U.S. patent application number 15/846401 was filed with the patent office on 2018-04-19 for robot having arm with unequal link lengths.
This patent application is currently assigned to Persimmon Technologies, Corp.. The applicant listed for this patent is Persimmon Technologies, Corp.. Invention is credited to Martin Hosek.
Application Number | 20180108561 15/846401 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56110277 |
Filed Date | 2018-04-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180108561 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hosek; Martin |
April 19, 2018 |
Robot Having Arm with Unequal Link Lengths
Abstract
An apparatus including at least one drive; a first robot arm
having a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector.
The first upper arm is connected to the at least one drive at a
first axis of rotation. A second robot arm has a second upper arm,
a second forearm and a second end effector. The second upper arm is
connected to the at least one drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation. The first and
second robot arms are configured to locate the end effectors in
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another. The first
and second robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors
from the first retracted positions in a first direction along
parallel first paths located at least partially directly one above
the other. The first and second robot arms are configured to extend
the end effectors in at least one second direction along second
paths spaced from one another which are not located above one
another. The first upper arm and the first forearm have different
effective lengths. The second upper arm and the second forearm have
different effective lengths.
Inventors: |
Hosek; Martin; (Lowell,
MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Persimmon Technologies, Corp. |
Wakefiled |
MA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Persimmon Technologies,
Corp.
|
Family ID: |
56110277 |
Appl. No.: |
15/846401 |
Filed: |
December 19, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15017970 |
Feb 8, 2016 |
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15846401 |
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14827506 |
Aug 17, 2015 |
9840004 |
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15017970 |
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13833732 |
Mar 15, 2013 |
9149936 |
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14827506 |
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62112820 |
Feb 6, 2015 |
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61754125 |
Jan 18, 2013 |
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61762063 |
Feb 7, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 21/67742 20130101;
B25J 9/042 20130101; Y10S 901/14 20130101; B25J 18/04 20130101;
H01L 21/68735 20130101; B25J 9/043 20130101; Y10S 901/27
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01L 21/687 20060101
H01L021/687; H01L 21/677 20060101 H01L021/677; B25J 9/04 20060101
B25J009/04; B25J 18/04 20060101 B25J018/04 |
Claims
1-8. (canceled)
9. A method comprising: providing a first robot arm comprising a
first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector, where
the first upper arm and the first forearm have different effective
lengths; providing a second robot arm comprising a second upper
arm, a second forearm and a second end effector, where the second
upper arm and the second forearm have different effective lengths;
connecting the first upper arm to at least one drive at a first
axis of rotation; and connecting the second upper arm to the at
least one drive at a second axis of rotation which is spaced from
the first axis of rotation, where the first and second robot arms
are configured to locate the end effectors in first retracted
positions for stacking substrates located on the end effectors at
least partially one above the another, where the first and second
robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors from the
first retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first
paths at least partially located directly one above the other, and
where the first and second robot arms are configured to extend the
end effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
10. A method as in claim 9 further comprising at least one
non-circular pulley at the first axis of rotation and a first band
connecting the at least one drive to the first forearm at a first
joint between the first upper arm and the first forearm.
11. A method as in claim 10 further comprising a second band
connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of the first
end effector to the first forearm, to the first joint.
12. A method as in claim 9 further comprising a first circular
pulley and a first band connecting the at least one drive to a
second circular pulley at a first joint between the first upper arm
and the first forearm, where the first and second pulleys have
different diameters.
13. A method as in claim 9 where the first and second robot arms
are configured to provide the first paths along a straight line
from the first retracted positions.
14. A method as in claim 9 further comprising where the first and
second arms are configured to provide second retracted positions to
locate the end effectors such that the substrates located on the
end effectors are not stacked one above the another.
15. A method as in claim 9 further comprising connecting a
controller to the at least one drive configured to controller the
at least one drive to move the first and second robot arms
substantially simultaneously from the first retracted positions
along the first paths and move the first and second arms
individually or simultaneously along the second paths.
16. A method comprising: locating a first end effector and a second
end effector of first and second respective robot arms at first
retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the end
effectors at least partially one above the another, where the first
robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and the
first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to at
least one drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second
robot arm comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the
second end effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the
at least one drive at a second axis of rotation which is spaced
from the first axis of rotation; moving the first and second robot
arms to move the end effectors from the first retracted positions
in a first direction along parallel first paths located at least
partially directly one above the other; and moving the first and
second robot arms to move the end effectors to extend the end
effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
17. A method as in claim 16 where moving the first and second robot
arms comprises at least one non-circular pulley and a first band
connecting the at least one drive to the first forearm at a first
joint between the first upper arm and the first forearm.
18. A method as in claim 17 where moving the first and second robot
arms comprises a second band connecting the first end effector, at
a wrist joint of the first end effector to the first forearm, to
the first joint.
19. A method as in claim 16 where moving the first and second robot
arms comprises a first circular pulley and a first band connecting
the at least one drive to a second circular pulley at a first joint
between the first upper arm and the first forearm, where the first
and second pulleys have different diameters.
20. A method as in claim 16 where further comprising a controller
controlling the at least one drive to move the first and second
robot arms substantially simultaneously from the first retracted
positions along the first paths and move the first and second robot
arms individually or simultaneously along the second paths.
21-32. (canceled)
33. A method comprising: locating a first end effector and a second
end effector of first and second respective robot arms at first
retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the end
effectors at least partially one above the another, where the first
robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and the
first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a
drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm
comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation; moving the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors from the first retracted positions in a first direction
along parallel first paths located at least partially directly one
above the other; moving the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotating the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of only three motors of the drive.
34. A method as in claim 33 where moving the first and second robot
arms comprises at least one non-circular pulley and a first band
connecting the drive to the first forearm at a first joint between
the first upper arm and the first forearm.
35. A method as in any one of claim 33 where moving the first and
second robot arms comprises a second band connecting the first end
effector, at a wrist joint of the first end effector to the first
forearm, to the first joint.
36. A method as in claim 33 where moving the first and second robot
arms comprises a first circular pulley and a first band connecting,
the drive to a second circular pulley at a first joint between the
first upper arm and the first forearm, where the first and second
pulleys have different diameters.
37. A method as in any one of claim 33 where further comprising a
controller controlling the motors of the drive to move the first
and second robot arms substantially simultaneously from the first
retracted positions along the first paths and move the first and
second robot arms individually or simultaneously along the second
paths.
38. A method comprising: providing a first robot arm comprising a
first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector;
providing a second robot arm comprising a second upper arm, a
second forearm and a second end effector; connecting the first
upper arm to a drive at a first axis of rotation; and connecting
the second upper arm to the drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the first
and second robot arms are configured to locate the end effectors in
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to be rotated to extend
the end effectors from the first retracted positions in a first
direction along parallel first paths at least partially located
directly one above the other, and where the first and second robot
arms are configured to be rotated to extend the end effectors in at
least one second direction along second paths spaced from one
another which are not located above one another, where the drive
comprises only three motors for rotating the first and second robot
arms to extend the end effectors and for rotating the first and
second robot arms about a third axis of rotation spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation.
39. A method as in claim 38 where the first robot arm is provided
with the first upper arm and the first forearm have different
effective lengths, and where the second robot arm is provided with
the second upper arm and the second forearm have different
effective lengths
40. A method as in any one of claim 38 further comprising at least
one non-circular pulley at the first axis of rotation and a first
band connecting the drive to the first forearm at a first joint
between the first upper arm and the first forearm.
41. A method as in any one of claim 38 further comprising a second
band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of the
first end effector to the first forearm, to the first joint.
42. A method as in claim 38 further comprising a first circular
pulley and a first band connecting the drive to a second circular
pulley at a first joint between the first upper arm and the first
forearm, where the first and second pulleys have different
diameters.
43. A method as in any one of claim 38 where the first and second
robot arms are configured to provide the first paths along a
straight line from the first retracted positions.
44. A method as in any one of claim 38 further comprising where the
first and second, arms are configured to provide second retracted
positions to locate the end effectors such that the substrates
located on the end effectors are not stacked one above the
another.
45. A method as in any one of claim 38 further comprising
connecting a controller to the drive configured to controller the
drive to move the first and second robot arms substantially
simultaneously from the first retracted positions along the first
paths and move the first and second arms individually or
simultaneously along the second paths.
46-55. (canceled)
56. A method comprising: locating a first end effector and a second
end effector of first and second respective robot arms at first
retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the end
effectors at least partially one above the another, where the first
robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and the
first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a
drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm
comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation; moving the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors from the first retracted positions in a first direction
along parallel first paths located at least partially directly one
above the other; moving the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotating the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of five motors of the drive, where a first one
of the motors is connected to the first and second robot arms to
rotate the first and second arms about the third axis of rotation,
where second and third ones of the motors are connected to the
first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm
respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are
connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm
and the second forearm respectively independently from the first
robot arm.
57. A method as in claim 56 where the first motor is aligned in the
third axis, the second and third motors are aligned with each other
in the first axis and the fourth and fifth motors are aligned with
each other in the second axis.
58. A method comprising: providing a first robot arm comprising a
first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector;
providing a second robot arm comprising a second upper arm, a
second forearm and a second end effector; connecting the first
upper arm to a drive at a first axis of rotation; and connecting
the second upper arm to the drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the first
and second robot arms are configured to locate the end effectors in
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to be rotated to extend
the end effectors from the first retracted positions in a first
direction along parallel first paths at least partially located
directly one above the other, and where the first and second robot
arms are configured to be rotated to extend the end effectors in at
least one second direction along second paths spaced from one
another which are not located above one another, where the drive
comprises five motors for rotating the first and second robot arms
to extend the end effectors and for rotating the first and second
robot arms about a third axis of rotation spaced from the first and
second axes of rotation, where a first one of the motors is
connected to the first and second robot arms to rotate the first
and second arms about the third axis of rotation, where second and
third ones of the motors are connected to the first robot arm to
rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm respectively, and
where fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are connected to the
second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm and the second
forearm respectively independently from the first robot arm.
59. (canceled)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional patent application of
copending application Ser. No. 15/017,970 filed Feb. 8, 2016, which
claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent
application No. 62/112,820 filed Feb. 6, 2015, and is a
continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/827,506 filed Aug. 17, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,840,004,
which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/833,732 filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,149,936, which
claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) on U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/754,125 filed Jan. 18, 2013 and U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 61/762,063 filed Feb. 7, 2013 which are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
BACKGROUND
Technical Field
[0002] The disclosed embodiment relates to a robot having an arm
with unequal link lengths and more particularly to a robot having
one or more arms with unequal link lengths, each supporting one or
more substrates.
[0003] Brief Description of Prior Developments
[0004] Vacuum, atmospheric and controlled environment processing
for applications such as associated with manufacturing of
semiconductor, LED, Solar, MEMS or other devices utilize robotics
and other forms of automation to transport substrates and carriers
associated with substrates to and from storage locations,
processing locations or other locations. Such transport of
substrates may be moving individual substrates, groups of
substrates with single arms transporting one or more substrates or
with multiple arms, each transporting one or more substrate. Much
of the manufacturing, for example, as associated with semiconductor
manufacturing is done in a clean or vacuum environment where
footprint and volume are at a premium. Further, much of the
automated transport is conducted where minimization of transport
times results in reduction of cycle time and increased throughput
and utilization of the associated equipment. Accordingly, there is
a desire to provide substrate transport automation that requires
minimum footprint and workspace volume for a given range of
transport applications with minimized transport times.
SUMMARY
[0005] The following summary is merely intended to be exemplary.
The summary is not intended to limit the claims.
[0006] In accordance with one aspect of the exemplary embodiment, a
transport apparatus has at least one drive; a first robot arm
having a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector.
The first upper arm is connected to the at least one drive at a
first axis of rotation. A second robot arm has a second upper arm,
a second forearm and a second end effector. The second upper arm is
connected to the at least one drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation. The first and
second robot arms are configured to locate the end effectors in
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another. The first
and second robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors
from the first retracted positions in a first direction along
parallel first paths located at least partially directly one above
the other. The first and second robot arms are configured to extend
the end effectors in at least one second direction along second
paths spaced from one another which are not located above one
another. The first upper arm and the first forearm have different
effective lengths. The second upper arm and the second forearm have
different effective lengths.
[0007] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a method is provided comprising providing a first robot
arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end
effector, where the first upper arm and the first forearm have
different effective lengths; providing a second robot arm
comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a second end
effector, where the second upper arm and the second forearm have
different effective lengths; connecting the first upper arm to at
least one drive at a first axis of rotation; and connecting the
second upper arm to the at least one drive at a second axis of
rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to locate the end
effectors in first retracted positions for stacking substrates
located on the end effectors at least partially one above the
another, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
extend the end effectors from the first retracted positions in a
first direction along parallel first paths at least partially
located directly one above the other, and where the first and
second robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors in at
least one second direction along second paths spaced from one
another which are not located above one another.
[0008] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a method is provided comprising locating a first end
effector and a second end effector of first and second respective
robot arms at first retracted positions for stacking substrates
located on the end effectors at least partially one above the
another, where the first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a
first forearm and the first end effector, where the first upper arm
is connected to at least one drive at a first axis of rotation, and
where the second robot arm comprises a second upper arm, a second
forearm and the second end effector, where the second upper arm is
connected to the at least one drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation; moving the first
and second robot arms to move the end effectors from the first
retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first paths
located at least partially directly one above the other; and moving
the first and second robot arms to move the end effectors to extend
the end effectors in at least one second direction along second
paths spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
[0009] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a transport apparatus has a first robot arm comprising
a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector; a
second robot arm comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm
and a second end effector; and a drive connected to the first and
second robot arms, where the first upper arm is connected to the
drive at a first axis of rotation, where the second upper arm is
connected to the drive at a second axis of rotation which is spaced
from the first axis of rotation, where the drive comprises only
three motors for rotating first and second upper arms, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to locate the end
effectors in first retracted positions for stacking substrates
located on the end effectors at least partially one above the
another, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
extend the end effectors from the first retracted positions in a
first direction along parallel first paths located at least
partially directly one above the other, and where the first and
second robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors in at
least one second direction along second paths spaced from one
another which are not located above one another.
[0010] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a method comprises locating a first end effector and a
second end effector of first and second respective robot arms at
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another, where the
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and
the first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a
drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm
comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation; moving the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors from the first retracted positions in a first direction
along parallel first paths located at least partially directly one
above the other; moving the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotating the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of only three motors of the drive.
[0011] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a method comprises providing a first robot arm
comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end
effector; providing a second robot arm comprising a second upper
arm, a second forearm and a second end effector; connecting the
first upper arm to a drive at a first axis of rotation; and
connecting the second upper arm to the drive at a second axis of
rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to locate the end
effectors in first retracted positions for stacking substrates
located on the end effectors at least partially one above the
another, where the first and second robot arms are configured to be
rotated to extend the end effectors from the first retracted
positions in a first direction along parallel first paths at least
partially located directly one above the other, and where the first
and second robot arms are configured to be rotated to extend the
end effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one another,
where the drive comprises only three motors for rotating the first
and second robot arms to extend the end effectors and for rotating
the first and second robot arms about a third axis of rotation
spaced from the first and second axes of rotation.
[0012] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, an apparatus comprises a first robot arm comprising a
first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector; a second
robot arm comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a
second end effector; and a drive connected to the first and second
robot arms, where the first upper arm is connected to the drive at
a first axis of rotation, where the second upper arm is connected
to the drive at a second axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first axis of rotation, where the drive comprises five motors for
rotating first and second upper arms, where a first one of the
motors is connected to the first and second robot arms to rotate
the first and second arms about a third axis of rotation spaced
from the first and second axes of rotation, where second and third
ones of the motors are connected to the first robot arm to rotate
the first upper arm and the first forearm respectively, and where
fourth and fifth ones of the motors are connected to the second
robot arm to rotate the second upper arm and the second forearm,
respectively, independently from the first robot arm, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to locate the end
effectors in first retracted positions for stacking substrates
located on the end effectors at least partially one above the
another, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
extend the end effectors from the first retracted positions in a
first direction along parallel first paths located at least
partially directly one above the other, and where the first and
second robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors in at
least one second direction along second paths spaced from one
another which are not located above one another.
[0013] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a method comprises locating a first end effector and a
second end effector of first and second respective robot arms at
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another, where the
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and
the first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a
drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm
comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation; moving the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors from the first retracted positions in a first direction
along parallel first paths located at least partially directly one
above the other; moving the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotating the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of five motors of the drive, where a first one
of the motors is connected to the first and second robot arms to
rotate the first and second arms about the third axis of rotation,
where second and third ones of the motors are connected to the
first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm
respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are
connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm
and the second forearm respectively independently from the first
robot arm.
[0014] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, a method comprises providing a first robot arm
comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end
effector; providing a second robot arm comprising a second upper
arm, a second forearm and a second end effector; connecting the
first upper arm to a drive at a first axis of rotation; and
connecting the second upper arm to the drive at a second axis of
rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the
first and second robot arms are configured to locate the end
effectors in first retracted positions for stacking substrates
located on the end effectors at least partially one above the
another, where the first and second robot arms are configured to be
rotated to extend the end effectors from the first retracted
positions in a first direction along parallel first paths at least
partially located directly one above the other, and where the first
and second robot arms are configured to be rotated to extend the
end effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one another,
where the drive comprises five motors for rotating the first and
second robot arms to extend the end effectors and for rotating the
first and second robot arms about a third axis of rotation spaced
from the first and second axes of rotation, where a first one of
the motors is connected to the first and second robot arms to
rotate the first and second arms about the third axis of rotation,
where second and third ones of the motors are connected to the
first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm
respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are
connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm
and the second forearm respectively independently from the first
robot arm.
