material doped with Nd ions or a
semiconductor. In such a case, the system may further comprise a
filter for extracting radiation having a wave-number greater than
8300 cm.sup.-1. In the event that the gain medium is a
semiconductor, it may advantageously be a quantum dot gain
medium.
[0074] In further exemplary implementations of the above described
systems, the cooling system may be at least one of a heatsink, a
Peltier diode, and a liquid cooled plate. It may also be equipped
with a fan. Additionally, the gain medium may be attached to the
cooling system using a layer of solder having less than 200.degree.
Kelvin/Watt thermal resistance. In any event, the cooling system
may be such that the thermal resistance between the gain medium and
the surrounding air is less than 200.degree. Kelvin/Watt.
[0075] In alternative implementations of any of the above-described
systems, the optical-to-electrical power converter may be a
photovoltaic cell. In such a case, the photovoltaic cell may be a
III-V device. In any event, the serial resistance of the
optical-to-electrical power converter should be less than 1
Ohm.
[0076] The optical to electrical power converter typically has
conductors on it, which have a thickness of at least
0.02/.sub..mu.10 where .sub..mu.10 is the decadic attenuation
coefficient measured in 1/m.
[0077] Such conductors should have a thickness that is at least
0.01 * P .rho. V 2 * .chi. ##EQU00002##
meters, where: [0078] P is the transmitted power absorbed by the
photovoltaic, measured in watts, [0079] .rho. is the specific
electrical resistivity of the conductors, [0080] V is the voltage
emitted by the photovoltaic cell at its maximal power point, and
[0081] .chi. is the fraction of the area of the absorbing layer
covered by conductors
[0082] According to further implementations of the above described
systems, the inductor should have a serial resistance measured in
Ohms of less than the square of the first bandgap energy measured
in Joules divided by 2*10.sup.-40 times the driver power measured
in Watts.
[0083] In other implementations, the energy storage device may be
either a capacitor or a rechargeable battery.
[0084] According to further implementations of the above described
systems, at least one safety system is included, which estimates
the probability of a breach of safety, given inputs from various
sensors and monitors This is different from prior art systems,
which provide actual measurement data only, such as the radar
system in U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,535, with no indication of the
probability of an error. The present system differs in that it
provides a signal indicative of the probability of a breach of
safety, as opposed to an actually detected breach of safety. This
allows several significant advantages. Firstly, the system can
react to potentially problematic situations, which become apparent
by a low signal-to-noise, or a signal interruption, by
differentiating between high risk situations and lower risk
situations, and reacting differently to each situation. For
instance, a low risk situation such as caused by a dirty aperture,
by alignment faults, or similar occurrences, can be dealt with
differently from a high risk situation, such as a high probability
of beam intrusion, or an unreasonable beam power, whether high or
low. Secondly, the system can combine probabilities from different
safety systems into a unified probability, in order to achieve a
sufficiently high detection accuracy. For example, if a system is
designed to have a failure rate of 10-9 failures per hour,
typically, in a changing environment, no single safety system can
provide such reliable measurements without failure. However, a
combination of safety systems can have better failure rate and if
such data is combined with the probability of error, and if the
statistical correlation of errors from both safety systems is known
or can be estimated or approximated, then the data from the two
systems may be combined to yield data with significantly higher
probability. Such reliability data may be estimated, inter alia,
from signal-to-noise, from the temperature of components, from
preloaded data based on measurements on the same device or on a
similar device, from user entered information, updated by the
manufacturer or distributer or supplied by the user.
[0085] According to further implementations of the above described
system the output beam of said laser resonator is collimated (or
brought to near collimation) on at least one axis using a lens. The
lens needs to have a high radiance efficiency (typically more than
50%), for which a high Numerical Aperture (NA) lens should be
used.
[0086] According to a further implementation of the above described
systems, the beam deflection mechanism also needs to have a high
radiance efficiency of more than 50% and also needs to be
positioned so that its center of rotation is close to either the
weighted average point of the beam, to the maximal intensity point
of the beam or to the center of the 50% intensity line or 90%
intensity lines of the beam.
[0087] An overall radiance efficiency for the
transmission/reception/conversion process of 30% is a desirable
level to render the system energy efficient, but it is to be
understood that this is limited by the constraints of available
components, and their environmental state, and that levels below
30% are also operable, such as 20%, or even less.
[0088] Additionally, any of the above described systems may further
comprise a retro reflector. Also, the gain medium may be pumped
electrically or optically by the driver. Furthermore, the second
bandgap energy may be more than 50% of the first bandgap
energy.
[0089] Yet other implementations perform a method for transmitting
power from a transmitter to a receiver, comprising: [0090] (a)
converting a first electrical power to an electromagnetic wave
having a frequency between the first overtone of the C--H
absorption situated at approximately 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the second
overtone of the C--H absorption situated at approximately 8130
cm-1, the electromagnetic wave having a radiance of at least 8
kW/m.sup.2/Steradian, the converting being performed by using an
optical resonator having end reflectors and a gain medium connected
to a laser driver receiving the first electrical power, the gain
medium having a first bandgap energy between 0.8 eV and 1.1 eV,
being positioned inside the optical resonator, being thermally
attached to a cooling system, and configured to amplify the
electromagnetic wave passing through it, [0091] (b) directing the
electromagnetic wave into at least one of a plurality of directions
using a beam steering apparatus controlled by a controlling unit,
[0092] (c) detecting the impingement of the beam on a target having
an associated partially transparent surface, such that an
indication relating to the impingement may be utilized by the
controlling unit to perform at least one of (i) causing a change in
the small signal gain of the gain medium, (ii) causing a change in
the radiance of the electromagnetic beam, (iii) causing a change in
the first electrical power, (iv) changing the scan speed of the
beam steering apparatus, (v) changing the scan position of the beam
steering apparatus, and (vi) recording a scan position defining the
position of the target, [0093] (d) converting the electromagnetic
wave into a second electrical power having a voltage, by using an
optical-to-electrical power converter having a second bandgap
energy smaller than the first bandgap energy, [0094] (e) converting
the voltage into a different voltage using an electrical voltage
converter, comprising an inductor, an energy storage device and a
switch having a closed serial resistance smaller than R, given by
the equation:
[0094] R .ltoreq. E gain 2 2 * 10 - 40 * P laser driver
##EQU00003## [0095] where R is measured in Ohms, E.sub.gain is the
first bandgap energy measured in Joules, and P.sub.laser driver is
the first electrical power, measured in Watts, [0096] wherein
[0097] (f) the surface is designed such that it reflects a small
part of the electromagnetic wave incident on it either (i)
diffusively, or (ii) such that the reflected light has a virtual
focus positioned remotely from the optical resonator relative to
the surface, or (iii) such that the reflected light has a real
focus positioned at least 1 cm. in the direction of the optical
resonator relative to the surface, and [0098] (g) the gain medium
is either a semiconductor device, or a solid host doped with Nd
ions that includes a filter attenuating radiation for at least one
frequency having a wave number in the range 8,300 cm.sup.-1 to
12,500 cm.sup.-1,
[0099] In such a method, the switch may be switched at a frequency
determined by the equations:
f < 1 1.28 * 10 - 40 * L * E gain 2 * 1 - E gain 5 * 10 - 19 * V
output P laser_driver ##EQU00004## f > 1 3 * 10 - 38 * L * E
gain 2 * ( 1 - E gain 4 * 10 - 20 * V output ) P laser_driver
##EQU00004.2##
where f is the switching frequency measured in Hz., E.sub.gain is
the bandgap of the gain medium, measured in Joules, V.sub.output is
the output voltage from the voltage converter, measured in Volts,
and P.sub.laser driver is the power pumped by the laser driver onto
the gain medium, measured in Watts.
[0100] Additionally, the detection of impingement of the beam on
the target may be done using either detection in the transmitter of
retro reflected illumination from the target, or detection of
illumination of the target using a receiver sensor.
[0101] Furthermore, in any of the above described methods, the
second bandgap energy may be more than 50% of the first bandgap
energy.
[0102] Even other embodiments of the present disclosure provide a
system for optical wireless power transmission to at least one
power receiving apparatus, the system comprising: [0103] (i) an
optical resonator having end reflectors and adapted to emit an
optical beam, [0104] (ii) a gain medium comprising either (a) a
semiconductor device, or (b) a solid host doped with Neodymium ions
and in optical communication with a filter attenuating radiation
for at least one frequency having a wave number in the range 8,300
cm.sup.-1 to 12,500 cm.sup.-1, the gain medium being positioned
inside the optical resonator and having a first bandgap energy, the
gain medium being thermally attached to a cooling system and
configured to amplify light passing through it, [0105] (iii) a
driver configured to supply power to the gain medium, and enabling
control of the small signal gain of the gain medium, [0106] (iv) a
beam steering apparatus configured to direct the optical beam in at
least one of a plurality of directions, [0107] (v) an
optical-to-electrical power converter located in the at least one
power receiving apparatus and configured to convert the optical
beam into electrical power having a voltage, the
optical-to-electrical power converter having a second bandgap
energy, [0108] (vi) a detector configured to provide a signal
indicative of the optical beam impinging on the
optical-to-electrical power converter, and [0109] (vii) a
controller adapted to control at least one of the status of the
beam steering apparatus and the driver, the controller receiving a
control input signal at least from the detector, wherein the
optical beam has a radiance of at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian and
the overall radiance efficiency of the transmission between the
transmitter and the at least one power receiving apparatus is at
least 20%.
[0110] In such a system, the overall radiance efficiency of the
transmission between the transmitter and the at least one power
receiving apparatus should be at least 30%.
[0111] Furthermore, either of the lost describes systems above may
further include a voltage converter connected to the output of the
optical-to-electrical power converter. In such a case, the voltage
converter may be configured to track the maximum power point of the
optical-to-electrical power converter. Additionally, the voltage
converter may be a DC/DC boost voltage converter.
[0112] Yet other implementations may involve one of the above
described systems wherein the resonator comprises at least one
dielectric mirror.
[0113] Alternatively, the optical-to-electrical power converter may
be a photovoltaic cell, in which case, the photovoltaic cell may
comprise a III-V semiconductor material.
[0114] Further example implementations may involve a system such as
those described above, and further including an energy storage
device that may be a capacitor or a rechargeable battery.
[0115] Yet another advantageous implementation may be a system such
as the above describes systems, and further including an inductor.
