U.S. patent application number 15/634590 was filed with the patent office on 2018-05-10 for hydraulic fracturing systems and processes utilizing port obstruction devices for seating on ports of a wellbore string.
The applicant listed for this patent is NCS MULTISTAGE INC.. Invention is credited to Lyle LAUN, John Edward RAVENSBERGEN, Marty STROMQUIST.
Application Number | 20180128081 15/634590 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 60864188 |
Filed Date | 2018-05-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180128081 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
STROMQUIST; Marty ; et
al. |
May 10, 2018 |
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES UTILIZING PORT
OBSTRUCTION DEVICES FOR SEATING ON PORTS OF A WELLBORE STRING
Abstract
There is provided a flow control apparatus comprising, a
housing; a housing passage disposed within the housing; a plurality
of ports extending through the housing, a flow control member,
displaceable, relative to the ports, for effecting opening of the
ports wherein the housing includes an external surface, a recessed
channel defined within the external surface; and each one of the
ports, independently, extends into the channel such that fluid
conducted from the housing passage and through the ports is
discharged from the ports into the channel.
Inventors: |
STROMQUIST; Marty; (Calgary,
CA) ; RAVENSBERGEN; John Edward; (Calgary, CA)
; LAUN; Lyle; (Calgary, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
NCS MULTISTAGE INC. |
Calgary |
|
CA |
|
|
Family ID: |
60864188 |
Appl. No.: |
15/634590 |
Filed: |
June 27, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62358672 |
Jul 6, 2016 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B 43/26 20130101;
E21B 34/063 20130101; E21B 34/10 20130101; E21B 2200/06 20200501;
E21B 47/06 20130101 |
International
Class: |
E21B 34/10 20060101
E21B034/10; E21B 34/06 20060101 E21B034/06; E21B 47/06 20060101
E21B047/06 |
Claims
1.-18. (canceled)
19. A flow control apparatus comprising: a housing; a housing
passage disposed within the housing; a plurality of ports extending
through the housing; a flow control member, displaceable, relative
to the ports, for effecting opening of the ports; wherein: the
housing includes an external surface; a recessed channel defined
within the external surface; and each one of the ports,
independently, extends into the channel such that fluid conducted
from the housing passage and through the ports is discharged from
the ports into the channel.
20. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 19; wherein the
minimum depth of the channel is at least 0.1 inches.
21. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 19; wherein the
minimum cross-sectional area of the channel is at least 0.01 square
inches.
22. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 19, further
comprising: a sensor configured to receive a transmitted signal for
effecting displacement of the flow control member.
23. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 22; wherein the
sensor is disposed within the housing passage and the transmitted
signal is a signal transmitted through the housing passage.
24. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 19, configured
for integration within a wellbore string.
25. A kit for implementation within a wellbore for control fluid
communication between a wellbore and a subterranean formation,
comprising: a flow control apparatus, wherein the flow control
apparatus includes: a housing; a housing passage disposed within
the housing; a plurality of ports extending through the housing; a
plurality of seats, wherein each one of the seats is respective to
a one of the ports; a flow control member, displaceable, relative
to the ports, for effecting opening of the ports; wherein: the
housing includes an external surface; a recessed channel defined
within the external surface; and each one of the ports,
independently, extends into the channel such that fluid conducted
from the housing passage and through the ports is discharged from
the ports into the channel; and a plurality of port obstruction
devices for seating on the seats.
26. The kit as claimed in claim 25; wherein the minimum depth of
the channel of the housing of the flow control apparatus is at
least 0.1 inches.
27. The kit as claimed in claim 25; wherein the minimum
cross-sectional area of the channel of the housing of the flow
control apparatus is at least 0.01 square inches.
28. The kit as claimed in claim 25; wherein the flow control
apparatus further includes: a sensor configured to receive a
transmitted signal for effecting displacement of the flow control
member.
29. The kit as claimed in claim 28; wherein the sensor of the flow
control apparatus is disposed within the housing passage and the
transmitted signal is a signal transmitted through the housing
passage.
30. A process for treating a subterranean formation comprising:
opening at least one port of a wellbore string disposed within a
wellbore by displacing a flow control member; conducting treatment
material from the wellbore to the subterranean formation via the at
least one port; and after the conducting of treatment material,
seating a port obstruction device on each one of the at least one
port, such that each one of the at least one port, independently,
becomes closed.
31. The process as claimed in claim 30; wherein the displacing of
the flow control member is effected by transmitting a signal
through the wellbore.
32. The process as claimed in claim 30; wherein: the wellbore
string includes a fluid control apparatus including the at least
one port; the at least one port is a plurality of ports; the fluid
control apparatus includes an external surface having a recessed
channel defined therein for fluidly communicating with the
subterranean formation; each one of the ports, independently,
extends into the channel such that fluid conducted from the housing
passage and through the ports is discharged from the ports into the
channel; and the recessed channel is disposed in fluid
communication with the subterranean formation such that the
conducting of treatment material from the wellbore to the
subterranean formation is via the recessed channel.
33. The process as claimed in claim 30; wherein: the seating of a
port obstruction device on each one of the at least one port
includes conducting the port obstruction devices with a delivery
fluid that is flowing within the wellbore; and the pressure of the
delivery fluid is less than the pressure of the treatment material
that has been conducted through the opened port.
34. A flow control apparatus comprising: a housing; a housing
passage disposed within the housing; a seat; a port extending
through the housing; and a retainer configured for retaining a port
obstruction device to the flow control apparatus.
35. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 34; wherein the
retainer is configured for retaining a port obstruction device for
seating on a seat such that closure of the port is effected.
36. The flow control apparatus as claimed in claim 34; wherein the
retainer is sufficiently pliable such that a port obstruction
device, in response to application of a sufficient fluid pressure
differential, is conductible past the retainer and into a port
obstruction device receiving space such that the port obstructions
device becomes disposed for seating on the seat for effecting
closure of the port.
Description
FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to bodies, deployable by
flowing fluids, for closing ports that are provided for effecting
fluid communication between a wellbore and a subterranean
formation.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Deployable bodies, are used for effecting zonal isolation
within a wellbore to enable multi-stage fraccing. Such bodies are
intended to provide zonal isolation to enable targeted treatment of
the subterranean formation.
SUMMARY
[0003] In one aspect, there is provided a flow control apparatus
comprising: a housing; a housing passage disposed within the
housing; a plurality of ports extending through the housing; a flow
control member, displaceable, relative to the ports, for effecting
opening of the ports; wherein: the housing includes an external
surface; a recessed channel defined within the external surface;
and each one of the ports, independently, extends into the channel
such that fluid conducted from the housing passage and through the
ports is discharged from the ports into the channel.
[0004] In another aspect, there is provided a kit for
implementation within a wellbore for control fluid communication
between a wellbore and a subterranean formation, comprising: a flow
control apparatus, wherein the flow control apparatus includes: a
housing; a housing passage disposed within the housing; a plurality
of ports extending through the housing; a plurality of seats,
wherein each one of the seats is respective to a one of the ports;
a flow control member, displaceable, relative to the ports, for
effecting opening of the ports; wherein: the housing includes an
external surface; a recessed channel defined within the external
surface; and each one of the ports, independently, extends into the
channel such that fluid conducted from the housing passage and
through the ports is discharged from the ports into the channel;
and a plurality of port obstruction devices for seating on the
seats.
[0005] In another aspect, there is provided a process for treating
a subterranean formation comprising: opening at least one port of a
wellbore string disposed within a wellbore by displacing a flow
control member; conducting treatment material from the wellbore to
the subterranean formation via the at least one port; and after the
conducting of treatment material, seating a port obstruction device
on each one of the at least one port, such that each one of the at
least one port, independently, becomes closed.
[0006] In another aspect, there is provided a flow control
apparatus comprising: a housing; a housing passage disposed within
the housing; a seat; a port extending through the housing; and a
retainer configured for retaining a port obstruction device to the
flow control apparatus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0007] The preferred embodiments will now be described with the
following accompanying drawings, in which:
[0008] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system for effecting
fluid communication between the surface and a subterranean
formation via a wellbore;
[0009] FIG. 2 is a sectional side elevation view of a flow control
apparatus for use in the system illustrated in FIG. 1, illustrating
the ports in the closed condition;
[0010] FIG. 3 is a detailed view of detail "D" in FIG. 2;
[0011] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a section of an external
surface of the flow control apparatus, illustrating the recessed
channel of the flow control apparatus;
[0012] FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of a section of a wellbore
string of the system illustrated in FIG. 1, incorporating the flow
control apparatus of FIG. 2, and disposed within a wellbore, and
illustrating port obstruction devices having been seated within
some of the ports after the completion of a treatment operation
(and after having the flow control member displaced to the open
position);
[0013] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration depicting the fluid
flowpath through a port where the subterranean formation in the
immediate vicinity of the port is resistant to receiving flow of
fluid being conducted via the port;
[0014] FIG. 7 is a detailed side elevation view of a portion of an
embodiment of a flow control apparatus that is integratable within
a wellbore string of the system illustrated in FIG. 1, with a
retainer for retaining a port obstruction device within a port
obstruction device receiving space for seating on a seat, with the
port obstruction device being seated on the seat;
[0015] FIG. 8 is a detailed side elevation view of a portion of
another embodiment of a flow control apparatus, that is
integratable within a wellbore string of the system illustrated in
FIG. 1, with a retainer for retaining a port obstruction device
within a port obstruction device receiving space for seating on a
seat, with the port obstruction device being seated on the
seat;
[0016] FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an embodiment of a flow
control apparatus that is integratable within a wellbore string of
the system illustrated in FIG. 1, showing the port disposed in the
closed condition, and with both of the flow control member and the
actuatable valve disposed in the closed positions;
[0017] FIG. 10 is a detailed view of Detail "A" in FIG. 9;
[0018] FIG. 11 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the flow
control apparatus illustrated in FIG. 10, showing the port disposed
in the closed condition, and with the actuatable valve member
disposed in the open position, and with the flow control member
disposed in the closed position;
[0019] FIG. 12 is a detailed view of Detail "B" in FIG. 11;
[0020] FIG. 13 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the flow
control apparatus illustrated in FIG. 9, showing the port disposed
in the open condition, and with both of the flow control member and
the actuatable valve disposed in the open positions;
[0021] FIG. 14 is a detailed view of Detail "C" in FIG. 13;
[0022] FIG. 15 is a detailed view of Detail "D" in FIG. 13;
[0023] FIG. 16 is sectional view of a fragment of another
embodiment of a flow control apparatus that is integratable within
the wellbore string of the system illustrated in FIG. 1, having an
exploding bolt, illustrated prior to fracturing of the bolt;
and
[0024] FIG. 17 is sectional view of a fragment of the embodiment of
the flow control apparatus shown in FIG. 16, illustrated after
fracturing of the bolt.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] Referring to FIG. 1, there is provided a wellbore material
transfer system 104 for conducting material to a subterranean
formation 100 via a wellbore 102, from a subterranean formation 100
via a wellbore 102, or both to and from a subterranean formation
100 via a wellbore 102. In some embodiments, for example, the
subterranean formation 100 is a hydrocarbon material-containing
reservoir.
[0026] In some embodiments, for example, the conducting (such as,
for example, by flowing) material to a subterranean formation 100
via a wellbore 102 is for effecting selective stimulation of a
hydrocarbon material-containing reservoir. The stimulation is
effected by supplying treatment material to the hydrocarbon
material-containing reservoir. In some embodiments, for example,
the treatment material is a liquid including water. In some
embodiments, for example, the liquid includes water and chemical
additives. In other embodiments, for example, the treatment
material is a slurry including water, proppant, and chemical
additives. Exemplary chemical additives include acids, sodium
chloride, polyacrylamide, ethylene glycol, borate salts, sodium and
potassium carbonates, glutaraldehyde, guar gum and other water
soluble gels, citric acid, and isopropanol. In some embodiments,
for example, the treatment material is supplied to effect hydraulic
fracturing of the reservoir. In some embodiments, for example, the
treatment material includes water, and is supplied to effect
waterflooding of the reservoir.