[0015] In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary
embodiment, an apparatus comprises a first robot arm comprising a
first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end effector; a second
robot arm comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a
second end effector; and a drive connected to the first and second
robot arms, where the first upper arm is connected to the drive at
a first axis of rotation, where the second upper arm is connected
to the drive at a second axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first axis of rotation, where the drive comprises four motors for
rotating first and second upper arms, where a first one of the
motors is connected to the first upper arm, where a second one of
the motors is connected to the second upper arm, where a third one
of the motors is connected to the first forearm, where a fourth one
of the motors is connected to the second forearm, where the third
and fourth motors are aligned in a common axis spaced from the
first and second axis, where the first motor is aligned in the
first axis and where the second motor is aligned in the second
axis, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
locate the end effectors in first retracted positions for stacking
substrates located on the end effectors at least partially one
above the another, where the first and second robot arms are
configured to extend the end effectors from the first retracted
positions in a first direction along parallel first paths located
at least partially directly one above the other, and where the
first and second robot arms are configured to extend the end
effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The foregoing aspects and other features are explained in
the following description, taken in connection with the
accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0017] FIG. 1A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0018] FIG. 1B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0019] FIG. 2A is a top partial schematic view of a transport
apparatus;
[0020] FIG. 2B is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0021] FIG. 3A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0022] FIG. 3B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0023] FIG. 3C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a graphical plot;
[0025] FIG. 5A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0026] FIG. 5B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0027] FIG. 6A is a top partial schematic view of a transport
apparatus;
[0028] FIG. 6B is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0029] FIG. 7A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0030] FIG. 7B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0031] FIG. 7C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0032] FIG. 8 is a graphical plot;
[0033] FIG. 9 is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0034] FIG. 10A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0035] FIG. 10B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0036] FIG. 11A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0037] FIG. 11B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0038] FIG. 12 is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0039] FIG. 13 is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0040] FIG. 14A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0041] FIG. 14B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0042] FIG. 14C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0043] FIG. 15A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0044] FIG. 15B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0045] FIG. 16A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0046] FIG. 16B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0047] FIG. 17A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0048] FIG. 17B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0049] FIG. 18 is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0050] FIG. 19 is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0051] FIG. 20A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0052] FIG. 20B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0053] FIG. 20C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0054] FIG. 21A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0055] FIG. 21B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0056] FIG. 22A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0057] FIG. 22B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0058] FIG. 23 is a side section partial schematic view of a
transport apparatus;
[0059] FIG. 24A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0060] FIG. 24B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0061] FIG. 24C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0062] FIG. 25A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0063] FIG. 25B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0064] FIG. 26A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0065] FIG. 26B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0066] FIG. 26C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0067] FIG. 27A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0068] FIG. 27B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0069] FIG. 28A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0070] FIG. 28B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0071] FIG. 29A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0072] FIG. 29B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0073] FIG. 29C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0074] FIG. 30A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0075] FIG. 30B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0076] FIG. 31A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0077] FIG. 31B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0078] FIG. 32A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0079] FIG. 32B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0080] FIG. 32C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0081] FIG. 32D is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0082] FIG. 33A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0083] FIG. 33B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0084] FIG. 34A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0085] FIG. 34B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0086] FIG. 34C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0087] FIG. 35A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0088] FIG. 35B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0089] FIG. 36 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0090] FIG. 37A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0091] FIG. 37B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0092] FIG. 38A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0093] FIG. 38B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0094] FIG. 39 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0095] FIG. 40A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0096] FIG. 40B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0097] FIG. 41 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0098] FIG. 42 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0099] FIG. 43A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0100] FIG. 43B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0101] FIG. 44 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0102] FIG. 45 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0103] FIG. 46A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0104] FIG. 46B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0105] FIG. 47A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0106] FIG. 47B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0107] FIG. 48 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0108] FIG. 49 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0109] FIG. 50A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0110] FIG. 50B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0111] FIG. 51 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0112] FIG. 52A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0113] FIG. 52B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0114] FIG. 53 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0115] FIG. 54A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0116] FIG. 54B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0117] FIG. 55A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0118] FIG. 55B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0119] FIG. 55C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0120] FIG. 56A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0121] FIG. 56B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0122] FIG. 57A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0123] FIG. 57B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0124] FIG. 57C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0125] FIG. 58A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0126] FIG. 58B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0127] FIG. 59A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0128] FIG. 59B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0129] FIG. 59C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0130] FIG. 60A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0131] FIG. 60B is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0132] FIG. 61A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0133] FIG. 61B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0134] FIG. 61C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0135] FIG. 62 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0136] FIG. 63 is a diagram illustrating exemplary pulleys;
[0137] FIG. 64 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0138] FIG. 65 is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0139] FIG. 66A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0140] FIG. 66B is a isometric view of a transport apparatus;
[0141] FIG. 66C is an end view of a transport apparatus;
[0142] FIG. 66D is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0143] FIG. 67A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0144] FIG. 67B is a isometric view of a transport apparatus;
[0145] FIG. 67C is an end view of a transport apparatus;
[0146] FIG. 67D is a side view of a transport apparatus;
[0147] FIG. 68A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0148] FIG. 68B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0149] FIG. 69 A-F are top views of a transport apparatus;
[0150] FIG. 70 A-F are top views of a transport apparatus;
[0151] FIG. 71 A-E are top views of a transport apparatus;
[0152] FIG. 72 A-B are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0153] FIG. 72 C-D are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0154] FIG. 73 A-B are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0155] FIG. 73 C-D are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0156] FIG. 74A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0157] FIG. 74B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0158] FIG. 75 A-F are top views of a transport apparatus;
[0159] FIG. 76A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0160] FIG. 76B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0161] FIG. 76C is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0162] FIG. 76D is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0163] FIG. 77 A-B are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0164] FIG. 77 C-D are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0165] FIG. 78 A-B are top and side views of a transport
apparatus;
[0166] FIG. 79A is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0167] FIG. 79B is a top view of a transport apparatus;
[0168] FIG. 80A is a top view of a transport apparatus; and
[0169] FIG. 80B is a top view of a transport apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT
[0170] Aside from the embodiment disclosed below, the disclosed
embodiment is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced
or being carried out in various ways. Thus, it is to be understood
that the disclosed embodiment is not limited in its application to
the details of construction and the arrangements of components set
forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings.
If only one embodiment is described herein, the claims hereof are
not to be limited to that embodiment. Moreover, the claims hereof
are not to be read restrictively unless there is clear and
convincing evidence manifesting a certain exclusion, restriction,
or disclaimer.
[0171] Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 10 having drive 12 and arm 14. Arm
14 is shown in a retracted position. Arm 14 has upper arm or first
link 16 rotatable about a central axis of rotation 18 of drive 12.
Arm 14 further has forearm or second link 20 rotatable about an
elbow axis of rotation 22. Arm 14 further has end effector or third
link 24 rotatable about a wrist axis of rotation 26. End effector
24 supports substrate 28. As will be described, arm 14 is
configured to cooperate with drive 12 such that substrate 28 is
transported along a radial path 30 that may coincide with (as seen
in FIG. 1A) or a path, for example, path 34, 36 or otherwise
parallel to a linear path 32 that coincides with the central axis
of rotation 18 of drive 12. In the embodiment shown, the
joint-to-joint length of forearm or second link 20 is larger than
the joint-to-joint length of the upper arm or first link 16. In the
embodiment shown, the lateral offset 38 of the end-effector or
third link 24 corresponds to the difference of the joint-to-joint
lengths of the forearm 20 and upper arm 14. As will be described in
greater detail below, the lateral offset 38 is maintained
substantially constant during extension and retraction of arm 14
such that substrate 28 is moved along a linear path without
rotation of substrate 28 or end effector 24 with respect to the
linear path. This is accomplished with structure internal to arm 14
as will be described without the use of an additional controlled
axis to control rotation of end effector 24 at wrist 26 with
respect to forearm 20. In one aspect of the disclosed embodiment,
with respect to FIG. 1A, the center of mass of the third link or
end effector 24 may reside at the wrist centerline or axis of
rotation 26. Alternately, the center of mass of the third link or
end effector 24 may reside along path 40 offset 38 from the central
axis of rotation 18. In this manner, the disturbance to the bands
that constrain end effector 24 with respect to links 16, 18 may be
minimized due to a moment applied as a result of the mass being
offset otherwise during extension and retraction of the arm. Here,
the center of mass may be determined with or without the substrate
or may be in between. Alternately, the center of mass of the third
link or end effector 24 may reside at any suitable location. In the
embodiment shown, substrate transport apparatus 10 transports
substrate 28 with moveable arm assembly 14 coupled to drive section
12 on central axis of rotation 18. Substrate support 24 is coupled
to the arm assembly 14 on wrist axis of rotation 26 where arm
assembly 14 rotates about central axis of rotation 18 during
extension and retraction as will be seen with respect to FIGS.
3A-C. Wrist axis of rotation 26 moves along wrist path 40 parallel
to and offset 38 or otherwise from radial path, for example, path
30, 34 or 36 relative to the central axis of rotation 18 during
extension and retraction. Substrate support 24 similarly moves
parallel to radial path 30 during extension and retraction without
rotation. As will be described in greater detail in other aspects
of the disclosed embodiment, the principles and structure that
constrain the end effector to move in a substantially purely radial
motion may be applied where the length of the fore arm is shorter
than that of the upper arm. Further, the features may be applied
where more than one substrate is being handled by the end effector.
Further, the features may be applied where a second arm is used in
connection with the drive handling one or more additional
substrates. Accordingly, all such variations may be embraced.
[0172] Referring also to FIGS. 2A and 2B, there are shown partial
schematic top and side views respectively of system 10 showing the
internal arrangements used to drive the individual links of arm 14
shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Drive 12 has first and second motors 52,
54 with corresponding first and second encoders 56, 58 coupled to
housing 60 and respectively driving first and second shafts 62, 64.
Here shaft 62 may be coupled to pulley 66 and shaft 64 may be
coupled to upper arm 64 where shafts 62, 64 may be concentric or
otherwise disposed. In alternate aspects, any suitable drive may be
provided. Housing 60 may be in communication with chamber 68 where
bellows 70, chamber 68 and an internal portion of housing 60
isolate a vacuum environment 72 from an atmospheric environment 74.
Housing 60 may slide in a z direction as a carriage on slides 76
where a lead screw or other suitable vertical or linear z drive 78
may be provided to selectively move housing 60 and arm 14 coupled
there to in a z 80 direction. In the embodiment shown, upper arm 16
is driven by motor 54 about the central axis of rotation 18.
Similarly, forearm is driven by motor 52 through a band drive
having pulleys 66, 82 and bands 84, 86 such as conventional
circular pulleys and bands. In alternate aspects, any suitable
structure may be provided to drive forearm 20 with respect to upper
arm 16. The ratio between pulleys 66 and 82 may be 1:1, 2:1 or any
suitable ratio. Third link 24 with the end-effector may be
constrained by a band drive having pulley 88 grounded with respect
to link 16, pulley 90 grounded with respect to end effector or
third link 24 and bands 92, 94 constraining pulley 88 and pulley
90. As will be described, the ratio between pulleys 88, 90 may not
be constant in order for third link 24 to track a radial path
without rotation during extension and retraction of arm 14. This
may be accomplished where pulleys 88, 90 may be one or more non
circular pulleys, such as two non-circular pulleys or where one of
pulley 88, 90 may be circular and the other being non circular.
Alternately, any suitable coupling or linkage may be provided to
constrain the path of third link or end effector 24 as described.
In the embodiment shown, at least one non-circular pulley
compensates for the effects of the unequal lengths of upper arm 16
and forearm 20 so that the end-effector 24 points radially 30
regardless of the position of the first two links 16, 20. The
embodiment will be described with respect to pulley 90 being non
circular and pulley 88 being circular. Alternately, pulley 88 may
be non-circular and pulley 90 circular. Alternately, pulleys 88 and
92 may be non-circular or any suitable coupling may be provided to
constrain the links of arm 14 as described. By way of example,
non-circular pulleys or sprockets are described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,865,577 issued on Sep. 12, 1989 and entitled Noncircular Drive
which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Alternately, any suitable coupling may be provided to constrain the
links of arm 14 as described, for example, any suitable variable
ratio drive or coupling, linkage gears or sprockets, cams or
otherwise used alone or in combination with a suitable linkage or
other coupling. In the embodiment shown, elbow pulley 88 is coupled
to upper arm 16 and is shown round or circular where wrist pulley
90 coupled to wrist or third link 24 is shown non circular. The
wrist pulley shape is non-circular and may have symmetry about a
line 96 perpendicular to the radial trajectory 30 which also may
coincide with or be parallel to the line between the two pulleys
88, 90 when the forearm 20 and upper arm 16 are lined up over each
other with the wrist axis 26 closest to shoulder axis 18, for
example as seen in FIG. 3B. The shape of pulley 90 is such that
bands 92, 94 stay tight as arm 14 extends and retracts establishing
points of tangency 98, 100 on opposing sides of pulley 90 having
changing radial distances 102, 104 from the wrist axis of rotation
26. For example, at the orientation shown in FIG. 3B, each of the
points of tangency 98, 100 of the two bands on the pulley is at an
equal radial distance 102, 104 from the wrist axis of rotation 26.
This will be further described with respect to FIG. 4 showing
respective ratios. In order for arm 14 to rotate, both drive shafts
62, 64 of the robot need to move in the direction of rotation of
the arm by the same amount. In order for the end-effector 24 to
extend and retract radially along a straight-line path, the two
drive shafts 62, 64 need to move in a coordinated manner, for
example, in accordance with the exemplary inverse kinematic
equations presented later in this section. Here, a substrate
transport apparatus 10 is adapted to transport substrate 28.
Forearm 20 is rotatably coupled to upper arm 16 and rotatable about
elbow axis 22 being offset from central axis 18 by an upper arm
link length. End effector 24 is rotatably coupled to forearm 20 and
rotatable about wrist axis 26 offset from the elbow axis 22 by a
forearm link length. Wrist pulley 90 is fixed to the end effector
24 and coupled to elbow pulley 88 with band 92, 94. Here, the
forearm link length is different than the upper arm link length and
the end effector is constrained with respect to the upper arm by
the elbow pulley, the wrist pulley and the band such that the
substrate moves along a linear radial path 30 with respect to the
central axis 18. Here, substrate support 24 coupled to the upper
arm 16 with a substrate support coupling 92 and driven about the
wrist axis of rotation 26 by relative movement between the forearm
20 and the upper arm 16 about the elbow axis of rotation 22. FIGS.
3A, 3B and 3C illustrate extension motion of the robot of FIGS. 1
and 2. FIG. 3A shows the top view of the robot 10 with the arm 14
in its retracted position. FIG. 3B depicts the arm 14 partially
extended with the forearm 20 aligned on top of the upper arm 16,
illustrating that the lateral offset 38 of the end-effector
corresponds to the difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the
forearm 20 and upper arm 16. FIG. 3C shows the arm 14 in an
extended position although not full extension.
[0173] Exemplary direct kinematics may be provided. In alternate
aspects, any suitable direct kinematics may be provided to
correspond to alternative structure. The following exemplary
equations may be used to determine the position of the end-effector
as a function of the position of the motors:
x.sub.2=l.sub.1 cos .theta..sub.1+l.sub.3 cos .theta..sub.2
(1.1)
y.sub.2=l.sub.1 sin .theta..sub.1+l.sub.2 sin .theta..sub.2
(1.2)
R.sub.2=sqrt(x.sub.2.sup.2+y.sub.2.sup.2) (1.3)
T.sub.2=a tan 2(y.sub.2,x.sub.2) (1.4)
.alpha..sub.3=.alpha. sin(d.sub.3/R.sub.2) where
d.sub.3=l.sub.2-l.sub.1 (1.5)
.alpha..sub.12=.theta..sub.1-.theta..sub.2 (1.6)
If
.alpha..sub.12<.pi.:R=sqrt(R.sub.2.sup.2-d.sub.3.sup.2)+l.sub.3,T=-
T.sub.2+(x.sub.3, else
R=-sqrt(R.sub.2.sup.2-d.sub.3.sup.2)+l.sub.3,T=T.sub.2-.alpha..sub.3+.pi.
(1.7)
[0174] Exemplary inverse kinematics may be provided. In alternate
aspects, any suitable inverse kinematics may be provided to
correspond to alternative structure. The following exemplary
equations may be utilized to determine the position of the motors
to achieve a specified position of the end-effector:
x.sub.3=R cos T (1.8)
y.sub.3=R sin T (1.9)
=x.sub.3-l.sub.3 cos T+d.sub.3 sin T (1.10)
y.sub.2=y.sub.3-l.sub.3 sin T-d.sub.3 cos T (1.11)
R.sub.2=sqrt(x.sub.2.sup.2+y.sub.2.sup.2) (1.12)
T.sub.2=a tan 2(y.sub.2,x.sub.2) (1.13)
.alpha..sub.1=a
cos((R.sub.2.sup.2+l.sub.1.sup.2-l.sub.2.sup.2)/(2R.sub.2l.sub.1))
(1.14)
.alpha..sub.2=a
cos((R.sub.2.sup.2-l.sub.1.sup.2+l.sub.2.sup.2)/(2R.sub.2l.sub.2))
(1.15)
If
R>l.sub.3:.theta..sub.1=T.sub.2+.alpha..sub.1,.theta..sub.2=T.sub.-
2-.alpha..sub.2, else:
.theta..sub.1=.alpha..sub.1,.theta..sub.2=T.sub.2+.alpha..sub.2
(1.16)
[0175] The following nomenclature may be used in the kinematic
equations: [0176] d.sub.3=lateral offset of end-effector (in)
[0177] l.sub.1=join-to-joint length of first link (m) [0178]
l.sub.2=joint-to-joint length of second link (m) [0179]
l.sub.3=length of third link with end-effector, measured from wrist
joint to reference point on end-effector (m) [0180] R=radial
position of end-effector (m) [0181] R.sub.z=radial coordinate of
wrist joint (m) [0182] T=angular position of end-effector (rad)
[0183] T.sub.2=angular coordinate of wrist joint (rad) [0184]
x.sub.2=x-coordinate of wrist joint (m) [0185] x.sub.3=x-coordinate
of end-effector (m) [0186] =y-coordinate of wrist joint (m) [0187]
y.sub.3=y-coordinate of end-effector (m) [0188]
.theta..sub.1=angular position of drive shaft coupled to first link
(rad) [0189] .theta..sub.2=angular position of drive shaft coupled
to second link (rad).
[0190] The above exemplary kinematic equations may be used to
design a suitable drive, for example, a band drive that constraints
the orientation of the third link 24 so that the end-effector 24
points radially 30 regardless of the position of the first two
links 16, 20 of the arm 14.
[0191] Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a plot 120 of the
transmission ratio r.sub.31 122 of the band drive that constraints
the orientation of the third link as a function of normalized
extension of the arm measured from the center of the robot to the
root of the end-effector, i.e., (R-l.sub.3)/l.sub.1. The
transmission ratio r.sub.31 is defined as a ratio of the angular
velocity of the pulley attached to the third link, .omega..sub.32,
over the angular velocity of the pulley attached to the first link,
.omega..sub.12, both defined relative to the second link. The
figure graphs the transmission ratio r.sub.31 for different
l.sub.2/l.sub.1 (from 0.5 to 1.0 with increment of 0.1, and from
1.0 to 2.0 with increment of 0.2). The profile of the non-circular
pulley(s) may be calculated to achieve the transmission ratio
r.sub.31 in accordance with FIG. 4, for example, the profile
depicted in FIGS. 2A, 54A and 54B.