In such a situation, the inductor may have an inductance
between
L = 1 1.28 * 10 - 40 * f * E gain 2 * 1 - E gain 5 * 10 - 19 * V
output P laser driver and ##EQU00005## L = 1 3 * 10 - 38 * f * E
gain 2 * ( 1 - E gain 4 * 10 - 20 * V output ) P laser_driver
##EQU00005.2##
[0116] where f in the switching frequency measured in Hertz,
E.sub.gain is the bandgap energy of the gain medium measured in
Joules, V.sub.output is the output voltage of the DC/DC converter
in volts and P.sub.laserdriver is the power measured in watts,
supplied to the gain medium by the laser driver.
[0117] Yet other systems of the present disclosure may be those
described hereinabove wherein the system is configured to receive
information from the power receiving apparatus. This information
may include at least one of battery status, device identification,
power needs, voltage needs and a key.
[0118] Furthermore any of the above describes systems may further
comprise a sensor for determining the temperature of the
optical-to-electrical power converter. This sensor may then be
configured to modify the power of the optical beam in response to
changes in the temperature of the optical-to-electrical power
converter. The temperature sensor output should be received by the
controller.
[0119] According to yet another implementation described in this
disclosure, any of such systems may further comprise an optical
window positioned between the photovoltaic optical-to-electrical
power converter and the beam steering apparatus. In such a case,
the window may have a refractive index of at least 1.5, or even at
least 1.6, and may be coated with an anti-reflective coating.
[0120] Additionally, in such systems, the second bandgap energy
should be smaller than the first bandgap energy.
[0121] Furthermore, the controller should be adapted such that the
beam steering apparatus directs the optical beam onto the at least
one power receiving apparatus.
[0122] According to yet another implementation of the systems
described in this disclosure, there is provided a system for
optical wireless power transmission to at least one power receiving
apparatus, the system comprising: [0123] (i) an optical resonator
having end reflectors and adapted to emit an optical beam, [0124]
(ii) a gain medium comprising either a semiconductor device or a
solid host doped with Neodymium ions and in optical communication
with a filter attenuating radiation for at least one frequency
having a wave number in the range 8,300 cm.sup.-1 to 12,500
cm.sup.-1, the gain medium being positioned inside the optical
resonator and having a first bandgap energy, the gain medium being
thermally attached to a cooling system and configured to amplify
light passing through it, [0125] (iii) a driver configured to
supply power to the gain medium, and enabling control of the small
signal gain of the gain medium, [0126] (iv) a beam steering
apparatus configured to direct the optical beam in at least one of
a plurality of directions, [0127] (v) an optical-to-electrical
power converter located in the at least one power receiving
apparatus, and configured to convert the optical beam into
electrical power having a voltage, the optical-to-electrical power
converter having a second bandgap energy, [0128] (vi) a detector
configured to provide a signal indicative of the optical beam
impinging on the optical-to-electrical power converter, and [0129]
(vii) a controller adapted to control at least one of the status of
the beam steering apparatus and the driver, the controller
receiving a control input signal at least from the detector,
wherein the controller is configured to respond to an indication of
a safety risk occurring in the system, by outputting a command to
result in at least one of: [0130] (a) causing the driver to change
the small signal gain of the gain medium, [0131] (b) changing the
radiance of the optical beam, [0132] (c) changing the power
supplied by the driver, [0133] (d) hanging the scan speed of the
beam steering apparatus, [0134] (e) changing the pose of the beam
steering apparatus, and [0135] (f) recording the scan pose which
defines the location of the optical-to-electrical power
converter.
[0136] The term pose is understood to mean both the position and
the angular orientation in which the beam steering apparatus
directs the beam. Furthermore, the above-mentioned driver
configured to supply power to the gain medium, is also understood
to be able to control of the small signal gain of the gain medium
either by varying the pump power input to the gain medium, or even
by turning the driver completely on or off.
[0137] In such a system, the indication of a safety risk occurring
in the system is obtained at least from the signal generated by the
detector configured to provide a signal indicative of the optical
beam impinging on the optical-to-electrical power converter, and
from a signal generated by the level received at the resonator of
the beam reflected from the at least one power receiving
apparatus.
[0138] Any of the latter described systems may further include a
voltage converter connected to the output of the
optical-to-electrical power converter. Such a voltage converter
should be configured to track the maximum power point of the
optical-to-electrical power converter. Additionally, voltage
converter may be a DC/DC boost voltage converter.
[0139] According to further implementations of such systems, the
resonator may comprise at least one dielectric mirror. Furthermore,
the optical-to-electrical power converter may be a photovoltaic
cell, and such a photovoltaic cell may comprise a III-V
semiconductor material.
[0140] Yet another implementations of such systems may further
include an energy storage device that may be a capacitor or a
rechargeable battery. Additionally, they may further include an
inductor. Such an inductor may have an inductance between
L = 1 1.28 * 10 - 40 * f * E gain 2 * 1 - E gain 5 * 10 - 19 * V
output P laser driver and ##EQU00006## L = 1 3 * 10 - 38 * f * E
gain 2 * ( 1 - E gain 4 * 10 - 20 * V output ) P laser_driver
##EQU00006.2## [0141] where f in the switching frequency measured
in Hertz; [0142] E.sub.gain is the bandgap energy of the gain
medium measured in Joules; [0143] V.sub.output is the output
voltage of the DC/DC converter in volts; and [0144]
P.sub.laserdriver is the power measured in watts supplied to the
gain medium by the laser driver.
[0145] Furthermore any of such systems may be configured to receive
information from the at least one power receiving apparatus. Such
information may include at least one of battery status, device
identification, power needs, voltage needs and a key.
[0146] The systems may further comprise a sensor for determining
the temperature of the optical-to-electrical power converter. Such
a system may be configured to modify the power of the optical beam
in response to changes in the temperature of the
optical-to-electrical power converter. In order to perform this,
the temperature sensor output should be received by the
controller.
[0147] Additional examples of such systems may further comprise an
optical window positioned between the photovoltaic
optical-to-electrical power converter and the beam steering
apparatus. Such a window may have a refractive index of at least
1.5, or it may have a refractive index of at least 1.6, and it may
be coated with an anti-reflective coating.
[0148] Finally in any of the above described systems, the second
bandgap energy should be smaller than the first bandgap energy.
[0149] In many situations, it is necessary to limit the maximal
power emitted by the system, to prevent exceeding some maximal
value which may be derived from safety requirements of the system,
from engineering requirements of the system, from the receiver's
power requirements (which may dynamically change) or from other
issues. In such a case, when the optical beam exceeds a certain
power the system may reduce the small signal gain of the gain
medium which will result in lowering of the radiance emitted by the
system.
[0150] Consequently, according to yet further implementations, such
systems may further include a power sensor disposed such that it
provides a signal indicative of the power carried by the optical
beam before impingement on the at least one power receiving
apparatus. In such a situation, the driver may be configured to
reduce the small signal gain of the gain medium when the power
indication of the power sensor exceeds a threshold.
[0151] Additionally, one important indication of safety risk is
"lost power", an estimation of the power unaccounted for by the
system. Such power may be lost to system inefficiency but may also
be lost to power emission in a risky manner. If such "lost power"
is detected, the system should perform various operations to ensure
safe operation, which may include reducing the beam's power,
reducing the small signal gain, reducing the system's radiance,
diverting the beam or informing the user. Therefore, the detector
may also provide a signal indicative of the power received by the
at least one power receiving apparatus. In this case, at least one
of the indications of safety may come from a difference between the
power indicated by the power sensor and the power indicated by the
detector in one of the at least one power receiving apparatus. At
least one of the indications of safety may then arise from the
difference exceeding a threshold.
[0152] Other safety hazard indications may come from a beam
penetration sensor, which may be optical, or from system integrity
sensors such as watchdogs, interlocks, thermistors, which may
indicate that the system is not safe. In such a case, the system
may perform a safety operation such as reducing the beam's power,
reducing the small signal gain, reducing the system's radiance,
diverting the beam or informing the user.
[0153] Therefore, further implementations of the above-described
systems may include a beam penetration sensor adapted to sense when
an unwanted object enters the optical beam, the entry of the
unwanted object constituting an indication of a safety risk.
Alternatively and additionally, such systems may further include an
enclosure integrity sensor, wherein a warning issued by the sensor
of lack of integrity of the enclosure indicates a safety risk. Such
systems may also include a sensing device for sensing a deviant
operation of at least one critical subsystem in the system, the
deviant operation constituting an indication of a safety risk.
[0154] The features and advantages described herein are not
all-inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and
advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in
view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it
should be noted that the language used in the specification has
been principally selected for readability and instructional
purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject
matter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0155] The present invention will be understood and appreciated
more fully from the following detailed description, taken in
conjunction with the drawings in which:
[0156] FIG. 1 shows the energy density of various battery
chemistries;
[0157] FIG. 2 shows the maximal permissible exposure value for
lasers for various exposure times, according to the US Code of
Federal Regulations, title 21, volume 8, (21 CFR .sctn. 8), revised
on April 2014, Chapter I, Subchapter J part 1040;
[0158] FIG. 3 shows an example of a warning sign for a class IV
laser product;
[0159] FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 show examples of the chemical
composition of various commonly used transparent polymers;
[0160] FIG. 4 shows a Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) chain;
[0161] FIG. 5 shows the structure of a polycarbonate;
[0162] FIG. 6 shows the polystyrene structure;
[0163] FIG. 7 shows the structure of nylon 6,6;
[0164] FIG. 8 shows a polypropylene chain structure;
[0165] FIG. 9 shows the polyethylene chain structure;
[0166] FIG. 10 shows the IR absorption bands for common organic
chemical bonds;
[0167] FIG. 11 shows the IR absorption spectrum of
polyethylene;
[0168] FIG. 12 shows the overtone absorption bands for some common
organic chemical bonds;
[0169] FIGS. 13A and 13B show different electronic configurations
for converting the output voltage of a photovoltaic cell to a
different voltage;
[0170] FIG. 14 shows the power reflected per square meter by a
mirror, when a beam of radiance 8 kW/m.sup.2/steradian is focused
upon it, as a function of numerical aperture;
[0171] FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 15C show schematic drawings of exemplary
apparatus according to the present disclosure, for avoiding unsafe
reflections from the front surface of a receiver being illuminated
by a transmitter of the present disclosure;
[0172] FIG. 16 shows a schematic diagram showing a more detailed
description of the complete optical wireless power supply system of
the present disclosure;
[0173] FIG. 17 is a graph showing the change in power transmission
of the system of FIG. 16, as a function of the angle of tilt of the
beam steering mirror;
[0174] FIG. 18 shows a schematic representation of a cooling system
for the gain medium of the system of FIG. 16;
[0175] FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing a detailed
description of the system of FIG. 16, but further incorporating a
safety system;
[0176] FIG. 20 is a schematic view of the optical-to-electrical
power converter of the systems shown in FIGS. 16, 19;
[0177] FIG. 21 shows a block diagram view of the safety system of
FIG. 19;
[0178] FIG. 22 shows an output laser beam of the system of FIG. 19,
deflected by a mirror rotating on a gimbaled axis, or on gimbaled
axes;
[0179] FIG. 23 shows the mirror of FIG. 22 rotated so that the beam
is deflected at a larger angle than that shown in FIG. 22;
[0180] FIG. 24 shows a schematic representation of the intensity
profiles of a typical deflected beam;
[0181] FIG. 25 shows a side view of a laser diode from a direction
perpendicular to the fast axis of the laser, and a lens for
manipulating the beam; and
[0182] FIG. 26 shows a block diagram of the complete laser
protector.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0183] In view of the above described considerations, one exemplary
implementation of the optical wireless power supply systems of the
present disclosure could be a system tuned to work in between the
first overtone of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the
second overtone of the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1. Such
overtone bands are less known bands, containing much less chemical
information, and arise from essentially forbidden quantum
mechanical transitions, and are only allowed due to complex
mechanisms. Consequently, they provide wide, weak absorption bands,
exactly as preferred for this application, but have found
significantly less use in analytical chemistry. The broad nature of
the bands allows for detecting various different polymer
compositions, while the weak absorption allows the system to
continue operation even in the vicinity of organic dirt and
fingerprints. This makes these lines significantly less useful for
typical uses of absorption measurements, but ideal for the present
task. Another advantage of these lines is that there are no
commonplace absorption lines directly positioned at the same
frequencies, so that changing chemical composition of the materials
will not alter the measurement results strongly. Many such overtone
bands are illustrated in the chart of FIG. 12.