[0027] In some embodiments, for example, the conducting (such as,
for example, by flowing) material from a subterranean formation 100
via a wellbore 102 is for effecting production of hydrocarbon
material from the hydrocarbon material-containing reservoir. In
some of these embodiments, for example, the hydrocarbon
material-containing reservoir, whose hydrocarbon material is being
produced by the conducting via the wellbore 102, has been, prior to
the producing, stimulated by the supplying of treatment material to
the hydrocarbon material-containing reservoir.
[0028] In some embodiments, for example, the conducting to the
subterranean formation 100 from the wellbore 102, or from the
subterranean formation 100 to the wellbore 102, is effected via one
or more flow communication stations that are disposed at the
interface between the subterranean formation 100 and the wellbore
102. In some embodiments, for example, the flow communication
stations are integrated within a wellbore string 116 that is
deployed within the wellbore 102. Integration may be effected, for
example, by way of threading or welding.
[0029] The wellbore string 116 includes one or more of pipe,
casing, and liner, and may also include various forms of tubular
segments, such as the flow control apparatuses 115A described
herein. The wellbore string 116 defines a wellbore string passage
119. In some embodiments, for example, the flow communication
station is integratable within the wellbore string 116 by a
threaded connection.
[0030] Successive flow communication stations 115 may be spaced
from each other along the wellbore string 116 such that each flow
communication stations 115 is positioned adjacent a zone or
interval of the subterranean formation 100 for effecting flow
communication between the wellbore 102 and the zone (or
interval).
[0031] For effecting the flow communication, the fluid
communication station 115 includes a flow control apparatus 117.
Referring to FIGS. 2 to 6, the flow control apparatus 117 includes
one or more ports 118 through which the conducting of the material
is effected. The ports 118 are disposed within a sub that has been
integrated within the wellbore string 116, and are pre-existing, in
that the ports 118 exist before the sub, along with the wellbore
string 116, has been installed downhole within the wellbore string
116.
[0032] The flow control apparatus 117 includes a flow control
member 114 for controlling the conducting of material by the flow
control apparatus 117 via the one or more ports 118. The flow
control member 114 is displaceable, relative to the one or more
ports 118, for effecting opening of the one or more ports 118. In
some embodiments, for example, the flow control member 114 is also
displaceable, relative to the one or more ports 118, for effecting
closing of the one or more ports 118. In this respect, the flow
control member 114 is displaceable such that the flow control
member 114 is positionable between open and closed positions. The
open position of the flow control member 114 corresponds to an open
condition of the one or more ports 118. The closed position of the
flow control member 114 corresponds to a closed condition of the
one or more ports 118.
[0033] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control member
114 is displaceble mechanically, such as, for example, with a
shifting tool. In some embodiments, for example, the flow control
member 114 is displaceable hydraulically, such as, for example, by
communicating pressurized fluid via the wellbore to urge the
displacement of the flow control member 14. In some embodiments,
for example, the flow control member 114 is integrated within a
flow control apparatus which includes a trigger for effecting
displacement of the flow control member 114 hydraulically in
response to receiving of a signal transmitted from the surface
10.
[0034] In some embodiments, for example, in the closed position,
the one or more ports 118 are covered by the flow control member
114, and the displacement of the flow control member 114 to the
open position effects at least a partial uncovering of the one or
more ports 118 such that the 118 becomes disposed in the open
condition. In some embodiments, for example, in the closed
position, the flow control member 114 is disposed, relative to the
one or more ports 118, such that a sealed interface is disposed
between the wellbore string 116 and the subterranean formation 100,
and the disposition of the sealed interface is such that the
conduction of material between the wellbore string 116 and the
subterranean formation 100, via the fluid communication station 115
is prevented, or substantially prevented, and displacement of the
flow control member 114 to the open position effects flow
communication, via the one or more ports 118, between the wellbore
string 116 and the subterranean formation 100, such that the
conducting of material between the wellbore string 116 and the
subterranean formation 100, via the flow communication station, is
enabled. In some embodiments, for example, the sealed interface is
established by sealing engagement between the flow control member
114 and the wellbore string 116. In some embodiments, for example,
the flow control member 114 includes a sleeve. The sleeve is
slideably disposed within the wellbore string passage 119.
[0035] Each one of the ports 118, independently, is disposed for
being at least partially occluded by a port obstruction device 130.
Suitable port obstruction devices 130 include, for example, ball
sealers. In some embodiments, for example, the hydrocarbon
material-containing reservoir is stimulated by the supplying of
treatment material to the hydrocarbon material-containing reservoir
via the ports 118, and after sufficient treatment material has been
supplied to the hydrocarbon material-containing reservoir via the
ports 118, port obstruction devices 130 are deployed downhole for
seating within the ports 118.
[0036] In this respect, in some embodiments, for example, for each
one of the ports 118, independently, a seat 1180, for seating of a
port obstruction device 130, is disposed relative to the port 118
such that seating of the port obstruction device 130 effects at
least partial occlusion of the port 118. In some embodiments, for
example, the seat 1180 is disposed peripherally about the port 118.
In some embodiments, for example, the port 118 is disposed within
the seat 1180. In some embodiments, for example, the seating of the
port obstruction device 130 on the seat 1180 effects sealing
engagement of the port obstruction device 130 to the seat 1180,
such that a sealing interface is established, and such that the
port 118 is sealed or substantially sealed.
[0037] In this respect, there is provided a process including:
after the conducting of fluid through an opened port 118 during a
treatment operation, seating of the port obstruction device 130
against the seat 1180 such that the closing of the opening 102 is
effected. In some embodiments, for example, the seating of the port
obstruction device 130 on the seat 1180 is effected by landing of
the port obstruction device 130 on the seat 1180 by conducting the
port obstruction device 130 downhole with fluid that is supplied to
and is flowing within the wellbore 102. In some embodiments, for
example, prior to the conducting of fluid through the opened port
118, the port 118 is closed, and opening of the port 118 is
effected by displacing the flow control member 114 from the closed
position to the open position. In some embodiments, for example,
prior to the seating of the port obstruction device 130 on the seat
1180 by conducting the port obstruction device 130 downhole with
fluid that is supplied to and is flowing within the wellbore 102,
the pressure of the fluid that is supplied and flowed, for
conducting the port obstruction device, is less than the pressure
of the fluid being conducted through the opened port 118 during a
treatment operation. In some embodiments, this reduced pressure
mitigates the risk of having the port obstruction device 130
overshoot and flow past the seat 1180, due to its own inertia.
[0038] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control member
114 is displaceable from a closed position to an open position for
effecting opening of the port 118, but is not designed to return to
the closed position. Examples of a the flow control member 114 is
not designed to return to the closed position include at least some
kinds of "toe valves" or "toe sleeves". In other embodiments, upon
the flow control member 114 becoming disposed in the open position,
attempts to close the flow control member 114 are unsuccessful.
[0039] After a treatment operation, involving the conducting of
fluid via the port 118 (such as, for example, the supplying of
treatment fluid into the subterranean formation 100, such as, for
example, during a hydraulic fracturing operation) has been
effected, it may be desirable to close the port 118, at least
temporarily (such as, for example, to enable supplying of treatment
fluid into the subterranean formation via another fluid
communication station, such another fluid communication station
that is disposed uphole), with the intention of later re-opening
the port 118 (such as, for example, in order to receive production
of reservoir fluids, from the subterranean formation 100, within
the wellbore 102).
[0040] In this respect, a process is provided and includes
displacing a flow control member 114 for effecting opening of a
port 118 within a wellbore 102, conducting fluid via the opened
port 118, and, after the conducting, seating a port obstruction
device 130 on the seat 1080 such that the port 118 becomes closed.
In some embodiments, for example, the seating of a port obstruction
device 130 is such that fluid communication between the surface and
the subterranean formation, via the port 118, becomes sealed or
substantially sealed.
[0041] After the port obstruction device 130 has been seated on the
seat 1180 for a sufficient period of time (such as, for example,
for a period of time sufficient to enable supplying of treatment
fluid to the subterranean formation via other fluid communication
stations), an opening of the port 118 is effected.
[0042] In some embodiments, for example, the opening is effected by
an unseating of the port obstruction device 130, such as, for
example, by effecting a pressure reduction within the wellbore. In
some embodiments, for example, the pressure reduction, additionally
effects flowback of the port obstruction device 130.
[0043] In some embodiments, for example, the opening is effected
after the port obstruction device 130 has been seated on the seat
1080 for a sufficient time in contact with wellbore fluids within
the wellbore 102 such that a change in condition of the port
obstruction device 130 is effected (in response to the contacting
with the wellbore fluids) such that a fluid passage is established
within the port obstruction device 130 such that fluid
communication is effected between the surface and the subterranean
formation via the port 118. In some of these embodiments, for
example, at least a portion of the port obstruction device 130 is
dissolvable in wellbore fluids within the wellbore 102 and, in this
respect, the change in condition includes dissolution of at least a
portion of the port obstruction device 130 such that the fluid
passage becomes established.
[0044] Referring to FIGS. 2 to 6, in some embodiments, for example,
the fluid communication station includes a flow control apparatus
117, and the flow control apparatus 117 includes a housing 122, a
housing passage 124 disposed within the housing 122, the flow
control member 114, a plurality of ports 118, and a plurality of
seats 1180, wherein each one of the seat 1180 is associated with a
respective one of the ports 118. The housing 122 includes an
external surface 122A, and a recessed channel 126 is defined within
the external surface 122A (see FIG. 4). Each one of the ports 118,
independently, extends into the channel 126 such that fluid
conducted from the wellbore 102 to the subterranean formation via
the ports 118 is discharged from the ports 118 into the channel
126. In some embodiments, for example, the minimum depth of the
channel 126 is at least 0.1 inches. In some embodiments, for
example, the minimum cross-sectional area of the channel is at
least 0.01 square inches.
[0045] In some embodiments, for example, the channel 126 receives
flow of fluid conducted, via one or more ports 118, which would
otherwise be at least impeded (and, in some embodiments, blocked)
in cases where the portion of the formation in the immediate
vicinity of the one or more ports 118 is resistant to receiving
flow of fluid being conducted via the one or more ports 118 (for
example, such formation portion is resistant to fracturing effected
by fluid being communicated through the one or more ports). If such
flow of fluid is at least impeded (and, in some embodiments,
blocked), the seating of the port obstruction device 130 may not
occur. By providing the channel 126, there is a greater likelihood
that fluid will flow through a port 118 where the portion of the
formation in the immediate vicinity of the port 118 is resistant to
receiving flow of fluid being conducted via the port 118. This is
because the channel 126 provides greater opportunity for fluid
being communicated to the port 118 to be conducted to another
portion of the formation which is less resistant to receiving flow
of fluid from the wellbore 102. This phenomenon is illustrated in
FIG. 6, where port obstruction devices 130 have been seated within
ports 118A, 118B, and 118D, but the port 118C has yet to be closed
with a corresponding port obstruction device, and the portion 130X
of the formation 130 in the immediate vicinity of the port 118C is
resistant to receiving fluid flow. Because the channel 126 has been
provided, a flow path is establishable through the port 118C, by
enabling fluid communication with the portion 130A, of the
formation 130, which is able to receive fluid flow, thereby
enabling the seating of a port obstruction device within the port
118C.
[0046] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
117 includes one or more ports 118, and while each one of the one
or more ports 118 are closed, independently, by a corresponding
port obstruction device 130 (seated on a respective seat 1180),
fluid pressure within the wellbore 102 is maintained above a
minimum predetermined pressure such that a port obstruction devices
130 remains seated on a respective seat 1180 of each one of the one
or more ports 118. In some of these embodiments, for example, while
seating of a port obstruction devices 130 on a respective seat 1180
of each one of the one or more ports 118 is being maintained by
fluid pressure within the wellbore 102, a flow control member 114
of another fluid communication station (such as, for example,
another fluid communication station that is disposed uphole of the
flow communication station whose one or more ports 118 are each,
independently, closed by a corresponding port obstruction device
130 that is seated on a respective seat 1180 of each one of the one
or more ports 118) is displaced, relative to its corresponding one
or more ports 118, from the closed position to the open position
such that its corresponding one or more ports 118 becomes opened
and conducts fluid from the wellbore 102 to the subterranean
formation 100. In some embodiments, for example, the fluid pressure
continues being maintained above the minimum predetermined pressure
as the one or more ports 118 of the another fluid communication
station is being opened. In this respect, in some embodiments, for
example, after having supplied fluid to the subterranean formation
via the one or more ports 118 of a first communication station, and
while the fluid pressure is maintained above a minimum
predetermined pressure within the wellbore 102, seating of the port
obstruction device 130 on a respective seat 1180 of each one of the
one or more ports 118 of the first fluid communication station is
effected, and after the effecting of the seating of the port
obstruction device 130 on a respective seat 1180 of each one of the
one or more ports 118 of a first fluid communication station, the
flow control member 114 of a second fluid communication station is
displaced to an open position such that the one or more ports 118
of the second fluid communication station becomes opened and fluid
is supplied to the subterranean formation via the one or more ports
118 of the second fluid communication station. In some embodiments,
for example, after the supplying of fluid into the subterranean
formation via the one or more ports 118 of the second fluid
communication station, at least one port obstruction device 130,
for each one of the one or more ports 118 of the second fluid
communication station, is deployed downhole such that a port
obstruction device 130 becomes seated on a respective seat 1080 of
each one of the one or more ports of the second fluid communication
station such that the one or more ports 118 of the second fluid
communication station becomes closed. In some embodiments, for
example, the seating of a port obstruction device 130 on a
respective seat 1080 of each one of the one or more ports 118 of
the second fluid communication station is such that fluid
communication between the surface and the subterranean formation,
via the one or more ports 118 of the second fluid communication
station, becomes sealed or substantially sealed. In some
embodiments, for example, the second fluid communication station is
disposed uphole relative to the first fluid communication
station.
[0047] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
117 includes a retainer 132 configured for retaining a port
obstruction device 130 to the flow control apparatus 117. In those
embodiments where the flow control apparatus 117 includes more than
one port 118, in some of these embodiments, for example, the
retainer 132 is configured for retaining a port obstruction device
130 for seating on a respective seat 1080 of each one of the ports
118.
[0048] In some embodiments, for example, the retainer 132 is
sufficiently pliable such that a port obstruction device 130, in
response to application of a sufficient fluid pressure
differential, is conductible past the retainer 132 and into a port
obstruction device receiving space 134. While within the port
obstruction device receiving space 134, the port obstructions
device 130 is disposed for seating on a seat 1180 of a port 118 for
effecting closure of the port 118. In some embodiments, for
example, the retainer 132 is in the form of a c-ring that is
coupled to the body 136 of the apparatus 117. In some embodiments,
for example, the retainer 132 is in the form of a canted coil
spring that is coupled to the body 136 of the apparatus 117.
[0049] Referring to FIG. 7, in some embodiments, for example, upon
disposition of the port obstructions device 130 within the port
obstruction device receiving space 134, the port obstruction device
130 becomes seated on a seat 1180 of a port 118 such that closure
of the port 118 is effected. Referring to FIG. 8, in some
embodiments, for example, upon disposition of the port obstructions
device 130 within the port obstruction device receiving space 134,
the port obstruction device 130 is disposed for seating on a seat
1180 of a port 118 in response to application of a sufficient fluid
pressure differential such that, upon the seating of the port
obstruction device 130 on the seat 1180, closure of the port 118 is
effected.
[0050] In those embodiments where, upon disposition of the port
obstructions device 130 within the port obstruction device
receiving space 134, the port obstruction device 130 becomes seated
on a seat 1180 of a port 118 such that closure of the port 118 is
effected, the port obstruction device 130 and the flow control
apparatus 117 are co-operatively configured such that, after the
port obstruction device 130 has been disposed in contact with
subterranean fluids (from within the wellbore, or external to the
wellbore, or both) for a sufficient period of time, while being
disposed within the port obstruction device receiving space 134,
such that material degradation (such as, for example, by at least
one of dissolution, chemical reaction, or disintegration) of the
port obstruction device 130 is effected, an opening of the port 118
is effected. In this respect, in some embodiments, for example, the
port obstruction device 130 includes polystyrene which thereby
renders the port obstruction device degradable in the presence of
wellbore fluids.
[0051] In those embodiments where, upon disposition of the port
obstructions device 130 within the port obstruction device
receiving space 134, the port obstruction device 130 becomes
disposed for seating on a seat 1180 of a port 118 in response to
application of a sufficient fluid pressure differential such that,
upon the seating of the port obstruction device 130 on the seat
1180, closure of the port 118 is effected, the port obstruction
device 130 and the flow control apparatus 117 are co-operatively
configured such that, after the port obstruction device 130 has
become seated on a seat 1180 of a port 118, and a pressure
differential is applied while the port obstructions device 130 is
seated on the seat 1180 of the port 118 such that the port
obstruction device 130 is displaced from the seat 1180 (and thereby
becomes unseated relative to the seat 1180), opening of the port
118 is effected.
[0052] Referring to FIGS. 9 to 15, in some embodiments, for
example, the flow control member 114 is integrated within a flow
control apparatus 310 and includes a fluid responsive surface 120
for receiving communication of a pressurized fluid for urging the
displacement of the flow control member 114 between the closed and
open positions, and the flow control apparatus 310 further includes
a sensor 326, a housing 312, and a trigger 313. The housing 312
includes a housing passage 316, and the housing 312 is integratable
within the wellbore string 200, such as by a threaded connection.
The trigger 313 is responsive to the sensing of a trigger-actuating
("TI") signal by the sensor, with effect that fluid communication
is established between the housing passage 316 and the fluid
responsive surface 120 in response to the sensing of a
trigger-actuating ("TI") signal by the sensor 326. In this respect,
while the flow control apparatus 310 is integrated within the
wellbore string 200 as part of a fluid communication station 115
such that the housing passage 316 is disposed in fluid
communication with the surface via the wellbore 100, and while a TI
signal is being transmitted (such as, for example, via the
wellbore), in response to the sensing of the TI signal by the
sensor 326, fluid communication between the surface and the fluid
responsive surface 120, via the wellbore 100, is established by the
trigger 313.
[0053] In some embodiments, for example, the TI signal is
transmitted through the wellbore 100. In some of these embodiments,
for example, the TI signal is transmitted via fluid disposed within
the wellbore 100.
[0054] In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 326 is a
pressure sensor, and the actuating signal is one or more pressure
pulses. An exemplary pressure sensor is a Kellar Pressure
Transducer Model 6LHP/81188TM.
[0055] Other suitable sensors may be employed, depending on the
nature of the signal being used for the actuating signal. Other
suitable sensors include a Hall effect sensor, a radio frequency
identification ("RFID") sensor, or a sensor that can detect a
change in chemistry (such as, for example, pH), or radiation
levels, or ultrasonic waves.
[0056] In some embodiments, for example, the TI signal is one or
more pressure pulses. In some embodiments, for example, the TI
signal is defined by a pressure pulse characterized by at least a
magnitude. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure pulse is
further characterized by at least a duration. In some embodiments,
for example, the TI signal is defined by a pressure pulse
characterized by at least a duration.
[0057] In some embodiments, for example, the TI signal is defined
by a plurality of pressure pulses. In some embodiments, for
example, the TI signal is defined by a plurality of pressure
pulses, each one of the pressure pulses characterized by at least a
magnitude. In some embodiments, for example, the TI signal is
defined by a plurality of pressure pulses, each one of the pressure
pulses characterized by at least a magnitude and a duration. In
some embodiments, for example, the TI signal is defined by a
plurality of pressure pulses, each one of the pressure pulses
characterized by at least a duration. In some embodiments, for
example, each one of pressure pulses is characterized by time
intervals between the pulses.
[0058] In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 326 is disposed
in communication within the wellbore 100, and the TI signal is
being transmitted within the wellbore 100, such that the sensor 326
is disposed for sensing the TI signal being transmitted within the
wellbore 100. In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 326 is
disposed within the wellbore 100. In this respect, in some
embodiments, for example, the sensor 326 is mounted to the housing
112 within a hole that is ported to the wellbore 200, and is held
in by a backing plate that is configured to resist the force
generated by pressure acting on the sensor 326.
[0059] In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 326 is
configured to receive a signal generated by a seismic source. In
some embodiments, for example, the seismic source includes a
seismic vibrator unit. In some of these embodiments, for example,
the seismic vibration unit is disposed at the surface 10.
[0060] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
310 further includes a sealing interface 315, and the trigger 313
includes an actuator 322 for defeating the sealing interface 315.
In this respect, the actuator 322 is responsive to sensing of the
TI signal by the sensor 326. for defeating the sealing interface
315 such that the establishment of fluid communication between the
housing passage 316 and the fluid responsive surface 120 is
effected.
[0061] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
310 further includes a valve 324, and the sealing interface 315 is
defined by a sealing, or substantially sealing, engagement between
the valve 324 and the housing 312. In some embodiments, for
example, the sealing interface 315 is defined by sealing members
315A (such as, for example, o-rings) carried by the valve 324. In
this respect, the change in condition of the sealing interface 315
is effected by a change in condition of the valve 324. Also in this
respect, the actuator 322 is configured to effect a change in
condition of the valve 324 (in response to the sensing of the TI
signal by the sensor 326) such that there is a loss of the sealing,
or substantially sealing, engagement between the valve 324 and the
housing 312, such that the sealing interface 315 is defeated, and
such that fluid communication between the housing passage 316 and
the fluid responsive surface 120 is established.
[0062] In some embodiments, for example, the valve 324 is
displaceable, and the change in condition of the valve 324, which
the actuator 322 is configured to effect in response to the sensing
of a TI signal by the sensor 326, includes displacement of the
valve 324. In this respect, the actuator 322 is configured to
effect displacement of the valve 324 such that the sealing
interface 315 is defeated and such that fluid communication between
the housing passage 316 and the fluid responsive surface 120 is
established.
[0063] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
310 further includes a passageway 326. The valve 324 and the
passageway 326 are co-operatively disposed such that fluid
communication between the housing passage 316 and the fluid
responsive surface 120 is established in response to the
displacement of the valve 324, which is effected in response to the
sensing of the TI signal by the sensor 326. In this respect, the
establishing of the fluid communication between the housing passage
316 and the fluid responsive surface 120 is controlled by the
positioning of the valve 324 within the passageway 326. In this
respect, the valve 324 is configured for displacement relative to
the passageway 326. In some embodiments, for example, the valve 324
includes a piston. The displacement of the valve 324 is from a
closed position (see FIGS. 7 and 8) to an open position (see FIGS.
9 and 10). In some embodiments, for example, when disposed in the
closed position, the valve 324 is occluding the passageway 326. In
some embodiments, for example, when the valve 324 is disposed in
the closed position, sealing, or substantial sealing, of fluid
communication, between the housing passage 316 and the fluid
responsive surface 120 is effected. When the valve 324 is disposed
in the open position, fluid communication is effected between the
housing passage 316 and the fluid responsive surface 120.
[0064] In some embodiments, for example, the passageway 326 extends
through the flow control member 114, and the valve 324 is disposed
in a space within the flow control member 114, such that the
displacement of the valve 324 is also relative to the flow control
member 114.
[0065] In some embodiments, for example, the actuator 322 includes
an electro-mechanical trigger, such as a squib. The squib is
configured to, in response to the signal received by the sensor
326, effect generation of an explosion. In some embodiments, for
example, the squib is mounted within the body such that the
generated explosion effects the displacement of the valve 324.
Another suitable actuator 322 is a fuse-able link or a piston
pusher.
[0066] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
310 further includes first and second chambers 334, 336. The first
chamber 334 is disposed in fluid communication with the fluid
responsive surface 120 for receiving pressurized fluid from the
housing passage 316, and the second chamber 336 is configured for
containing a fluid and disposed relative to the flow control member
114 such that fluid contained within the second chamber 336 opposes
the displacement of the flow control apparatus 310 that is being
urged by pressurized fluid within the first chamber 334, and the
displacement of the flow control member 114 is effected when the
force imparted to the flow control member 114 by the pressurized
fluid within the first chamber 334 exceeds the force imparted to
the flow control member by the fluid within the second chamber 336.
In some embodiments, for example, the displacement of the flow
control member 114 is effected when the pressure imparted to the
flow control member 114 by the pressurized fluid within the first
chamber 334 exceeds the pressure imparted to the flow control
member 114 by the fluid within the second chamber 336.
[0067] In some embodiments, for example, both of the first and
second chambers 334, 336 are defined by respective spaces
interposed between the housing 312 and the flow control member 114,
and a chamber sealing member 338 is also included for effecting a
sealing interface between the chambers 334, 336, while the flow
control member 114 is being displaced to effect the opening of the
port 318.
[0068] In some embodiments, for example, to mitigate versus
inadvertent opening, the valve 324 may, initially, be detachably
secured to the housing 312, in the closed position. In this
respect, in some embodiments, for example, the detachable securing
is effected by a shear pin configured for becoming sheared, in
response to application of sufficient shearing force, such that the
valve 324 becomes movable from the closed position to the open
position. In some embodiments, for example, the shearing force is
effected by the actuator 312.
[0069] In some embodiments, for example, to prevent the inadvertent
opening of the valve 324, the valve 324 may be biased to the closed
position, such as by, for example, a resilient member such as a
spring. In this respect, the actuator 322 used for effecting
opening of the valve 324 must exert sufficient force to at least
overcome the biasing force being applied to the valve 324 that is
maintaining the valve 324 in the closed position.
[0070] In some embodiments, for example, to prevent the inadvertent
opening of the valve 324, the valve 324 may be pressure balanced
such that the valve 324 is disposed in the closed position.
[0071] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
310 further includes a controller. The controller is configured to
receive a sensor-transmitted signal from the sensor 326 upon the
sensing of the TI signal and, in response to the received
sensor-transmitted signal, supply a transmitted signal to the
trigger 313. In some embodiments, for example, the controller and
the sensor 326 are powered by a battery that is disposed on-board
within the flow control apparatus 310. Passages for wiring for
electrically interconnecting the battery, the sensor, the
controller and the trigger are also provided within the apparatus
310.
[0072] Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, in some embodiments, for
example, the flow control member 114 is integrated within a flow
control apparatus 410 that includes a sensor 426, and the flow
control member 114 is displaceable from the closed position to the
open position in response to urging by a pressurized fluid that is
communicated to the flow control member after the defeating of a
sealing interface 415, the defeating of the sealing interface 415
being actuated by communication of a pressurized fluid while the
sealing interface 415 is disposed in a defeatable condition, the
sealing interface 415 having become disposed in the defeatable
condition in response to the sensing of a sealing interface
actuation ("SIA") signal by the sensor 426.
[0073] In some embodiments, for example, the SIA signal is
transmitted through the wellbore 100. In some of these embodiments,
for example, the SIA signal is transmitted via fluid disposed
within the wellbore 100.
[0074] In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 426 is a
pressure sensor, and the actuaSIAng signal is one or more pressure
pulses. An exemplary pressure sensor is a Kellar Pressure
Transducer Model 6LHP/81188TM.
[0075] Other suitable sensors may be employed, depending on the
nature of the signal being used for the actuang signal. Other
suitable sensors include a Hall effect sensor, a radio frequency
identification ("RFID") sensor, or a sensor that can detect a
change in chemistry (such as, for example, pH), or radiation
levels, or ultrasonic waves.
[0076] In some embodiments, for example, the SIA signal is one or
more pressure pulses. In some embodiments, for example, the SIA
signal is defined by a pressure pulse characterized by at least a
magnitude. In some embodiments, for example, the pressure pulse is
further characterized by at least a duration. In some embodiments,
for example, the SIA signal is defined by a pressure pulse
characterized by at least a duration.
[0077] In some embodiments, for example, the SIA signal is defined
by a plurality of pressure pulses. In some embodiments, for
example, the SIA signal is defined by a plurality of pressure
pulses, each one of the pressure pulses characterized by at least a
magnitude. In some embodiments, for example, the SIA signal is
defined by a plurality of pressure pulses, each one of the pressure
pulses characterized by at least a magnitude and a duration. In
some embodiments, for example, the SIA signal is defined by a
plurality of pressure pulses, each one of the pressure pulses
characterized by at least a duration. In some embodiments, for
example, each one of pressure pulses is characterized by time
intervals between the pulses.
[0078] In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 426 is disposed
in communication within the wellbore 100, and the SIA signal is
being transmitted within the wellbore 100, such that the sensor 426
is disposed for sensing the SIA signal being transmitted within the
wellbore 100. In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 426 is
disposed within the wellbore 100. In this respect, in some
embodiments, for example, the sensor 426 is mounted to the housing
412 within a hole that is ported to the wellbore 200, and is held
in by a backing plate that is configured to resist the force
generated by pressure acting on the sensor 426.
[0079] In some embodiments, for example, the sensor 426 is
configured to receive a signal generated by a seismic source. In
some embodiments, for example, the seismic source includes a
seismic vibrator unit. In some of these embodiments, for example,
the seismic vibration unit is disposed at the surface 10.
[0080] In this respect, in some embodiments, for example, the flow
control member 114 includes a fluid responsive surface 120 for
receiving communication of a pressurized fluid for urging
displacement of the flow control member 114. As well, the flow
control apparatus 410 includes a housing 412 that is integratable
within the wellbore string 200 as part of a fluid communication
station 115, such as by a threaded connection, and a housing
passage 416 is defined within the housing 412. The flow control
apparatus 410 also includes a sealing interface 415 and an actuator
422. The actuator 422 is responsive to sensing of the SIA signal by
the sensor 426, for changing a condition of the sealing interface
415 such that the sealing interface 415 becomes disposed in a
defeatable condition such that, in response to receiving
communication of a pressurized fluid, the sealing interface 415 is
defeated and such that fluid communication is established between
the housing passage 416 and the fluid responsive surface 420.
[0081] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
further includes a valve 424, and the sealing interface 415 is
defined by sealing, or substantially sealing, engagement between
the valve 424 and the housing 412. In this respect, the change in
condition of the sealing interface 415 is effected by a change in
condition of the valve 424. Also in this respect, the actuator 422
is configured to effect a change in condition of the valve 424 (in
response to the sensing of the signal by the sensor 426) such that
the sealing interface 415 becomes disposed in the defeatable
condition. In this respect, while the sealing interface 415
(defined by the sealing, or substantially sealing, engagement
between the valve 424 and the housing 412) is disposed in the
defeatable condition (the defeatible condition having been effected
in response to the change in condition of the valve 424, as
above-described), in response to receiving communication of a
pressurized fluid, there is a loss of the sealing, or substantially
sealing, engagement between the valve 424 and the housing 412. As a
result, there is a loss of sealing, or substantially sealing,
engagement between the valve 424 and the housing 412, such that the
sealing interface 415 is defeated, and such that fluid
communication is established between the housing passage 416 and
the fluid responsive surface 420.
[0082] In some embodiments, for example, the valve 424 includes a
valve sealing surface 424A configured for effecting the sealing, or
substantially sealing, engagement between the valve 424 and the
housing 412. In this respect, the sealing, or substantially
sealing, engagement between the valve 424 and the housing 412 is
effected by the sealing, or substantially sealing, engagement
between the valve sealing surface 424A and a housing sealing
surface 412A. Also in this respect, the change in condition of the
valve 424 is such that the valve sealing surface 424A becomes
displaceable relative to the housing sealing surface 412A for
effecting a loss of the sealing, or substantially sealing,
engagement between the valve sealing surface 424A and the housing
sealing surface 412A, such that the sealing interface 415 is
defeated and such that fluid communication is established between
the housing passage 416 and the fluid responsive surface 420. Also
in this respect, the loss of the sealing, or substantially sealing,
engagement between the valve 424 and the housing 412, that is
effected in response to receiving communication of a pressurized
fluid while the valve 424 is disposed such that the valve sealing
surface 424A is displaceable relative to the housing sealing
surface 412A, includes the loss of the sealing, or substantially
sealing, engagement between the valve sealing surface 424A and the
housing sealing surface 412A.
[0083] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
410 further includes a passageway 427, and the passageway extends
between the housing passage 412 and the fluid responsive surface
420. The valve 424 and the passageway 427 are co-operatively
disposed such that the fluid communication between the housing
passage 416 and the fluid responsive surface 420 is established in
response to the displacement of the valve 424 relative to the
passageway 427, effected in response to the sensing of the SIA by
the sensor 426. Sealing, or substantial sealing, of the passageway
427 is effected by the sealing or substantially sealing, engagement
between the valve 424 and the housing 412 (and, in some
embodiments, for example, the valve sealing surface 424A and the
housing sealing surface 412A). Also in this respect, sealing, or
substantially sealing, of fluid communication between the housing
passage 412 and the fluid responsive surface 420 is effected by the
sealing or substantially sealing, engagement between the valve 424
and the housing 412 (and, in some embodiments, for example, the
valve sealing surface 424A and the housing sealing surface
412A).
[0084] In some embodiments, for example, the actuator 422 includes
a squib, and the change in condition of the sealing interface 415
(and also, in some embodiments, for example, the valve 424) is
effected by an explosion generated by the squib in response to
sensing of the signal by the sensor 426. In some embodiments, for
example, the squib is suitably mounted within the housing 412 to
apply the necessary force to the valve 424. Another suitable valve
actuator 42 is a fuse-able link or a piston pusher.
[0085] In some embodiments, for example, the change in condition of
the valve 424 includes a fracturing of the valve 424. In the
embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15, the fracture is identified by
reference numeral 452. In some embodiments, for example, while the
valve 424 is disposed in a fractured condition, in response to
receiving communication of a pressurized fluid, a loss of the
sealing, or substantially sealing, engagement between the valve 424
and the housing 412 is effected, such that there is an absence of
sealing, or substantially sealing, engagement between the valve 424
and the housing 412, and such that the sealing interface 415 is
defeated and such that fluid communication is established between
the housing passage 416 and the fluid responsive surface 420.
[0086] In those embodiments where the change in condition of the
valve 424 includes a fracturing of the valve 424, in some of these
embodiments, for example, the valve 424 includes a coupler 424B
that effects coupling of the valve 424 to the housing 412 while the
change in condition is effected. In some embodiments, for example,
the coupler 424B is threaded to the housing 412. In those
embodiments where the valve 424 includes a coupler 424B, in some of
these embodiments, for example, the valve 424 and the actuator 422
are defined by an exploding bolt 350, such that the exploding bolt
350 is threaded to the housing 412. In some embodiments, for
example, the squib is integrated into the bolt 350.
[0087] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
410 further includes first and second chambers (only the first
chamber 434 is shown). The first chamber 434 is disposed in fluid
communication with the fluid responsive surface 420 for receiving
pressurized fluid from the housing passage 412, and the second
chamber is configured for containing a fluid and disposed relative
to the flow control member 114 such that fluid contained within the
second chamber opposes the displacement of the flow control
apparatus 410 that is being urged by pressurized fluid within the
first chamber 434, and the displacement of the flow control member
114 is effected when the force imparted to the flow control member
114 by the pressurized fluid within the first chamber 434 exceeds
the force imparted to the flow control member by the fluid within
the second chamber. In some embodiments, for example, the
displacement of the flow control member 114 is effected when the
pressure imparted to the flow control member 114 by the pressurized
fluid within the first chamber 434 exceeds the pressure imparted to
the flow control member by the fluid within the second chamber. In
some embodiments, for example, the fluid within the second chamber
is disposed at atmospheric pressure.
[0088] In some embodiments, for example, both of the first and
second chambers are defined by respective spaces interposed between
the housing 412 and the flow control member 114, and a chamber
sealing member 438 is also included for effecting a sealing
interface between the first and second chambers while the flow
control member 114 is being displaced to effect the opening of the
port 418.
[0089] In some embodiments, for example, the flow control apparatus
410 further includes a controller. The controller is configured to
receive a sensor-transmitted signal from the sensor 426 upon the
sensing of the SIA signal and, in response to the received
sensor-transmitted signal, supply a transmitted signal to the
actuator 422. In some embodiments, for example, the controller and
the sensor 426 are powered by a battery that is disposed on-board
within the flow control apparatus 410. Passages for wiring for
electrically interconnecting the battery, the sensor 426, the
controller and the actuator 422 are also provided within the
apparatus 410.
[0090] In the above description, for purposes of explanation,
numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough
understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be
apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are
not required in order to practice the present disclosure. Although
certain dimensions and materials are described for implementing the
disclosed example embodiments, other suitable dimensions and/or
materials may be used within the scope of this disclosure. All such
modifications and variations, including all suitable current and
future changes in technology, are believed to be within the sphere
and scope of the present disclosure. All references mentioned are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
* * * * *