[0192] In the disclosed embodiment, a longer reach may be obtained
compared to an equal-link arm with the same containment volume with
the use of one or more with non-circular pulley(s) or other
suitable device to constrain the end effector motion. In alternate
aspects, the first link may be driven by a motor either directly or
via any kind of coupling or transmission arrangement. Here, any
suitable transmission ratio can be used. Alternately, the band
drive that actuates the second link may be substituted by any other
arrangement with an equivalent functionality, such as a belt drive,
cable drive, gear drive, linkage-based mechanism or any combination
of the above. Similarly, the band drive that constrains the third
link may be substituted by any other suitable arrangement, such as
a belt drive, cable drive, non-circular gears, linkage-based
mechanism or any combination of the above. Here, the end-effector
may but does not need to point radially. For example, the end
effector may be positioned with respect to the third link with any
suitable offset and point in any suitable direction. Further, in
alternate aspects, the third link may carry more than one
end-effector or substrate. Any suitable number of end-effectors
and/or material holders can be carried by the third link. Further,
in alternate aspects, the joint-to-joint length of the forearm can
be smaller than the joint-to-joint length of the upper arm, for
example, as seen represented by l.sub.2/l.sub.1<1 in FIG. 4 and
as seen and described with respect to FIGS. 25-34 and 43-53.
[0193] Referring now to FIGS. 5A and 5B, there are shown top and
side views respectively of robot 150 incorporating some features of
robot 10. Robot 150 is shown having drive 12 with arm 152 shown in
a retracted position. Arm 152 has features similar to that of arm
14 except as described herein. By way of example, the
joint-to-joint length of the forearm or second link 158 is larger
than the joint-to-joint length of the upper arm or first link 154.
Similarly, the lateral offset 168 of the end-effector or third link
162 corresponds to the difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of
the forearm 158 and upper arm 154. Referring also to FIGS. 6A and
6B, there is shown drive 150 with the internal arrangements used to
drive the individual links of the arm. In the embodiment shown,
upper arm 154 is driven by one motor through shaft 64 as described
with respect to arm 14 of FIGS. 1 and 2. Similarly, end effector or
third link 162 is constrained with respect upper arm 154 by a
non-circular pulley arrangement as described with respect to arm 14
of FIGS. 1 and 2. The exemplary difference between arm 152 and arm
14 is seen where forearm 158 is coupled via a band arrangement with
at least one non-circular pulley to shaft 62 and another motor of
drive 12. Here, the coupling or band arrangement may have features
as described herein or as described with respect to pulley drive
88, 90 of FIGS. 1 and 2. The coupling or band arrangement has non
circular pulley 202 coupled to shaft 62 of drive 12 and is
rotatable about axis 18 with shaft 62. The band arrangement of arm
152 further has circular pulley 204 coupled to upper arm link 158
and rotatable about elbow axis 156. Circular pulley 204 is coupled
to non-circular pulley 202 via bands 206, 208 where bands 206, 208
may be kept tight by virtue of the profile of non-circular pulley
202. In alternate aspects, any combination of pulleys or other
suitable transmission may be provided. Pulleys 202 and 204 and
bands 206, 208 cooperate such that rotation of upper arm 154
relative to pulley 202 (for example, holding pulley 202 stationary
while rotating upper arm 154) causes wrist joint 160 to extend and
retract along a straight line parallel to the desired radial path
180 of the end-effector and offset 168 from the path 180. Here,
third link 162 with the end-effector is constrained by a band drive
as described with respect to arm 14, for example, with at least one
non-circular pulley so that the end-effector points radially 180
regardless of the position of the first two links 154, 158. Here,
any suitable coupling may be provided to constrain the links of arm
14 as described, for example, one or more suitable variable ratio
drive or coupling, linkage gears or sprockets, cams or otherwise
used alone or in combination with a suitable linkage or other
coupling. In the embodiment shown, elbow pulley 204 is coupled to
fore arm 158 and is shown round or circular where shoulder pulley
202 coupled to shaft 62 is shown non circular. The shaft pulley
shape is non-circular and may have symmetry about a line 218
perpendicular to the radial trajectory 180 which also may coincide
with or be parallel to the line between the two pulleys 202, 204
when the forearm 158 and upper arm 154 are lined up over each other
with the wrist axis 160 closest to shoulder axis 18, for example as
seen in FIG. 7B. The shape of pulley 202 is such that bands 206,
208 stay tight as arm 152 extends and retracts establishing points
of tangency 210, 212 on opposing sides of pulley 202 having
changing radial distances 214, 216 from the shoulder axis of
rotation 18. For example, at the orientation shown in FIG. 7B, each
of the points of tangency 210, 212 of the two bands on the pulley
is at an equal radial distance 214, 216 from the shoulder axis of
rotation 18. This will be further described with respect to FIG. 8
showing respective ratios. In order for arm 152 to rotate, both
drive shafts 62, 64 of the robot need to move in the direction of
rotation of the arm by the same amount. In order for the
end-effector 162 to extend and retract radially along a
straight-line path, the two drive shafts 62, 64 need to move in a
coordinated manner, for example, in accordance with the exemplary
inverse kinematic equations presented later in this section, for
example, the drive shaft coupled to the upper arm needs to move
according to the inverse kinematic equations presented below while
the other motor is kept stationary. FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C illustrate
extension motion of robot 150 of FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 7A shows the
top view of the robot with the arm 152 in its retracted position.
FIG. 7B depicts the arm partially extended with the forearm aligned
on top of the upper arm, illustrating that the lateral offset 168
of the end-effector 162 that corresponds to the difference of the
joint-to-joint lengths of the forearm 158 and upper arm 154. FIG.
7C shows the arm in an extended position although not full
extension.
[0194] Exemplary direct kinematics may be provided. In alternate
aspects, any suitable direct kinematics may be provided to
correspond to alternative structure. The following exemplary
equations may be used to determine the position of the end-effector
as a function of the position of the motors:
d.sub.1=l.sub.1 sin(.theta..sub.i-.theta..sub.2) (2.1)
If(.theta..sub.1-.theta..sub.2)<.pi./2:.theta..sub.21=.theta..sub.2-l-
.sub.2a sin((d.sub.i+d.sub.3)/l.sub.2), else
.theta..sub.21=.theta..sub.2+l.sub.2a
sin((d.sub.i+d.sub.3)/l.sub.2)+.pi. (2.2)
x.sub.2=l.sub.1 cos .theta..sub.1l.sub.2 cos .theta..sub.21
(2.3)
y.sub.2=l.sub.1 sin .theta..sub.1+l.sub.2 sin .theta..sub.21
(2.4)
R.sub.2=sqrt(x.sub.2.sup.2+y.sub.2.sup.2) (2.5)
T.sub.2=a tan 2(y.sub.2,x.sub.2) (2.6)
If
(.theta..sub.1-.theta..sub.2)<.pi./2:R=sqrt(R.sub.2.sup.2-d.sub.3.-
sup.2)+l.sub.3,T=.theta..sub.2, else
R=-sqrt(R.sub.2.sup.2-d.sub.3.sup.2)+l.sub.3,T=.theta..sub.2
(2.7)
[0195] Exemplary inverse kinematics may be provided. In alternate
aspects, any suitable inverse kinematics may be provided to
correspond to alternative structure. The following exemplary
equations may be utilized to determine the position of the motors
to achieve a specified position of the end-effector:
x.sub.3=R cos T (2.8)
y.sub.3=R sin T (2.9)
x.sub.2=x.sub.3-l.sub.3 cos T+d.sub.3 sin T (2.10)
y.sub.2y.sub.3-l.sub.3 sin T-d.sub.3 cos T (2.11)
R.sub.2=sqrt(x.sub.2.sup.2+y.sub.2.sup.2) (2.12)
T.sub.2=a tan 2(y.sub.2,x.sub.2) (2.13)
.alpha..sub.1=a
cos((R.sub.2.sup.2+l.sub.1.sup.2-l.sub.2.sup.2)/(2R.sub.2l.sub.1))
(2.14)
If
R>l.sub.3:.theta..sub.1=T.sub.2+.alpha..sub.1,.theta..sub.2=T,
else: .theta..sub.1=T.sub.2-.alpha..sub.1,.theta..sub.2=T
(2.15)
[0196] The following nomenclature is used in the kinematic
equations: [0197] d.sub.3=lateral offset of end-effector (m) [0198]
l.sub.1=join-to-joint length of first link (m) [0199]
l.sub.2=joint-to-joint length of second link (m) [0200]
l.sub.3=length of third link with end-effector, measured from wrist
joint to reference point on end-effector (m) [0201] R=radial
position of end-effector (m) [0202] R.sub.2=radial coordinate of
wrist joint (m) [0203] T=angular position of end-effector (rad)
[0204] T.sub.2=angular coordinate of wrist joint (rad) [0205]
x.sub.2=x-coordinate of wrist joint (m) [0206] x.sub.3=x-coordinate
of end-effector (m) [0207] y.sub.2=y-coordinate of wrist joint (m)
[0208] y.sub.3=y-coordinate of end-effector (m) [0209]
.theta..sub.1=angular position of drive shaft coupled to first link
(rad) [0210] .theta..sub.2=angular position of drive shaft coupled
to second link (rad).
[0211] The above kinematic equations may be used to design the band
drive that controls the second link 158 so that rotation of the
upper arm 154 causes the wrist joint 160 to extend and retract
along a straight line parallel to the desired radial path 180 of
the end-effector 162.
[0212] Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a graph 270 that
shows the transmission ratio r.sub.20 272 of the band drive that
drives the second link as a function of normalized extension of the
arm measured from the center of the robot to the root of the
end-effector, i.e., (R-l.sub.3)/l.sub.1. The transmission ratio
r.sub.20 is defined as a ratio of the angular velocity of the
pulley attached to the second link, .omega..sub.21, over the
angular velocity of the pulley attached to the second motor,
.omega..sub.01, both defined relative to the first link. The figure
graphs the transmission ratio r.sub.20 for different
l.sub.2/l.sub.1.
[0213] The profile of the non-circular pulley(s) for the band drive
that drives the second link is calculated to achieve the
transmission ratio r.sub.20 272 in accordance with FIG. 8. An
example pulley profile is depicted in FIG. 6A and as will be
described with respect to FIGS. 55A and 55B.
[0214] The transmission ratio r.sub.31 of the band drive that
constraints the orientation of the third link 168 may be the same
as depicted in FIG. 4 for the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. The
transmission ratio r.sub.31 is defined as a ratio of the angular
velocity of the pulley attached to the third link, .omega..sub.32,
over the angular velocity of the pulley attached to the first link,
.omega..sub.12, both defined relative to the second link. The
figure graphs the transmission ratio r.sub.31 for different
l.sub.2/l.sub.1 (from 0.5 to 1.0 with increment of 0.1, and from
1.0 to 2.0 with increment of 0.2). The profile of the non-circular
pulley(s) for the band drive that constrains the third link 162 may
be calculated to achieve the transmission ratio r.sub.31 in
accordance with FIG. 4. An example pulley profile is depicted in
FIG. 6A.
[0215] In the embodiment shown, a longer reach may be obtained as
compared to an equal-link arm with the same containment volume
while using non-circular pulleys or other suitable mechanism to
constrain the end effector as described. As compared to the
embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 1 and 2, one more band drive with
non-circular pulleys may be in place of conventional one at
shoulder axis 18. In alternate aspects, the first link may be
driven by a motor either directly or via any kind of coupling or
transmission arrangement, for example, any suitable transmission
ratio may be used. Alternately, the band drives that actuate the
second link and constrain the third link may be substituted by any
other arrangement with an equivalent functionality, such as a belt
drive, cable drive, non-circular gears, linkage-based mechanism or
any combination of the above. Further, the third link may be
constrained to keep the end-effector radial via a conventional two
stage band arrangement that synchronizes the third link to the
pulley driven by the second motor, as illustrated in FIG. 9.
Alternatively, the two stage band arrangement may be substituted by
any other suitable arrangement, such as a belt drive, cable drive,
gear drive, linkage-based mechanism or any combination of the
above. In addition, the end-effector may but does not need to point
radially. For example, the end effector may be positioned with
respect to the third link with any suitable offset and point in any
suitable direction. In alternate aspects, the third link may carry
more than one end-effector or substrate. Here, any suitable number
of end-effectors and/or material holders can be carried by the
third link. Further, the joint-to-joint length of the forearm may
be smaller than the joint-to-joint length of the upper arm, for
example, as represented by l.sub.2/l.sub.1<1 in FIG. 8.
[0216] Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown an alternative robot
300 where the third link may be constrained to keep the
end-effector radial via a conventional two stage band arrangement
that synchronizes the third link to the pulley driven by the second
motor. Robot 300 is shown having drive 12 and arm 302. Arm 302 may
have upper arm or first link 304 coupled to shaft 64 and rotatable
about central or shoulder axis 18. Arm 302 has forearm or second
link 308 rotatably coupled to upper arm 304 at elbow axis 306.
Links 304, 308 may have unequal lengths as previously described.
Third link or end effector 312 is rotatably coupled to the second
link or forearm 308 at wrist axis 310 where end effector 312 may
transport a substrate 28 along a radial path without rotation with
links 304, 308 having unequal link lengths as previously described.
In the embodiment shown, shaft 62 is coupled to two pulleys, 314,
316 where pulley 314 may be circular and where pulley 316 may be
non-circular. Here, circular pulley 314 constrains the third link
312 to keep the end-effector 312 radial via a conventional two
stage 318, 320 circular band arrangement that synchronizes the
third link 312 to the pulley driven by shaft 314. The two stage
arrangement 318, 320 has pulley 314 coupled by bands 322 to elbow
pulley 324 that is coupled to elbow pulley 326 where elbow pulley
326 is coupled to wrist pulley 328 via bands 330. Forearm 308 may
further have elbow pulley 332 that may be circular and coupled to
shoulder pulley 316 through bands 334 where shoulder pulley may be
non-circular and coupled to pulley 314 and shaft 62.
[0217] The disclosed embodiment may be further embodied with
respect to robots having robot drives with additional axis and
where the arms coupled to the robot drive may have independently
operable additional end effectors capable of carrying one or more
substrates. By way of example, arms with two independently operable
arms linkages or "dual arm" configurations may be provided where
each independently operable arm may have an end effector adapted to
support one, two or any suitable number of substrates. Here and as
will be described below, each independently operable arm may have
first and second links having different link lengths and where the
end effector and supported substrate coupled to the links operate
and track as described above. Here, a substrate transport apparatus
may transport first and second substrates and having first and
second independently moveable arm assemblies coupled to a drive
section on a common axis of rotation. First and second substrate
supports are coupled to the first and second arm assemblies
respectively on first and second wrist axis of rotation. One or
both of the first and second arm assemblies rotate about the common
axis of rotation during extension and retraction. The first and
second wrist axis of rotation move along first and second wrist
paths parallel to and offset from a radial path relative to the
common axis of rotation during extension and retraction. The first
and second substrate supports move parallel to the radial path
during extension and retraction without rotation. Variations on the
disclosed embodiment having multiple and independently operable
arms are provided below where in alternate aspects any suitable
combination of features may be provided.
[0218] Referring now to FIGS. 10A and 10B, there are shown top and
side views respectively of robot 350 with a dual arm arrangement.
Robot 350 has arm 352 having a common upper arm 354 and
independently operable forearms 356, 358 each having respective end
effectors 360, 362. In the embodiment shown, both linkages are
shown in their retracted positions. The lateral offset of the
end-effectors 366 corresponds to the difference of the
joint-to-joint lengths of the forearm 354 and upper arms 356, 358.
In the embodiment shown, the upper arms may have the same length
and being longer than the forearm. Further, end effectors 360, 362
are positioned above forearms 356, 358. Referring now to FIGS. 11A
and 11B show top and side views respectively of a robot 375 with
the arm in an alternative configuration. In the embodiment shown,
arm 377 may have features as described with respect to FIGS. 10A
and 10B with both linkages are shown in their retracted positions.
In this configuration, the third link with the end-effector 382 of
the upper linkage is suspended underneath the forearm 380 to reduce
vertical spacing between the two end-effectors 382, 384. Here, a
similar effect may be achieved by stepping 368 the top end-effector
360 of the configuration of FIGS. 10A and 10B down. Referring also
to FIGS. 12 and 13 there is shown the internal arrangements of
robots 350, 375 respectively used to drive the individual links of
the arms of FIGS. 10 and 11, respectively. In the embodiment shown,
drive 390 may have first second and third driving motors 392, 394,
396 that may be rotor stator arrangements driving concentric shafts
398, 400, 402 respectively and having position encoders 404, 406,
408 respectively. Z drive 410 may drive the motors in a vertical
direction where the motors may be contained partially or completely
within housing 412 and where bellows 414 seals an internal volume
of housing 412 to chamber 416 and where the internal volume and an
interior of chamber 416 may operate within an isolated environment
such as vacuum or otherwise. In the embodiment shown, the common
upper arm 354 is driven by one motor 396. Each of the two forearms
356, 358 pivot on a common axis 420 at the elbow of upper arm 354
and are driven independently by motors 394, 396 respectively
through band drives 422, 424 respectively that may have
conventional pulleys. The third links with the end-effectors 360,
362 are constrained by band drives 426, 428 respectively, each with
at least one non-circular pulley, which compensate for the effects
of the unequal lengths of the upper arms and forearms. Here, the
band drives in each of the linkages may be designed using the
methodology described for FIGS. 1 and 2 and where the kinematic
equations presented for FIGS. 1 and 2 may also be used for each of
the two linkages of the dual arm. In order for the arm to rotate,
all three drive shafts 398, 400, 402 of the robot need to move in
the direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount. In order
for one of the end-effectors to extend and retract radially along a
straight-line path, the drive shaft of the common upper arm and the
driveshaft coupled to the forearm associated with the active end
effector need to move in a coordinated manner in accordance with
the inverse kinematic equations for FIGS. 1 and 2. At the same
time, the driveshaft coupled to the other forearm needs to rotate
in synch with the drive shaft of the common upper arm in order for
the inactive end-effector to remain retracted. Referring also to
FIGS. 14A, 14B and 14C there is shown the arm of FIGS. 11A and 11B
as the upper and lower linkages extend. Here, the inactive linkage
356, 360 rotates while the active linkage 358, 362 extends. By way
of example, the upper linkage 358, 362 rotates as the lower linkage
356, 360 extends, and the lower linkage 356, 360 rotates as the
upper linkage 358, 362 extends. In the disclosed embodiment of
FIGS. 10 and 11, set up and control may be simplified where the arm
arrangement may be used on a coaxial drive with no dynamic seals
while providing a longer reach compared to equal-link length arms
with the same containment volume. Here, no bridge is used to
support any of the end-effectors. In the embodiment shown, the
inactive arm rotates while the active one extends. One of the wrist
joints travels above the lower end-effector (closer to wafer than
in an equal-link arrangement).
[0219] Referring now to FIGS. 15A and 15B, there are shown top and
side views respectively of robot 450 with a dual arm arrangement.
Robot 450 has arm 452 having a common upper arm 454 and
independently operable forearms 456, 458 each having respective end
effectors 460, 462. In the embodiment shown, both linkages are
shown in their retracted positions. The lateral offset of the
end-effectors 466 corresponds to the difference of the
joint-to-joint lengths of the forearm 454 and upper arms 456, 458.