[0184] Electro-optical components that operate in that band are
scarce and hard to source, probably since both diode lasers and
diode-pumped, solid state (DPSS) lasers are significantly less
efficient at those frequencies, and only lower power lasers are
currently commercially available. Since lasers at the preferred
frequencies, with the desired parameters, are, not currently
available, a laser suitable for this use has to be designed from
the ground up. The resonator and gain medium have to be designed. A
laser with the selected frequency and a radiance value sufficient
to facilitate a roughly collimated or nearly collimated beam must
be constructed. To achieve good collimation of the beam, a radiance
of at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian is needed, and even 800
kW/m.sup.2/Steradian may be needed for higher power systems for
efficient power transmission. For small systems working at long
distances, much higher radiance (up to 10 GW/m.sup.2/Steradian) may
be designed in the future, according to similar principles.
Receivers for use with radiance of less than that level need to be
too large, which would make the system cumbersome.
[0185] Different mirror setups for the resonator have been used,
specifically good quality metallic mirrors made of Gold, Silver or
Aluminum. These are found to reduce the lasing efficiency
significantly. Much better results are achieved with dielectric
material mirrors. Alternatively, Fresnel mirrors have one advantage
in that they are low cost. Other mirrors that may be used are Bragg
mirrors (which may be dielectric). The mirrors need to be
positioned so as to form a stable, or a nearly stable resonator, or
a resonator where photons are confined in space by a barrier inside
the laser (such as in a fiber or diode laser) and a gain medium
should be placed in the resonator between the mirrors in a position
allowing the gain medium to amplify the beam resonating inside the
resonator, such that it has a radiance of at least 8
kW/m.sup.2/Steradian.
[0186] If the gain medium is capable of lasing at more than one
wavelength, the dielectric mirrors can be selected to limit that
wavelength to a specific value. Alternatively, a filter can be used
to fix the lasing frequency.
[0187] Specifically, it is better if the mirrors have high
reflectivity for at least one wavelength between the first overtone
of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the second overtone of
the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1.
[0188] Three different approaches may be used for the gain medium:
[0189] 1. DPSS design [0190] In the DPSS design, the gain medium
may be a Nd-doped YAG crystal, though YVO.sub.4 crystals, GGG
crystals and Glasses are also options for a clear host. Neodymium
is most suitable for operation between the first overtone of the
C--H band and the second overtone of the C--H band since Nd has a
transition near .about.7450 cm.sup.-1. The Nd ions need to be
excited by absorbing radiation, typically from 808 nm laser diodes,
although other wavelengths may be used. A Nd-based gain medium
tends to lase at a much higher frequency unless a filter blocking
the transition around 9400 cm.sup.-1 is added inside the resonator,
or unless the unwanted radiation from the resonator is otherwise
extracted. When such a filter is added, lasing commences at
7440-7480 cm.sup.-1. Such filter action can be achieved using a
prism or a grating, instead of a filter or by proper chromatic
design of the laser resonator. [0191] 2. Semiconductor laser [0192]
As an alternative, a semiconductor-based design may be proposed. It
is possible to tune the wavelength of semiconductor lasers by
altering the lasing bandgap of the semiconductor used.
Semiconductors, especially those of the III-V type and more
especially, though not exclusively, quantum dot types, having
bandgaps of the order of 1 eV, emit light at the desired
frequencies between 6900 cm.sup.-1 and 8200 cm.sup.-1. Specifically
bandgaps between 0.8 eV and 1.1 eV yield good results and are
absorbed, at least partially, by essentially all commonly used
polymers. [0193] 3. Various alternative designs may also be used in
the systems described in this disclosure, such as Nd doped fiber
lasers, that may include Bragg mirrors and/or fiber loop
mirrors.
[0194] Alternatively Raman shifted fiber lasers may also be
used.
[0195] During operation, the gain medium heats up, and should be
cooled to prevent wavelength shift and efficiency degradation. If
the gain medium is properly cooled, then it is possible to increase
the pump power or current until a beam having radiance of at least
8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian is emitted, having a frequency between 6900
cm.sup.-1 and 8200 cm.sup.-1. Such a beam can be nearly collimated
and will be attenuated by most organic materials, including
polymers, allowing detection. However, it will not be strongly
absorbed by contaminations such as fingerprints.
[0196] The laser gain medium is typically configured to work at a
temperature below 150 degrees centigrade. If its temperature
exceeds a level, typically around 250 centigrade, a number of
problems may arise.
[0197] Firstly, the efficiency of light emission may drop
significantly, due to population of lower level excited states,
especially in 3- and 4-level lasers, and also due to thermal
recombination of charge carriers in semiconductors.
[0198] Secondly, the soldering of the gain medium, if such a
thermal attachment method is used, may be damaged.
[0199] Thirdly, thermal aberrations may occur which may cause beam
degradation
[0200] Fourthly, the thermal expansion of the laser gain medium may
be different from that of its surroundings, which may cause
mechanical stress or even warping and fracture of the gain
medium.
[0201] For those reasons, inter alia, the gain medium has to be
thermally attached to a cooling system. Typically the gain medium
emits between 0.1 and 100 W of heat from a surface that is between
1 mm.sup.2 and 40 mm.sup.2. In order for the temperature of the
gain medium to be maintained at less than 150 degrees, the cooling
system of the gain medium needs to have a thermal resistance of
less than 200 Kelvin per Watt, and for systems transmitting higher
powers, typically arising from more than 10 W of electrical power
input, the thermal resistance should be significantly lower, and in
many cases thermal resistance lower than 0.05 Kelvin/Watt is
needed.
[0202] The surface of the cooling system is attached to the gain
medium, typically using a third material such as solder or
adhesive, which must have an expansion coefficient that is
compatible to both the expansion coefficient of the gain medium
itself and to the expansion coefficient of the front surface of the
cooling system.
[0203] Typically such cooling systems may be either a passive heat
sink, a heat sink with a fan, a Peltier element connected to a heat
sink with or without a fan, or a liquid cooled cooling system.
Alternatively, use may be made of a stand-alone liquid circulating
cooling system with active circulation based on a circulating pump,
or with passive circulation, based on heat pipes.
[0204] If the cooling system comprises a heat sink with a fan, its
thermal resistance should be less than 0.1.degree. Kelvin per
Watt
[0205] If the cooling system is a passive heat sink, its thermal
resistance should be less than 0.3.degree. Kelvin per Watt
[0206] If the cooling system is a Peltier element, it needs to
generate at least 5 degrees temperature difference .DELTA.T.
[0207] If the cooling system is an active liquid cooled cooling
system, it should be able to cover the entire span of thermal
resistances mentioned here.
[0208] A passive heat sink is preferred in systems designed for low
cost and quiet operation, while a liquid cooled system is preferred
for high-power systems. A heat sink with a fan or a fluid pump is
used for systems typically having more than 1 W electrical output
and a transmitter having a small volume, such as less than
approximately 1 liter.
[0209] The gain medium is typically driven by a driver, supplying
it with power, which may be provided as electrical power as in the
case of some semiconductor gain media, or optical as in the case of
other semiconductor gain media or DPSS systems, or chemical or
other forms of energy. The amount of power supplied by the driver
determines the small signal gain achieved, which determines the
working conditions and emission of the laser, while the saturated
gain of the gain medium is generally a function of the material
selected for the gain medium, though not always in a simple linear
fashion, and ultimately, the radiance emitted from the laser. Such
a laser driver might have two or more operational states, one used
for power transmission, and the others used for other functions of
the system, such as target seeking, setup, and information
transmission. It is important that the laser driver produces stable
emission (with regards to power and beam parameters) in both
working conditions, although stable operation during power
transmission is more important.
[0210] To convert the optical beam into electricity again, so that
useful power is delivered, an optical-to-electric power converter,
typically a photovoltaic cell, should be used. As with the lasers,
suitable photovoltaic cells tailored to the frequency of the beam
used, are not commonly available as off-the-shelf components, and a
custom cell is required. The bandgap of the photovoltaic
semiconductor should be slightly smaller than the bandgap of the
gain medium used, so that the beam frequency is absorbed
efficiently by the semiconductor. If not, the conversion efficiency
will be very poor. On the other hand, if the bandgap used is too
small, then a poor efficiency system is achieved. Also the
conductors on the photovoltaic cell need to be tailored to the
radiance of the beam used--the higher the radiance, the thicker the
conductors needed.
[0211] Since the bandgap of the laser gain medium should be in the
range 0.8-1.1 eV, and the bandgap of the photovoltaic cell used
must be lower, and since a single junction photovoltaic cell
typically produces a voltage that is about 60-80% of the bandgap
energy divided by the electron charge, a single junction cell
tailored to the laser frequency yields a very low voltage,
typically 0.3-0.8V, and typically a high current, assuming an
output power of a few watts, as required by a practical system. The
conductors on the semiconductor need to be thick enough to carry
the generated current without significant (e.g. >5%) losses.
Typically the series resistance of the conductors needs to be below
1 Ohm, or even better, below 0.1 Ohm, and the heat generated should
be efficiently extracted from the photovoltaic cell as its
efficiency generally decreases with temperature.