In the embodiment shown, the upper arms may have the same length
and being longer than the forearm. Further, end effectors 460, 462
are positioned above forearms 456, 458. Referring also to FIGS. 16A
and 16B show the top and side views of the robot 475 with the arm
in an alternative configuration. Again, both linkages are shown in
their retracted positions. In this configuration, the third link
and the end-effector 482 of the left linkage is suspended
underneath the forearm 480 to reduce vertical spacing between the
two end-effectors 482, 484. A similar effect can be achieved by
stepping 468 the top end-effector of the configuration of FIGS. 15A
and 15B down. Alternatively, a bridge can be used to support one of
the end-effectors. The combined upper arm link 454 may be a single
piece as depicted in FIGS. 15 and 16 or it can be formed by two or
more sections 470, 472, as shown in the example of FIGS. 17A and
17B. Here, a two-section design may be provided as lighter and
using less material, with the left 472 and right 470 sections may
be identical components. Here, a two piece design may also have
provisions for adjustment of the angular offset between the left
and right sections, which may be convenient when different
retracted positions need to be supported. Referring also to FIGS.
18 and 19, there is shown the internal arrangements used to drive
the individual links of the arm of FIGS. 15 and 16, respectively.
The combined upper arm 554 is shown driven by one motor with shaft
402. Each of the two forearms 456, 458 is driven independently by
one motor each via shafts 400, 398 respectively through band drives
490, 492 with conventional pulleys. Here, links 456, 458 rotate on
separate axis' 494, 496 respectively. The third links with the
end-effectors 460, 462 are constrained by band drives 498, 500
respectively, each with at least one non-circular pulley, which
compensate for the effects of the unequal lengths of the upper arms
and forearms. Here, band drives 498, 500 in each of the linkages
456, 460 and 458, 462 are designed using the methodology described
for FIGS. 1 and 2. Here, the kinematic equations presented for
FIGS. 1 and 2 may also be used for each of the two linkages 456,
460 and 458, 462 of the dual arm. In order for the arm 452 to
rotate, all three drive shafts 398, 400, 402 of the robot need to
move in the direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount. In
order for one of the end-effectors to extend and retract radially
along a straight-line path, the drive shaft of the common upper arm
and the driveshaft coupled to the forearm associated with the
active end effector need to move in a coordinated manner in
accordance with the inverse kinematic equations presented with
respect to FIGS. 1 and 2. At the same time, the driveshaft coupled
to the other forearm needs to rotate in synch with the drive shaft
of the common upper arm in order for the inactive end-effector to
remain retracted. Referring also to FIGS. 20A, 20B and 20C, there
is shown the arm of FIGS. 16A and 16B as the left 458, 462 and
right 456, 460 linkages extend. Note that the inactive linkage 456,
460 rotates while the active linkage 458, 462 extends. Here, the
right linkage 456, 460 rotates as the left linkage 458,462 extends,
and the left linkage 458, 462 rotates as the right linkage 456, 460
extends. The embodiment shown leverages the benefits of a solid
link design being easy to set up and control and the coaxial drive,
for example, with no dynamic seals while providing a longer reach
compared to equal-link arms with the same containment volume. Here,
no bridge is used to support any of the end-effectors. Here, the
inactive arm rotates while the active one extends. One of the wrist
joints travels above the lower end-effector, closer to the wafer
than in an equal-link arrangement. This can be avoided by using a
bridge (not shown) to support the top end-effector. In this case,
the unsupported length of the bridge may be longer compared to an
equal-link arm design. Further, the retract angle may be more
difficult to change compared to the configuration with common elbow
joint, for example, as seen in FIGS. 10 and 11 and independent dual
arm, for example, as seen in FIGS. 21 and 22.
[0220] Referring now to FIGS. 21A and 21B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 520 with independent dual arms
522, 524. In the embodiment shown, both linkages 522, 524 are shown
in their retracted positions. Arm 522 has independently operable
upper arm 526, forearm 528 and third link with end effector 530.
Arm 524 has independently operable upper arm 532, forearm 534 and
third link with end effector 536. In the embodiment shown, forearms
528, 534 are shown longer than upper arms 526, 532 where end
effectors 530, 536 are positioned above forearms 528, 534
respectively. Referring also to FIGS. 22A and 22B show the top and
side views of robot 550 with features similar to that of robot 520
with the arm in an alternative configuration and with both linkages
shown in their retracted positions. In this configuration, the
third link and the end-effector 552 of the left linkage is
suspended underneath the forearm 554 to reduce vertical spacing
between the two end-effectors. A similar effect can be achieved by
stepping the top end-effector of the configuration of FIG. 21 down.
Alternatively, a bridge can be used to support one of the
end-effectors. In FIGS. 21 and 22, the right upper arm 532 is
located below the left upper arm 526. Alternatively, the left upper
may be located above the right upper arm, for example, where one
linkage can be nested within the other. Referring also to FIG. 23,
there is shown the internal arrangements used to drive the
individual links of the arm of FIGS. 21A and 21B. Here, for
graphical clarity, to avoid overlap of components, the elevations
of the links are adjusted. Each of the two upper arms 526, 532 is
driven independently by one motor each through shafts 398, 402
respectively. The forearms 528, 534 are coupled via band
arrangements 570, 572, each with at least one non-circular pulley,
to a third motor via shaft 400. The third links 530, 536 with the
end-effectors are constrained by band drives 574, 576, each with at
least one non-circular pulley. The band drives are designed so that
rotation of one of the upper arms 526, 532 causes the corresponding
linkage 528, 530 and 534, 536 respectively to extend and retract
along a straight line while the other linkage remains stationary.
The band drives in each of the linkages may be designed using the
methodology described with respect to FIGS. 5 and 6 where the
kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 5 and 6 can also be used
for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. In order for the arm
to rotate, all three drive shafts 398, 400, 402 of the robot need
to move in the direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount.
In order for one of the end-effectors to extend and retract
radially along a straight-line path, the drive shaft of the upper
arm associated with the active end-effector needs to be rotated
according to the inverse kinematic equations for FIGS. 5 and 6 and
the other two drive shafts need to be kept stationary. Referring
also to FIGS. 24A, 24B and 24C, there is shown the arm of FIG. 22
as the left 522 and right 524 linkages extend. Note that the
inactive linkage 524 remains stationary while the active linkage
522 extends. That is, the left linkage 522 does not move while the
right linkage 524 extends, and the right linkage 524 does not move
when the left linkage 522 extends. The embodiment shown provides a
longer reach compared to equal-link arm design with the same
containment volume. Here, no bridge is used to support any of the
end-effectors and the inactive linkage remains stationary while the
active one extends potentially leading to higher throughput as
active linkage may extend or retract faster with no load. The
embodiment shown may be more complex than shown in FIGS. 15 and 16
with two more band drives with non-circular pulleys in place of
conventional ones. One of the wrist joints travels above the lower
end-effector as seen in FIG. 24. This can be avoided by using a
bridge (not shown) to support the top end-effector. In this case,
the unsupported length of the bridge is longer compared to an
equal-link arm design.
[0221] Referring now to FIGS. 25A and 25B, there are shown top and
side views respectively of robot 600 with arm 602. In the
embodiment shown, both linkages are shown in their retracted
positions. The lateral offset of the end-effectors 604 corresponds
to the difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm
606 and forearms 608, 612 where in this embodiment, forearms 608,
612 are shorter than the common upper arm 606. The internal
arrangements used to drive the individual links of the arm may be
similar to FIGS. 10-13, for example as in FIG. 13 however the
forearms in this instance are shorter than the common upper arm.
Here, the common upper arm is driven by one motor. Each of the two
forearms is driven independently by one motor through a band drive
with conventional pulleys. The third links 614, 616 with the
end-effectors are constrained by band drives, each with at least
one non-circular pulley, which compensate for the effects of the
unequal lengths of the upper arms and forearms. The band drives in
each of the linkages may be designed using the methodology
described for FIGS. 1 and 2. The kinematic equations presented for
FIGS. 1 and 2 may also be used for each of the two linkages of the
dual arm. Referring also to FIGS. 26A, 26B and 26C, there is shown
the arm of FIGS. 25A and 25B as the upper linkage 612, 616 extends.
The lateral offset 604 of the end-effector corresponds to the
difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm and
forearm, and the wrist joint travels along a straight line offset
with respect to the trajectory of the center of the wafer by this
difference. Note that the inactive linkage 608, 614 rotates while
the active linkage 612, 616 extends. For instance, the upper
linkage rotates as the lower linkage extends, and the lower linkage
rotates as the upper linkage extends. Here, FIG. 26A depicts the
arm with both linkages in the retracted positions. FIG. 26B shows
the upper linkage 612, 616 partially extended in a position where
the wrist joint of the upper linkage is closest to the wafer
carried by the lower linkage. It is observed that the wrist joint
of the upper linkage does not travel over the wafer (however, it
moves in a plane above the wafer). FIG. 26C depicts farther
extension of the upper linkage 612, 616. The embodiment shown may
provide ease of to set up and control, and may be used on a coaxial
or tri axial drive with no dynamic seals or other suitable drive.
Here, no bridge may be used to support any of the end-effectors.
The wrist joint of the upper linkage does not travel over the wafer
on the lower end-effector, which is the case for an equal-link
design (however, it moves in a plane above the wafer on the lower
end-effector). Here, the inactive arm rotates while the active one
extends. The elbow joint may be more complex which may translate to
a larger swing radius or shorter reach. Here, the arm may be taller
than that shown in FIGS. 30 and 31 and FIG. 33 due to the
overlapping forearms 608, 612.
[0222] Referring now to FIGS. 27A and 27B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 630 with arm 632. Arm 630 may have
features similar to that disclosed with respect to FIGS. 15-19
except the forearms 636, 640 are shown with shorter link length
than the upper arm 636. Both linkages are shown in their retracted
positions. The lateral offset 634 of the end-effectors 642, 646
corresponds to the difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the
upper arm 636 and forearms 638, 640. The combined upper arm link
636 may be a single piece as depicted in FIGS. 27A and 27B or it
can be formed by two or more sections 636', 636'', as shown in the
example of FIGS. 28A and 28B. A two-section design may be lighter
with less material and where left 636' and right 636'' sections may
be identical components. Allowances for adjustment of the angular
offset between the left 636' and right 636'' sections may be
provided, for example, where different retracted positions need to
be supported. The internal arrangements used to drive the
individual links of the arm 632 may be similar to that in FIGS.
15-19, for example, as seen FIG. 19. The common upper arm 636 is
driven by one motor. Each of the two forearms 638, 640 is driven
independently by one motor through a band drive with conventional
pulleys. The third links with the end-effectors 642, 646 may be
constrained by band drives, each with at least one non-circular
pulley, which compensate for the effects of the unequal lengths of
the upper arm 636 and forearms 638, 640. The band drives in each of
the linkages may be designed using the methodology described for
FIGS. 1 and 2. The kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 1 and 2
may also be used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm.
Referring also to FIGS. 29A, 29B and 29C, there is shown the arm of
FIGS. 27A and 27B as the right, upper linkage 640, 646 extends. The
lateral offset 634 of the end-effector corresponds to the
difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm and
forearm, and the wrist joint travels along a straight line offset
with respect to the trajectory of the center of the wafer by this
difference. Here, the inactive linkage 638, 642 rotates while the
active linkage 640, 646 extends. For instance, the upper linkage
rotates as the lower linkage extends, and the lower linkage rotates
as the upper linkage extends. In FIGS. 29A, 29B and 29C, FIG. 29A
depict the arm with both linkages in the retracted positions. FIG.
29B shows the right upper linkage 640, 646 partially extended in a
position where the wrist joint of the right upper linkage 640, 646
is closest to the wafer carried by the left lower linkage 638, 642.
Here the wrist joint of the right upper 640, 646 linkage does not
travel over the wafer however, it moves in a plane above the wafer.
FIG. 29C depicts farther extension of the right upper linkage 640,
646. The embodiment shown leverages the benefits of a solid link
design, ease of set up and control and the coaxial drive, for
example, no dynamic seals. No bridge is used to support any of the
end-effectors. The wrist joint of the upper linkage does not travel
over the wafer on the lower end-effector, which is the case for an
equal-link design however, it moves in a plane above the wafer on
the lower end-effector. The inactive arm 638, 642 rotates while the
active arm 640, 646 extends. The retract angle is more difficult to
change compared to the configuration with common elbow joint, for
example as seen in FIGS. 25A and 25B and independent dual arm, for
example, as seen in FIGS. 33A and 33B. Further, the arm is shown
taller than FIGS. 30 and 31 and FIGS. 33A and 33B as forearm 640 is
shown at a higher elevation than forearm 638.
[0223] Referring now to FIGS. 30A and 30B, there is shown the top
and side views respectively of robot 660 with arm 662. Arm 662 may
have features as described with respect to FIGS. 27-29 however
employing a bridge and with the two forearms at the same elevation
as will be described. Both linkages are shown in their retracted
positions. The lateral offset 664 of the end-effectors corresponds
to the difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm 66
and forearms 668, 670. The combined upper arm link 666 can be a
single piece as depicted in FIGS. 30A and 30B or it can be formed
by two or more sections 666', 666'', as shown in the example of
FIGS. 31A and 31B. The internal arrangements used to drive the
individual links of the arm may be identical to that shown for
FIGS. 15-19 but where the forearms 668, 670 are shorter than the
upper arm 666. The common upper arm 666 is driven by one motor.
Each of the two forearms 668, 670 is driven independently by one
motor through a band drive with conventional pulleys. The third
links with the end-effectors 672, 674 are constrained by band
drives, each with at least one non-circular pulley, which
compensate for the effects of the unequal lengths of the upper arms
and forearms. The band drives in each of the linkages may be
designed using the methodology described for FIGS. 1 and 2. The
kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 1 and 2 can also be used
for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. Third link and end
effector 674 has a bridge 680 that has an upper end effector
portion 682, a side offset support portion 684 offset from the
wrist axis between link 670 and link 674 and further has a lower
support portion 686 coupling the wrist axis to the offset support
portion 684. Bridge 680 allows forearms 668 and 670 to be packaged
at the same level while providing clearance for the interleaved
portions of third link and end effector 672 (which may include the
wafer) and the bridge 680 as can be seen below with respect to FIG.
32. Bridge 680 further provides an arrangement where any moving
parts, for example, associated with the two wrist joints, reside
below the wafer surface during transport. Referring also to FIGS.
32A, 32B, 32C and 32D, there is shown the top view of the robot arm
of FIGS. 30A and 30B as the right linkage 670, 674 extends. The
lateral offset 664 of the end-effector corresponds to the
difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm 666 and
forearm 670, and the wrist joint 690 travels along a straight line
offset with respect to the trajectory of the center of the wafer
692 by this difference. Note that the inactive linkage 668, 672
rotates while the active linkage 670, 674 extends. For instance,
the upper linkage rotates as the lower linkage extends, and the
lower linkage rotates as the upper linkage extends. In FIGS. 32A,
32B, 32C and 32D, FIG. 32A depicts the arm with both linkages in
the retracted positions. FIG. 32B shows the right linkage 670, 674
partially extended in a position that corresponds to the worst-case
clearance (or is close to the worst-case clearance) between the
bridge 680 of the right linkage 670, 674 and the end-effector 672
of the left linkage 668, 672. FIG. 32C shows the right linkage 670,
674 partially extended in a position when the forearm 670 is
aligned with the upper arm 666. The lateral offset of the
end-effector corresponds to the difference of the joint-to-joint
lengths of the upper arm and forearm. The wrist joint 690 axis
travels along a straight line offset with respect to the trajectory
of the center of the wafer 692 by this difference. FIG. 32D depicts
farther extension of the right linkage 670, 674. The embodiment
shown combines the benefits of the side-by-side dual scara
arrangement, for example, slim profile, resulting in a shallow
chamber with a small volume, the solid link design and the coaxial
drive. The bridge 680 on the right linkage 670, 674 is much lower
and its unsupported length between vertical member 684 and wrist
690 is shorter than in a prior art coaxial dual scara arm and all
of the joints are below the end-effectors. Here, the inactive arm
668, 672 rotates while the active arm 670, 674 extends. As will be
described below, in other aspects of the disclosed embodiment, and
arm which does not exhibit this behavior may be provided with a
different band drives with non-circular pulleys in place of the
conventional ones disclosed here. Alternatively, the bridge that
supports the top end-effector may be eliminated by utilizing an
arrangement similar to those described for FIGS. 25A and 25B and
FIGS. 27 and 28 above.
[0224] Referring now to FIGS. 33A and 33B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 700 with arm 702. Arm 702 may have
features similar to that of the arm shown in FIGS. 21-23 but with
forearm lengths shorter than the upper arm lengths and employing a
bridge as described with respect to bridge 680 by way of example
and with the forearms located at the same elevation. Both linkages
are shown in their retracted positions. In FIGS. 33A and 33B, the
right upper arm 708 is located above the left upper arm 706.
Alternatively, the left upper 706 may be located above the right
upper arm 708. Similarly, the third link and end-effector 716 of
the right linkage 712, 716 feature a bridge that extends over the
third link and end-effector 714 of the left linkage 710, 714.
Alternatively, the third link and end-effector 714 of the left
linkage 710, 714 may feature a bridge that may extend over the
third link and end-effector 716 of the right linkage 712, 716. The
internal arrangements used to drive the individual links of the arm
may be similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 21-23. Each of the
two upper arms 706, 708 is driven independently by one motor. The
forearms 710, 712 are coupled via band arrangements, each with at
least one non-circular pulley, to a third motor. The third links
714, 716 with the end-effectors are constrained by band drives,
each with at least one non-circular pulley. The band drives are
designed so that rotation of one of the upper arms 706, 708 causes
the corresponding linkage to extend and retract along a straight
line while the other linkage remains stationary. The band drives in
each of the linkages are designed using the methodology described
for the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The kinematic equations
presented for the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 can also be
used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. Referring also
to FIGS. 34A, 34B and 34C, there is shown the arm of FIGS. 33A and
33B as the right linkage 708, 712, 716 extends. Here, the inactive
linkage 706, 710, 714 remains stationary while the active linkage
712, 716 extends. That is, the left linkage does not move while the
right linkage extends, and the right linkage does not move when the
left linkage extends. The embodiment shown combines the benefits of
the side-by-side dual scara arrangement, for example, slim profile,
resulting in a shallow chamber with a small volume and the coaxial
drive. The bridge on the right linkage is much lower and its
unsupported length is shorter than in the existing coaxial dual
scara arms and all of the joints are below the end-effectors. The
inactive linkage remains stationary while the active one extends
potentially leading to higher throughput as active linkage may
extend or retract faster with no load. Alternatively, the bridge
that supports the top end-effector may be eliminated by utilizing
an arrangement similar to those described for FIGS. 25, 27 and
28.
[0225] Referring now to FIGS. 35A and 35B, there is shown top and
side views of robot 730 with arm 732 with both linkages shown in
their retracted positions. Each linkage has a dual-holder
end-effector 740, 742, each supporting two substrates offset from
each other for a total of 4 substrates supportable. The internal
arrangements used to drive the individual links of the arm 732 may
be identical to FIGS. 10 and 11, for example, FIG. 13. The common
upper arm 734 is driven by one motor. Each of the two forearms
73736, 738 is driven independently by one motor through a band
drive with conventional pulleys. The third links with the
end-effectors 740, 742 are constrained by band drives, each with at
least one non-circular pulley, which compensate for the effects of
the unequal lengths of the upper arms and forearms. The embodiment
shown has forearms longer than the upper arm. Alternately, they may
be shorter. The band drives in each of the linkages are designed
using the methodology described for FIGS. 1 and 2. The kinematic
equations presented for FIGS. 1 and 2 may also be used for each of
the two linkages of the dual arm. Referring also to FIG. 36, there
is shown the arm of FIGS. 35A and 35B as one linkage 738, 742
extends. Note that the inactive linkage 736, 740 rotates while the
active linkage 738, 742 extends. For instance, the upper linkage
rotates as the lower linkage extends, and the lower linkage rotates
as the upper linkage extends. Compared to FIGS. 37 and 38,
end-effector does not need to be shaped to avoid interference with
opposite elbow.
[0226] Referring now to FIGS. 37A and 37B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot with arm 750. Both linkages are
shown in their retracted positions with each linkage having a
dual-holder end-effector 758, 760. The combined upper arm link 752
can be a single piece as depicted in FIGS. 37A and 37B or it can be
formed by two or more sections 752', 752'', as shown in the example
of FIGS. 38A and 38B. The internal arrangements used to drive the
individual links of the arm may be identical to FIGS. 15-19, for
example, FIG. 19. The combined upper arms 752 are driven by one
motor. Each of the two forearms 754, 756 is driven independently by
one motor through a band drive with conventional pulleys. The third
links 758, 760 with the end-effectors are constrained by band
drives, each with at least one non-circular pulley, which
compensate for the effects of the unequal lengths of the upper arms
and forearms. The embodiment shown has forearms longer than the
upper arm. Alternately, they may be shorter. The band drives in
each of the linkages are designed using the methodology described
for FIGS. 1 and 2. The kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 1
and 2 may also be used for each of the two linkages of the dual
arm. In order for the arm to rotate, all three drive shafts of the
robot need to move in the direction of rotation of the arm by the
same amount. In order for one of the end-effector assemblies to
extend and retract radially along a straight-line path, the drive
shaft of the common upper arm and the driveshaft coupled to the
forearm associated with the active linkage need to move in a
coordinated manner in accordance with the inverse kinematic
equations for FIGS. 1 and 2. At the same time, the driveshaft
coupled to the other forearm needs to rotate in synch with the
drive shaft of the common upper arm in order for the inactive
linkage to remain retracted. Referring also to FIG. 39, there is
shown the arm of FIGS. 37A and 37B as one linkage 756, 760 extends.
Here, the inactive linkage 754, 758 rotates while the active
linkage extends. For instance, the right linkage rotates as the
left linkage extends, and the left linkage rotates as the right
linkage extends. The embodiment shown has no bridge. The upper
wrist travels over one of the wafers on the lower end-effector.
Here, the arm and end-effectors need to be designed so that the top
elbow clears the lower end-effector.
[0227] Referring now to FIGS. 40A and 40B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 750 with arm 752. Both linkages
are shown in their retracted positions where each linkage has a
dual-holder end-effector 792, 794. The internal arrangements used
to drive the individual links of the arm may be identical to FIGS.
21-23. Each of the two upper arms 784, 786 is driven independently
by one motor. The forearms 788, 790 are coupled via band
arrangements, each with at least one non-circular pulley, to a
third motor. The third links with the end-effectors 792, 794 are
constrained by band drives, each with at least one non-circular
pulley. The band drives are designed so that rotation of one of the
upper arms causes the corresponding linkage to extend and retract
along a straight line while the other linkage remains stationary.
The embodiment shown has forearms longer than the upper arm.
Alternately, they may be shorter. The band drives in each of the
linkages are designed using the methodology described for FIGS. 5
and 6. The kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 5 and 6 can also
be used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. In order for
the arm to rotate, all three drive shafts of the robot need to move
in the direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount. In
order for one of the end-effector assemblies to extend and retract
radially along a straight-line path, the drive shaft of the upper
arm associated with the active linkage needs to be rotated
according to the inverse kinematic equations for FIGS. 5 and 6, and
the other two drive shafts need to be kept stationary. Referring
also to FIG. 41, there is shown the arm of FIGS. 40A and 40B as one
linkage 784, 788, 794 extends. Note that the inactive linkage 786,
790, 792 may remain stationary while the active linkage 794, 788,
794 extends. That is, the left linkage does not move while the
right linkage extends, and the right linkage does not move when the
left linkage extends. Alternately, the left and right linkages may
be moved at the same time radially independently, for example as
seen in FIG. 42 where the right linkage extends slightly
independently as compared to FIG. 41. The motion of the elbow of
the upper linkage may be limited due to potential interference with
a wafer on the lower end-effector, which may limit the reach of the
robot as illustrated in FIG. 41. This limitation may be mitigated
by extending the lower linkage slightly to provide additional
clearance and achieve full reach as shown in FIG. 42. The
embodiment shown has no bridge. The wrist of the upper linkage may
travel above a wafer on the lower end-effector.
[0228] Referring now to FIGS. 43A and 43B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 810 with arm 812. Both linkages
are shown in their retracted positions with each linkage having a
dual-holder end-effector 820, 822. The internal arrangements used
to drive the individual links of the arm may be identical to FIGS.
10-13. The common upper arm 814 is driven by one motor. Each of the
two forearms 816, 818 is driven independently by one motor through
a band drive with conventional pulleys. The third links with the
end-effectors 820, 822 are constrained by band drives, each with at
least one non-circular pulley, which compensate for the effects of
the unequal lengths of the upper arms and forearms. In the
embodiment shown, the forearms are shorter than the upper arm;
alternately they may be longer. The band drives in each of the
linkages are designed using the methodology described for FIGS. 1
and 2. The kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 1 and 2 may also
be used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. Referring
also to FIGS. 44 and 45, there is shown the arm of FIGS. 43A and
43B as the upper linkage 818, 822 extends. Note that the inactive
linkage 816, 820 rotates while the active linkage 818, 822 extends.
For instance, the upper linkage rotates as the lower linkage
extends, and the lower linkage rotates as the upper linkage
extends. FIGS. 44 and 45 illustrate that the wrist joint 824 of the
upper linkage 818, 822 does not travel over the wafers 826 carried
by the lower linkage 816, 820 of the arm. The embodiment shown has
no bridge. Compared to FIGS. 46 and 47, the end-effector does not
need to be shaped to avoid interference with opposite elbow.
[0229] Referring now to FIGS. 46A and 46B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 840 with arm 842. Both linkages
are shown in their retracted positions where each linkage has a
dual-holder end-effector 850, 852. The combined upper arm link 844
can be a single piece as depicted in FIGS. 46A and 46B or it can be
formed by two or more sections 844', 844'', as shown in the example
of FIGS. 47A and 47B. The internal arrangements used to drive the
individual links of the arm may be identical to FIGS. 15-19, for
example FIG. 19. The combined upper arms 844 are driven by one
motor. Each of the two forearms 846, 848 is driven independently by
one motor through a band drive with conventional pulleys. The third
links with the end-effectors 850, 852 are constrained by band
drives, each with at least one non-circular pulley, which
compensate for the effects of the unequal lengths of the upper arms
and forearms. In the embodiment shown, the forearms are shorter
than the upper arm; alternately they may be longer. The band drives
in each of the linkages are designed using the methodology
described for FIGS. 1 and 2. The kinematic equations presented for
FIGS. 1 and 2 may also be used for each of the two linkages of the
dual arm. In order for the arm to rotate, all three drive shafts of
the robot need to move in the direction of rotation of the arm by
the same amount. In order for one of the end-effector assemblies to
extend and retract radially along a straight-line path, the drive
shaft of the common upper arm 844 and the driveshaft coupled to the
forearm associated with the active linkage need to move in a
coordinated manner in accordance with the inverse kinematic
equations for FIGS. 1 and 2. At the same time, the driveshaft
coupled to the other forearm needs to rotate in synch with the
drive shaft of the common upper arm in order for the inactive
linkage to remain retracted. Referring also to FIGS. 48 and 49,
there is shown the arm of FIGS. 46A and 46B as the upper linkage
848, 852 extends. Here, the inactive linkage 846, 850 rotates while
the active linkage 848, 852 extends. For instance, the upper
linkage rotates as the lower linkage extends, and the lower linkage
rotates as the upper linkage extends. FIGS. 48 and 49 illustrate
that the wrist joint 854 of the upper linkage does not travel over
the wafers 856 carried by the lower linkage of the arm. The
embodiment shown has no bridge and the wrist joint of the upper
linkage does not travel over a wafer carried by the lower linkage.
Here, the inactive arm rotates less, allowing for a higher speed of
motion when active arm extends or retracts with no load.
[0230] Referring now to FIGS. 50A and 50B, there is shown top and
side views of robot 870 with arm 872. Both linkages are shown in
their retracted positions where each linkage has a dual-holder
end-effector 880, 882. The combined upper arm link 974 can be a
single piece as depicted in FIGS. 50A and 50B or it can be formed
by two or more sections, as shown in the example of FIGS. 47A and
47B. The internal arrangements used to drive the individual links
of the arm may be identical to FIGS. 15-19, for example, FIG. 18.
The combined upper arms 874 are driven by one motor. Each of the
two forearms 876, 878 is driven independently by one motor through
a band drive with conventional pulleys. The third links with the
end-effectors are constrained by band drives, each with at least
one non-circular pulley, which compensate for the effects of the
unequal lengths of the upper arms and forearms. In the embodiment
shown, the forearms are shorter than the upper arm; alternately
they may be longer. The band drives in each of the linkages may be
designed using the methodology described for FIGS. 1 and 2. The
kinematic equations presented for FIGS. 1 and 2 may also be used
for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. In order for the arm
to rotate, all three drive shafts of the robot need to move in the
direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount. In order for
one of the end-effector assemblies to extend and retract radially
along a straight-line path, the drive shaft of the common upper arm
874 and the driveshaft coupled to the forearm associated with the
active linkage need to move in a coordinated manner in accordance
with the inverse kinematic equations for FIGS. 1 and 2. At the same
time, the driveshaft coupled to the other forearm needs to rotate
in synch with the drive shaft of the common upper arm 874 in order
for the inactive linkage to remain retracted. Referring also to
FIG. 51, there is shown the arm of FIGS. 50A and 50B with one
linkage 878, 882 extended. Here, the inactive linkage 876, 880
rotates while the active linkage 878, 882 extends. For instance,
the upper linkage rotates as the lower linkage extends, and the
lower linkage rotates as the upper linkage extends. The embodiment
shown has short forearm links that may be stiffer with shorter
short bands and where the forearms are located side-by-side
facilitating a shallow chamber. Here, the short links may cause
more rotation of inactive arm compared to FIGS. 46 and 47 which may
be addressed by longer upper arms. Bridge 884 is provided where the
arm and end-effectors may be designed so that the bridge 884 clears
the inactive end-effector 880 during an extension move. Here, the
base of the end-effector features an angled shape 886 as shown.
[0231] Referring now to FIGS. 52A and 52B, there is shown top and
side views respectively of robot 900 with arm 902. Both linkages
are shown in their retracted positions with each linkage having a
dual-holder end-effector. The internal arrangements used to drive
the individual links of the arm may be identical to FIGS. 21-23.
Each of the two upper arms 904, 906 is driven independently by one
motor. The forearms 908, 910 are coupled via band arrangements,
each with at least one non-circular pulley, to a third motor. The
third links with the end-effectors 912, 914 are constrained by band
drives, each with at least one non-circular pulley. The band drives
are designed so that rotation of one of the upper arms 904, 906
causes the corresponding linkage to extend and retract along a
straight line while the other linkage remains stationary. In the
embodiment shown, the forearms are shorter than the upper arm;
alternately they may be longer. The band drives in each of the
linkages are designed using the methodology described for FIGS.
5-6. The kinematic equations presented for FIG. 5-6 may also be
used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. In order for the
arm to rotate, all three drive shafts of the robot need to move in
the direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount. In order
for one of the end-effector assemblies to extend and retract
radially along a straight-line path, the drive shaft of the upper
arm associated with the active linkage needs to be rotated
according to the inverse kinematic equations for FIGS. 5-6, and the
other two drive shafts need to be kept stationary. Referring also
to FIG. 53, there is shown the arm of FIGS. 52A and 52B with one
linkage 906, 910, 914 extended. Note that the inactive linkage 904,
908, 912 remains stationary while the active linkage 906, 910, 914
extends with bridge 916. That is, the left linkage need not move
while the right linkage extends, and the right linkage need not
move when the left linkage extends although they may be moved
radially independently. The embodiment shown has shorter links that
may be stiffer with short bands and side-by-side forearms
facilitating a shallow chamber. Alternately, the forearms may be
longer than upper arms in the configuration with a bridge.
[0232] Referring now to FIGS. 54-55 there is shown a coupled dual
arm 930 with opposing end effectors 938, 940. FIGS. 54A and 54B
show respectively the top and side views of the robot with the arm.
Both linkages are shown in their retracted positions where the
lateral offset of the end-effectors corresponds to the difference
of the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm 932 and forearms
934, 936. The combined upper arm link 932 can be a single piece as
depicted in FIG. 54 or it can be formed by two or more sections. By
way of example, a two-section design may be lighter where less
material, and left and right sections may be identical components.
The internal arrangements used to drive the individual links of the
arm may be based on that shown with respect to FIGS. 18 and 19 or
otherwise. The common upper arm 932 is driven by one motor. Each of
the two forearms 934, 936 is driven independently by one motor
through a band drive with conventional pulleys. The third links
with the end-effectors 938, 940 are constrained by band drives,
each with at least one non-circular pulley, which compensate for
the effects of the unequal lengths of the upper arms 934, 936 and
forearm 932. The band drives in each of the linkages are designed
using the methodology described with respect to FIG. 1 or
otherwise. The kinematic equations presented for FIG. 1 can also be
used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. FIGS. 55A-55C
shows the arm of FIG. 54 as the first 934, 938 and second 936, 940
linkages extend from the retracted position. The lateral offset of
the end-effector corresponds to the difference of the
joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm 934, 936 and forearm 932,
and the wrist joint 942, 944 travels along a straight line offset
with respect to the trajectory of the center of the wafer by this
difference. Note that the inactive linkage rotates while the active
linkage extends. For instance, the second linkage rotates as the
first linkage extends, and the first linkage rotates as the second
linkage extends. FIG. 55A depicts the arm with both linkages in the
retracted positions. FIG. 55B shows the first linkage 934, 938
extended. FIG. 55C depicts the second linkage 936, 940 extended.
The arm shown has a low profile as the forearms travel in the same
plane and the end-effectors travel in the same plane, allowing for
a shallow vacuum chamber with a small volume. Since the retracted
position of the wrist of one linkage is constrained by the wrist of
the other linkage, the containment radius of the arm may be large,
making the arm particularly suitable for applications with a large
number of process modules where the diameter of the chamber is
dictated by the size of the slot valves. Due to its low profile,
the arm may replace a frogleg-type arm with opposing end-effectors.
In the embodiment shown, the forearms are shorter than the upper
arm; alternately they may be longer, for example, where the
forearms are in different elevations and overlapping.
[0233] Referring to FIGS. 56-57, there is shown an independent dual
arm 960 with opposing end effectors 970, 972. FIGS. 56A and 56B
show the top and side views of the robot with the arm. Both
linkages are shown in their retracted positions. In FIG. 56, the
upper arm 962 of the first linkage is located above the upper arm
964 of the second linkage. Alternatively, the upper arm of the
second linkage may be located above the upper arm of the first
linkage. The internal arrangements used to drive the individual
links of the arm may be based on FIG. 23 or otherwise. Here, each
of the two upper arms 962, 964 may be driven independently by one
motor. The forearms 966, 968 are coupled via band arrangements,
each with at least one non-circular pulley, to a third motor. The
third links with the end-effectors 970, 972 are constrained by band
drives, each with at least one non-circular pulley. The band drives
are designed so that rotation of one of the upper arms causes the
corresponding linkage to extend and retract along a straight line
while the other linkage remains stationary. The band drives in each
of the linkages are designed using the methodology described for
FIG. 5. The kinematic equations presented for FIG. 5 can also be
used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. FIGS. 57A-57C
show the arm of FIG. 56 as the first 962, 966, 970 and second 964,
968, 972 linkages extend from the retracted position. Here, that
the inactive linkage remains (but not need do so) stationary while
the active linkage extends. That is, the second linkage does not
move while the first linkage extends, and the first linkage does
not move when the second linkage extends. The arm has a low profile
as the forearms travel in the same plane and the end-effectors
travel in the same plane, allowing for a shallow vacuum chamber
with a small volume. Since the retracted position of the wrist of
one linkage is constrained by the wrist of the other linkage, the
containment radius of the arm is large, making the arm particularly
suitable for applications with a large number of process modules
where the diameter of the chamber is dictated by the size of the
slot valves. Due to its low profile, the arm can replace a
frogleg-type arm with opposing end-effectors. In the embodiment
shown, the forearms are shorter than the upper arm; alternately
they may be longer, for example, where the forearms are in
different elevations and overlapping.
[0234] Referring now to FIG. 58, there is shown a coupled dual arm
990 with angularly offset end effectors 998, 1000. FIGS. 58A and
58B show the top and side views of the robot with the arm. Both
linkages are shown in their retracted positions. The lateral offset
1002, 1004 of the end-effectors corresponds to the difference of
the joint-to-joint lengths of the upper arm 994, 996 and forearm
992. The combined upper arm link 992 can be a single piece as
depicted in FIG. 59 or it can be formed by two or more sections.