[0212] This combination of low voltage combined with high power
cannot be easily converted to the higher voltages required to
charge portable devices, typically 3.3 or 5V. Furthermore, some
systems, such as communication systems, may require voltages such
as -48V, 12V or 3.8V. The system needs to supply a stable voltage,
and at higher levels than the output voltage expected from the
photovoltaic cells. A typical method to increase the voltage of
photovoltaic cells is to connect them in series, such as is
described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,370,986 to M. F. Amsterdam et al, for
"Photovoltaic Series Array comprising P/N and N/P Cells", which
shows a typical configuration for yielding a higher voltage, while
utilizing almost the same amounts of semiconductor and no
additional components, and is therefore the typically chosen
solution.
[0213] However this solution is not suitable for systems such as
those described in the present application, in which a laser having
a radiance as high as 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian is used, especially
since such a laser typically does not have a uniform shaped beam.
Furthermore, its beam shape may be variable in time and the
pointing accuracy may be less than optimally desired. In such a
situation it is virtually impossible to design a compact and
efficient system that will illuminate all the cells uniformly. If
the photovoltaic cells connected in series are not uniformly
illuminated, they do not produce the same current. In such a case
the voltage will indeed be increased to the desired level but the
current would drop to the current generated by the cell producing
the least current, usually the cell least illuminated. In such a
situation efficiency will be very poor. There is thus a need for an
improved alternative method to increase the voltage.
[0214] One method of increasing the voltage of a single cell may be
by charging capacitors in parallel, and then discharging them in
series. This method yields good results for low currents, but when
current is increased beyond a certain level, the switching time
becomes a dominant factor, influencing efficiency, which degrades
with increasing switching time.
[0215] If the energy is converted to AC using a fast, low
resistance, switching mechanism, that AC current can be amplified
using coupled inductances and then converted to AC again. The
increased voltage AC can be converted to DC using a diode bridge
and an energy storage device, such as a capacitor or a battery.
Such systems have advantages when the voltage needs to be increased
beyond twenty times that of the photocell voltage. Another
advantage of such a system is that the switching can be done from
the transmitter using the laser, thus saving receiver cost and
complexity. Such systems have disadvantages when the voltage needs
to be increased by a factor of less than 10 or when size and volume
limitations are critical to the application.
[0216] Reference is now made to FIG. 13A, which shows a method of
voltage conversion that is efficient and simple. In the
configuration of FIG. 13A, a single inductor may be used with a low
resistance switching mechanism and an energy storage device to
increase the voltage of the photovoltaic cell. In FIG. 13A, the
square on the left is the photovoltaic cell, the switch S, is a low
resistance switch, such as a MOSFET, JFET, BJT, IGBT or pHEMT, the
inductance L is connected to the output of the photovoltaic cell
and the capacitor C acts as an energy storage device.
[0217] The following description assumes for simplicity the use of
components with zero resistance. Taking resistance losses into
account complicates the calculations, and is explained in a later
section of this disclosure. The switching mechanism cycles the
inductor between two primary operating phases: charging phase and
discharging phase. In the charging phase the inductor is connected
in parallel with the photovoltaic cell, by the closing of switch S.
During this phase the inductor is being charged with the energy
converted by the photovoltaic cell. The inductor energy increase is
given by:
.DELTA.E.sub.L.sub._.sub.CH=Vpv*I.sub.L*T.sub.CH
[0218] Where: [0219] Vpv is the output voltage of the photovoltaic
cell; [0220] I.sub.L is the average inductor current; and [0221]
T.sub.CH is the duration of the charging phase.
[0222] In the discharging phase, the inductor is connected between
the photovoltaic cell and the load by the opening of switch S.
During this phase, the energy delivered from the inductor to the
output energy storage device is given by the inductor energy
decrease:
.DELTA.E.sub.C=Vo*I.sub.L*T.sub.DIS
[0223] Where: [0224] Vo is the voltage of the energy storage
device, which is typically very close to the desired output voltage
of the device, and can therefore be approximated as the output
voltage of the system; [0225] I.sub.L is the average inductor
current; and [0226] T.sub.DIS is the duration of the discharging
phase.
[0227] The energy delivered from the photovoltaic cell to the
inductor during that phase is given by:
.DELTA.E.sub.L.sub._.sub.DIS=Vpv*I.sub.L*T.sub.DIS.
[0228] The change in the inductor energy during that phase is the
difference between the incoming and outgoing energy:
.DELTA.E.sub.L.sub._.sub.DIS=Vpv*I.sub.L*T.sub.DIS-Vo*I.sub.L*T.sub.DIS.
[0229] In steady state operation, the energy of the inductor at the
end of the cycle returns to the same value it was at the beginning
of the cycle yielding
.DELTA.E.sub.L.sub._.sub.CH=-.DELTA.E.sub.L.sub._.sub.DIS,
Which, after substitution, yields:
Vo=Vpv*(1+T.sub.CH/T.sub.DIS).
[0230] The voltage at the energy storage device is thus defined by
the photovoltaic cell voltage and the ratio of the charging and
discharging phase durations.
[0231] In the present system, however, the parasitic
characteristics and other aspects of the components might have a
significant impact on conversion operation and efficiency and care
should be taken into account in selecting and using the right
components, in order to allow the system to operate efficiently.
These elements are now considered, one by one:
Inductor
[0232] The inductance of the inductor defines the rate of change of
the inductor current due to applied voltage, which is given by
dI/dt=V/L, where dI/dt is the rate of current change, V is the
voltage applied across the inductor and L is the inductance. In the
context of the current system, V is determined by the gain medium
in the transmitter. Selection of a different gain medium causes
change in the photon energy, which mandates consequent changes in
the photovoltaic bandgap, and hence a change in the photovoltaic
voltage. This then calls for selection of a different inductor
and/or switching frequency. The switching rate must be fast enough
to allow the inductor current to respond to changes in the incoming
power from the transmitter through the optical-to-electrical power
converter, and slow enough to avoid high-magnitude current ripple
which contributes to power loss, input voltage ripple and output
voltage ripple. The optimal value of the inductor should yield
ripple current which is between 20% and 40% of the maximum expected
input current, but systems may be operable between 10% and 60%.
Rigorous analysis of the circuit parameters shows that in order to
achieve this objective, the value L, of the inductor measured in
Henries, must be within the limits:
L < 1 1.28 * 10 - 40 * f * E gain 2 * 1 - E gain 5 * 10 - 19 * V
output P laser_driver ##EQU00007## L > 1 3 * 10 - 38 * f * E
gain 2 * ( 1 - E gain 4 * 10 - 20 * V output ) P laser_driver
##EQU00007.2##
[0233] Where: [0234] f is the switching frequency measured in Hz;
[0235] E.sub.gain is the bandgap of the gain medium, measured in
Joules; [0236] V.sub.output is the output voltage from the voltage
converter, measured in Volts; and [0237] P.sub.laser driver is the
power pumped by the laser driver into the gain medium, measured in
Watts.
[0238] In order to successfully integrate the inductor into a
mobile client, the inductance should typically be smaller than 10
mH, as inductors that are suitable for the current required by
mobile client charging and having volume limitations suitable for a
portable application are typically well below this value. Also
inductors having inductances too small, such as 10 nH, will require
such a high switching frequency that it will severely limit the
availability of other components in the system such as the switch,
and the switching loss caused by such a high frequency may be
higher than the amount of power delivered by the photovoltaic
cell.
[0239] The serial resistance of the inductor, R.sub.parasitic,
should be as low as possible to minimize the conduction power loss:
Typically, a value which yields less than 10% efficiency drop is
chosen: the serial resistance of the inductor, measured in Ohms
should be less than
R parasitic .ltoreq. 1 2 * 10 - 40 * E gain 2 P laser_driver
##EQU00008##
[0240] Where: [0241] E.sub.gain is the bandgap of the gain medium,
measured in Joules; and [0242] P.sub.laser.sub._.sub.driver is the
power pumped by the laser driver onto the gain medium, measured in
Watts.
[0243] In a typical system the inductor serial resistance would be
less than 10.OMEGA.. The saturation current of the inductor is
usually chosen to be higher than the expected inductor peak
current, given by:
I.sub.SAT>I.sub.PEAK=I.sub.m+Vpv*(1-Vpv/Vo)/(2*L*f)
[0244] For extracting more than 10 mW of power from a single
junction photovoltaic cell, the saturation current must be higher
than 10 mW/0.8 v=12.5 mA.
[0245] For reliable operation the inductor shall be rated at a
higher current than the expected maximum input current. For
extracting more than 10 mW of power from a single junction
photovoltaic cell, the inductor rated current must be higher than
10 mW/0.8 v=12.5 mA.
Switching Mechanism
[0246] The switching mechanism is usually made of two or more
devices. The first device, a main switch, when conducting, sets the
inductor into the charging phase. The second device can be either a
diode (as in FIG. 13A) or a switch whose function is to connect the
inductor to the load or output energy storage device, during the
discharging phase, and to disconnect it from the load during the
charging phase.
[0247] The switching mechanism should have low switch node
capacitance to minimize switching losses:
P.sub.SW2=0.5*Csw*Vo.sup.2*f
[0248] For extracting more than 50% of the laser power, the switch
node capacitance should be less than:
Csw .ltoreq. P laser driver V o 2 * f . ##EQU00009##
[0249] In a typical system switch node capacitance would be less
than 100 nF and more than 10 pF.
[0250] The serial resistance of the main switch in the switch node,
that switch being either that connecting the inductor to the ground
or that connecting the optical-to-electrical power converter to the
inductor, should be less than:
R .ltoreq. E gain 2 2 * 10 - 40 * P laser driver ##EQU00010##
[0251] In a typical system the switch serial resistance would be
less than 10.OMEGA..
Energy Storage Device
[0252] The energy storage device can be either a capacitor or a
battery or both.
[0253] The energy storage device is required to maintain the output
voltage during the charging phase, when the inductor is
disconnected from the output. The capacitance of the storage device
is chosen based of the switching frequency, laser power and the
desired output ripple voltage:
C.sub.OUT>P.sub.LASER DRIVER/(f*Vo*.DELTA.Vo)
Where .DELTA.Vo is the desired output ripple voltage.
[0254] The energy storage device can also supply power to the load
during temporary interruption of the optical path. For
uninterrupted power supply, the energy storage device should be
able to store at least the amount energy equal to minimal
operational output power (P.sub.OUT.sub._.sub.MIN) multiplied by
the interruption time interval (T.sub.INT):
E.sub.OUT.sub._.sub.MIN.gtoreq.P.sub.OUT.sub._.sub.MIN*T.sub.INT
[0255] If a capacitor is used as the energy storage device, the
capacitance should be larger than:
C.sub.OUT.gtoreq.2*E.sub.OUT/V.sub.OUT.sup.2.