The internal arrangements used to drive the individual links of the
arm are based on FIGS. 18 and 19 or otherwise. Here, the common
upper arm 992 may be driven by one motor. Each of the two forearms
994, 996 may be driven independently by one motor through a band
drive with conventional pulleys. The third links with the
end-effectors 998, 1000 are constrained by band drives, each with
at least one non-circular pulley, which compensate for the effects
of the unequal lengths of the upper arms and forearms. The band
drives in each of the linkages are designed using the methodology
described for FIG. 1 or otherwise. The kinematic equations
presented for FIG. 1 can also be used for each of the two linkages
of the dual arm. Referring also to FIGS. 59A-C, there is shown the
arm of FIG. 58 as the left 994, 998 and right 996, 1000 linkages
extend. The lateral offset 1002, 1004 of the end-effector
corresponds to the difference of the joint-to-joint lengths of the
upper arm and forearm, and the wrist joint travels along a straight
line offset with respect to the trajectory of the center of the
wafer by this difference. Here, the inactive linkage rotates while
the active linkage extends. For instance, the right linkage rotates
as the left linkage extends, and the left linkage rotates as the
right linkage extends. FIG. 59A depicts the arm with both linkages
in the retracted positions. FIG. 59B shows the left linkage 994,
998 extended. FIG. 59C depicts the right linkage 996, 1000
extended. Here, the inactive arm rotates while the active one
extends. In the embodiment shown, the forearms are shorter than the
upper arm; alternately they may be longer, for example, where the
forearms are in different elevations and overlapping. In the
embodiment shown, the end effectors may be 90 degrees apart;
alternately any separation angle may be provided.
[0235] Referring now to FIG. 60, there is shown and independent
dual arm 1030 with angularly offset end effectors 1040, 1042. Here,
FIGS. 60A and 60B show the top and side views of the robot with the
arm. Both linkages are shown in their retracted positions. In FIG.
60, the right upper arm 1034 is located below the left upper arm
1032. Alternatively, the left upper may be located below the right
upper arm. The internal arrangements used to drive the individual
links of the arm may be based on FIG. 23. Each of the two upper
arms 1032, 1034 may be driven independently by one motor each. The
forearms are coupled via band arrangements, each with at least one
non-circular pulley, to a third motor. The third links with the
end-effectors 1040, 1042 are constrained by band drives, each with
at least one non-circular pulley. The band drives are designed so
that rotation of one of the upper arms 1032, 1034 causes the
corresponding linkage to extend and retract along a straight line
while the other linkage remains stationary. The band drives in each
of the linkages are designed using the methodology described for
FIG. 5 or otherwise. The kinematic equations presented for FIG. 5
can also be used for each of the two linkages of the dual arm. FIG.
61A-61C shows the arm of FIG. 60 as the left 1032, 1036, 1040 and
then the right 1034, 1038, 1042 linkage extends. Here, the inactive
linkage remains (but need not do so) stationary while the active
linkage extends. That is, the left linkage does not move while the
right linkage extends, and the right linkage does not move when the
left linkage extends. Here, the inactive linkage remains stationary
while the active one extends. In the embodiment shown, the forearms
are shorter than the upper arm; alternately they may be longer, for
example, where the forearms are in different elevations and
overlapping. In the embodiment shown, the end effectors may be 90
degrees apart; alternately any separation angle may be
provided.
[0236] By way of example with respect to FIG. 62 or otherwise, the
third link and end-effector 1060, 1062, each of which may be
referred to as a third-link assembly, may be designed so that the
center of mass 1064, 1066 is on or close to the straight-line
trajectory of the wrist joint 1068, 1070 respectively as the
corresponding linkage of the arm extends and retracts. This reduces
the moment due to the inertial force acting at the center of mass
of the third-link assembly and the reaction force at the wrist
joint, thus reducing the load on the band arrangement that
constraints the third-link assembly. Here, the third-link assembly
may further be designed so that its center of mass is on one side
of the wrist joint trajectory when payload is present and on the
other side of the trajectory when no payload is present.
Alternatively, the third-link assembly may be designed so that its
center of mass is substantially on the wrist joint trajectory when
payload is present as the best straight-line tracking performance
is typically required with the payload on, as illustrated in FIG.
62. In FIG. 62, 1L is the straight-line trajectory of the center of
the wrist joint of the left linkage, 2L is the center 1070 of the
wrist joint of the left linkage, 3L is the center of mass 1066 of
the third-link assembly of the left linkage, 4L is the force acting
on the third-link assembly of the left linkage as the left linkage
accelerates at the beginning of an extend move (or decelerates at
the end of a retract move), and 5L is the inertial force acting at
the center of mass of the third-link assembly of the left linkage
as the left linkage accelerates at the beginning of an extend move
(or decelerates at the end of a retract move). Similarly, 1R is the
straight-line trajectory of the center of the wrist joint of the
right linkage, 2R is the center 1068 of the wrist joint of the
right linkage, 3R is the center of mass 1064 of the third-link
assembly of the right linkage, 4R is the force acting on the
third-link assembly of the right linkage as the right linkage
decelerates at the end of an extend move (or accelerates at the
beginning of a retract move), and 5R is the inertial force acting
at the center of mass of the third-link assembly of the right
linkage as the right linkage decelerates at the end of an extend
move (or accelerates at the beginning of a retract move). In the
embodiment shown, dual wafer end effectors are provided. In
alternate aspects, any suitable end effector and arm or link
geometry may be provided.
[0237] In alternate aspects, the upper arms in any of the aspects
of the embodiment can be driven by a motor either directly or via
any kind of coupling or transmission arrangement. Any transmission
ratio may be used. Alternately, the band drives that actuate the
second link and constrain the third link can be substituted by any
other arrangement of equivalent functionality, such as a belt
drive, cable drive, circular and non-circular gears, linkage-based
mechanisms or any combination of the above. Alternately, for
example, in the dual and quad arm aspects of the embodiment, the
third link of each linkage can be constrained to keep the
end-effector radial via a conventional two stage band arrangement
that synchronizes the third link to the pulley driven by the second
motor, similarly to the single arm concept of FIG. 9.
Alternatively, the two stage band arrangement can be substituted by
any other suitable arrangement, such as a belt drive, cable drive,
gear drive, linkage-based mechanism or any combination of the
above. Alternately, the upper arms in the dual and quad arm aspects
of the embodiment may not be arranged in a coaxial manner. They can
have separate shoulder joints. The two linkages of the dual and
quad arms do not need to have the same length of the upper arms and
the same length of the forearms. The length of the upper arm of one
linkage may be different from the length of the upper arm of the
other linkage, and the length of the forearm of one linkage may be
different from the length of the forearm of the other linkage. The
forearm-to-upper-arm ratios can also be different for the two
linkages. In the dual and quad arm aspects of the embodiment that
have different elevations of the links of the left and right
linkages, the left and right linkages can be interchanged. The two
linkages of the dual and quad arms do not need to extend along the
same direction. The arms can be configured so that each linkage
extends in a different direction. The two linkages in any of the
aspects of the embodiment may consist of more or less than three
links (first link=upper arm, second link=forearm, third link=link
with end-effector). In the dual and quad arm aspects of the
embodiment, each linkage may have a different number of links. In
the single arm aspects of the embodiment, the third link can carry
more than one end-effector. Any suitable number of end-effectors
and/or material holders can be carried by the third link.
Similarly, in the dual arm aspects of the embodiment, each linkage
can carry any suitable number of end-effectors. In either case, the
end-effectors can be positioned in the same plane, stacked above
each other, arranged in a combination of the two or arranged in any
other suitable manner. Further, for dual arm configurations, each
arm may be independently operable, for example, independently in
rotation, extension and/or z (vertical), for example, as described
with respect to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/670,004
entitled "Robot System with Independent Arms" having filing date
Nov. 6, 2012 which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety. Accordingly all such modifications, combinations and
variations are embraced.
[0238] Referring now to FIG. 63, there is shown a graphical
representation 1100 of exemplary pulleys. The exemplary pulley
profiles may be for an arm with unequal link lengths as will be
described. By way of example, the graph 1100 may show profiles for
a wrist pulley where the elbow pulley is circular. Here, the
following example design was used for the figure: Re/l2=0.2 where
Re is the radius of the elbow pulley and l2 is the joint-to-joint
length of the forearm. Alternately, any suitable ratio may be
provided. For the purpose of clarity, the graph shows extreme
design cases in comparison with a pulley for an equal-link arm. The
most outer profile 1110 is for l2/l1=2, where l2 is the
joint-to-joint length of the forearm and l1 is the joint-to-joint
length of the upper arm, for example, this case represents a longer
forearm. The middle profile 1112 is for l2/l1=1, for example, a
case with equal link lengths. The most inner profile 1114 is for
l2/l1=0.5, for example, this case represents a shorter forearm. In
the embodiment shown, a polar coordinate system 1120 is used. Here,
the radial distance is normalized with respect to the radius of the
elbow pulley, for example, expressed as a multiple of the radius of
the elbow pulley. In other words, Rw/Re is shown, where Rw
represents polar coordinates of the wrist pulley with Re
representing the elbow pulley. The angular coordinates are in deg,
and the zero points along the direction 1122 of the end-effector,
for example, the end-effector points to the right with respect to
the figure.
[0239] Referring now to FIGS. 64 and 65, there is shown two
additional configurations of the arm with unequal link lengths 1140
and 1150. Arm 1140 is shown with a forearm 1144 longer than upper
arm 1142 where the single arm configuration may utilize the
features as disclosed with respect to FIGS. 1-4 and 5-8 or
otherwise. In the embodiment shown, two end-effectors 1146, 1148
supporting respective substrates 1150, 1152 are connected rigidly
to each other and pointing in opposing directions. The substrates
travel in a radial path that coincides with the center 1156 of
robot 1140 and offset 1154 from the wrist as shown. Similarly, arm
1160 is shown with a forearm 1164 shorter than upper arm 1162 where
the single arm configuration may utilize the features as disclosed
with respect to FIGS. 1-4 and 5-8 or otherwise. In the embodiment
shown, two end-effectors 1166, 1168 supporting respective
substrates 1170, 1172 are connected rigidly to each other and
pointing in opposing directions. The substrates travel in a radial
path that coincides with the center 1176 of robot 1160 and offset
1174 from the wrist as shown. Here, the features of the disclosed
embodiments may be similarly shared with any of the other disclosed
embodiments.
[0240] Referring now to FIGS. 66 and 67, the disclosed describes a
dual-arm robot 1310 with stacked and side-by-side end-effector
configurations. The device may be used in combination with
transport mechanisms and devices as disclosed in United States
Publication No. 2013/0071218 published Mar. 21, 2103 based on U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/618,117 filed Sep. 14, 2012 and
entitled "Low Variability Robot" or U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/601,455 filed Jan. 21, 2015 and entitled "Substrate
Transport Platform" both of which are hereby incorporated by
reference herein in their entirety. Alternately, the embodiment may
be used in any suitable device or applications. The disclosed
device may provide a robot 1310 with two end-effectors which (i)
has a small footprint so that it can move and rotate in a narrow
tunnel, (ii) can access the same station with both end-effectors
either independently or simultaneously, and (iii) can access
side-by-side offset stations either independently or
simultaneously.
[0241] An example embodiment of the robot 1310 is depicted
diagrammatically in FIGS. 66A-66D and 67A-67D. The robot may
consist of a robot drive unit 1312 with a pivoting base 1314 about
axis 1334 and a robot arm 1316. The robot arm 1316 may feature two
linkages, i.e., a left linkage 1318 and a right linkage 1320. FIGS.
66A-66D show the robot with both linkages retracted, FIGS. 67A-67D
show the robot with the left linkage 1318 extended.
[0242] The left linkage 1318 may consist of a left upper arm 1322,
a left forearm 1324 and a left end-effector 1326. The left upper
arm 1322 may be coupled to the base via a rotary joint or axis
1336, the left forearm 1324 may be coupled to the left upper arm
1322 by another rotary joint or axis 1338, and the left
end-effector 1326 may be coupled to the left forearm 1324 by yet
another rotary joint or axis 1340.
[0243] Similarly, the right linkage 1320 may consist of a right
upper arm 1328, a right forearm 1330 and a right end-effector 1332.
The right upper arm 1328 may be coupled to the base via a rotary
joint or axis 1342, the right forearm 1330 may be coupled to the
right upper arm 1328 by another rotary joint or axis 1344, and the
right end-effector 1332 may be coupled to the right forearm 1330 by
yet another rotary joint or axis 1346.
[0244] The joint-to-joint length of the left forearm may be longer
than the joint-to-joint length of the left upper arm.
Alternatively, the joint-to-joint length of the left forearm may be
equal to the joint-to-joint length of the left upper arm. In yet
another alternative, the left forearm and left upper arm may have
any other suitable lengths.
[0245] Similarly, the joint-to-joint length of the right forearm
may be longer than the joint-to-joint length of the right upper
arm. Alternatively, the joint-to-joint length of the right forearm
may be equal to the joint-to-joint length of the right upper arm.
In yet another alternative, the right forearm and right upper arm
may have any other suitable lengths.
[0246] In the example of FIGS. 66A-66D and 67A-67D, the
joint-to-joint lengths of the left and right upper arms and left
and right forearms are shown the same. Similarly, the dimensions of
the left and right end-effectors, including the lengths and lateral
offsets, are shown the same. However, the linkages may feature any
suitable dimensions of the upper arms, forearms and
end-effectors.
[0247] In order for the two end-effectors to be able to access
simultaneously side-by-side offset stations, the distance between
the joints that couple the left and right upper arms to the base
may be selected to satisfy the following relationship:
D=2d0 (1)
[0248] where D=center-to-center distance between side-by-side
offset stations (m), and d0=distance between joints that couple
left and right upper arms to base (m).
[0249] In addition, in order for the two end-effectors to be able
to access the same station simultaneously, the dimensions of the
linkages may be selected to satisfy the following relationship:
d0=l12L-l1L+d3L+l2R-l1R+d3R (2)
[0250] The following nomenclature is used in Equation (2) above:
d3L=lateral offset of left end-effector (m), d3R=lateral offset of
right end-effector (m), l1L=join-to-joint length of left upper arm
(m), l1R=join-to-joint length of right upper arm (m),
l2L=joint-to-joint length of left forearm (m), and
l2R=joint-to-joint length of right forearm (m).
[0251] When the robot arm is symmetric, i.e., the left linkage and
the right linkage have the same dimensions, Equation (2) may be
simplified as follows:
d0=2(l2-l1+d3) (3)
[0252] where d3=lateral offset of end-effectors (m),
l1=join-to-joint length of upper arms (m), and l2=joint-to-joint
length of forearms (m).
[0253] FIGS. 68A and 68B illustrate diagrammatically an example
arrangement 1398, 1438 that may be used to drive the base and
individual links, i.e., upper arms, forearms and end-effectors, of
the robot. As depicted in FIGS. 68A and 68B, the base may be driven
by a drive shaft 1400, 1448, for example, T0.
[0254] The left upper arm 1402, 1454 may be actuated by drive shaft
T1L 1420, 1440. The left forearm 1406, 1456 may be coupled via a
band arrangement with at least one non-circular pulley to another
drive shaft, T2L 1422, 1442. The band arrangement may be designed
so that rotation of the left upper arm causes the left wrist joint,
i.e., the joint that couples the left end-effector to the left
forearm, to extend and retract along a straight line parallel to
the desired straight-line path of the left end-effector.
[0255] The left end-effector 1410 may be constrained by another
band arrangement with at least one non-circular pulley, which
compensates for the effects of the unequal lengths of the left
upper arm and left forearm so that the left end-effector may travel
along a straight line while maintaining the desired
orientation.
[0256] Alternatively, if l1L=l2L, conventional pulleys may be
utilized, as shown in FIG. 68B. In this embodiment, the band
arrangement that couples the left forearm to shaft T2L is designed
so that the diameter of the pulley coupled to shaft T2L is twice
the diameter of the pulley coupled to the left forearm. The band
arrangement that constrains the left end-effector is designed so
that the diameter of the pulley attached to the left upper arm is
half of the diameter of the pulley attached to the left
end-effector.
[0257] Similarly, the right upper arm 1404, 1450 may be actuated by
drive shaft T1R 1424, 1444. The right forearm 1408, 1452 may be
coupled via a band arrangement with at least one non-circular
pulley to another drive shaft, T2R 1426, 1446. The band arrangement
may be designed so that rotation of the right upper arm causes the
right wrist joint, i.e., the joint that couples the right
end-effector to the right forearm, to extend and retract along a
straight line parallel to the desired straight-line path of the
right end-effector 1412.
[0258] The right end-effector may 1412 be constrained by another
band arrangement with at least one non-circular pulley, which
compensates for the effects of the unequal lengths of the right
upper arm and right forearm so that the left end-effector may
travel along a straight line while maintaining the desired
orientation.
[0259] Alternatively, if l1R=l2R, conventional pulleys may be
utilized, as shown in FIG. 68B. In this embodiment, the band
arrangement that couples the right forearm to shaft T2R is designed
so that the diameter of the pulley coupled to shaft T2R is twice
the diameter of the pulley coupled to the right forearm. The band
arrangement that constrains the right end-effector is designed so
that the diameter of the pulley attached to the right upper arm is
half of the diameter of the pulley attached to the right
end-effector.
[0260] In order for the entire robot arm to rotate, all drive
shafts, i.e., T0, T1L, T2L, T1R and T2R, need to move in the
desired direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount with
respect to a fixed reference frame (or drive shaft T0 needs to move
while the other drive shafts may be viewed as stationary with
respect to the base). This is depicted diagrammatically in FIGS.
69A through 69C. In this particular example, the entire robot arm
rotates in the counterclockwise direction by 180 deg.
[0261] In order for the left end-effector to extend and retract
along a straight-line path, drive shaft T1L needs to move by an
angle determined based on the inverse kinematic equations of the
left linkage while shafts T0 and T2L are kept stationary. The robot
1500 with left and right arms 1502, 1504 with the left end-effector
extended from the initial position of FIG. 69A is shown
diagrammatically in FIG. 69D.
[0262] Similarly, in order for the right end-effector to extend and
retract along a straight-line path, drive shaft T1R needs to move
by an angle determined based on the inverse kinematic equations of
the right linkage while shafts T0 and T2R are kept stationary. The
robot with the right end-effector extended from the initial
position of FIG. 69A is depicted diagrammatically in FIG. 69E.
[0263] Both left and right end-effectors of the robot may be
extended and retracted simultaneously along a straight-line path by
rotating drive shafts T1L and T1R in the opposite directions and,
if the left and right linkages feature the same dimensions, by the
same amount. The robot with both left and right end-effectors
extended from the initial position of FIG. 69A is shown
diagrammatically in FIG. 69F.
[0264] The motion described above with respect to FIGS. 69D-69F
allows the robot to extend/retract the end-effectors to/from the
same station either independently or simultaneously. Therefore, the
robot is capable of picking/placing material, such as semiconductor
wafers, from/to the same station independently or simultaneously
with both end-effectors along a straight line path 1510.
[0265] The left and right linkages 1502, 1504 may also be rotated
individually. In order for the left linkage to rotate, drive shafts
T1L and T2L need to move in the desired direction of rotation by
the same amount. Similarly, in order for the right linkage to
rotate, drive shafts T1R and T2R need to move in the desired
direction of rotation by the same amount.
[0266] When the left and right linkages rotate individually by 180
deg, the left end-effector and right end-effector become laterally
offset, as depicted in the example diagrams shown in FIGS. 70A-70C.
In this particular example, the left linkage 1502 rotates in the
clockwise direction and the right linkage 1504 rotates
simultaneously in the counterclockwise direction (preventing the
risk of collision of the left and right wrist joints). However, the
left and right linkages may rotate independently in sequence, in
the same direction or in any other suitable manner.
[0267] As a result of the individual rotations of the left and
right linkages described above, provided that the dimensions of the
robot meet the conditions of Equations (1) and (2), the arm becomes
reconfigured such that the centers of the left and right
end-effectors are laterally offset by distance D.
[0268] In case that the above end-effector offset reconfiguration
by individual rotations of the left and right linkages precedes or
follows a rotation of the entire arm, the moves may be conveniently
blended to minimize the overall duration.
[0269] Once in the position of the diagram of FIG. 70C, the left
end-effector may again be extended and retracted along a
straight-line path 1512 by moving drive shaft T1L while holding
shafts T0 and T2L stationary. Similarly, the right end-effector may
be extended and retracted along a straight-line path by moving
drive shaft T1R while holding shafts T0 and T2R stationary. And,
finally, both left and right end-effectors of the robot may be
extended and retracted simultaneously along straight-line paths by
rotating drive shafts T1L and T1R in opposite directions and, if
the left and right linkages feature the same dimensions, by the
same amount.
[0270] The robot with the left end-effector extended from the
initial position of FIG. 70C is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 70D;
the robot with the right end-effector extended from the initial
position of FIG. 70C is depicted diagrammatically in FIG. 70E; and
the robot with both left and right end-effectors extended from the
initial position of FIG. 70C is shown diagrammatically in FIG.
70F.
[0271] The motion described above with respect to FIGS. 70E-70F
allows the robot to extend/retract the end-effectors to/from two
side-by-side offset stations. Therefore, the robot is capable of
picking/placing material, such as semiconductor wafers, from/to two
side-by-side offset stations either independently or
simultaneously.
[0272] In case that the access paths to the side-by-side offset
stations are not parallel, for example, path 1514 or 1516 in FIG.
71, the robot may individually rotate the left and right linkages
so that the directions of their extension/retraction paths align
with the access paths to the stations. An example of such a
scenario is illustrated diagrammatically in the diagrams of FIGS.
71A-71C. Assuming the initial position of diagram 71A, the left and
right linkages may be rotated to reconfigure the arm so that the
end-effectors are laterally and angularly offset as depicted in
diagram 71B. In this particular example, the angular offset between
the left and right end-effectors is 30 deg. From the retracted
position of diagram 71B, the left linkages may be extended, either
independently or simultaneously, as shown in diagram 71C.
[0273] The robot may also access stations 180 deg apart, either
independently or simultaneously, as depicted in the example
diagrams 71D and 71E. In this particular example, assuming the
starting position of diagram 71A, the left and right linkages may
first be rotated to the configuration of diagram 71D, and then the
left end-effector and/or the right end-effector may be extended,
either independently or simultaneously, as shown in diagram
71E.
[0274] While both left and right linkages are shown extended in the
diagram FIG. 71E, in alternate aspects only one of the two linkages
may extend. Here, the reach of the linkages (measured from the
center of the robot, which is represented by the axis of drive
shaft T0) is longer in the configuration shown in diagram 71E and,
therefore, this configuration may be utilized for stations located
further away from the robot.
[0275] The robot may be driven using three- to five-axis drive
arrangement, depending on the number of degrees of freedom required
in a particular application.
[0276] A 3-axis drive arrangement may include three independently
controlled motors, M0, M1 and M2, as illustrated by the two
examples 1600, 1700 of FIGS. 72A and 72B and FIGS. 72C and 72D.
[0277] In FIGS. 72A-72D, diagrams 72A and 72B show the top and side
views, respectively, of an example arrangement 1600 of the robot
drive unit and arm base 1618 where motor M0 is directly coupled to
shaft T0 1602, which actuates the base 1618, motor M1 1604 is
directly attached to shaft T1L 1610, driving the left upper arm,
and motor M2 1606 is directly attached to shaft T2R 1616, which is
coupled to the right forearm. Furthermore, two belt arrangements
1620, 1622 are utilized so that shafts T1L 1610 and T1R 1614 rotate
in opposite directions than shafts T2L 1612 and T2R 1616,
respectively. This is achieved via a crossover band arrangement
1620 between shafts T1L and T1R, and, similarly, by another
crossover band arrangement 1622 between shafts T2L and T2R.
[0278] Alternatively, drive 1700 may have motors M0 1702, M1 1704
and M2 1706 arranged in the drive unit, and motion may be
transmitted from motors M1 and M2 to shafts T1L 1710, T1R 1714 and
T2L 1712, T2R 1716, respectively, using band drives 1720, 1722, as
illustrated in the example of diagrams 72C and 72D.
[0279] In yet another alternative, any suitable combination of
direct coupling and band arrangements between the motors and drive
shafts may be employed. In general, any suitable means of
transmission of motion between the motors and drive shafts, which
provides the desired motion relationship, may be used.
[0280] When a 3-axis drive arrangement according to the examples of
FIG. 72A-72D is utilized, the robot may perform all operations
defined in FIGS. 69-71 except for independent extensions and
retractions of the left and right linkages (diagrams D and E in
FIGS. 69 and 70).
[0281] A 4-axis drive arrangement may include four independently
controlled motors, as illustrated in the examples 1800, 1900 of the
diagrams FIGS. 73A and 73B. Diagrams 73A and 73B show the top and
side views of the robot drive unit and arm base 1802. Motors M0
1804, M1L 1808 and M1R 1810 may be utilized to actuate shafts T0
1804, T1L 1808 and T1R 1810, respectively, in an independent
manner. Motor M2 1806 may be used to actuate shafts T2L 1812 and
T2R 1814 so that the two shafts rotate in opposite directions. In
the particular example of the diagrams in FIGS. 73A and 73B, this
is achieved via a straight band arrangement 1820 between a pulley
coupled to motor M2 and shaft T2L, and a crossover band arrangement
1822 between another pulley coupled to motor M2 and shaft T2R.
[0282] Alternatively, any combination of direct coupling and band
arrangements or any other suitable means of transmission of motion
between the motor and drive shafts, which facilitates independent
actuation of shafts T0, T1L and T1R and coupled actuation of shafts
T2L and T2R, may be employed.
[0283] When such a 4-axis drive arrangement is utilized, the robot
may perform all operations according to FIGS. 69-71, including
independent extensions and retractions of the left and right
linkages.
[0284] A 5-axis drive arrangement 1900 may include five
independently controlled motors, M0 1904, M1L 1906, M2L 1908, M1R
1910 and M2R 1912, that may be coupled to drive shafts T0, T1L,
T2L, T1R and T2R directly, as depicted in the example of the
diagrams in FIGS. 73C and 73D, where diagram 73C illustrates the
top view and diagram 73D shows the side view of the drive unit 1900
and base 1902; via band drives by extending the example of the
diagrams in FIGS. 72C and 72D; using a combination of direct
coupling and band arrangements, or in any other suitable manner
that may facilitate transmission of motion form the motors to the
drive shafts.
[0285] When a 5-axis drive arrangement is utilized, the robot may
perform all operations according to FIGS. 69 to 71. In addition,
the left and right linkages can be operated in a completely
independent manner, including independent rotations, which cannot
be supported with 3-axis and 4-axis drive arrangements.
[0286] Another example internal arrangement of the base and
linkages of the robot 2010 of FIG. 66 is depicted diagrammatically
in FIG. 74A. Again, the base 2012 may be driven by drive shaft
T0.
[0287] The left 2014 upper arm may be actuated by drive shaft T1L.
The left forearm may be driven by another drive shaft, T2L, through
a band arrangement with conventional pulleys. The left end-effector
may be constrained by another band arrangement with at least one
non-circular pulley, which compensates for the effects of the
unequal lengths of the left upper arm and left forearm so that the
left end-effector may travel along a straight line while
maintaining the desired orientation. Alternatively, if l1L=l2L,
conventional pulleys may be utilized, as shown in FIG. 74B with arm
2030 having base 2032, left arm 2034 and right arm 2036.
[0288] Similarly, the right 2016 upper arm may be actuated by drive
shaft T1R. The right forearm may be driven by another drive shaft,
T2R, through a band arrangement with conventional pulleys. The
right end-effector may be constrained by another band arrangement
with at least one non-circular pulley, which compensates for the
effects of the unequal lengths of the right upper arm and right
forearm so that the right end-effector may travel along a straight
line while maintaining the desired orientation. Alternatively, if
l1R=l2R, conventional pulleys may be utilized, as shown in FIG.
74B.
[0289] In order for the entire robot arm to rotate, all drive
shafts, i.e., T0, T1L, T2L, T1R and T2R, need to move in the
desired direction of rotation of the arm by the same amount with
respect to a fixed reference frame (or drive shaft T0 needs to move
while the other drive shafts are stationary with respect to the
base).
[0290] In order for the left end-effector to extend and retract
along a straight-line path, drive shafts T1L and T2L need to move
in a coordinated manner in accordance with the inverse kinematic
equations of the left linkage. Similarly, in order for the right
end-effector to extend and retract along a straight-line path,
drive shafts T1R and T2R need to move in a coordinated manner in
accordance with the inverse kinematic equations of the right
linkage. Example kinematic equations can be found above.
[0291] Both end-effectors of the robot may be extended and
retracted along a straight-line path by rotating drive shafts T1L,
T2L and T1R, T2R simultaneously in a manner described above for
independent extension of the left and right end-effectors.
[0292] The left and right linkages may also be rotated
individually. In order for the left linkage to rotate, drive shafts
T1L and T2L need to move in the desired direction of rotation by
the same amount. Similarly, in order for the right linkage to
rotate, drive shafts T1R and T2R need to move in the desired
direction of rotation by the same amount. Similarly to FIGS. 68A
and 68B, when the left and right linkages rotate individually by
180 deg, the left end-effector and right end-effector become
laterally offset, see diagrams 70A through 70C.
[0293] Considering the above motion capabilities, the robot with
the internal arrangement according to FIGS. 74A and 74B may perform
the same operations as, as outlined in FIGS. 69-71.
[0294] The base and linkages with the internal arrangements of
FIGS. 74A and 74B may be driven by the 3-axis and 5-axis drive
arrangements of FIGS. 72 and 73C, 73D respectively.
[0295] Another example embodiment of the robot 2100 is depicted in
the diagrams of FIGS. 75A and 75B. Diagram (75A shows a top view of
the robot with both linkages retracted, diagram 75B depicts the
robot with both end-effectors extended.
[0296] An example internal arrangement of the robot is illustrated
diagrammatically 2330 in FIG. 76A. In the figure, base 2332 with
linkages 2334, 2336 with equal length of the upper arms and
forearms and circular pulleys are shown; however, unequal lengths
and non-circular pulleys may be utilized.
[0297] The robot may be actuated by the drive arrangements
described earlier with reference to FIGS. 72 and 73.
[0298] An alternative internal arrangement of the robot of diagrams
75A and 75B is shown diagrammatically 2360 in FIG. 76B. In the
figure, base 2362 and linkages 2364, 2366 with equal length of the
upper arms and forearms and with circular pulleys are shown;
however, unequal lengths and non-circular pulleys may be
utilized.
[0299] The robot may be actuated by the drive arrangements
according to FIGS. 72. and 73C, 73D
[0300] Yet another example embodiment of the robot 2200 is depicted
in the diagrams of FIGS. 75C and 75D. Diagram 75C shows a top view
of the robot with both linkages retracted, diagram 75D depicts the
robot with both end-effectors extended. Diagrams 75C and 75D show
the linkages of the robot in a left handed configuration.
Alternatively, the linkages may be configured in a right-handed
arrangement, as shown in diagrams 75E and 75F with robot 2300.
[0301] An example internal arrangement of the embodiments according
to diagrams 75C and 75D is illustrated diagrammatically 2390 in
FIG. 76C. Similarly, an example internal arrangement of the
embodiment according to diagrams 75E and 75F is illustrated
diagrammatically 2430 in FIG. 76D. In FIGS. 76C and 76D, linkages
2394, 2396, 2434, 2436 with equal length of the upper arms and
forearms and with circular pulleys are shown; however, unequal
lengths and non-circular pulleys may be utilized.
[0302] The robot may be actuated by the drive arrangements
according to FIGS. 77A-77D, 78A-78B and 73C and 73D. In FIGS. 77A
and 77B, drive 2500 has base 2504 driven by motor M0 2502. M1 2506
drives T1l 2510 while M2 2508 drives T2r 2516 with T1l 2510 and t1r
2514 constrained by a band and T21 2512 and T2r 2516 constrained by
a band. In FIGS. 77C and 77D, drive 2560 has base 2562 driven by
motor M0 2564. M1 2566 drives T1l 2570 while M2 2568 drives T2r
2576 with T1l 2570 and t1r 2574 constrained by a band and T21 2572
and T2r 2576 constrained by a band. In FIGS. 78A and 78B, drive
2700 has base 2702 driven by motor M0 2704. M1l 12706 drives T1l
while M1r 2708 drives T1r and M2 2710 drives T2r 2714 and T212712
by a band.
[0303] When a 3-axis drive arrangement, for instance, according to
the examples of FIG. 77 is utilized, the robot may perform all
operations defined in FIGS. 69 and 70 except for independent
extensions and retractions of the left and right linkages (diagrams
D and E in FIGS. 69 and 70). It may not perform simultaneous
extensions and retractions along nonparallel and opposing paths of
FIG. 71.
[0304] When a 4-axis drive arrangement, such as the example of FIG.
78, is used, the robot may perform all operations according to
FIGS. 69 and 70, including independent extensions and retractions
of the left and right linkages. It may not perform simultaneous
extensions and retractions along nonparallel and opposing paths of
FIG. 71.
[0305] When a 5-axis drive arrangement is utilized, the robot may
perform all operations according to FIGS. 69 to 71. In addition,
the left and right linkages can be operated in a completely
independent manner, including independent rotations, which cannot
be supported with 3-axis and 4-axis drive arrangements.
[0306] The disclosed shows a favorable reach-to-containment ratio.
In combination with the 3-axis driving arrangement of FIGS. 77A and
77B, it also offers a low profile and low complexity. In addition,
in combination with a 4-axis drive arrangement, the disclosed
supports independent extension of left and right linkages.
[0307] Alternative internal arrangement of the example embodiments
of the diagrams of FIGS. 75A-75D are shown diagrammatically 2800,
2830 in FIGS. 79A and 79B respectively. In the figures, base 2802,
2832 with linkages 2804, 2806, 2834, 2836 with equal length of the
upper arms and forearms and with circular pulleys are shown;
however, unequal lengths and non-circular pulleys may be
utilized.
[0308] The robot may be actuated by the drive arrangements in
accordance with FIGS. 77 and 73C and 73D.
[0309] Although the left and right linkages are shown in the
figures with the same dimensions, the left linkage may have
different dimensions than the right linkage, and the drive unit may
be configured to reflect the differences in the dimensions.
[0310] The robot arm may be designed so that some of its links,
such as the upper arms and/or forearms, are below one or both of
the end-effectors and other links are above one or both of the
end-effectors.
[0311] When the terms band arrangements and band drives are used,
they refer generally to the means of transmitting motion, force
and/or torque, including bands, belts, cables, gears or any other
suitable arrangement.
[0312] While the motors of the robot are shown as attached directly
to the shafts, pulleys and other driven components in the figures
throughout the text, the motors may be coupled to the driven
components through additional bands, belts, cables, gears or any
other suitable arrangement that can transmit motion, force and/or
torque.
[0313] Although the motors of the robot are depicted in the drive
unit or base in the figures throughout the text, the motors may be
located within the robot arm, e.g., as part of the upper arm(s) or
forearm(s), or integrated into the rotary joints of the robot.
[0314] The drive unit of the robot may further include a vertical
lift mechanism to adjust elevation of the entire robot arm.
Alternatively, the drive unit may comprise two vertical lift
mechanisms, one of the left linkage and the other for the right
linkage, to adjust the elevation of the left and right linkages
independently. Here, the end effectors may be stacked or set at the
same level or otherwise be independently positioned in a z
axis.
[0315] In an alternative embodiment, any number and any type of
suitable mechanisms may be used within the robot drive and/or the
robot arm to control the elevation of the left and right
end-effectors of the robot.
[0316] The robot may further include a traverser mechanism that may
allow the robot, e.g., to move along the tunnel in which it is
installed.
[0317] In another embodiment, the robot may be designed to operate
in an upside-down configuration, e.g., with support provided from
the top rather than from the bottom.
[0318] The robot may be combined with another robot of the same or
similar type, e.g., in an upside-down configuration, to provide a
system with four end-effector, which can support fast material
exchange.
[0319] The robot may be design for operation in special
environments, e.g., in vacuum, which may include the use of static
and/or dynamic seals and other means of isolating some of the
components of the robot from the environment in which it
operates.
[0320] FIG. 80A shows a system 2900 with a robot. The robot drive
unit 2904 may be configured to be movable with respect to the
stationary part 2902 of the system as indicated by the arrow 2906,
2908. As an example, the robot drive unit may be on rails, linear
bearings, magnetic bearings or may be coupled to the stationary
part of the system in any suitable manner that allows the robot
drive unit to move with respect to the stationary part of the
system. As an example, the robot drive unit may be actuated by an
electric linear motor with windings in the drive unit, by an
electric linear motor with windings in the stationary part of the
system, via a magnetic coupling, using a pneumatic or hydraulic
actuator, via a ball-screw, via a cable or belt, or utilizing any
other suitable arrangement that may actuate the robot drive unit
with respect to the stationary part of the system. As described in
the original write-up, the robot drive unit may include a pivoting
base and a robot arm. In the diagram (a), the pivoting base is
actuated with respect to the robot drive unit, as indicated by the
arrow.
[0321] FIG. 80B shows system 3000 with an arrangement where the
pivoting base 3004 is actuated directly with respect to the
stationary part 3002 of the system as indicated by the arrows 3006,
3008 on the sides of the pivoting base. When both sides of the
pivoting base are actuated in sync by the same amount in the same
direction, the entire robot translates in the corresponding
direction. When the sides of the pivoting base are actuated in sync
by the same amount in the opposite directions, the pivoting base
rotates while its center remains stationary. Any combination of
translation and rotation may be achieved by actuating the sides of
the pivoting base accordingly. As an example, the base may be
actuated by an electric linear motor with windings in the pivoting
base, by an electric linear motor with windings in the stationary
part of the system, via magnetic couplings, via ball-screws, via
cables or belts, or utilizing any other suitable arrangement that
may actuate the pivoting base with respect to the stationary part
of the system.