[0256] For uninterrupted operation at minimal operational output
power larger than 10 mW and interruption time interval longer than
100 ms the stored energy has to be larger than 1 mJ and the
capacitance larger than 80 .mu.F (assuming V.sub.OUT=5V).
[0257] In some cases, the capacitor may serve as the energy storage
device for the client application. In such cases, the client
application may be designed without any secondary energy storage
device (the conventionally used battery installed in the mobile
device), and the energy storage device of the presently described
systems would have to store enough energy to supply the power needs
of the client device until the next charging event. In such cases,
super capacitors having a capacitance at least 0.5 F, and even
above 10 F, may be used. In other cases, where the power
requirement of the client device is low, or when it has an
independent energy storage device such as the battery internally
installed in the device, or if the device does not need to operate
when no power is supplied, the capacitor used would typically be
well beyond 1 F. If a rechargeable battery is used as the energy
storage device, then, similar to the capacitor logic above, if the
battery is used only as means of regulating the voltage, but not as
the means for maintaining power supply to the client device between
charging events, then the energy capacity of the battery may
advantageously be up to 100 times the energy supplied during 100
cycles of the switch (typically below 0.1 Wh), this level being
determined according to the volume budget and cost effectiveness of
the battery. On the other hand, if the battery is also used to
power the client device between charging events, its capacity
should be at least large enough to store the energy needed by the
client device between charging events--typically above 0.1 Wh in
the case of a cellular phone. Batteries also have a volume
limitation depending on the product in which they are intended to
be used. Thus, the battery of a product that has some volume V, if
incorporated externally to the device, would typically be limited
to up to times the volume of the device, i.e. 3V. As an example of
this rule of thumb, a battery used to power a cellular phone of 100
cc. volume would typically be limited to less than 300 cc. in
volume. Such a battery would typically have a capacity of below 300
Wh. because of the above mentioned limitation.
[0258] The circuit in FIG. 13A is not the only possible topology.
FIG. 13B shows a different design that can achieve similar
performance characteristics. The components roles, constraints and
expected values for FIG. 13B are the same as those listed for the
circuit in FIG. 13A. The primary difference is that the positive
and negative terminals of the output voltage are reversed.
[0259] In some applications the energy storage device may be
preferably located inside the device which is intended to use the
power received. In other applications, specifically those
applications where short term operation is anticipated, and which
does not require a regulated voltage, the energy storage device may
even be eliminated.
Point of Regulation
[0260] The power output of the photovoltaic cell depends on the
incoming optical power and load applied to it. The optimal loading
condition will yield the maximal output power from the photovoltaic
cell, therefore, the control mechanism of the voltage converter
must regulate the loading point. The control mechanism can be
either designed to maintain constant voltage between the cell
terminals, which is known to be maximum power operating point for
most conditions, or it can track the maximum power operating point
by measuring the cell output power and seeking the optimal cell
voltage under any operating condition. The first approach is
simpler; the second is more power efficient.
[0261] The generated laser beam needs to be directed towards the
receiver. In order to direct the beam towards the receiver, a beam
steering apparatus should be used. Some beam steering sub-systems
that could be used include a moving mirror, a moving lens, an
electro-optical modulator, a magneto-optical modulator, a set of
motors moving the whole transmitter system in one or more
directions, or any other suitable beam deflection device.
[0262] The beam steering apparatus should be controlled by a
controller, most conveniently the same controller used to control
the laser driver.
[0263] The beam steering apparatus is configured to direct the
>8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian beam in any of a number of
directions.
[0264] The damage threshold of the beam steering apparatus needs to
be able to withstand the beam's radiance.
[0265] For example, if the beam is focused on a mirror using a
focusing mechanism having a numerical aperture of 0.5, the mirror
needs to withstand a power density of at least 6.7 kW/m.sup.2 for a
beam having 8 kW/m.sup.2/steradian. If a beam having higher
radiance is used the mirror should be chosen so that it would have
a higher damage threshold correspondingly.
[0266] FIG. 14 shows the power reflected per square meter by a
mirror when a beam of 8 kW/m.sup.2/steradian is focused upon it as
a function of numerical aperture.
[0267] If a higher radiance beam is used, then the power reflected
by the mirror increases correspondingly in a linear manner.
[0268] Since the beam may be far from uniform, "hotspots",
sometimes having 10.times. irradiance compared to the beam average,
may be generated.
[0269] Hence, mirrors should have a damage threshold which is at
least as large and preferably at least 10.times. that shown in FIG.
14, scaled to the actual beam irradiance and numerical aperture of
the focusing mechanism on the mirror.
[0270] There is typically an optical front surface in the receiver,
positioned near the photovoltaic cell and between the photovoltaic
cell and the transmitter, through which the beam enters the
receiver, and which is needed in order to protect the typically
delicate structure of the photovoltaic cell, and in many cases, in
order to match the exterior design of the device where the power
receiver is integrated in. The front surface may have a coating
protecting it from scratches, such as Corning Gorilla Glass.RTM.,
or similar, or may be treated to make it better withstand
scratches. It may be also be treated to reduce the levels of
contaminants, such as fingerprints and dust which may settle on it,
or to reduce their optical effect, or it may be coated with an
anti-reflection coating to reduce the level of light reflected from
it. The front surface of the photovoltaic cell may also be coated.
In some cases the front surface would be part of the structure of
the photovoltaic cell itself or coated on the photovoltaic
cell.
[0271] While in some situations, it may be possible to reduce the
amount of reflection from the surface to below the safety
threshold, by choosing a very low reflection anti-reflective
coating, should the coating be contaminated or covered by either a
liquid spilled on it, or a fingerprint, such anti-reflective
coating would be ineffective in reducing the amount of reflection,
and typically, 3-4% of the incident light will be reflected in an
uncontrolled direction. If such a reflection is reflected in a
diverging manner, its power density would soon drop to safe levels.
However, should the reflection be focused, the power density may
increase to unsafe levels. For this reason, it is important that
the ROC (radius of curvature) of such a surface, at any point on
it, should not be less than a predetermined value. In general, the
reflection from the surface is intended to be only a small part of
the incident light, thereby reducing the danger of any significant
beam reflections, regardless of what nature or of what form the
surface curvature takes. The level of reflected light may be
variable, since even the .about.4% reflection from an untreated
glass surface may be increased, if a layer of extraneous
contaminant material on the surface generates increased
reflectivity. However, that reflection is expected not exceed 20%,
and will generally be substantially less than the 4% of untreated
glass, such as in the case of AR coated glass, where reflectivities
of 0.1% or even less are common. Therefore, the surface is
described in this disclosure, and is thuswise claimed, as having
properties which reflect a small part of the incident light, this
description being used to signify less than 20% of the incident
light, and generally less than the 4% of untreated glass.
[0272] Reference is now made to FIGS. 15A to 15C, which illustrate
schematically methods of avoiding the above-mentioned unsafe
reflections, even for the small part of the incident light which
may be reflected from the surface. FIG. 15A shows a situation where
the surface is a concave surface, FIG. 15B shows a situation where
the surface is a convex surface, and FIG. 15C shows the situation
where the surface is a diffusive surface. In FIG. 15A, an incident
beam 110, having at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian radiance, is
directed towards photovoltaic cell 112, passing through a front
surface 111, which may be the front surface of the photovoltaic
cell. The front surface 111 reflects some of beam 110 creating a
focused beam 113 with a focal point 114 some distance from the
surface. In order to ensure that focal point 114 does not present
any danger to an eye or skin, or other objects, the Radius of
Curvature (ROC) of the surface 111 must be such that the beam is
focused with low numerical aperture, as in FIG. 15A, or that it be
defocused, as in FIG. 15B, or that it be diffused, as in FIG. 15C.
To achieve these limitations, if the surface is concave looking
from the transmitter towards the photovoltaic cell, as in FIG. 15A,
its ROC must be larger than 1 cm, and if higher power systems are
used, typically above 0.5 W of light, it should be greater than 5
cm. Alternatively, the surface ROC can be negative, as in FIG. 15B,
but the ROC cannot be in the range 0-1 cm. These limitations will
ensure that the reflected beam of light has a focal point which is
either virtual, i.e. associated with a diverging reflected beam, or
at least 1 cm in front of the surface, such that the risk generated
by the focus is significantly reduced. The surface may also have
numerous regions with smaller curvatures, creating a diffusive
surface, as in FIG. 15C, which significantly helps reducing the
risk of a dangerous focal point. In such a case, the radius of
curvature of each sub section of the surface may be smaller than 1
cm without creating a focal point. Furthermore, if the surface is
split into multiple zones, each zone may have smaller
curvature.
[0273] In order to operate safely, the system also needs to be able
to direct the power beam to the photovoltaic cell so that it is
blocked by it, and not be directed at some unsafe region. In order
to accomplish that, a detector should be positioned to provide
indication of the impingement of the beam on the receiver. Such a
detector should typically be positioned in the receiver, but
configurations where such a detector is located in the transmitter
are also possible, in which case the detector should be responsive
to a phenomenon occurring due to the impact of the beam on the
receiver. Such a transmitter-associated system may include image
acquisition and processing of optical information received from the
receiver, such as the reflection of the beam from a barcode printed
on the receiver, so that the transmitter may detect the barcode's
illumination pattern. Reflections from a retro reflector or retro
reflectors or arrays or patterns thereof may be positioned on the
receiver and such reflection may be detected in the transmitter,
either by way of image processing, by measuring back reflection or
by measuring coherence effects of the reflection. The detector may
be a current or voltage sensor positioned in the receiver, a
photodiode in the receiver or in the transmitter, or an imaging
device which may be either in the transmitter or the receiver. A
retro-reflector in the vicinity of the photovoltaic cell may also
be used, in combination with an additional detector in the
transmitter, detecting light reflected from the retroreflector.
[0274] The detector, upon detecting the beam of light impinging on
the photovoltaic cell, sends a signal accordingly to the system
controller. If the detector is in the receiver, such signalling may
be done wirelessly, using a communication channel which may be RF,
IR, visible light, UV, modulation of the beam, TCP/IP, or sound.
The system controller is usually located in the transmitter, but
may also be located in a main control unit, which may even be on a
computer network from the transmitter. On receipt of the signal,
the controller responds by performing at least one of: [0275] (a)
Changing the state of the laser driver; or [0276] (b) Changing the
operational properties of the beam steering apparatus, such as the
direction to which it directs the beam, or the speed in which such
direction is changed.
[0277] Reference is now made to FIG. 16, which is a schematic
diagram showing a detailed description of the complete system. The
system comprises transmitter 21 and receiver 22. In general, the
transmitter and receiver will be located remotely from each other,
but are shown in FIG. 16, for convenience, to be close to each
other. Beam 15 transfers power from transmitter 21 to receiver
22.
[0278] On the receiver 22, the front surface 7 reflects a small
part of incident beam 15 as a reflected beam 16, while either
diffusing it or creating a virtual focal point behind front surface
7, or a real focal point at least 1 cm in front of surface 7. After
transmission through the at least partially transparent surface 7,
beam 15 impinges on the optical-to-electrical power converter
1.
[0279] The optical-to-electrical power converter 1 may be enclosed
in a package that may have a front window, which may be surface 7
or a separate window. It may also be coated to have an external
surface adapted to function as an interface with the air, or the
adhesive or the glass surrounding it. In a typical configuration,
the optical-to-electrical power converter 1 could be a junction of
semiconductor layers, which typically have conductors deposited on
them. In many embodiments surface 7 would be coated on, or be the
external surface of one of these semiconductor layers.
[0280] Signalling detector 8 indicates that beam 15 is impinging on
photovoltaic cell 1 and transmits that information to the
controller 13, in this example system, located in the transmitter
21. The control signal is transmitted by a link 23 to a detector 24
on the transmitter.
[0281] Electrical power converter 1, has a bandgap E8 and typically
yields a voltage between 0.35 and 1.1V, though the use of
multi-junction photovoltaic cells may yield higher voltages. Power
flows from the photovoltaic cell 1 through conductors 2a and 2b,
which have low resistance, into inductor 3 which stores some of the
energy flowing through it in a magnetic field.
[0282] Automatic switch 4, typically a MOSFET transistor connected
to a control circuit (not shown in FIG. 16), switches between
alternating states, allowing the current to flow through the
inductor 3 to the ground for a first portion of the time, and for a
second portion of the time, allowing the inductor to emit its
stored magnetic energy as a current at a higher voltage than that
of the photovoltaic cell, through diode 5 and into load 6, which
can then use the power.
[0283] Automatic switch 4 may be operating at a fixed frequency or
at variable frequency and/or duty cycle and/or wave shape which may
either be controlled from the transmitter, or be controlled from
the client load, or be based on the current, voltage, or
temperature at the load, or be based on the current, voltage or
temperature at automatic switch 4, or be based on the current,
voltage or temperature emitted by the optical-to-electrical power
converter 1, or be based on some other indicator as to the state of
the system.
[0284] The receiver may be connected to the load 6 directly, as
shown in FIG. 16, or the load 6 can be external to the receiver, or
it may even be a separate device such as a cellphone or other power
consuming device, and it may be connected using a socket such as
USB/Micro USB/Lightning/USB type C.
[0285] In most cases there would also be an energy storage device,
such as a capacitor or a battery connected in parallel to load 6,
or load 6 may include an energy storage device such as a capacitor
or a battery.
[0286] Transmitter 21 generates and directs beam 15 to the receiver
22. In a first mode of operation, transmitter 21 seeks the presence
of receivers 22 either using a scanning beam, or by detecting the
receiver using communication means, such as RF, Light, IR light, UV
light, or sound, or by using a camera to detect a visual indicator
of the receivers, such as a retro-reflector, or retro-reflective
structure, bar-code, high contrast pattern or other visual
indicator. When a coarse location is found, the beam 15, typically
at low power, scans the approximate area around receiver 22. During
such a scan, the beam 15 impinges on photovoltaic cell 1. When beam
15 impinges on photovoltaic cell 1, detector 8 detects it and
signals controller 13 accordingly.
[0287] Controller 13 responds to such a signal by either or both of
instructing laser driver 12 to change the power P it inputs into
gain medium 11 and or instructing mirror 14 to alter either its
scan speed or direction it directs the beam to or to hold its
position, changing the scan step speed. When gain medium 11
receives a different power P from the laser power supply 12, its
small signal gain--the gain a single photon experiences when it
transverses the gain medium, and no other photons traverse the gain
medium at the same time,--changes. When a photon, directed in a
direction between back mirror 10 and output coupler 9 passes
through gain medium 11, more photons are emitted in the same
direction--that of beam 15--and generate optical resonance between
back mirror 10 and output coupler 9.
[0288] Output coupler 9 is a partially transmitting mirror, having
reflectance R, operating at least on part of the spectrum between
the first overtone of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the
second overtone of the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1, and is
typically a multilayer dielectric or semiconductor coating, in
which alternating layers of different refractive index materials
are deposited on a substrate, which is typically glass, plastic or
the surface of gain medium 11. Alternatively Fresnel reflection can
be used if the gain medium is capable of providing sufficient small
signal gain or has a high enough refractive index, or regular
metallic mirrors can be used. A Bragg reflector may also be used,
should the gain medium be either a semiconductor or a fiber
amplifier. Output coupler 9 may also be composed of a high
reflectance mirror combined with a beam extractor, such as a
semi-transparent optical component that transmits a part of the
light and extracts another part of the light from the forward
traveling wave inside the resonator, but typically also a third
portion extracted from the backwards propagating wave inside the
resonator.
[0289] Back reflector 10 should be a high reflectance mirror,
although a small amount of light may back-leak from it and may be
used for monitoring or other purposes, working at least on part of
the spectrum between the first overtone of the C--H absorption at
6940 cm.sup.-1 and the second overtone of the C--H absorption at
8130 cm.sup.-1. It may typically be constructed of alternating
layers of different refractive index materials deposited on a
substrate, usually glass, metal or plastic. Alternatively Fresnel
reflection can be used if the gain medium is capable of providing
sufficient small signal gain, or regular metallic mirrors can be
used. A Bragg reflector may also be used should the gain medium be
either a semiconductor or a fiber amplifier.
[0290] Gain medium 11 amplifies radiation between the first
overtone of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the second
overtone of the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1, although not
necessarily over the whole of this spectral range. It is capable of
delivering small signal gain larger than the loss caused by output
coupler 9 when pumped with power P by laser driver 12. Its area,
field of view, and damage thresholds should be large enough to
maintain a beam of at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian/(1-R), where R
is the reflectance of output coupler 9. It may be constructed of
either a semiconductor material having a bandgap between 0.8-1.1 eV
or of a transparent host material doped with Nd ions, or of another
structure capable of stimulated emission in that spectral range.
Gain medium 11 is positioned in the optical line of sight from the
back reflector 10 to output coupler 9, thus allowing radiation
reflected by the back reflector 10 to resonate between the back
reflector 10 and the output coupler 9 through gain medium 11.
[0291] For the exemplary implementation where the gain medium 11 is
a semiconductor having a bandgap between 0.8-1.1 eV, it should be
preferably attached to a heat extracting device, and may be pumped
either electrically or optically by laser driver 12.
[0292] In the exemplary implementation where the gain medium 11 is
a transparent host, such as YAG, YVO.sub.4, GGG, or glass or
ceramics, doped with Nd ions, then gain medium 11 should preferably
also be in optical communication with a filter for extracting
radiation around 9400 cm.sup.-1 from that resonating between back
mirror 10 and output coupler 9.
[0293] The beam steering apparatus 14 is shown controlled by
controller 13. It can deflect beam 15 into a plurality of
directions. Its area should be large enough so that it would
contain essentially most of beam 15 even when tilted to its maximal
operational tilt angle. Taking a simplistic 2D example, if beam 15
were to be a collimated 5 mm diameter (1/e.sup.2 diameter) Gaussian
beam, and the beam steering apparatus were to be a single round
gimballed mirror centered on the beam center, and if the maximal
tilt required of the mirror is 30 degrees, and assuming that beam
steering apparatus 14 has no other apertures, then if the mirror
has a 5 mm diameter like that of the beam, it would have an
approximately 13% loss at normal incidence to the beam, but
approximately 60% loss at 60 degrees tilt angle. This would
severely damage the system's performance. This power loss is
illustrated in the graph of FIG. 17.
[0294] At the beginning of operation, controller 13 commands laser
driver 12 and mirror 14 to perform a seek operation. This may be
done by aiming beam 15, with the laser driver 12 operating in a
first state, towards the general directions where a receiver 22 is
likely to be found. For example, in the case of a transmitter
mounted in a ceiling corner of a room, the scan would be performed
downwards and between the two adjacent walls of the room. Should
beam 15 hit a receiver 22 containing an optical-to-electric power
converter 1, then detector 8 would signal as such to controller 13.
So long as no such signal is received, controller 13 commands beam
steering 14 to continue directing beam 15 in other directions,
searching for a receiver. If such a signal is received from
detector 8, then controller 13 may command beam steering 14 to stop
or slow down its scan to lock onto the receiver, and to instruct
laser driver 12 to increase its power emission. Alternatively
controller 13 may note the position of receiver 22 and return to it
at a later stage.
[0295] When laser driver 12 increases its power emission, the small
signal gain of gain medium 11 increases, and as a result beam 15
carries more power and power transmission begins. Should detector 8
detect a power loss greater than a threshold, which may be
pre-determined or dynamically set, and which is typically at a
level representing a significant portion of the maximal permissible
exposure level, and which is also typically greater than the system
noise figure, these conditions implying either that beam 15 is no
longer aimed correctly at the optical-to-electrical power converter
1, or that some object has entered the beam's path, or that a
malfunction has happened, controller 13 should normally command
laser driver 12 to change its state, by reducing power to maintain
the required safety level. If another indication of safe operation
is present, such as an indication from the user as to the safety of
transmission, which may be indicated by a user interface or an API,
or an indication of safe operation from a second safety system, the
controller may command the laser to increase power to compensate
for the power loss. The controller 13 may also command the beam
steering assembly 14 to perform a seeking operation again.
[0296] There may be two different stages in the seek operation.
Firstly, a coarse search can be performed using a camera, which may
search for visual patterns, for a retro reflector, for high
contrast images, for a response signal from receivers or for other
indicators, or by using the scanning feature of beam steering 14. A
list of potential positions where receivers may be found can thus
be generated. The second stage is a fine seek, in which the beam
steering mirror 14 directs beam 15 in a smaller area until detector
8 signals that beam 15 is impinging on an optical-to-electrical
power converter 1.
[0297] Reference is now made to FIG. 18, shows an example cooling
system for the gain medium 11 of the system of FIG. 16. Although
the reflectors 9, 10 are shown as separate optical elements, it is
to be understood that one or both of them may be coated directly on
the gain medium end faces for simplifying the system. Gain medium
11 converts the power it receives from the laser driver 12 into
both heat and photons, and would typically degrade the system
performance if the gain medium were to be heated above a certain
temperature.
[0298] For that reason, gain medium 11 is attached to heatsink 34
using a bonding agent 33 which is preferably a heat conducting
solder having low thermal resistance. Bonding agent 33 may also be
a conductive adhesive. Bonding agent 33 may have a thermal
expansion coefficient which is between that of gain medium 11 and
heat sink 34. Heat sink 34 may typically be a low thermal
resistance heatsink made out of metal, which may be equipped with
fins for increasing its surface area or an external fluid pumping
system such as a fan or a liquid pump 35.
[0299] Reference is now made to FIG. 19, which is a schematic
diagram showing a detailed description of the system of FIG. 16,
but further incorporating a safety system 31, constructed and
operable according to the methods and systems described in the
present application. Although shown in FIG. 19 as a separate
module, in order to show the additional inputs provided thereto,
the safety system can be incorporated into the controller 13, and
is generally described and may be claimed thereas. As described
above, the system comprises transmitter 21 and receiver 22. In
general, the transmitter and receiver will be located remotely from
each other, but are shown in FIG. 19, for convenience, to be close
to each other. Beam 15 transfers power from transmitter 21 to
receiver 22.
[0300] On the receiver 22, the front surface 7 reflects a small
part of incident beam 15 as a reflected beam 16, while either
diffusing it or creating a virtual focal point behind front surface
7, or a real focal point at least 1 cm in front of surface 7. After
transmission through the at least partially transparent surface 7,
beam 15 impinges on the optical-to-electrical power converter 1
having a semiconductor layer having thickness T and an absorption
coefficient to said optical beam 15. The thickness of the layer is
dependent on the designed wavelength of the beam, and, when
measured in cm, should be greater than 0.02 times the reciprocal of
the absorption coefficient of the optical beam in the semiconductor
layer, as described in further details on FIG. 20 below.
[0301] The optical-to-electrical power converter 1 may be enclosed
in a package that may have a front window, which may be surface 7
or a separate window. It may also be coated to have an external
surface adapted to function as an interface with the air, or the
adhesive or the glass surrounding it. In a typical configuration,
the optical-to-electrical power converter 1 could be a junction of
semiconductor layers, which typically have conductors deposited on
them. In many embodiments surface 7 would be coated on, or be the
external surface of one of these semiconductor layers.
[0302] Signaling detector 8 indicates that beam 15 is impinging on
photovoltaic cell 1 and transmits that information to the
controller 13, in many cases it also transmits other data such as
the power received, the optical power received, identification
information, temperatures of the receiver and photovoltaic as well
as information relayed from the client device, which may be control
information. In this example, system controller 13 is located in
the transmitter 21, but may also be located remotely therefrom. The
control signal is transmitted by a link 23 to a detector 24 on the
transmitter.
[0303] Safety system 31 receives information from various sources,
further detailed in FIG. 21 below, and especially may receive
information from a small portion of the beam 15 coupled out by beam
coupler 32, and from the signaling detector 8, usually through a
data channel between the power receiver and the power transmitter.
Safety system 31 outputs safety indications to control unit 13.
[0304] Electrical power converter 1, has a bandgap E8 and typically
yields a voltage between 0.35 and 1.1V, though the use of
multi-junction photovoltaic cells may yield higher voltages. Power
flows from the photovoltaic cell 1 through conductors 2a and 2b,
which have low resistance, into inductor 3, which stores some of
the energy flowing through it in a magnetic field.
[0305] Automatic switch 4, typically a MOSFET transistor connected
to a control circuit (not shown in FIG. 19), switches between
alternating states, allowing the current to flow through the
inductor 3 to the ground for a first portion of the time, and for a
second portion of the time, allowing the inductor to release its
stored magnetic energy as a current at a higher voltage than that
of the photovoltaic cell, through diode 5 and into load 6, which
can then use the power.
[0306] Automatic switch 4 may operate at a fixed frequency or at
variable frequency and/or duty cycle and/or wave shape, which may
be controlled either from the transmitter, or be controlled from
the client load, or be based on the current, voltage, or
temperature at the load, or be based on the current, voltage or
temperature at automatic switch 4, or be based on the current,
voltage or temperature emitted by the optical-to-electrical power
converter 1, or be based on some other indicator as to the state of
the system.
[0307] The receiver may be connected to the load 6 directly, as
shown in FIG. 16, or the load 6 can be external to the receiver, or
it may even be a separate device such as a cellphone or other power
consuming device, and it may be connected using a socket such as
USB/Micro USB/Lightning/USB type C. The receiver typically further
comprises a load ballast used to dissipate excess energy from the
receiver, which may not be needed by the client.
[0308] In most cases, there would also be an energy storage device,
such as a capacitor or a battery connected in parallel to load 6,
or load 6 may include an energy storage device such as a capacitor
or a battery.
[0309] Transmitter 21 generates and directs beam 15 to the receiver
22. In a first mode of operation, transmitter 21 seeks the presence
of receivers 22 either using a scanning beam, or by detecting the
receiver using communication means, such as RF, Light, IR light, UV
light, or sound, or by using a camera to detect a visual indicator
of the receivers, such as a retro-reflector, or retro-reflective
structure, bar-code, high contrast pattern or other visual
indicator. When a coarse location is found, the beam 15, typically
at low power, scans the approximate area around receiver 22. During
such a scan, the beam 15 should impinge on photovoltaic cell 1.
When beam 15 impinges on photovoltaic cell 1, detector 8 detects it
and signals controller 13 accordingly.
[0310] Controller 13 responds to such a signal by either or both of
instructing laser driver 12 to change the power P input into gain
medium 11 and or instructing mirror 14 to alter either its scan
speed or direction it directs the beam to or to hold its position,
changing the scan step speed. When gain medium 11 receives a
different power P from the laser power supply 12, its small signal
gain--the gain a single photon experiences when it transverses the
gain medium, and no other photons traverse the gain medium at the
same time--changes. When a photon, directed in a direction between
back mirror 10 and output coupler 9 passes through gain medium 11,
more photons are emitted in the same direction--that of beam
15--and generate optical resonance between back mirror 10 and
output coupler 9.
[0311] Output coupler 9 is a partially transmitting mirror, having
reflectance R, operating at least on part of the spectrum between
the first overtone of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the
second overtone of the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1, and is
typically a multilayer dielectric or semiconductor coating, in
which alternating layers of different refractive index materials
are deposited on a substrate, which is typically glass, plastic or
the surface of gain medium 11. Alternatively, Fresnel reflection
can be used if the gain medium is capable of providing sufficient
small signal gain or has a high enough refractive index, or regular
metallic mirrors can be used. A Bragg reflector may also be used,
should the gain medium be either a semiconductor or a fibre
amplifier. Output coupler 9 may also be composed of a high
reflectance mirror combined with a beam extractor, such as a
semi-transparent optical component that transmits a part of the
light and extracts another part of the light from the forward
traveling wave inside the resonator, but typically also a third
portion extracted from the backwards propagating wave inside the
resonator.
[0312] Back reflector 10 should be a high reflectance mirror,
although a small amount of light may be allowed to back-leak from
it and may be used for monitoring or other purposes. These optical
characteristics should operate at least on part of the spectrum
between the first overtone of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1
and the second overtone of the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1.
It may typically be constructed of alternating layers of different
refractive index materials deposited on a substrate, usually glass,
metal or plastic. Alternatively, Fresnel reflection can be used if
the gain medium is capable of providing sufficient small signal
gain, or regular metallic mirrors can be used. A Bragg reflector
may also be used should the gain medium be either a semiconductor
or a fiber amplifier.
[0313] Gain medium 11 amplifies radiation between the first
overtone of the C--H absorption at 6940 cm.sup.-1 and the second
overtone of the C--H absorption at 8130 cm.sup.-1, although not
necessarily over the whole of this spectral range. It is capable of
delivering small signal gain larger than the loss caused by output
coupler 9 when pumped with power P by laser driver 12. Its area,
field of view, and damage thresholds should be large enough to
maintain a beam of at least 8 kW/m.sup.2/Steradian/(1-R), where R
is the reflectance of output coupler 9. It may be constructed of
either a semiconductor material having a bandgap between 0.8-1.1 eV
or of a transparent host material doped with Nd ions, or of another
structure capable of stimulated emission in that spectral range.
Gain medium 11 is positioned in the optical line of sight from the
back reflector 10 to output coupler 9, thus allowing radiation
reflected by the back reflector 10 to resonate between the back
reflector 10 and the output coupler 9 through gain medium 11.
[0314] For the exemplary implementation where the gain medium 11 is
a semiconductor having a bandgap between 0.8-1.1 eV, it should
preferably be attached to a heat extracting device, and may be
pumped either electrically or optically by laser driver 12.
[0315] In the exemplary implementation where the gain medium 11 is
a transparent host, such as YAG, YVO4, GGG, or glass or ceramics,
doped with Nd ions, then gain medium 11 should preferably also be
in optical communication with a filter for extracting radiation
around 9400 cm.sup.-1 from the radiation resonating between back
mirror 10 and output coupler 9.
[0316] The beam steering apparatus 14 is shown controlled by
controller 13. It can deflect beam 15 into a plurality of
directions. Its area should be large enough so that it would
contain essentially most of beam 15 even when tilted to its maximal
operational tilt angle. Taking a simplistic 2D example, if beam 15
were to be a collimated 5 mm diameter (1/e.sup.2 diameter) Gaussian
beam, and the beam steering apparatus were to be a single round
gimballed mirror centered on the beam center, and if the maximal
tilt required of the mirror is 30 degrees, and assuming that beam
steering apparatus 14 has no other apertures, then if the mirror
has a 5 mm diameter similar to that of the beam, it would have an
approximately 13% loss at normal incidence to the beam, but
approximately 60% loss at 60 degrees tilt angle. This would
severely damage the system's performance. This power loss is
illustrated in the graph of FIG. 17, and in FIGS. 22 and 23.
[0317] At the beginning of operation, controller 13 commands laser
driver 12 and mirror 14 to perform a seek operation. This may be
done by aiming beam 15, with the laser driver 12 operating in a
first state, towards the general directions where a receiver 22 is
likely to be found. For example, in the case of a transmitter
mounted in a ceiling corner of a room, the scan would be performed
downwards and between the two adjacent walls of the room. Should
beam 15 hit a receiver 22 containing an optical-to-electric power
converter 1, then detector 8 would signal as such to controller 13.
So long as no such signal is received, controller 13 commands beam
steering 14 to continue directing beam 15 in other directions,
searching for a receiver. If such a signal is received from
detector 8, then controller 13 may command beam steering 14 to stop
or slow down its scan to lock onto the receiver. Controller 13 then
waits for safety system 31 to generate a signal indicating that it
is safe to operate, and once such a safety signal is received from
safety system 31, controller may instruct laser driver 12 to
increase its power emission. Alternatively, controller 13 may note
the position of receiver 22 and return to it at a later stage,
which may be done even without the presence of a safety signal.
[0318] When laser driver 12 increases its power emission, the small
signal gain of gain medium 11 increases, and as a result, beam 15
carries more power and power transmission begins. Should detector 8
detect a power loss greater than a certain threshold, safety system
31, may report such a situation to controller 13, which should
normally command laser driver 12 to change its state, by reducing
power to maintain the required safety level. Such a power loss
threshold may be pre-determined or dynamically set, and is
typically at a level representing a significant portion of the
maximal permissible exposure level, and is also typically greater
than the system noise figure. Such conditions imply either that
beam 15 is no longer aimed correctly at the optical-to-electrical
power converter 1, or that some object has entered the beam's path,
or that a malfunction has happened. If another indication of safe
operation is present, such as an indication from the user as to the
safety of transmission, which may be indicated by a user interface
or an API, or an indication of safe operation from a second safety
system, the controller may command the laser to increase power to
compensate for the power loss. The controller 13 may also command
the beam steering assembly 14 to perform a seek operation
again.
[0319] There may be two different stages in the seek operation.
Firstly, a coarse search can be performed using a camera, which may
search for visual patterns, for a retro reflector, for high
contrast images, for a response signal from receivers (such as a
blinking light from a LED or other light source), or for other
indicators, or the coarse search may be performed by using the
scanning feature of beam steering unit 14. A list of potential
positions where receivers may be found can thus be generated. The
second stage is a fine seek, in which the beam steering mirror 14
directs beam 15 in a smaller area until detector 8 signals that
beam 15 is impinging on an optical-to-electrical power converter
1.
[0320] Reference is now made to FIG. 20, which is a schematic view
of the optical to electrical power converter, marked as item 1 in
FIGS. 16, 19. Beam 15 impinges on photovoltaic cell 106, which is
thermally connected to heat removal system 107. Beam 15 is absorbed
by absorbing layer 108 causing a current to flow in conductors 111,
the current being normally collected by a bus. The optical power
absorbed by absorbing layer 108 is typically converted into
electrical power and into heat. The electrical power is transferred
through conductors 111 and a bottom electrode, while the thermal
energy is evacuated mostly through a cooling system 107. Conductors
111 cast a shadow on absorbing layer 108 decreasing its efficiency,
and it should therefore be made of a high conductivity material,
such as materials having less than 3E-6 Ohm*Meter specific
electrical resistance. It can be shown that such conductors should
have a thickness in meters that is at least
0.034 * P .rho. V 2 * .chi. m , ##EQU00011##
[0321] Where: [0322] P is the power absorbed by the photovoltaic,
measured in watts; [0323] .rho. is the specific electrical
resistance of the conductors; [0324] V is the voltage emitted by
the photovoltaic cell at its maximal power point; and [0325] .chi.
is the fraction of the area of the absorbing layer covered by
conductors.
[0326] The absorbing layer also needs to be thick enough to absorb
most of beam 15 impinging on it. In order to do so, the thickness
of absorbing layer 108 measured in meters, needs to be at least
0.02/.mu..sub.10, where .mu..sub.10 is the decadic attenuation
coefficient measured in 1/m.
[0327] Reference is now made to FIG. 21, which shows a block
diagram view of the safety system 31 of FIG. 19. Safety system 31
receives inputs from various sensors and sub-systems and sends
output to controller 13, in those situations where the safety
system is not an integral part of the controller 13, or when parts
of the safety system are in an external control unit. Safety system
13 can also sometimes receive inputs from those various sensors and
sub-systems. Such inputs can be from wavelength sensor 407, which
monitors primarily the beams wavelength, in order to provide
information needed for estimating the safety limits associated with
the beam. It may also receive information from a beam analyzer
(401) which may monitor the beam's properties such as shape,
M.sup.2, symmetry, polarization, power, divergence, coherence and
other information related to the beam and to the above parameters.
It usually also receives information measured by external
sub-systems through RF link 402. Temperature measurement of various
components in the transmitter, receiver and surrounding area can be
provided by temperature sensor(s) 403. It may receive an image from
camera 404, which may be visible, thermal, IR or UV, and from power
meter 406 measuring the beam's power at various positions. In many
cases, the primary sensors connected to safety system 31 may be
intrusion sensors (405) which monitor the beam for foreign objects
traversing or approaching the beam path or its surroundings. It may
also receive inputs from other sensors such as current, voltage,
smoke, humidity and other environmental sensors. Upon reception of
those inputs, or at a prescheduled time, safety system 31 assesses
the potential for a security breach and issues a notification to
controller 13 if that assessment exceeds a predetermined
threshold.
[0328] Reference is now made to FIG. 22 showing a beam deflected by
a mirror rotating on a gimbaled axis, or on gimbaled axes. Beam 15
impinges on mirror 332 rotating around 2 axes in two dimensions.
Beam 15 forms a spot 333 on mirror 332 and is deflected in a
different direction. The importance of selecting the proper center
of rotation and mirror dimensions becomes clearer by referring to
FIG. 23. In FIG. 23, the mirror 332 has now rotated so that beam 15
is now deflected at a larger angle compared to FIG. 22. Due to the
increased angle, spot 333 now forms a projection on the mirror
surface longer than the effective length of mirror 332, so that a
significant portion of beam 15, that portion being marked 333A, is
now spilled around mirror 332. This spilling reduces the brightness
of beam 15, both by reducing its power and by cutting off its
edges, which in most cases, degrades the beam quality in the far
field. Typically the beam diameter is reduced in the near field
close to the mirror, or on images of the near field, and increased
in the far field. In order to achieve a minimally dimensioned
system, working at relatively high efficiency, it is important to
maintain the brightness as high as possible. This can be done by
reducing the brightness loss experienced by beam 15, across all
angles within the field of view of the system. This may be done by
mounting the mirror so that its center of rotation is essentially
close to the beam's center, measured either by a weighted average
of the beam's intensity, or by a cross section of the beam's
diameter at a certain intensity, or by the center of an elliptic
aperture through which the beam passes. It is noted that, in
contrast to the length projection, the width of the beam projection
on the mirror is unchanged with impingement angle.
[0329] FIG. 24 shows a schematic representation of an intensity
profile of a typical beam, contour 1 marks the 90% line of the
maximum intensity, contour 2 marks the 80% of the maximum intensity
line, contour 3 the FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) intensity
line, contour 4 the 1/e intensity line, contour 5 the 1/e.sup.2
intensity line, and contour 6 the 1/e.sup.4 intensity line. Point
231 is approximately at the weighted average point of the beam,
point 232 is at the center of the first contour and point 233 is at
the center of the 6.sup.th contour, all being valid points at which
to place the center of rotation of the mirror. However, placing the
center of rotation beyond such points will require a larger mirror
in order to maintain high radiance efficiency of the gimballed
mirror.
[0330] Maintaining high radiance efficiency for other components is
also of importance, although the gimballed mirror and the first
lens following the laser are typically the limiting components for
the radiance efficiency.
[0331] FIG. 25 shows a schematic side view of a laser diode from a
direction perpendicular to the fast axis of the laser, also showing
a lens 242 for manipulating, and usually nearly collimating the
fast axis. In most cases lens, 242 is a compound lens, comprising
several optical elements. Laser 241 is connected to heat sink 243
and emits beam 15, into interface layer 244, which has a refractive
index n for the wavelength associated with beam 15. The value of n
is 1.000293 in the case of an air interface at 532 nm, and higher
in the case of oil or optical cement. Beam 15 has a divergence in
at least one direction. The FWHM contour of beam 15 at the front
surface of lens 242 has a diameter d, defined as the maximal
distance between any two points on the FWHM contour. In order to
have high radiance efficiency, lens 242 should have a numerical
aperture NA with respect to the emitter of laser 241, of at
least:
NA > 0.36 * d BFL 1 + ( d 2 * BFL * n ) 2 ##EQU00012##
[0332] Where: [0333] d is the FWHM diameter measured in mm between
the two furthest points on the beam's FWHM contour on the lens
front surface; [0334] BFL is the back focal length of the lens
measured in mm; and [0335] n is the refractive index of the
interface layer between the laser and the lens.
[0336] If a lens having a smaller Numerical Aperture is used, the
radiance of the beam is reduced by the lens resulting in either
poor efficiency of the system, or in larger receiver, which may be
disadvantageous in many situations. Using a smaller NA will also
result in heating of the lens holder, which may cause two harmful
effects--firstly it may thermally expand and move the lens from its
optimal position and secondly, it may apply force to the lens and
cause it to distort thus reducing its optical quality and as a
result reduce the radiance of the beam. Furthermore, a small NA may
result in reflections towards the laser, which might interfere with
the laser mode and further reduce the original beam's radiance,
which may further harm the radiance of the emitted beam. The light
emitted from the edges of the lens, if a small NA lens is used, may
interfere with the operation of other parts of the system, such as
beam monitors, a tracking servo or other optical elements in the
system, or may cause excessive heating to other portions of the
system, which may interfere with their operation.
[0337] Reference is now made to FIG. 26 showing a block diagram of
the laser protector 251. As mentioned above, safety system 31
assesses the potential for a safety breach and notifies controller
13 in case such potential exceeds a threshold. Controller 13 may
then command laser driver 12 to terminate or reduce the power
supplied to laser 252, which may be the laser which is emitting
beam 15, or it may be the laser pumping the gain medium which is
used to generate beam 15. Such termination of power may need to be
very fast. If the power supplied is cut or reduced suddenly,
negative voltages may develop in the conductors carrying the laser
driver current (if those are electrical conductors), which may
damage laser 252. To prevent such damage to the laser 252, laser
protector 251 is connected between laser driver 12 and the laser
252, typically close to the laser 252. Laser protector 251 protects
the laser 252 from negative voltages, typically by connecting a
diode, or an equivalent circuit/component such as a Zener diode, a
varistor or a circuit designed to drain such excessive negative
voltage quickly, between the current conductors, such that when a
negative voltage exists between the conductors, current flows
through the protective diode or equivalent circuit, causing a fast
decay of the voltage to safe levels. Laser protector 251 can also
be used to protect the laser from overheating, or from current
waves, by attenuating the power sent to laser 252 when
over-temperature or overcurrent is sensed.
[0338] It is appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the
present invention is not limited by what has been particularly
shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present
invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of
various features described hereinabove as well as variations and
modifications thereto which would occur to a person of skill in the
art upon reading the above description and which are not in the
prior art.
[0339] The foregoing description of the embodiments of the
invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and
description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the
invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and
variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended
that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed
description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.
* * * * *