[0322] In accordance with one aspect of the exemplary embodiment,
an apparatus comprises at least one drive; a first robot arm
comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a first end
effector, where the first upper arm is connected to the at least
one drive at a first axis of rotation; and a second robot arm
comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the at least
one drive at a second axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first axis of rotation; where the first and second robot arms are
configured to locate the end effectors in first retracted positions
for stacking substrates located on the end effectors at least
partially one above the another, where the first and second robot
arms are configured to extend the end effectors from the first
retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first paths
located at least partially directly one above the other, and where
the first and second robot arms are configured to extend the end
effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one another,
where the first upper arm and the first forearm have different
effective lengths, and where the second upper arm and the second
forearm have different effective lengths.
[0323] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
at least one non-circular pulley and a first band connecting the at
least one drive to the first forearm at a first joint between the
first upper arm and the first forearm.
[0324] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
second band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of
the first end effector to the first forearm, to the first
joint.
[0325] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first and second end effectors each have a general L
shape.
[0326] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
first circular pulley and a first band connecting the at least one
drive to a second circular pulley at a first joint between the
first upper arm and the first forearm, where the first and second
pulleys have different diameters.
[0327] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first paths are along a straight line from the first
retracted positions.
[0328] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first and second robot arms are configured to provide
second retracted positions to locate the end effectors such that
the substrates located on the end effectors are not stacked one
above the another.
[0329] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
controller configured to controller the at least one drive to move
the first and second robot arms substantially simultaneously from
the first retracted positions along the first paths and move the
first and second robot arms individually or simultaneously along
the second paths.
[0330] In accordance with another aspect, a method comprises
providing a first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first
forearm and a first end effector, where the first upper arm and the
first forearm have different effective lengths; providing a second
robot arm comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a
second end effector, where the second upper arm and the second
forearm have different effective lengths; connecting the first
upper arm to at least one drive at a first axis of rotation; and
connecting the second upper arm to the at least one drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
locate the end effectors in first retracted positions for stacking
substrates located on the end effectors at least partially one
above the another, where the first and second robot arms are
configured to extend the end effectors from the first retracted
positions in a first direction along parallel first paths at least
partially located directly one above the other, and where the first
and second robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors in
at least one second direction along second paths spaced from one
another which are not located above one another.
[0331] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises at
least one non-circular pulley at the first axis of rotation and a
first band connecting the at least one drive to the first forearm
at a first joint between the first upper arm and the first
forearm.
[0332] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises a
second band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of
the first end effector to the first forearm, to the first
joint.
[0333] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises a
first circular pulley and a first band connecting the at least one
drive to a second circular pulley at a first joint between the
first upper arm and the first forearm, where the first and second
pulleys have different diameters.
[0334] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where the first and second robot arms are configured to provide the
first paths along a straight line from the first retracted
positions.
[0335] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where the first and second arms are configured to provide second
retracted positions to locate the end effectors such that the
substrates located on the end effectors are not stacked one above
the another.
[0336] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
connecting a controller to the at least one drive configured to
controller the at least one drive to move the first and second
robot arms substantially simultaneously from the first retracted
positions along the first paths and move the first and second arms
individually or simultaneously along the second paths.
[0337] In accordance with another aspect, a method comprises
locating a first end effector and a second end effector of first
and second respective robot arms at first retracted positions for
stacking substrates located on the end effectors at least partially
one above the another, where the first robot arm comprising a first
upper arm, a first forearm and the first end effector, where the
first upper arm is connected to at least one drive at a first axis
of rotation, and where the second robot arm comprises a second
upper arm, a second forearm and the second end effector, where the
second upper arm is connected to the at least one drive at a second
axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation;
moving the first and second robot arms to move the end effectors
from the first retracted positions in a first direction along
parallel first paths located at least partially directly one above
the other; and moving the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another.
[0338] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where moving the first and second robot arms comprises at least one
non-circular pulley and a first band connecting the at least one
drive to the first forearm at a first joint between the first upper
arm and the first forearm.
[0339] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where moving the first and second robot arms comprises a second
band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of the
first end effector to the first forearm, to the first joint.
[0340] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where moving the first and second robot arms comprises a first
circular pulley and a first band connecting the at least one drive
to a second circular pulley at a first joint between the first
upper arm and the first forearm, where the first and second pulleys
have different diameters.
[0341] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises a
controller controlling the at least one drive to move the first and
second robot arms substantially simultaneously from the first
retracted positions along the first paths and move the first and
second robot arms individually or simultaneously along the second
paths.
[0342] In accordance with another aspect, an apparatus comprises a
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a
first end effector; a second robot arm comprising a second upper
arm, a second forearm and a second end effector; and a drive
connected to the first and second robot arms, where the first upper
arm is connected to the drive at a first axis of rotation, where
the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a second axis of
rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the
drive comprises only three motors for rotating first and second
upper arms, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
locate the end effectors in first retracted positions for stacking
substrates located on the end effectors at least partially one
above the another, where the first and second robot arms are
configured to extend the end effectors from the first retracted
positions in a first direction along parallel first paths located
at least partially directly one above the other, and where the
first and second robot arms are configured to extend the end
effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
[0343] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first upper arm and the first forearm have different
effective lengths, and where the second upper arm and the second
forearm have different effective lengths.
[0344] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
at least one non-circular pulley and a first band connecting the
drive to the first forearm at a first joint between the first upper
arm and the first forearm.
[0345] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
second band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of
the first end effector to the first forearm, to the first
joint.
[0346] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first and second end effectors each have a general L
shape.
[0347] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
first circular pulley and a first band connecting the drive to a
second circular pulley at a first joint between the first upper arm
and the first forearm, where the first and second pulleys have
different diameters.
[0348] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first paths are along a straight line from the first
retracted positions.
[0349] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first and second robot arms are configured to provide
second retracted positions to locate the end effectors such that
the substrates located on the end effectors are not stacked one
above the another.
[0350] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
controller configured to control the drive to move the first and
second robot arms substantially simultaneously from the first
retracted positions along the first paths and move the first and
second robot arms individually or simultaneously along the second
paths.
[0351] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the three motors are aligned in a common axis.
[0352] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the three motors are located in three respective spaced
axes.
[0353] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
z-axis motor connected to the drive to move the drive and the first
and second robot arms vertically.
[0354] In accordance with another aspect, a method comprises
locating a first end effector and a second end effector of first
and second respective robot arms at first retracted positions for
stacking substrates located on the end effectors at least partially
one above the another, where the first robot arm comprising a first
upper arm, a first forearm and the first end effector, where the
first upper arm is connected to a drive at a first axis of
rotation, and where the second robot arm comprises a second upper
arm, a second forearm and the second end effector, where the second
upper arm is connected to the drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation; moving the first
and second robot arms to move the end effectors from the first
retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first paths
located at least partially directly one above the other; moving the
first and second robot arms to move the end effectors to extend the
end effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one another;
rotating the first and second robot arms together about a third
axis of rotation which is spaced from the first and second axes of
rotation, where the moving from the first retracted positions in
the first direction, the moving to extend the end effectors in the
at least one second direction, and the rotating is with use of only
three motors of the drive.
[0355] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where moving the first and second robot arms comprises at least one
non-circular pulley and a first band connecting the drive to the
first forearm at a first joint between the first upper arm and the
first forearm.
[0356] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where moving the first and second robot arms comprises a second
band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of the
first end effector to the first forearm, to the first joint.
[0357] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where moving the first and second robot arms comprises a first
circular pulley and a first band connecting the drive to a second
circular pulley at a first joint between the first upper arm and
the first forearm, where the first and second pulleys have
different diameters.
[0358] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where further comprising a controller controlling the motors of the
drive to move the first and second robot arms substantially
simultaneously from the first retracted positions along the first
paths and move the first and second robot arms individually or
simultaneously along the second paths.
[0359] In accordance with another aspect, a method comprises
providing a first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first
forearm and a first end effector; providing a second robot arm
comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a second end
effector; connecting the first upper arm to a drive at a first axis
of rotation; and connecting the second upper arm to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
locate the end effectors in first retracted positions for stacking
substrates located on the end effectors at least partially one
above the another, where the first and second robot arms are
configured to be rotated to extend the end effectors from the first
retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first paths
at least partially located directly one above the other, and where
the first and second robot arms are configured to be rotated to
extend the end effectors in at least one second direction along
second paths spaced from one another which are not located above
one another, where the drive comprises only three motors for
rotating the first and second robot arms to extend the end
effectors and for rotating the first and second robot arms about a
third axis of rotation spaced from the first and second axes of
rotation.
[0360] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where the first robot arm is provided with the first upper arm and
the first forearm have different effective lengths, and where the
second robot arm is provided with the second upper arm and the
second forearm have different effective lengths.
[0361] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises at
least one non-circular pulley at the first axis of rotation and a
first band connecting the drive to the first forearm at a first
joint between the first upper arm and the first forearm.
[0362] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises a
second band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of
the first end effector to the first forearm, to the first
joint.
[0363] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises a
first circular pulley and a first band connecting the drive to a
second circular pulley at a first joint between the first upper arm
and the first forearm, where the first and second pulleys have
different diameters.
[0364] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where the first and second robot arms are configured to provide the
first paths along a straight line from the first retracted
positions.
[0365] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
where the first and second arms are configured to provide second
retracted positions to locate the end effectors such that the
substrates located on the end effectors are not stacked one above
the another.
[0366] In accordance with another aspect, the method comprises
connecting a controller to the drive configured to controller the
drive to move the first and second robot arms substantially
simultaneously from the first retracted positions along the first
paths and move the first and second arms individually or
simultaneously along the second paths.
[0367] In accordance with another aspect, an apparatus comprises a
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a
first end effector; a second robot arm comprising a second upper
arm, a second forearm and a second end effector; and a drive
connected to the first and second robot arms, where the first upper
arm is connected to the drive at a first axis of rotation, where
the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a second axis of
rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the
drive comprises five motors for rotating first and second upper
arms, where a first one of the motors is connected to the first and
second robot arms to rotate the first and second arms about a third
axis of rotation spaced from the first and second axes of rotation,
where second and third ones of the motors are connected to the
first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm
respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the motors are
connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm
and the second forearm, respectively, independently from the first
robot arm, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
locate the end effectors in first retracted positions for stacking
substrates located on the end effectors at least partially one
above the another, where the first and second robot arms are
configured to extend the end effectors from the first retracted
positions in a first direction along parallel first paths located
at least partially directly one above the other, and where the
first and second robot arms are configured to extend the end
effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
[0368] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first upper arm and the first forearm have different
effective lengths, and where the second upper arm and the second
forearm have different effective lengths.
[0369] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
at least one non-circular pulley and a first band connecting the
drive to the first forearm at a first joint between the first upper
arm and the first forearm.
[0370] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
second band connecting the first end effector, at a wrist joint of
the first end effector to the first forearm, to the first
joint.
[0371] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first and second end effectors each have a general L
shape.
[0372] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
first circular pulley and a first band connecting the drive to a
second circular pulley at a first joint between the first upper arm
and the first forearm, where the first and second pulleys have
different diameters.
[0373] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first paths are along a straight line from the first
retracted positions.
[0374] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises
where the first and second robot arms are configured to provide
second retracted positions to locate the end effectors such that
the substrates located on the end effectors are not stacked one
above the another.
[0375] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
controller configured to controller the drive to move the first and
second robot arms substantially simultaneously from the first
retracted positions along the first paths and move the first and
second robot arms individually or simultaneously along the second
paths.
[0376] In accordance with another aspect, the apparatus comprises a
z-axis motor connected to the drive to move the drive and the first
and second robot arms vertically.
[0377] In accordance with another aspect, a method comprises
locating a first end effector and a second end effector of first
and second respective robot arms at first retracted positions for
stacking substrates located on the end effectors at least partially
one above the another, where the first robot arm comprising a first
upper arm, a first forearm and the first end effector, where the
first upper arm is connected to a drive at a first axis of
rotation, and where the second robot arm comprises a second upper
arm, a second forearm and the second end effector, where the second
upper arm is connected to the drive at a second axis of rotation
which is spaced from the first axis of rotation; moving the first
and second robot arms to move the end effectors from the first
retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first paths
located at least partially directly one above the other; moving the
first and second robot arms to move the end effectors to extend the
end effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one another;
rotating the first and second robot arms together about a third
axis of rotation which is spaced from the first and second axes of
rotation, where the moving from the first retracted positions in
the first direction, the moving to extend the end effectors in the
at least one second direction, and the rotating is with use of five
motors of the drive, where a first one of the motors is connected
to the first and second robot arms to rotate the first and second
arms about the third axis of rotation, where second and third ones
of the motors are connected to the first robot arm to rotate the
first upper arm and the first forearm respectively, and where
fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are connected to the second
robot arm to rotate the second upper arm and the second forearm
respectively independently from the first robot arm.
[0378] In accordance with another aspect, a method or apparatus
comprises where the first motor is aligned in the third axis, the
second and third motors are aligned with each other in the first
axis and the fourth and fifth motors are aligned with each other in
the second axis.
[0379] In accordance with another aspect, a method comprises
providing a first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first
forearm and a first end effector; providing a second robot arm
comprising a second upper arm, a second forearm and a second end
effector; connecting the first upper arm to a drive at a first axis
of rotation; and connecting the second upper arm to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation, where the first and second robot arms are configured to
locate the end effectors in first retracted positions for stacking
substrates located on the end effectors at least partially one
above the another, where the first and second robot arms are
configured to be rotated to extend the end effectors from the first
retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first paths
at least partially located directly one above the other, and where
the first and second robot arms are configured to be rotated to
extend the end effectors in at least one second direction along
second paths spaced from one another which are not located above
one another, where the drive comprises five motors for rotating the
first and second robot arms to extend the end effectors and for
rotating the first and second robot arms about a third axis of
rotation spaced from the first and second axes of rotation, where a
first one of the motors is connected to the first and second robot
arms to rotate the first and second arms about the third axis of
rotation, where second and third ones of the motors are connected
to the first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first
forearm respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the robot
arms are connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second
upper arm and the second forearm respectively independently from
the first robot arm.
[0380] In accordance with another aspect, an apparatus comprises a
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and a
first end effector; a second robot arm comprising a second upper
arm, a second forearm and a second end effector; and a drive
connected to the first and second robot arms, where the first upper
arm is connected to the drive at a first axis of rotation, where
the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a second axis of
rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation, where the
drive comprises four motors for rotating first and second upper
arms, where a first one of the motors is connected to the first
upper arm, where a second one of the motors is connected to the
second upper arm, where a third one of the motors is connected to
the first forearm, where a fourth one of the motors is connected to
the second forearm, where the third and fourth motors are aligned
in a common axis spaced from the first and second axis, where the
first motor is aligned in the first axis and where the second motor
is aligned in the second axis, where the first and second robot
arms are configured to locate the end effectors in first retracted
positions for stacking substrates located on the end effectors at
least partially one above the another, where the first and second
robot arms are configured to extend the end effectors from the
first retracted positions in a first direction along parallel first
paths located at least partially directly one above the other, and
where the first and second robot arms are configured to extend the
end effectors in at least one second direction along second paths
spaced from one another which are not located above one
another.
[0381] In one example embodiment an apparatus is provided
comprising at least one processor; and at least one non-transitory
memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and
the computer program code configured to, with the at least one
processor, cause the apparatus to: locate a first end effector and
a second end effector of first and second respective robot arms at
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another, where the
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and
the first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a
drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm
comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation; move the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors from the first retracted positions in a first direction
along parallel first paths located at least partially directly one
above the other; move the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotate the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of only three motors of the drive.
[0382] In accordance with one example embodiment, an apparatus is
provided comprising non-transitory program storage device readable
by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions
executable by the machine for performing operations, the operations
comprising: locating a first end effector and a second end effector
of first and second respective robot arms at first retracted
positions for stacking substrates located on the end effectors at
least partially one above the another, where the first robot arm
comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and the first end
effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a drive at a
first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm comprises a
second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end effector,
where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a second
axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation;
moving the first and second robot arms to move the end effectors
from the first retracted positions in a first direction along
parallel first paths located at least partially directly one above
the other; moving the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotating the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of only three motors of the drive.
[0383] In one example embodiment an apparatus is provided
comprising at least one processor; and at least one non-transitory
memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and
the computer program code configured to, with the at least one
processor, cause the apparatus to: locate a first end effector and
a second end effector of first and second respective robot arms at
first retracted positions for stacking substrates located on the
end effectors at least partially one above the another, where the
first robot arm comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and
the first end effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a
drive at a first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm
comprises a second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end
effector, where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a
second axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of
rotation; move the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors from the first retracted positions in a first direction
along parallel first paths located at least partially directly one
above the other; move the first and second robot arms to move the
end effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotate the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of five motors of the drive, where a first one
of the motors is connected to the first and second robot arms to
rotate the first and second arms about the third axis of rotation,
where second and third ones of the motors are connected to the
first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm
respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are
connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm
and the second forearm respectively independently from the first
robot arm.
[0384] In accordance with one example embodiment, an apparatus is
provided comprising non-transitory program storage device readable
by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions
executable by the machine for performing operations, the operations
comprising: locating a first end effector and a second end effector
of first and second respective robot arms at first retracted
positions for stacking substrates located on the end effectors at
least partially one above the another, where the first robot arm
comprising a first upper arm, a first forearm and the first end
effector, where the first upper arm is connected to a drive at a
first axis of rotation, and where the second robot arm comprises a
second upper arm, a second forearm and the second end effector,
where the second upper arm is connected to the drive at a second
axis of rotation which is spaced from the first axis of rotation;
moving the first and second robot arms to move the end effectors
from the first retracted positions in a first direction along
parallel first paths located at least partially directly one above
the other; moving the first and second robot arms to move the end
effectors to extend the end effectors in at least one second
direction along second paths spaced from one another which are not
located above one another; rotating the first and second robot arms
together about a third axis of rotation which is spaced from the
first and second axes of rotation, where the moving from the first
retracted positions in the first direction, the moving to extend
the end effectors in the at least one second direction, and the
rotating is with use of five motors of the drive, where a first one
of the motors is connected to the first and second robot arms to
rotate the first and second arms about the third axis of rotation,
where second and third ones of the motors are connected to the
first robot arm to rotate the first upper arm and the first forearm
respectively, and where fourth and fifth ones of the robot arms are
connected to the second robot arm to rotate the second upper arm
and the second forearm respectively independently from the first
robot arm.
[0385] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s)
may be utilized as the memory. The computer readable medium may be
a computer readable signal medium or a non-transitory computer
readable storage medium. A non-transitory computer readable storage
medium does not include propagating signals and may be, for
example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical,
electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or
device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific
examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage
medium would include the following: an electrical connection having
one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a
random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical
fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an
optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable
combination of the foregoing.
[0386] It should be seen that the foregoing description is only
illustrative. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised
by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the present embodiment is
intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and
variances. For example, features recited in the various dependent
claims could be combined with each other in any suitable
combination(s). In addition, features from different embodiments
described above could be selectively combined into a new
embodiment. Accordingly, the description is intended to embrace all
such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within
the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *