U.S. patent application number 15/603425 was filed with the patent office on 2018-04-19 for methods for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases.
This patent application is currently assigned to Children's Medical Center Corporation. The applicant listed for this patent is Ya-Jen Chang, Rosemarie Helena DeKruyff, Petr Illarionov, Dale T. Umetsu. Invention is credited to Ya-Jen Chang, Rosemarie Helena DeKruyff, Petr Illarionov, Dale T. Umetsu.
Application Number | 20180105547 15/603425 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45004698 |
Filed Date | 2018-04-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180105547 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Umetsu; Dale T. ; et
al. |
April 19, 2018 |
METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
Abstract
The inventors demonstrate that treatment of young, suckling mice
with a glycolipid derived from Helicobacter pylori activates NKT
cells in a CD1d-restricted fashion, and is protective against AHR
in a model of allergen-induced asthma. The inventors further found
that this protective effect can be transferred by NKT cells exposed
to the glycolipid, and is associated with the expansion of a
suppressive double-negative NKT cells and Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg
cells. The inventors also demonstrate herein that pretreatment of
adult mice with a glycolipid derived from Helicobacter pylori
partially suppresses airway hyperreactivity and inhibits BAL
inflammation in an ozone-exposure model. Accordingly, provided
herein are compositions and methods for the treatment and
prevention of inflammatory diseases, such as asthma or autoimmune
diseases, in a subject in need thereof.
Inventors: |
Umetsu; Dale T.; (Newton,
MA) ; DeKruyff; Rosemarie Helena; (Newton, MA)
; Chang; Ya-Jen; (Brookline, MA) ; Illarionov;
Petr; (Birmingham, GB) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Umetsu; Dale T.
DeKruyff; Rosemarie Helena
Chang; Ya-Jen
Illarionov; Petr |
Newton
Newton
Brookline
Birmingham |
MA
MA
MA |
US
US
US
GB |
|
|
Assignee: |
Children's Medical Center
Corporation
Boston
MA
|
Family ID: |
45004698 |
Appl. No.: |
15/603425 |
Filed: |
May 23, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13699436 |
Jun 7, 2013 |
9657046 |
|
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PCT/US2011/037644 |
May 24, 2011 |
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15603425 |
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61421797 |
Dec 10, 2010 |
|
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61347596 |
May 24, 2010 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 35/15 20130101;
A61K 35/17 20130101; A61K 2039/572 20130101; A61K 31/70 20130101;
A61K 31/56 20130101; A61P 11/00 20180101; C07H 15/24 20130101; A61P
29/00 20180101; A61K 31/704 20130101; A61K 35/17 20130101; A61K
2300/00 20130101; A61K 35/15 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07H 15/24 20060101
C07H015/24; A61K 31/56 20060101 A61K031/56 |
Goverment Interests
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
[0002] The invention was made with Government support under grants
R01 AI68085, R01 HL62348, R01 AI026322, and RC1HL069507 awarded by
the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Government has certain
rights in the invention.
Claims
1. A method for the treatment or prevention of an inflammatory
disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising
administering to a subject having an inflammatory disease an
effective amount of a compound of formula (I): ##STR00034##
wherein: R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sup.2, or NHC(O)-alkyl, or
together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or together with R.sup.1 forms
a second bond between the carbons they are attached to; R.sup.3 and
R.sup.4 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl,
PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may be optionally substituted;
##STR00035## R.sup.5 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of
which may be optionally substituted; R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H
or both alkyl; R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; R.sup.9 is H,
OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second bond between the
carbons to which they are attached; R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or
O-alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; R.sup.11 is
alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, each of which may be optionally
substituted; X is O, or NH; Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sub.3; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering an
effective amount of antigen presenting cells.
3. A method for the treatment or prevention of an inflammatory
disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising
administering to a subject having an inflammatory disease an NKT
cell population contacted with an effective amount of a compound of
formula (I): ##STR00036## wherein: R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2,
or NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond
between the carbons they are attached to; R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may be
optionally substituted; ##STR00037## R.sup.5 is alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be optionally substituted;
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or both alkyl; R.sup.8 is H or
together with R.sup.9 forms a second bond between the carbons to
which they are attached; R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with
R.sup.8 forms a second bond between the carbons to which they are
attached; R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may
be optionally substituted; R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl,
each of which may be optionally substituted; X is O, or NH; Y is
CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and pharmaceutically acceptable
salts thereof.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the contacting of the NKT cell
population with the compound of formula (I) occurs in vitro, ex
vivo, or in vivo.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the contacting of the NKT cell
population with the compound of formula (I) occurs in the presence
of one or more antigen-presenting cells.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the NKT cells are allogeneic NKT
cells obtained from one or more donors.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the NKT cells are autologous NKT
cells.
8. (canceled)
9. (canceled)
10. A method for the treatment of an inflammatory disease in a
subject in need thereof, the method comprising: a. administering to
a first subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):
##STR00038## wherein: R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sup.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or together
with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they are
attached to; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may he
optionally substituted; ##STR00039## R.sub.5 is alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be optionally substituted;
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or both alkyl; R.sup.8 is H or
together with R.sup.9 forms a second bond between the carbons to
which they are attached; R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with
R.sup.8 forms a second bond between the carbons to which they are
attached; R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may
be optionally substituted; R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl,
each of which may be optionally substituted; X is O, or NH; Y is
CH.sup.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and pharmaceutically acceptable
salts thereof; and b. isolating a plurality of immune cells from
the first subject, wherein the immune cells comprise an NKT
population; c. administering to a second subject an effective
amount of the plurality of immune cells isolated from the first
subject contacted with a compound of formula (I), wherein said
second subject has an inflammatory disease.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second subject
are the same subject.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first subject is a young
subject or an infant subject.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first subject is less than
10 years of age.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of immune cells
further comprise antigen-presenting cells.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of immune cells
are isolated from the peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus, or
spleen of the first subject.
16. The method of claim 10, further comprising purifying an NKT
cell population from the plurality of immune cells prior to the
administration of the plurality of immune cells to the second
subject.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the purified NKT cell
population has a CD4-CD8-phenotype.
18. The method of claim 10, wherein the compound of formula (I) is
selected from cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside ;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside ;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; 7
-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
19. The method of claim 10, wherein the compound of formula (I) is
cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside.
20. The method of claim 10, wherein the inflammatory disease is a
respiratory disease or an autoimmune disease.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the respiratory disease is
selected from the group consisting of asthma, airway
hyperreactivity, lung inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary
infiltrate with eosinophilia, environmental lung disease,
bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, primary
pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, disorders of the
pleura, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mesothelioma, allergic
rhinitis, allergy, asbestosis, aspergilloma, aspergillosis,
bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, eosinophilic
pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, invasive pneumococcal
disease, influenza, nontuberculous mycobacteria, pleural effusion,
pneumoconiosis, pneumocytosis, pneumonia, pulmonary actinomycosis,
pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary anthrax, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary embolus, pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary histiocytosis
X, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary nocardiosis, pulmonary
tuberculosis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, rheumatoid lung
disease, sarcoidosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the asthma is allergic or
non-allergic asthma.
23. The method of claim 20, wherein the autoimmune disease is
selected from the group consisting of type-I diabetes, multiple
sclerosis, Hashinoto's thyroiditis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, systemic lupus erythromatosus, gastritis, autoimmune
hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hemophilia, autoimmune
lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), autoimmune uveoretinitis,
glomerulonephritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, psoriasis and
myasthenia gravis.
24. A compound of formula (I) for use in treating or preventing an
inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof: ##STR00040##
wherein: R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or NHC(O)-alkyl, or
together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or together with R.sup.1 forms
a second bond between the carbons they are attached to; R.sup.3 and
R.sup.4 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl,
PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may be optionally substituted;
##STR00041## R.sup.5 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of
which may be optionally substituted; R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H
or both alkyl; R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; R.sup.9 is H,
OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second bond between the
carbons to which they are attached; R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or
O-alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; R.sup.11 is
alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, each of which may be optionally
substituted; X is O, or NH; Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
25.-36. (canceled)
37. A method for the treatment or prevention of an inflammatory
disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising
administering to a subject having an inflammatory disease an
effective amount of a compound of formula (VI): ##STR00042##
wherein: R.sup.61 is OR.sup.63, NH.sub.2, or NHC(O)-alkyl, or
together with R.sup.62 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; R.sup.62 is OR.sup.63 or together with R.sup.61
forms a second bond between the carbons they are attached to;
R.sup.63 and R.sup.64 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may be optionally substituted;
R.sup.65 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, fatty acid, or lipid
each of which may be optionally substituted; X is O, or NH; Y is
absent, or a linker; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof.
38. (canceled)
39. A compound of formula (VI) for treating or preventing an
inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof: ##STR00043##
wherein: R.sup.61 is OR.sup.63, NH2, or NHC(O)-alkyl, or together
with R.sup.62 forms a second bond between the carbons they are
attached to; R.sup.62 is OR.sup.63 or together with R.sup.61 forms
a second bond between the carbons they are attached to; R.sup.63
and R.sup.64 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl,
PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may be optionally substituted;
R.sup.65 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, fatty acid, or lipid
each of which may be optionally substituted; X is O, or NH; Y is
absent, or a linker; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/421,797
filed on Dec. 10, 2010 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser.
No. 61/347,596 filed on May 24, 2010, the contents of each of which
are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to methods and glycolipid
compounds for the treatment of inflammatory disease, such as asthma
and autoimmune diseases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Bronchial asthma, a complex and heterogeneous trait, is a
major public health problem, affecting nearly 10% of the general
population, and disproportionately affecting children. Moreover,
the prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past
three decades, an increase thought to be due to changes in our
environment. These environmental changes include reductions in the
incidence of infectious diseases that may exert protective effects
against asthma, as suggested by the Hygiene Hypothesis.sup.1. While
the infectious agents responsible for this relationship, and the
precise mechanisms by which infectious microorganisms might protect
against asthma are very poorly understood, epidemiological studies
suggest that infection with bacteria (e.g., Helicobacter pylori
(2,3), endotoxin (4), or Acinetobacter lwoffi (5) or viruses (e.g.,
hepatitis A virus (6,7)) can reduce the likelihood of developing
asthma.
[0005] The role of viral infection in modulating the development of
asthma is particularly complex, because many different viruses
affect the respiratory tract, some appearing to enhance and some
appearing to protect against the development of asthma. For
example, infection with human rhinovirus in children before three
years of age increases the later risk of developing asthma (8),
while other respiratory viral infections appear to protect against
the later development of asthma (9-14). However, in older
individuals with established asthma, respiratory viral infection,
particularly with rhinovirus and also with influenza A virus,
almost always triggers acute symptoms of asthma (15-17). These
discrepancies, without wishing to be bound or limited by theory,
may be due to the timing of the infection, since infection in very
young children may profoundly alter the developing innate immune
system in such a way as to protect against the later development of
asthma, or to the specific immunological cell types activated by a
given infectious agent.
[0006] In asthma, a population of innate immune cells known as
natural killer T (NKT) cells have been suggested to play a very
important pathogenic role (20, 47). Some patients, particularly
those with mild or well-controlled asthma, have few detectable
pulmonary NKT cells, while patients with severe, poorly controlled
asthma have a significant increase in pulmonary NKT cells (19, 48,
49). In many distinct mouse models of asthma, the presence of
specific NKT cell subsets have been shown to be required for the
development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of
asthma. For example, in an allergen-induced AHR model,
CD4.sup.+IL-17RB.sup.+ NKT cells are required (19, 20, 50, 51); in
an ozone-induced AHR model, an NK1.1.sup.-, IL-17 producing subset
is required (21); and in a Sendai virus-induced AHR model, a
CD4.sup.+ NKT cell population that interacts with alternatively
activated alveolar macrophages is required (22).
[0007] Recent evidence indicates that NKT cells participate in
immune responses to a growing list of infectious microorganisms.
These immune responses can be driven either by direct TCR
recognition of specific glycolipids expressed by microorganisms, as
in the case of Borrelia burgdorferi (39) and Sphingomonas
paucimobilis (32, 40), or by indirect responses to cytokines
released by activated dendritic cells (DCs), as in the case of
Salmonella typhimurium (41), E. coli, S. aureus and L.
monocytogenes (42), and and Mycobacteria tuberculosis (43, 44).
Thus, NKT cells have been implicated both in enhancing protective
immunity to a diverse group of pathogens, as well as in enhancing
or causing pathogenic immune responses, such as those found in
asthma or autoimmune disorders.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] As described herein, the inventors demonstrate that
immunological exposure to viruses and bacteria at a young age can
provide protection against the later initiation of allergic asthma,
and that this protective effect can be transferred via NKT cells.
The inventors demonstrate that treatment of young, suckling mice
with a glycolipid derived from Helicobacter pylori (a bacterium
associated with protection against asthma), activates NKT cells in
a CD1d-restricted fashion, and is protective against AHR in a model
of allergen-induced asthma. The inventors further found that this
protective effect can be transferred by NKT cells exposed to the
glycolipid, and is associated with the expansion of a suppressive
double-negative NKT cells and Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells. The
inventors also demonstrate herein that pre-treatment of adult mice
with the glycolipid derived from Helicobacter pylori partially
suppresses airway hyperreactivity and inhibits BAL inflammation in
an ozone-exposure model. The inventors further demonstrate that
young, suckling mice infected with influenza A are protected as
adults against allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR). The
protective effect was associated with the preferential expansion of
CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.-, but not CD4.sup.+, natural killer T (NKT)
cells, and required T-bet and TLR7. Adoptive transfer of this
population into allergen-sensitized adult mice suppressed the
development of allergen-induced AHR, while expanding
allergen-specific Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells. The findings
discovered by the inventors provide novel regulatory pathways, and
new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of
inflammatory diseases requiring immune regulation and suppression,
such as asthma and autoimmune diseases.
[0009] Accordingly, in one aspect, a method for the treatment or
prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof
is provided, comprising administering to a subject having an
inflammatory disease an effective amount of a compound of formula
(I):
##STR00001##
[0010] wherein: [0011] R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0012] R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0013] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0014] R.sup.5 is
##STR00002##
[0014] alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0015] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or
both alkyl; [0016] R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a
second bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0017]
R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0018]
R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0019] R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or
alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; [0020] X is
O, or NH; [0021] Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and [0022]
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0023] In some embodiments of the aspect, the method further
comprises administering an effective amount of antigen presenting
cells (APCs).
[0024] Another aspect provides a method for the treatment or
prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof,
comprising administering to a subject having an inflammatory
disease an NKT cell population contacted with an effective amount
of a compound of formula (I):
##STR00003##
[0025] wherein: [0026] R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0027] R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0028] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0029] R.sup.5 is
##STR00004##
[0029] alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0030] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or
both alkyl; [0031] R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a
second bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0032]
R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0033]
R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0034] R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or
alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; [0035] X is
O, or NH; [0036] Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and [0037]
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0038] In some embodiments of the aspect, the contacting of the NKT
cell population with the compound of formula (I) occurs in vitro,
ex vivo, or in vivo.
[0039] In some embodiments of the aspect, the contacting of the NKT
cell population with the compound of formula (I) occurs in the
presence of one or more antigen-presenting cells.
[0040] In some embodiments of the aspect, the NKT cells are
allogeneic NKT cells obtained from one or more donors. In other
embodiments of the aspect, the NKT cells are autologous NKT
cells.
[0041] Another aspect of the invention provides a method for the
treatment of an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof,
the method comprising: [0042] a) isolating a plurality of immune
cells from a first subject, wherein the immune cells comprise an
NKT population; [0043] b) contacting said immune cells with an
effective amount of a compound of formula (I):
##STR00005##
[0044] wherein: [0045] R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0046] R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0047] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0048] R.sup.5 is
##STR00006##
[0048] alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0049] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or
both alkyl; [0050] R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a
second bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0051]
R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0052]
R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0053] R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or
alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; [0054] X is
O, or NH; [0055] Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and [0056]
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and [0057] c)
administering to a second subject an effective amount of the
plurality of immune cells contacted with a compound of formula (I),
wherein said second subject has an inflammatory disease.
[0058] In some embodiments of the aspect, the immune cells are
contacted with the compound of formula (I) in an amount and time
sufficient to expand an NKT cell population in the plurality of
immune cells.
[0059] Another aspect of the invention provides a method for the
treatment of an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof,
comprising: [0060] a. administering to a first subject an effective
amount of a compound of formula (I):
##STR00007##
[0061] wherein: [0062] R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0063] R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0064] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0065] R.sup.5 is
##STR00008##
[0065] alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0066] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or
both alkyl; [0067] R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a
second bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0068]
R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0069]
R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0070] R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or
alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; [0071] X is
O, or NH; [0072] Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and [0073]
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and [0074] b. isolating
a plurality of immune cells from the first subject, wherein the
immune cells comprise an NKT population; and [0075] c.
administering to a second subject an effective amount of the
plurality of immune cells isolated from the first subject contacted
with a compound of formula (I), wherein said second subject has an
inflammatory disease.
[0076] In some embodiments of the aspect, the first and second
subject are the same subject.
[0077] In some embodiments of the aspect, the first subject is a
young subject or an infant subject. In some embodiment, the first
subject is less than 10 years, less than 9 years, less than 8
years, less than 7 years, less than 6 years, less than 5 years,
less than 4 years, less than 3 years, less than 2 years, less than
1 year, less than 11 months, less than 10 months, less than 9
months, less than 8 months, less than 7 months, less than 6 months,
less than 5 months, less than 4 months, less than 3 months, less
than 2 months, or less than 1 month of age.
[0078] In some embodiments of the aspect, the plurality of immune
cells further comprise antigen-presenting cells.
[0079] In some embodiments of the aspect, the plurality of immune
cells are isolated from the peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus,
or spleen of the first subject.
[0080] In some embodiments of the aspect, the method further
comprises purifying or enriching for an NKT cell population from
the plurality of immune cells prior to the administration of the
plurality of immune cells to the second subject. In some
embodiments, the purified NKT cell population has a
CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.- or double-negative phenotype.
[0081] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of
formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV) or formula (V).
[0082] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
[0083] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (I) is cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside).
[0084] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the inflammatory disease is a respiratory disease
or an autoimmune disease. In some such embodiments, the respiratory
disease is selected from the group consisting of asthma, airway
hyperreactivity, lung inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary
infiltrate with eosinophilia, environmental lung disease,
bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, primary
pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, disorders of the
pleura, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mesothelioma, allergic
rhinitis, allergy, asbestosis, aspergilloma, aspergillosis,
bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, eosinophilic
pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, invasive pneumococcal
disease, influenza, nontuberculous mycobacteria, pleural effusion,
pneumoconiosis, pneumocytosis, pneumonia, pulmonary actinomycosis,
pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary anthrax, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary embolus, pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary histiocytosis
X, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary nocardiosis, pulmonary
tuberculosis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, rheumatoid lung
disease, sarcoidosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. In some
embodiments, the asthma is allergic or non-allergic asthma.
[0085] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the inflammatory disease is an autoimmune disease
selected from the group consisting of type-I diabetes, multiple
sclerosis, Hashinoto's thyroiditis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, systemic lupus erythromatosus, gastritis, autoimmune
hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hemophilia, autoimmune
lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), autoimmune uveoretinitis,
glomerulonephritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, psoriasis and
myasthenia gravis.
[0086] In another aspect, provided herein is a compound of formula
(I) for use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease in a
subject in need thereof:
##STR00009##
[0087] wherein: [0088] R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0089] R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0090] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0091] R.sup.5 is
##STR00010##
[0091] alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0092] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or
both alkyl; [0093] R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a
second bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0094]
R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0095]
R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0096] R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or
alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; [0097] X is
O, or NH; [0098] Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and [0099]
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0100] In some embodiments of the aspect, the use further comprises
administering an effective amount of antigen presenting cells
(APCs).
[0101] In some embodiments of the aspect, the use further comprises
contacting a NKT cell population with the compound of formula (I)
in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In some such embodiments of the
aspect, the contacting of the NKT cell population with the compound
of formula (I) occurs in the presence of one or more
antigen-presenting cells. In some such embodiments of the aspect,
the NKT cells are allogeneic NKT cells obtained from one or more
donors. In other embodiments of the aspect, the NKT cells are
autologous NKT cells.
[0102] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of
formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV) or formula (V).
[0103] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
[0104] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (1) is cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside).
[0105] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the inflammatory disease is a respiratory disease
or an autoimmune disease. In some such embodiments, the respiratory
disease is selected from the group consisting of asthma, airway
hyperreactivity, lung inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary
infiltrate with eosinophilia, environmental lung disease,
bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, primary
pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, disorders of the
pleura, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mesothelioma, allergic
rhinitis, allergy, asbestosis, aspergilloma, aspergillosis,
bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, eosinophilic
pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, invasive pneumococcal
disease, influenza, nontuberculous mycobacteria, pleural effusion,
pneumoconiosis, pneumocytosis, pneumonia, pulmonary actinomycosis,
pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary anthrax, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary embolus, pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary histiocytosis
X, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary nocardiosis, pulmonary
tuberculosis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, rheumatoid lung
disease, sarcoidosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. In some
embodiments, the asthma is allergic or non-allergic asthma.
[0106] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the inflammatory disease is an autoimmune disease
selected from the group consisting of type-I diabetes, multiple
sclerosis, Hashinoto's thyroiditis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, systemic lupus erythromatosus, gastritis, autoimmune
hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hemophilia, autoimmune
lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), autoimmune uveoretinitis,
glomerulonephritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, psoriasis and
myasthenia gravis.
[0107] In another aspect, provided herein is a method for the
treatment or prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in
need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject
having an inflammatory disease an effective amount of a compound of
formula (VI):
##STR00011##
[0108] wherein: [0109] R.sup.61 is OR.sup.63, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.62 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0110] R.sup.62 is OR.sup.63 or
together with R.sup.61 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0111] R.sup.63 and R.sup.64 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0112] R.sup.65 is alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, acyl, fatty acid, or lipid each of which may be optionally
substituted; [0113] X is O, or NH; [0114] Y is absent, or a linker;
and [0115] pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0116] In another aspect, provided herein is a method for the
treatment or prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in
need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject
having an inflammatory disease an NKT cell population contacted
with an effective amount of a compound of formula (VI):
##STR00012##
[0117] wherein: [0118] R.sup.61 is OR.sup.63, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.62 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0119] R.sup.62 is OR.sup.63 or
together with R.sup.61 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0120] R.sup.63 and R.sup.64 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0121] R.sup.65 is alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, acyl, fatty acid, or lipid each of which may be optionally
substituted; [0122] X is O, or NH; [0123] Y is absent, or a linker;
and [0124] pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0125] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of a compound
of formula (VI) for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease
in a subject in need thereof:
##STR00013##
[0126] wherein: [0127] R.sup.61 is OR.sup.63, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.62 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0128] R.sup.62 is OR.sup.63 or
together with R.sup.61 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0129] R.sup.63 and R.sup.64 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
he optionally substituted; [0130] R.sup.65 is alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, acyl, fatty acid, or lipid each of which may be optionally
substituted; [0131] X is O, or NH; [0132] Y is absent, or a linker;
and [0133] pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Definitions
[0134] For convenience, certain terms employed herein, in the
specification, examples and appended claims are collected here.
Unless stated otherwise, or implicit from context, the following
terms and phrases include the meanings provided below. Unless
explicitly stated otherwise, or apparent from context, the terms
and phrases below do not exclude the meaning that the term or
phrase has acquired in the art to which it pertains. The
definitions are provided to aid in describing particular
embodiments, and are not intended to limit the claimed invention,
because the scope of the invention is limited only by the claims.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used
herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0135] The term "media" as referred to herein is a medium for
maintaining a tissue or cell population, or culturing a cell
population (e.g. "culture media") containing nutrients that
maintain cell viability and support proliferation. The cell culture
medium may contain any of the following in an appropriate
combination: salt(s), buffer(s), amino acids, glucose or other
sugar(s), antibiotics, serum or serum replacement, and other
components such as peptide growth factors, etc. Cell culture media
ordinarily used for particular cell types are known to those
skilled in the art.
[0136] As used herein, the term "donor" refers to a subject to
which a organ, tissue or cell to be transplanted is harvested from.
As used herein, the term "recipient" refers to a subject which will
receive a transplanted organ, tissue or cell. The term "graft" as
used herein refers to the process whereby a free (unattached) cell,
tissue, or organ integrates into a tissue following transplantation
into a subject. The term "allograft" refers to a transplanted cell,
tissue, or organ derived from a different animal of the same
species. The term "xenograft" or "xenotransplant" as used herein
refers to a transplanted cell, tissue, or organ derived from an
animal of a different species. In some embodiments, a xenograft is
a surgical graft of tissue from one species to an unlike species,
genus or family. By way of an example, a graft from a baboon to a
human is a xenograft.
[0137] The term "tissue" refers to a group or layer of similarly
specialized cells which together perform certain special functions.
The term "tissue-specific" refers to a source or defining
characteristic of cells from a specific tissue.
[0138] The term "disease" or "disorder" is used interchangeably
herein, and refers to any alternation in state of the body or of
some of the organs, interrupting or disturbing the performance of
the functions and/or causing symptoms such as discomfort,
dysfunction, distress, or even death to the person afflicted or
those in contact with a person. A disease or disorder can also
related to a distemper, ailing, ailment, malady, disorder,
sickness, illness, complaint, indisposition or affection.
[0139] The term "pathology" as used herein, refers to symptoms, for
example, structural and functional changes in a cell, tissue, or
organs, which contribute to a disease or disorder.
[0140] A "marker," as used herein, describes the characteristics
and/or phenotype of a cell. Markers can be used for selection of
cells comprising characteristics of interest. Markers will vary
with specific cells. Markers are characteristics, whether
morphological, functional or biochemical (enzymatic), particular to
a cell type, or molecules expressed by the cell type. Preferably,
such markers are proteins, and more preferably, possess an epitope
for antibodies or other binding molecules available in the art,
such as a tetramer. However, a marker may consist of any molecule
found in a cell including, but not limited to, proteins (peptides
and polypeptides), lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and
steroids. Examples of morphological characteristics or traits
include, but are not limited to, shape, size, and nuclear to
cytoplasmic ratio. Examples of functional characteristics or traits
include, but are not limited to, the ability to adhere to
particular substrates, ability to incorporate or exclude particular
dyes, ability to migrate under particular conditions, and the
ability to differentiate along particular lineages. Markers may be
detected by any method available to one of skill in the art.
[0141] Accordingly, as used herein, a "cell-surface marker" refers
to any molecule that is expressed on the surface of a cell.
Cell-surface expression usually requires that a molecule possesses
a transmembrane domain. Some molecules that are normally not found
on the cell-surface can be engineered by recombinant techniques to
be expressed on the surface of a cell. Many naturally occurring
cell-surface markers are termed "CD" or "cluster of
differentiation" molecules. Cell-surface markers often provide
antigenic determinants to which antibodies can bind to.
Cell-surface markers of particular relevance to the methods
described herein include CD4, CD8, TCR.beta., or CD25.
[0142] As defined herein, an "intracellular marker" refers to any
molecule that can be detected within a cell, or prior to their
release from a cell. Examples of intracellular markers that can be
detected for the methods described herein, include, but are not
limited to, cytokines, or transcription factors, such as Foxp3.
[0143] A cell can be designated "positive" or "negative" for any of
the cell-surface or intracellular markers described herein, and
both such designations are useful for the practice of the methods
described herein. A cell is considered "positive" for a
cell-surface or intracellular marker if it expresses the marker on
its cell-surface or intracellularly in amounts sufficient to be
detected using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as
contacting a cell with an antibody that binds specifically to that
marker, and subsequently performing flow cytometric analaysis of
such a contacted cell to determine whether the antibody is bound
the cell. It is to be understood that while a cell may express
messenger RNA for a cell-surface or intracellular marker, in order
to be considered positive for the methods described herein, the
cell must express it as a protein. Similarly, a cell is considered
"negative" for a cell-surface or intracellular marker if it does
not express the marker on its cell-surface or intracellularly in
amounts sufficient to be detected using methods known to those of
skill in the art, such as contacting a cell with an antibody that
binds specifically to that marker and subsequently performing flow
cytometric analaysis of such a contacted cell to determine whether
the antibody is bound the cell. In some embodiments, agents
specific for cell-surface lineage markers are used, where the
agents can all comprise the same label or tag, such as fluorescent
tag, and thus all cells positive for that label or tag can be
excluded or removed for the methods using isolated NKT described
herein, so that the remaining NKT cells are "negative" for the one
or more lineage markers used.
[0144] Accordingly, as defined herein, an "agent specific for a
cell-surface or intracellular marker" refers to an agent that can
selectively react with or bind to that cell-surface or
intracellular marker, but has little or no detectable reactivity to
another cell-surface or intracellular marker or antigen. For
example, an agent specific for CD4 will not be specific for CD8.
Thus, agents specific for cell-surface or intracellular markers
recognize unique structural features of the markers. In some
embodiments, an agent specific for a cell-surface marker binds to
the cell-surface marker, but does not cause initiation of
downstream signaling events mediated by that cell-surface marker,
for example, a non-activating antibody. Agents specific for
cell-surface or intracellular molecules include, but are not
limited to, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof,
natural or recombinant ligands, small molecules; nucleic acid
sequence and nucleic acid analogues; intrabodies; aptamers; and
other proteins or peptides.
[0145] In some embodiments described herein, the preferred agents
specific for cell-surface or intracellular markers are antibody
agents that specifically bind the cell-surface markers, and can
include polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and antigen-binding
derivatives or fragments thereof. Well-known antigen binding
fragments include, for example, single domain antibodies (dAbs;
which consist essentially of single VL or VH antibody domains), Fv
fragment, including single chain Fv fragment (scFv), Fab fragment,
and F(ab')2 fragment. Methods for the construction of such antibody
molecules are well known in the art. Accordingly, as used herein,
the term "antibody" refers to an intact immunoglobulin or to a
monoclonal or polyclonal antigen-binding fragment with the Fc
(crystallizable fragment) region or FcRn binding fragment of the Fc
region. Antigen-binding fragments may be produced by recombinant
DNA techniques or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact
antibodies. "Antigen-binding fragments" include, inter alia, Fab,
Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, dAb, and complementarity determining region
(CDR) fragments, single-chain antibodies (scFv), single domain
antibodies, chimeric antibodies, diabodies and polypeptides that
contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin that is sufficient
to confer specific antigen binding to the polypeptide. The terms
Fab, Fc, pFc', F(ab')2 and Fv are employed with standard
immunological meanings [Klein, Immunology (John Wiley, New York,
N.Y., 1982); Clark, W. R. (1986) The Experimental Foundations of
Modern Immunology (Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York); Roitt, I.
(1991) Essential Immunology, 7th Ed., (Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford)]. Such antibodies or antigen-binding
fragments are available commercially from vendors such as R&D
Systems, BD Biosciences, e-Biosciences and Miltenyi, or can be
raised against these cell-surface markers by methods known to those
skilled in the art.
[0146] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, an
agent specific for a cell-surface or intracellular molecule, such
as an antibody or antigen-binding fragment, is labeled with a tag
to facilitate the isolation of immune cell or NKT cell populations.
The terms "label" or "tag", as used herein, refer to a composition
capable of producing a detectable signal indicative of the presence
of a target, such as, the presence of a specific cell-surface or
intracellular marker in a biological sample. Suitable labels
include fluorescent molecules, radioisotopes, nucleotide
chromophores, enzymes, substrates, chemiluminescent moieties,
magnetic particles, bioluminescent moieties, and the like. As such,
a label is any composition detectable by spectroscopic,
photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical or
chemical means needed for the methods to isolate and enrich immune
or NKT cells.
[0147] The terms "labeled antibody" or "tagged antibody", as used
herein, includes antibodies that are labeled by detectable means
and include, but are not limited to, antibodies that are
fluorescently, enzymatically, radioactively, and chemiluminescently
labeled. Antibodies can also be labeled with a detectable tag, such
as c-Myc, HA, VSV-G, HSV, FLAG, V5, or HIS, which can be detected
using an antibody specific to the tag, for example, an anti-c-Myc
antibody. Various methods of labeling polypeptides and
glycoproteins are known in the art and may be used. Non-limiting
examples of fluorescent labels or tags for labeling the antibodies
for use in the methods of invention include Hydroxycoumarin,
Succinimidyl ester, Aminocoumarin, Succinimidyl ester,
Methoxycoumarin, Succinimidyl ester, Cascade Blue, Hydrazide,
Pacific Blue, Maleimide, Pacific Orange, Lucifer yellow, NBD,
NBD-X, R-Phycoerythrin (PE), a PE-Cy5 conjugate (Cychrome, R670,
Tri-Color, Quantum Red), a PE-Cy7 conjugate, Red 613, PE-Texas Red,
PerCP, Peridinin chlorphyll protein, TruRed (PerCP-Cy5.5
conjugate), FluorX, Fluoresceinisothyocyanate (FITC), BODIPY-FL,
TRITC, X-Rhodamine (XRITC), Lissamine Rhodamine B, Texas Red,
Allophycocyanin (APC), an APC-Cy7 conjugate, Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa
Fluor 405, Alexa Fluor 430, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 500, Alexa
Fluor 514, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 555, Alexa
Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 610, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa
Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Alexa Fluor 700, Alexa
Fluor 750, Alexa Fluor 790, Cy2, Cy3, Cy3B, Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5 or
Cy7.
[0148] Antibodies for use in the present invention can be produced
using standard methods to produce antibodies, for example, by
monoclonal antibody production (Campbell, A. M., Monoclonal
Antibodies Technology: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands (1984); St. Groth et al., J. Immunology, (1990) 35:
1-21; and Kozbor et al., Immunology Today (1983) 4:72). Antibodies
can also be readily obtained by using antigenic portions of the
protein to screen an antibody library, such as a phage display
library by methods well known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,702,892 (U.S.A. Health & Human Services) and WO 01/18058
(Novopharm Biotech Inc.) disclose bacteriophage display libraries
and selection methods for producing antibody binding domain
fragments. Methods for the production of antibodies are disclosed
in PCT publication WO 97/40072 or U.S. Application. No.
2002/0182702, which are herein incorporated by reference. The
processes of immunization to elicit antibody production in a
mammal, the generation of hybridomas to produce monoclonal
antibodies, and the purification of antibodies may be performed by
described in "Current Protocols in Immunology" (CPI) (John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.) and Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Ed Harlow and
David Lane editors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1988) which
are both incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
[0149] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical
terms used in connection with the present application shall have
the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary
skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It should be
understood that this invention is not limited to the particular
methodology, protocols, and reagents, etc., described herein and as
such can vary. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of
describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to
limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined solely
by the claims. Definitions of common terms in immunology, and
molecular biology can be found in The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and
Therapy, 18th Edition, published by Merck Research Laboratories,
2006 (ISBN 0-911910-18-2); Robert S. Porter et al. (eds.), The
Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science
Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.),
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk
Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN
1-56081-569-8); Immunology by Werner Luttmann, published by
Elsevier, 2006. Definitions of common terms in molecular biology
are found in Benjamin Lewin, Genes IX, published by Jones &
Bartlett Publishing, 2007 (ISBN-13: 9780763740634); Kendrew et al.
(eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by
Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A.
Meyers (ed.), Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor,
N.Y., USA (1982); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual (2 ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
Harbor, N.Y., USA (1989); Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular
Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, USA (1986);
or Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques
Vol.152, S. L. Berger and A. R. Kimmerl Eds., Academic Press Inc.,
San Diego, USA (1987); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology
(CPMB) (Fred M. Ausubel, et al. ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.),
Current Protocols in Protein Science (CPPS) (John E. Coligan, et.
al., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) and Current Protocols in
Immunology (CPI) (John E. Coligan, et. al., ed. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.), which are all incorporated by reference herein in
their entireties.
[0150] As used herein, the term "comprising" means that other
elements can also be present in addition to the defined elements
presented. The use of "comprising" indicates inclusion rather than
limitation.
[0151] Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular
terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the
singular.
[0152] Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise
indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or
reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in
all instances by the term "about." The term "about" when used in
connection with percentages may mean .+-.1%.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0153] FIGS. 1A-1D demonstrate that infection of suckling mice with
H3N1 protects the mice against AHR when adults. FIG. 1A is a
schematic showing the protocol for OVA-induced AHR. Two-week-old
(suckling) or 8 week-old (adult) mice were treated with influenza A
virus (H3N1) or control AF (mock infection) and assessed 6 weeks
later as adults for AHR. FIG. 1B shows BALB/c mice (n=8 per group)
treated with H3N1 or AF at 2 weeks of age that were assessed 42
days after infection for OVA-induced AHR. Changes in lung
resistance (RL) were measured in anesthetized, tracheotomized,
intubated, and mechanically ventilated mice (left panel).
***P<0.001 compared with mock-infected group. Cells in BAL were
collected and analyzed 24 hours after the final OVA challenge
(right panel). *P<0.05 compared with mock-infected group. FIG.
1C shows representative lung sections stained with H&E
(original magnification, .times.10) from mock- or H3N1-infected
mice treated with saline or challenged with OVA. FIG. 1D shows data
from eight-week-old BALB/c mice (n=5 per group) that were infected
with H3N1 or AF. Six weeks after infection, the mice were assessed
for OVA-induced AHR by measuring lung resistance (left panel).
Cells in BAL were collected and analyzed 24 hours after the final
OVA challenge (right panel). Data are representative of 3
independent experiments.
[0154] FIGS. 2A-2D demonstrate that adoptive transfer of
H3N1-exposed NKT cells fails to reconstitute OVA-induced AHR. FIG.
2A depicts a schematic showing a protocol for adoptive transfer of
NKT cells to OVA-immunized J.alpha.18.sup.-/- recipients. The donor
mice were infected with H3N1 or mock infected at 2 weeks of age.
Six weeks after infection, NKT cells were purified and adoptively
transferred into OVA-sensitized J.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice, which were
then challenged with OVA and assessed for AHR. FIG. 2B demonstrates
that adoptive transfer of H3N1-exposed NKT cells (vNKT) to
J.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice failed to reconstitute OVA-induced AHR
(measured as lung resistance in response to methacholine challenge)
(left panel). Adoptive transfer of NKT cells from mock-infected
mice (NKT) fully reconstituted AHR. H3N1 infection at 2 weeks of
age of J.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice (vJ.alpha.18.sup.-/-) and
reconstitution at 8 weeks of age with NKT cells from mock-infected
mice did not protect against AHR (n=8-10 per group). BAL fluid was
collected and analyzed (right panel). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01,
compared with J.alpha.18.sup.-/-+NKT group. FIGS. 2C and 2D show
lung cells that were isolated from the recipients after measurement
of AHR, and the absolute numbers (2C) and percentages (2D) of lung
CD4.sup.+ or CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.- (DN) NKT subsets were assessed by
FACS. Upper panels show dot plots for NKT cells in lung leukocytes.
After gating on the NKT cells, the cells were analyzed for CD4 and
CD8 (lower panels). ***P<0.001 compared with WT NKT group. Data
are representative of 3 independent experiments.
[0155] FIGS. 3A-3G demonstrate that H3N1 infection in 2-week-old
mice alters the phenotype of NKT cells. FIG. 3A shows lung cells
that were isolated over a 6-week period and analyzed for NKT cells.
Left: Absolute numbers of lung NKT cells. Right: Percentage of NKTs
(top) in lung leukocytes. NKT cells were analyzed for CD4 and CD8
(bottom). FIG. 3B shows Left: BALB/c mice (n=3/group) that were
infected with H3N1 or AF at 2 or 8 weeks of age, and data from lung
NKT cells that were assessed over 2 weeks. Right: Percentage of NKT
cells in lungs of 2-week-old and 8-week-old mice. FIG. 3C shows
two-week-old BALB/c mice that were mock infected or infected with
H3N1, and pulmonary CD4.sup.+ NKT and DN NKT cell numbers were
assessed on days 1 and 14 after infection. FIGS. 3D and 3E show
data from NKT cells from FIG. 3C that were assessed for CD4,
IFN-.gamma., and IL-4 expression (3D) and absolute numbers
quantified (3E). FIG. 3F shows BALB/c mice (n=4-5/group) that were
infected with H3N1 or mock infected at 2 or 8 weeks of age, and
lung samples were taken 42 days later to assess NKT cell subsets.
One of 2 independent experiments is shown. FIG. 3G shows data from
two-week-old BALB/c mice were infected with H3N1 or mock infected.
After 42 days, lung cells were harvested and stimulated ex vivo
with vehicle or .alpha.-GalCer for 96 hours. IFN-.gamma. and IL-4
in supernatants from triplicate wells were determined by ELISA and
the IFN-.gamma./IL-4 ratio calculated. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001
compared with mock infection.
[0156] FIGS. 4A-4J demonstrate that H3N1-exposed NKT cells suppress
AHR and increase OVA-specific Tregs. FIG. 4A depicts a protocol for
adoptive transfer of NKT cells. FIGS. 4B and 4C show lung
resistance data that was measured in recipient mice (4B;
n=15/group) and BAL cells collected (4C). FIG. 4D shows assessment
of relative numbers of CD4.sup.+ versus DN NKT cells in recipients'
lungs. FIG. 4E shows H3N1-exposed CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.-NKT (vDN NKT)
or CD4.sup.+NKT (vCD4 NKT) cells were purified and transferred as
in FIG. 4A. Lung resistance was measured in recipient mice
(n=5/group). FIG. 4F shows data from eight-week-old WT BALB/c mice
that received 5.times.10.sup.4 DO11.10 Rag.sup.-/- T cells and were
sensitized with OVA/alum. Seven days later, NKT cells from WT
BALB/c, V.alpha.14tg, or H3N1-infected mice were adoptively
transferred into OVA-sensitized mice. After OVA challenge, the
numbers of natural T.sub.regs (CD4.sup.+C25.sup.+Foxp3.sup.+) and
adaptive OVA antigen specific T.sub.regs
(CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.+Foxp3.sup.+KJ1-26.sup.+) were determined.
Absolute cell numbers were calculated (n=5/group). FIG. 4G shows
data from eight-week-old WT BALB/c recipients that were depleted of
T.sub.regs through injections of anti-CD25 mAb (clone PC61; 0.5 mg)
and assessed as in FIG. 4A (n=5/group). FIG. 4H and 4I show data
from NKT cells from WT or V.alpha.14 Tg that were transferred to
OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice (n=4-6/group), which were assessed as in
FIG. 4A (4H), and BAL cells that were analyzed (4I). FIG. 4J shows
representative lung sections from recipients described in 4H that
were H&E stained (original magnification, .times.10). Data
represent 2-3 independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 versus WT NKT-OVA (4B-4D), OVA (4E), WT NKT (4F, 4H,
and 4I), and OVA-vNKT (4G).
[0157] FIGS. 5A-5F demonstrate that protective effects of H3N1
infection depend on TLR7 and T-bet. FIG. 5A is a schematic showing
the protocol for WT, Tlr7.sup.-/-, or Tbet.sup.-/- mice infected at
2 weeks of age with H3N1 virus or mock infected and examined for
OVA-induced AHR at 8 weeks of age (n=4-6 per group). FIG. 5B shows
lung resistance was measured. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 compared with the mock-OVA group. FIG. 5C shows BAL
cells from 5B were collected. FIG. 5D shows WT, Tlr7.sup.-/-, or
Tbet.sup.-/- mice were infected with H3N1 or mock at 2 weeks of
age, and lung samples were taken 42 days later to assess for NKT
cell subsets. ***P<0.001 compared with the mock group. FIG. 5E
is a schematic showing the adoptive transfer of NKT from
virus-infected WT, Tlr7.sup.-/-, or Tbet.sup.-/- mice to
OVA-sensitized BALB/c recipients (n=4-6 per group). The donor mice
were infected with H3N1 or mock-infected at 2 weeks of age. NKT
cells were purified from these mice 42 days after infection and
transferred to OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice, which were then
challenged with OVA to induce AHR. FIG. 5F shows Left: After OVA
challenge, AHR was measured as described in 5D. Right: Cells in BAL
were assessed. ***P<0.001 compared with the WT-OVA group. Data
are representative of 2 independent experiments.
[0158] FIGS. 6A-6G demonstrate induction of protection with
.alpha.-C-GalCer and a glycolipid from H. pylori. In FIGS. 6A-6B,
two-week-old BALB/c mice (n=6-8/group) (GA) or Tbet.sup.-/- mice
(6B) (n=4-6 per group) received 5 .mu.g .alpha.-GalCer (cGal), 2
.mu.g .alpha.-GalCer, or vehicle. After OVA sensitization and
challenge, AHR was measured on day 44. In FIG. 6C, donor mice were
treated with .alpha.-C-GalCer (5 .mu.g) or vehicle i.p. NKT cells
served as donors, as in FIG. 4A (n=4 per group). Lung resistance
(left) and cell counts in BAL (right) were assessed. FIG. 6D shows
a structure of PI57. In FIG. 6E, mice received PI57 (50 .mu.g),
.alpha.-GalCer (2 .mu.g), or vehicle i.p., and lungs were examined
1 or 14 days later for CD4 and CD8 expression. In FIG. 6F, absolute
numbers of CD4.sup.+ NKT and DN NKT subsets from 6E were assessed.
In FIG. 6G, BALB/c mice (n=5-8/group) received PI57 or vehicle i.p.
Lung resistance (left) and BAL cells (right) were assessed. In FIG.
6H, BALB/c mice treated with PI57 (50 .mu.g), PBS30 (Sphingomonas
glycolipid) (50 .mu.g), or vehicle i.p. were assessed for AHR as in
6G. In FIG. 6I, donor mice were treated with PI57 (50 .mu.g) or
vehicle i.p. NKT cells served as donors as in FIG. 4A. Lung
resistance (left) and BAL cells (right) were assessed (n=4 per
group). FIG. 6J shows representative lung sections from 6I stained
with H&E (original magnification, .times.10). Data represent
2-3 independent experiments. *P<0.05, #P<0.05, ***P<0.001
versus vehicle-OVA (6C, 6G, and 6I), DN NKT saline (6F), and
CD4.sup.+ NKT saline (6F).
[0159] FIGS. 7A-7G demonstrate that PI57 directly activates NKT
cells. In FIG. 7A, NKT cell lines were cocultured with BM-derived
DCs (BMDCs) and .alpha.-GalCer (100 ng/ml), PI57 (10 .mu.g/ml), or
vehicle for 48 hours, with or without pre-incubation with anti-CD1d
(10 .mu.g/ml). IFN-.gamma. was measured by ELISA. In FIG. 7B,
murine NKT cell lines were cocultured as in 7A with BMDCs from WT,
Cd1d.sup.-/-, Myd88.sup.-/-, or Trif.sup.-/- mice. Cells were
treated with .alpha.-GalCer (100 ng/ml), PI57 (2.5, 5, or 10
.mu.g/ml), PBS30 (1, 2.5, or 5 .mu.g/ml), or vehicle for 48 hours.
IFN-.gamma. and IL-4 were measured by ELISA. FIG. 7C shows IL-2
production from hybridomas derived from invariant V.alpha.14 NKT
cells (RT2, RT23, and RT24) and an irrelevant V.beta.8+ T cell
(RT8; control). In FIG. 7D, mouse NKT cell lines were stained with
PE-labeled CD1d tetramers of PI57 or .alpha.-GalCer at 4.degree. C.
for 45 minutes or 37.degree. C. for 25 minutes, and with
anti-TCR.beta.-APC antibody. Top: Lymphocytes were gated in the
FSC/SSC window. Bottom: Percentage of CD1d tetramer+ cells. FIG. 7E
shows IFN-.gamma. and IL-4 production from human NKT cell lines by
treatment with .alpha.-GalCer (100 ng/ml), PI57 (10 .mu.g/ml), or
vehicle for 48 hours in vitro. FIG. 7F shows IFN-.gamma. production
from CD1d-transfected NKT cell clone BM2a.3 in presence of PI57 and
blocking mAb against human CD1d or CD1b. In FIG. 7G, CD1d Fe-coated
Maxisorp plates were loaded with lipid and cultured with
5.times.10.sup.4 NKT cells. IFN-.gamma. was analyzed by ELISA after
24 hours. Data represent 3 or 5 independent experiments.
[0160] FIGS. 8A-8C demonstrate purity of transferred NKT cells.
FIG. 8A shows purity of sorted NKT from indicated donors, including
NKT cells from mock-infected mice (WT NKT), from H3N1-infected mice
(vNKT), from V.alpha.14 Tg (V.alpha.14 NKT), from PI57-treated mice
(PI57-NKT) or from .alpha.-GalCer-treated BALB/c (.alpha.-Gal-NKT),
that was assessed by FACS. In FIG. 8B, the sorted NKT cells from WT
(WT NKT) and V.alpha.14 Tg (V.alpha.14 NKT) mice were assessed by
FACS for CD4+, DN NKT cell subsets or for contamination by
T.sub.Reg cells (CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.+Foxp3.sup.+). FIG. 8C shows
sorted NKT cells from H3N1 infected suckling mice 42 days after
infection that were assessed by FACS for CD4+ and DN NKT cell
subsets
[0161] FIGS. 9A-9E demonstrate that TLR7 and T-bet affect cytokine
production by H3N1 exposed NKT cells in lung cells. FIGS. 9A-9D
show data from 2 wk-old WT, TLR7.sup.-/- or T-bet.sup.-/- mice that
were infected by H3N1 or mock-infected. Lung cells were harvested
on day 1, day 14 (9A), or day 42 (9B, 9C, 9D) post-infection. In
FIG. 9A, percentages of IFN-.gamma. or IL-4 secreting CD4.sup.+ NKT
and DN NKT subsets in WT or T-bet.sup.-/- mice 1 or 14 days
post-infection were assessed by FACS. In FIGS. 9B-9D, lung cells
were harvested on day 42 after infection and stimulated ex vivo
with 10 or 100 ng/ml .alpha.-GalCer or vehicle for 96 hrs.
Concentration of IFN-.gamma. (9B) and IL-4 (9C) in the supernatant
was measured by ELISA. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, compared to mock
or WT group. FIG. 9D shows ratio of IFN-.gamma./IL-4 secretion from
NKT cells with 100 ng/ml .alpha.-GalCer that was calculated.
***p<0.001, compared to the mock group. In FIG. 9E, total RNA
from H3N1-infected WT or T-bet.sup.-/- mice lung cells were
isolated on day 42, and analyzed by QRT-PCR for IL-13 or IL-17 mRNA
expression. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, compared to the mock
group.
[0162] FIGS. 10A-10B demonstrate that treating 2 wk-old mice with
.alpha.-GalCer did not prevent OVA induced AHR. In FIG. 10, NKT
cells from .alpha.-GalCer or vehicle-treated mice were adoptively
transferred to OVA-sensitized BALB/c recipients. AHR was measured
after OVA challenge. In FIG. 10B, T-bet.sup.-/- mice (n=4-6 per
group) received 50 .mu.g PI57 or vehicle at 2 wks of age. After
sensitization and challenge with OVA, AHR was measured on day 44.
These data demonstrate that protective effects of PI57 depends on
T-bet expression.
[0163] FIGS. 11A-11D demonstrate .sup.1H, .sup.13C NMR
spectrometry, TLC analysis, and ES-mass spectrometry data of lipids
from H. pylori SS1, a human H. pylori S strains and synthetic PI57
lipid. FIG. 11A shows ES-MS negative mode spectrum of AGlc-Chol
lipid. FIG. 11B shows .sup.1H NMR spectrum of AGlc-Chol lipid
recorded in CDCl3-CD3OD (2:1, v/v) at 300K (500.13 MHz). FIG. 11C
shows a two-dimensional .sup.1H-.sup.1H COSY NMR spectrum of
AGlc-Chol lipid recorded in CDCl3-CD3OD (2:1, v/v) at 300K (500.13
MHz). FIG. 11D shows a .sup.1 NMR spectrum of synthetic PI57 lipid
recorded in CDCl3-CD3OD (2:1, v/v) at 300K (300 MHz).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0164] Described herein are novel methods and compositions for the
prevention and treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as
allergic asthma and autoimmune diseases, based, in part, on the
inventors novel discovery that immunological exposure to bacteria
or viruses at an early age can modulate the development and
function of a subset of innate immune cells known as NKT cells.
[0165] The inventors demonstrate for the first time that a
population of NKT cells, enriched for a DN, T-bet.sup.+ and
IFN-.gamma. producing subset, has a potent regulatory role that
suppresses the development of AHR, and can influence the
development and expansion of other regulatory immune cells, such as
Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells. In contrast to a previous study that
described that treatment of mice with .alpha.-GalCer, an NKT
stimulating glycolipid, inhibits the development of asthma by
anergizing NKT cells (52), the studies described herein demonstrate
that NKT cells, specifically immature NKT cells as found in young
mice or children, responding to viral and bacterial infections
undergo phenotypic and functional changes to form a regulatory NKT
cell population that can actively suppress subsequent inflammation,
such as allergen-induced AHR, without requiring subsequent exposure
to exogenous glycolipids.
[0166] More specifically, the inventors have discovered that NKT
cell-activating glycolipids derived from H. pylori, when
administered at a young age, modulate NKT cell development,
resulting in the maturation of a specific subset of regulatory NKT
cells, that protect against the subsequent development of
allergen-induced AHR. This population of NKT cells is associated
with the expansion of Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells. In addition, the
inventors further demonstrate herein that pre-treatment of adult
mice with NKT cell-activating glycolipids derived from H. pylori
can inhibit or suppress airway hyperreactvity and lung inflammation
using an ozone-exposure model. The inventors have also shown herein
that infection of two-week-old mice with an influenza A virus H3N1
protects against the subsequent development of allergen-induced
AHR, and that the protective effect of infection in young mice was
associated with the maturation and expansion of a specific subset
of NKT cells. The inventors have also shown that suppression of the
development of allergen-induced AHR can be transferred into normal
allergen-sensitized adult mice by adoptive transfer of these NKT
cells. Adoptive transfer of the protective NKT cell population was
associated with the expansion of allergen-specific Foxp3.sup.+
T.sub.Reg cells in the recipient animals, implicating Foxp3.sup.+
T.sub.Reg cells in mediating the suppressive effect. Accordingly,
the aspects described herein provide methods for immunoregulation
of inflammatory diseases using NKT cells.
Glycolipid Compositions and Methods
[0167] Provided herein are sterol glycosides and derivatives
thereof for use in compositions and methods of inhibiting and
preventing the development, i.e., "immunoregulation," of
inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and autoimmune diseases.
The inventors have discovered that glycolipids, such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside) (also referred to
herein as cholesteryl-6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside or AGlc-Chol),
derived from the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can
activate the population of immune cells known as NKT cells, and
further that direct administration of such glycolipids can modulate
in vivo immune responses. In addition, pre-treatment with
glycolipids, such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside derived from the
bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), prior to ozone-exposure,
is shown herein to inhibit or suppress airway hyperreactivity and
lung inflammation in adult mice. As described herein, the
administration of an effective amount of such glycolipids during
the development of the immune system, i.e., at a young age, can be
used to modulate NKT cell development such that a specific subset
of double-negative (CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.-) NKT cells with suppressive
functions, such as the production of IFN-.gamma., is expanded. Such
NKT cells can also be adoptively transferred into a recipient
subject in need thereof.
[0168] Accordingly, provided herein for use with the various
aspects, compositions, uses, and methods described herein are
compounds of formula (I):
##STR00014##
[0169] wherein: [0170] R.sup.1 is OR.sup.3, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.2 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0171] R.sup.2 is OR.sup.3 or
together with R.sup.1 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0172] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0173] R.sup.5 is
##STR00015##
[0173] alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0174] R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are both H or
both alkyl; [0175] R.sup.8 is H or together with R.sup.9 forms a
second bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0176]
R.sup.9 is H, OR.sup.3, or together with R.sup.8 forms a second
bond between the carbons to which they are attached; [0177]
R.sup.10 is H, OH, alkyl, or O-alkyl, each of which may be
optionally substituted; [0178] R.sup.11 is alkyl, alkenyl, or
alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted; [0179] X is
O, or NH; [0180] Y is CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOR.sup.3; and [0181]
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0182] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a
compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
[0183] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (I) is cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside.
[0184] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (I) is cholesteryl 6-O-acyl
.alpha.-glucocoside.
[0185] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, R.sup.1
is OH, NH.sub.2, NH(CO)CH.sub.3, or OPO.sub.3.sup.2-.
[0186] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, R.sup.2
is OH, O-alkyl or O-acyl. Preferred alkyls for R.sup.2 include, but
are not limited to, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyls such as methyl, ethyl,
propyl, butyl, iso-propyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexanyl, each of
which may be optionally substituted. Preferred acyls for R.sup.2
include, but are not limited to, ethanoyl, propanoyl, butanoyl,
iso-propanoyl, t-buanotyl, pentanoyl and hexanoyl.
[0187] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, R.sup.1
and R.sup.2 together form a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to.
[0188] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, R.sup.3
is H, CH.sub.3 or C(O)CH.sub.3.
[0189] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, R.sup.4
is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, or PO.sub.3.sup.2. Exemplary
alkyls for R.sup.4 include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl,
propyl, butyl, t-butyl, hexanyl, and tetradecanyl (myristyl),
pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl (cetyl), heptadecanyl, octadecanyl
(stearyl), 16-methylheptadecanyl (isotearyl). Preferred alkenyls
for R.sup.4 include, but are not limited to, C.sub.12-C.sub.20
alkenyls comprising 1, 2, or 3 double bonds, e.g.,
9Z,12Z-octadecadien-yl (linoleyl); 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienyl
(linolenyl); gamma-linolenyl; 9-hexadecenyl (palmitoleyl);
9E-octadecenyl (elaidyl); cis-9-octadecenyl (olcyl);
9E,12E-octadecadienyl (elaidolinolcyl); 9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienyl
(elaidolinolenyl); 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenyl (ricinoleyl);
1-eicosanyl (arachidyl); myrsitoleyl; sapienyl; archidonyl;
eicosapentaenyl; erucyl; docosahexanyl; 15Z-tetracosenyl;
2-amino-4-octadecene-3-olyl; and
2-amino-9-methyl-nonadec-4,8-diene-3-olyl. Preferred alkynyls for
R.sup.4 include, but are not limited to, C.sub.12-C.sub.20 alkynyls
comprising 1, 2, or 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, R.sup.4 is
a C.sub.12-C.sub.20 alkyl comprising 1, 2, or 3 double and/or
triple bonds.
[0190] Exemplary acyls for R.sup.4include, but are not limited to,
ethanoyl; propanoyl; butanoyl; t-butanoyl; hexanoyl; heptanoyl;
octanoyl; nonanoyl; tetradecanoyl; pentadecanoyl; hexadecanoyl;
heptadecanoyl; octadecanoyl; 16-methylheptadecanoyl;
9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl; 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl;
gamma-linolenoyl; 9-butadecenoyl; 9-hexadecenoyl; 6-hexadecenoyl;
9E-octadecenoyl; cis-9-octadecenoyl; 9E,12E-octadecadienoyl;
9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienoyl; 2-hydroxy-9-octadecenoyl;
1-eicosanoyl; 15Z-tetracosenoyl myrsitolenoyl; sapienoyl;
archidonoyl; eicosapentaenoyl; erucoyl; and docosahexanoyl.
[0191] In some embodiments R.sup.4 is
##STR00016##
wherein Z is CH.sub.2 or C(O); k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is
0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is 0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0192] The OR.sup.5 substituent on the sugar of a compound of
formula (I) can be in the .alpha. or .beta. relative to the sugar.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the OR.sup.5 substituent is in
the .alpha. configuration relative to the sugar. In some other
embodiments, the OR.sup.5 substituent is in the .beta.
configuration relative to the sugar.
[0193] In some embodiments, R.sup.5 is
##STR00017##
wherein Z is CH.sub.2 or C(O); k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is
0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is 0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0194] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein both
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are H. In some other embodiments of compounds
of formula (I), both R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are alkyl, e.g., methyl,
or ethyl.
[0195] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, both
R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are H. In some other embodiments of the aspects
described herein, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 together form a second bond
between the carbons to which they are attached.
[0196] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, Y is
CH.sub.2, C(O), or CHOH.
[0197] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.10 is preferably H, or OH.
[0198] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.11 is alkyl or alkenyl. Preferred alkyls and alkenyls for
R.sup.11 include, but are not limited to, 4-methylpentyl;
3,4-dimethylphenyl, 3-ethyl-4-methylpentyl;
3-ethyl-4-methyl-1-pentenyl; 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentenyl; and
3-propanoic acid.
[0199] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.11 is
##STR00018##
[0200] The sugar component of the compounds of formula (I) can be
selected from the group consisting of allose, glucose, mannose,
gulose, idoes, galactose, talose, and derivatives and analogs
thereof, each of which may be optionally substituted.
[0201] In some embodiments, R.sup.5 is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
or acyl, each of which may be optionally substituted. Exemplary
alkyl, alkenyl and alkenyl for R.sup.5 include, but are not limited
to, methyl; tetradecanyl (myristyl); pentadecanyl; hexadecanyl
(cetyl); heptadecanyl, octadecanyl (stearyl); 16-methylheptadecanyl
(isotearyl); 9Z,12Z-octadecadien-yl (linoleyl);
9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienyl (linolenyl); gamma-linolenyl;
9-hexadecenyl (palmitoleyl); 9E-octadecenyl (elaidyl);
cis-9-octadecenyl (oleyl); 9E,12E-octadecadienyl (elaidolinoleyl);
9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienyl (elaidolinolenyl);
12-hydroxy-9-octadecenyl (ricinoleyl); and 1-eicosanyl
(arachidyl).
[0202] Exemplary acyls for R.sup.5 include, but are not limited to,
ethanoyl; propanoyl; butanoyl; t-butanoyl; hexanoyl; heptanoyl;
octanoyl; nonanoyl; tetradecanoyl; pentadecanoyl; hexadecanoyl;
heptadecanoyl; octadecanoyl; 16-methylheptadecanoyl;
9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl; 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl;
gamma-linolenoyl; 9-butadecenoyl; 9-hexadecenoyl; 6-hexadecenoyl;
9E-octadecenoyl; cis-9-octadecenoyl; 9E,12E-octadecadienoyl;
9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienoyl; 2-hydroxy-9-octadecenoyl;
1-eicosanoyl; 15Z-tetracosenoyl myrsitolenoyl; sapienoyl;
archidonoyl; eicosapentaenoyl; erucoyl; and docosahexanoyl.
[0203] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, R.sup.5
is selected from the group consisting of bile acids (such as cholic
acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid,
taurocholic acid, deoxychlolic acid, lithocholic acid),
cholesterol, 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol, 7-keto-cholesterol,
6,7-dihydroxy-cholesterol, 5,6,-epoxy-cholesterol, stigmasterol,
lanosterol, beta-sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol,
brassicasterol, and derivatives and analogs thereof, each of which
may be optionally substituted.
[0204] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (I) is of formula (II):
##STR00019##
wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are as defined for formula (I).
[0205] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (II),
R.sup.4 is H or acyl. In some compounds of formula (II), R.sup.4
is
##STR00020##
wherein k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is
0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0206] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (II),
R.sup.5 is cholesterol.
[0207] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (I) is of formula (III):
##STR00021##
wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are as defined for formula (I).
[0208] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (III),
R.sup.4 is H, or acyl. In some compounds of formula (III), R.sup.4
is
##STR00022##
wherein k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is
0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0209] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (III),
R.sup.5 is cholesterol.
[0210] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (1) is of formula (IV):
##STR00023##
wherein R.sup.5 is as defined above for formula (I).
[0211] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (IV),
R.sup.5 is sterol or alkyl.
[0212] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (IV),
R.sup.5 is
##STR00024##
wherein k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is
0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0213] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (I) is of formula (V):
##STR00025##
wherein R.sup.5 is as defined above for formula (I).
[0214] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (V), R.sup.5
is sterol or alkyl.
[0215] In some embodiments of the compounds of formula (V), R.sup.5
is
##STR00026##
wherein k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is
0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0216] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, in the
compound of formula (I), R.sup.5 substituent is not ceramide.
[0217] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the
compound of formula (I) is not .alpha.-galactosyl-ceramide
(ceramide-.alpha.-D-galactoside).
[0218] Also provided herein are C-glycoside analogs and derivatives
thereof of .alpha.-galactosyl ceramides, for use in inhibiting and
preventing the development, i.e., the "immunoregulation," of
inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and autoimmune diseases.
The inventors have further discovered that direct administration of
.alpha.-C-GalCer (.alpha.-C-galactosyl ceramide), a C-glycoside
analog of .alpha.-galactosyl ceramide, and derivatives thereof can
modulate in vivo immune responses, and inhibit or suppress airway
hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. Further, the inventors have
found that the administration of an effective amount of such
glycolipids during the development of the immune system, i.e., at a
young age, can be used to prevent airway inflammation and
hyperreactivity upon subsequent allergen exposure, and that these
effects are dependent upon IFN-.gamma. production.
[0219] Accordingly, provided herein for use with the various
aspects, compositions, uses, and methods described herein are
compounds of compound of formula (VI):
##STR00027##
[0220] wherein: [0221] R.sup.61 is OR.sup.63, NH.sub.2, or
NHC(O)-alkyl, or together with R.sup.62 forms a second bond between
the carbons they are attached to; [0222] R.sup.62 is OR.sup.63 or
together with R.sup.61 forms a second bond between the carbons they
are attached to; [0223] R.sup.63 and R.sup.64 are independently H,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, PO.sub.3.sup.2-, each of which may
be optionally substituted; [0224] R.sup.65 is alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, acyl, fatty acid, or lipid each of which may be optionally
substituted; [0225] X is O, or NH; [0226] Y is absent, or a linker;
and [0227] pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0228] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.61 is OH, NH.sub.2, NH(CO)CH.sub.3, or OPO.sub.3.sup.2-.
[0229] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.62 is OH, O-alkyl or O-acyl. Preferred alkyls for R.sup.62
include, but are not limited to, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyls such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, iso-propyl, t-butyl, pentyl and
hexanyl, each of which may be optionally substituted. Preferred
acyls for R.sup.62 include, but are not limited to, ethanoyl,
propanoyl, butanoyl, iso-propanoyl, t-buanotyl, pentanoyl and
hexanoyl.
[0230] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.61 and R.sup.62 together form a second bond between the
carbons they are attached to.
[0231] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.63 is H, CH.sub.3 or C(O)CH.sub.3.
[0232] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
R.sup.64is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, or PO.sub.3.sup.2.
Exemplary alkyls for R.sup.64 include, but are not limited to
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, hexanyl, and tetradecanyl
(myristyl), pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl (cetyl), heptadecanyl,
octadecanyl (stearyl), 16-methylheptadecanyl (isotearyl). Preferred
alkenyls for R.sup.4 include, but are not limited to, C.sub.12
C.sub.20 alkenyls comprising 1, 2, or 3 double bonds, e.g.,
9Z,12Z-octadecadien-yl (linoleyl); 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienyl
(linolenyl); gamma-linolenyl; 9-hexadecenyl (palmitoleyl);
9E-octadecenyl (elaidyl); cis-9-octadecenyl (oleyl);
9E,12E-octadecadienyl (elaidolinoleyl); 9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienyl
(elaidolinolenyl); 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenyl (ricinoleyl);
1-eicosanyl (arachidyl); myrsitoleyl; sapienyl; archidonyl;
eicosapentaenyl; erucyl; docosahexanyl; 15Z-tetracosenyl;
2-amino-4-octadecene-3-olyl; and
2-amino-9-methyl-nonadec-4,8-diene-3-olyl. Preferred alkynyls for
R.sup.64 include, but are not limited to, C.sub.12-C.sub.20
alkynyls comprising 1, 2, or 3 double bonds. In some embodiments,
R.sup.64 is a C.sub.12-C.sub.20 alkyl comprising 1, 2, or 3 double
and/or triple bonds.
[0233] Exemplary acyls for R.sup.64 include, but are not limited
to, ethanoyl; propanoyl; butanoyl; t-butanoyl; hexanoyl; heptanoyl;
octanoyl; nonanoyl; tetradecanoyl; pentadecanoyl; hexadecanoyl;
heptadecanoyl; octadecanoyl; 16-methylheptadecanoyl;
9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl; 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl;
gamma-linolenoyl; 9-butadecenoyl; 9-hexadecenoyl; 6-hexadecenoyl;
9E-octadecenoyl; cis-9-octadecenoyl; 9E,12E-octadecadienoyl;
9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienoyl; 2-hydroxy-9-octadecenoyl;
1-eicosanoyl; 15Z-tetracosenoyl myrsitolenoyl; sapienoyl;
archidonoyl; eicosapentaenoyl; erucoyl; and docosahexanoyl.
[0234] In some embodiments R.sup.64 is
##STR00028##
wherein Z is CH.sub.2 or C(O); k is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16; l is
0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is 0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1.
[0235] The --Y--R.sup.65 substituent on the sugar of a compound of
formula (VI) can be in the .alpha. or .beta. relative to the sugar.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the --Y--R.sup.65 substituent is
in the .alpha. configuration relative to the sugar. In some other
embodiments, the --Y--R.sup.65 substituent is in the .beta.
configuration relative to the sugar.
[0236] In some embodiments, R.sup.65 is a lipid. In some
embodiments of this, R.sup.65 is selected from the group consisting
of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids,
saccharolipids and polyketides, sterol lipids and prenol
lipids.
[0237] In some embodiments, R.sup.65 is selected from the group
consisting of ceramides, diacylphosphatidylcholine,
diacylphosphatidylethanolamine, ceramide, sphingomyelin, cephalin,
cerebrosides, cardiolipim, diacylphosphatidylserine and
diacylphosphatidic acid.
[0238] In one embodiment, R.sup.65 is ceramide.
[0239] As used herein, the term "linker" means an organic moiety
that connects two parts of a compound. Linkers typically comprise a
direct bond or an atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a unit such as NH,
C(O), C(O)NH, SO, SO.sub.2, SO.sub.2NH or a chain of atoms, such as
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted
alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, arylalkyl,
arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl,
heteroarylalkynyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylalkenyl,
heterocyclylalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, alkylarylalkyl, alkylarylalkenyl, alkylarylalkynyl,
alkenylarylalkyl, alkenylarylalkenyl, alkenylarylalkynyl,
alkynylarylalkyl, alkynylarylalkenyl, alkynylarylalkynyl,
alkylheteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroarylalkenyl,
alkylheteroarylalkynyl, alkenylheteroarylalkyl,
alkenylheteroarylalkenyl, alkenylheteroarylalkynyl,
alkynylheteroarylalkyl, alkynylheteroarylalkenyl,
alkynylheteroarylalkynyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl,
alkylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkylhererocyclylalkynyl,
alkenylheterocyclylalkyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkenyl,
alkenylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkyl,
alkynylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkylaryl,
alkenylaryl, alkynylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylhacroaryl,
alkynylheteroaryl, where one or more methylenes can be interrupted
or terminated by O, S, S(O), SO.sub.2, N(R.sup.101).sub.2, C(O),
cleavable linking group, substituted or un substituted aryl,
substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or
unsubstituted heterocyclic; where R.sup.101 is hydrogen, acyl,
aliphatic or substituted aliphatic.
[0240] In some embodiments, the linker is an optionally substituted
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylene.
[0241] In one embodiment, the linker is --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--,
wherein m an integer from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
Preferably m is 1, 2 or 3.
[0242] The sugar component of the compounds of formula (VI) can be
selected from the group consisting of allose, glucose, mannose,
gulose, idoes, galactose, talose, and derivatives and analogs
thereof, each of which may be optionally substituted.
[0243] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (VI) is of
formula (VIa):
##STR00029##
wherein R.sup.64, R.sup.65 and Y are as defined for formula
(VI).
[0244] In some embodiments of compounds of formula (VIa), R.sup.64
is H.
[0245] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (VI) is of
formula (IVIb):
##STR00030##
wherein R.sup.64, R.sup.65 and Y are as defined for formula
(VI).
[0246] In some embodiments of compounds of formula (VIa), R.sup.64
is H.
[0247] In one embodiment, a compound of formula (VI) is
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide (.alpha.-C-
##STR00031##
[0248] As used herein, the term "lipid" refers to a variety of
compounds that are characterized by their solubility in organic
solvents. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, fats,
waxes, steroids, sterols, glycolipids, glycosphingolipids
(including gangliosides), phospholipids, terpenes, fat-soluble
vitamins, prostaglandins, carotenes, and chlorophylls. The term
"lipid" as used herein also includes vegetable oils, seed oils,
triglycerides, waxes of triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Accordingly, the term "lipid" includes fatty acyls, glycerolipids,
glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids and
polyketides, sterol lipids and prenol lipids. Exemplary lipids
include, but are not limited to, diacylphosphatidylcholine,
diacylphosphatidylethanolamine, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cephalin,
cerebrosides, cardiolipim, diacylphosphatidylserine and
diacylphosphatidic acid. Generally, the acyl groups in these lipids
are acyl groups derived from fatty acids having C.sub.10-C.sub.24
carbon chains. For example, the acyl groups can be lauroyl,
myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl or oleoyl.
[0249] The compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized starting
from the respective sugar and R.sup.5 (e.g., sterol, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl) components utilizing methods well known
to the skilled artisan for glycoside synthesis. Such methods can
include, for example, the Fischer glycosylation. Synthesis of
sterol components of formula (I) is shown for example in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,496,806; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,338,837; and 4,402,948, the
contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0250] The compounds of formula (I) can be easily synthesized
starting from the respective sugar and sterol components utilizing
methods well known to the skilled artisan for glycoside synthesis.
Such methods can include, for example, the Fischer glycosylation.
Synthesis of sterol components of formula (I) is shown for example
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,806; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,338,837; and
4,402,948, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
[0251] The synthesis of compounds of formula (I) can be carried out
using methods well known to the skilled artisan. In one
non-limiting example, compounds of formula (I) can be obtained by
the stereospecific conjugation of an appropriately protected of
glycopyrnosyl unit with an appropriately protected R.sup.5OH using
the methods described, for example, in Bols, M., Chem. Comm.
12:913-914 (1992); Bols, M. Tetrahedron 49:10049-1005 (1993); and
Crich, D. and Smith M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123:9015-9020 (2001),
contents of all which are herein incorporated by reference.
Accordingly, the cholesteryl 6-O-acyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside can
be synthesized utilizing the methods described herein for the
synthesis of the exemplary compound 1. In general, compound 1 can
be obtained from the reaction between compound 2 or its protected
derivatives and a desired elctrophile (acid chloride or acid
anhydride).
##STR00032##
[0252] The synthesis of compound 2 can be carried out, in some
embodiments, as follows. The phenyl thioglucoside (3) is prepared
using the procedure described in Bols M., Chem. Com. 12, 913
(1992). For stereospecific introduction of saccharide unit into
target molecule is accomplished using the high efficient "silicon
tethered intramolecular glycosidation" method described in Bols, M
et al. Tetrahedron, 49, 10049 (1993). The intramolecular
a-glycosidation is achieved by carrying out the reaction with
cholesterol (4) tethered to the 2-position of the gucosyl donor (3)
by silicon linkage (compound 5), using the thioglycoside activation
method reported by Crich and Smith J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123: 9015
(2001). O-acetyl protection groups from 6 are removed by MeONa/MeOH
treatment in dichloromethane giving 2. Compound 2 is first
per-trimethylsilylated by trimethylsilyl chloride/triethylamine in
dichloromethane followed by selective deprotection of 6-position of
glucose to give 7 (Fernandez, et al., Carbohydrate Res. 327:
353-365 (2000), content which is herein incorporated by reference).
Reaction of 7 with acyl anhydride and 4-dimethylaminopyridine
followed by removal of trimethylsilyl protection groups with
methanol/aq.KHSO.sub.4 provides reasonable yields of cholesteryl
6-O-acyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosides. The synthesized cholesteryl
6-O-acyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside can be separated from a reaction
mixture and further purified by a method such as column
chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography.
[0253] The compounds described herein contain one or more
asymmetric centers and thus can give rise to enantiomers,
diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that can be defined,
in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)-- or (S)--, or .alpha.
or .beta.. Included herein are all such possible isomers, as well
as their racemic and optically pure forms. Accordingly, the sugar
component of the compounds includes, but is not limited to, allose,
glucose, mannose, gulose, idocs, galactose, talose, and derivatives
and analogs thereof. Similarly, the sterol component includes, but
is not limited to, bile acids (such as cholic acid, deoxycholic
acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid,
deoxychlolic acid, lithocholic acid), cholesterol,
7-beta-hydroxycholesterol, 7-keto-cholesterol,
6,7-dihydroxy-cholesterol, 5,6,-epoxy-cholesterol, stigmasterol,
lanosterol, beta-sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol,
brassicasterol, and derivatives and analogs thereof.
[0254] Optical isomers can he prepared from their respective
optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or
by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried
out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by
repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques
which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details
regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers,
Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the
compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, other
unsaturation, or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless
specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both
E and Z geometric isomers or cis- and trans-isomers. Likewise, all
tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. The
configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is
selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a
particular configuration unless the text so states; thus a
carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-heteroatom double bond depicted
arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the
two in any proportion.
Chemical Definitions
[0255] For simplicity, chemical moieties are defined and referred
to throughout can be univalent chemical moieties (e.g., alkyl,
aryl, etc.) or multivalent moieties under the appropriate
structural circumstances clear to those skilled in the art. For
example, an "alkyl" moiety can be referred to a monovalent radical
(e.g. CH.sub.3--CH.sub.2--), or in other instances, a bivalent
linking moiety can be "alkyl," in which case those skilled in the
art will understand the alkyl to be a divalent radical (e.g.,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--), which is equivalent to the term
"alkylene."
[0256] The term "acyl" refers to an alkylcarbonyl,
cycloalkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, or
heteroarylcarbonyl substituent, any of which may be further
substituted by substituents. Exemplary acyl groups include, but are
not limited to, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl,
caproyl, t-butylacetyl.
[0257] The term "alkyl" refers to saturated non-aromatic
hydrocarbon chains that may be a straight chain or branched chain,
containing the indicated number of carbon atoms (these include
without limitation methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexanyl,
which may be optionally inserted with N, O, or S. For example,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 indicates that the group may have from 1 to 6
(inclusive) carbon atoms in it.
[0258] The term "alkenyl" refers to an alkyl that comprises at
least one double bond. Exemplary alkenyl groups include, but are
not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl,
1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl and the like.
[0259] The term "alkynyl" refers to an alkyl that comprises at
least one triple bond.
[0260] The term "aryl" refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic
aromatic ring system wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring
may be substituted by a substituent. Examplary aryl groups include,
but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, azulenyl,
fluorenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,
and the like.
[0261] The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic 5-8 membered
monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic
ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms
if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms
selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9
heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic,
respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring may be
substituted by a substituent. Examplary heteroaryl groups include,
but are not limited to, pyridyl, furyl or furanyl, imidazolyl,
benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl or thienyl, pyridazinyl,
pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, and the
like.
[0262] The term "heterocyclyl" refers to a nonaromatic 5-8 membered
monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic
ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms
if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms
selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9
heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic,
respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms of each ring may be
substituted by a substituent. Examplary heterocyclyl groups
include, but are not limited to piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl,
dioxanyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and the like. The term
"cyclyl" or "cycloalkyl" refers to saturated and partially
unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons, for
example, 3 to 8 carbons, and, for example, 3 to 6 carbons, wherein
the cycloalkyl group additionally may be optionally substituted.
Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to,
cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl,
cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like.
[0263] The term "optionally substituted" means that the specified
group or moiety, such is unsubstituted or is substituted with one
or more (typically 1-4 substituents) independently selected from
the group of substituents listed below in the definition for
"substituents" or otherwise specified.
[0264] The term "substituents" refers to a group that replaces a
hydrogen at any atom of the substituted group or moiety. Suitable
substituents include, without limitation, halo, hydroxy, oxo,
nitro, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aryl, aralkyl,
alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, acylamino, alkylcarbanoyl, arylcarbanoyl,
aminoalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkanesulfonyl,
arenesulfonyl, alkanesulfonamido, arenesulfonamido,
aralkylsulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, acyloxy, cyano or ureido. In
some cases, two substituents, together with the carbons to which
they are attached to can form a ring.
Therapeutic Applications
[0265] Certain aspects of the invention described herein are based,
in part, on the discovery by the inventors that glycolipids
purified from the bacterium H. pylori, such as the cholesterol
derivative cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside,
also referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside, specifically
activate NKT cells in vitro by a CD1d-restricted mechanism.
Further, the inventors determined that direct administration of
such glycolipids to a subject increases the total number of NKT
cells, and in particular the double-negative (DN) subset of NKT
cells. The inventors have found that the DN subset of NKT cells
contacted with such glycolipids have immunoregulatory or regulatory
properties and can suppress the subsequent development of asthma,
and that this effect is active and can be transferred by such
immunoregulatory NKT cells to another subject. In addition, the
inventors have found that the immunoregulatory NKT cells are
associated with the development and expansion of other
immunoregulatory immune cells, such as Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.reg
cells.
[0266] Accordingly, provided herein are methods for the treatment
and prevention of inflammatory diseases, such as asthma or
autoimmune diseases, in a subject in need thereof. Some of these
methods involve administering to a subject a therapeutically
effective amount of one or more of the compounds of formula (1)
described herein. Other such methods involve administering to a
subject a therapeutically effective amount of a population of NKT
cells that have been contacted with one or more of the compounds of
formula (I) described herein. In some embodiments of these methods,
the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II), formula
(III), formula (IV), formula (V), or a cholesteryl
O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to herein
as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside). These methods described herein are
particularly aimed at therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of
human subjects having or at risk for an inflammatory disease.
[0267] In one aspect, a method is provided for the prevention or
treatment of an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof,
comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a
compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside).
[0268] In other such aspects, a methods is provided for the
prevention or treatment of an inflammatory disease in a subject in
need thereof, comprising administering to a subject an effective
amount of a compound of formula (VI), such as a compound of formula
(VIa), formula (VIb), or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide.
[0269] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of a compound
of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III),
formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside) for preventing or treating an
inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof.
[0270] In other such aspects, provided herein is the use of a
compound of formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (Via),
formula (VIb), or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, for preventing or
treating an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof.
[0271] The terms "subject" and "individual" are used
interchangeably herein, and refer to an animal, for example a
human, from whom the immune cells and NKT cells for use in the
methods described herein can be isolated and collected from. A
subject can also be the recipient of the isolated and contacted
immune cells and NKT cells, or the recipient to whom an effective
amount of a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula
(II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, is administered. For treatment of
disease states that are specific for a specific animal such as a
human subject, the term "subject" refers to that specific animal.
The terms "non-human animals" and "non-human mammals" are used
interchangeably herein, and include mammals such as rats, mice,
rabbits, sheep, cats, dogs, cows, pigs, and non-human primates. The
term "subject" also encompasses any vertebrate including but not
limited to mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. However,
advantageously, the subject is a mammal such as a human, or other
mammals such as a domesticated mammal, e.g. dog, cat, horse, and
the like, or production mammal, e.g. cow, sheep, pig, and the like
are also encompassed in the term subject.
[0272] The inventors have discovered that administration of a
compound of formula (I), such as such as a compound of formula
(II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), in a young subject having an
immature or developing immune system can prevent the development of
an inflammatory disorder in the same adult subject. In addition,
the inventors have found that an immune cell population, or
substantially pure or enriched NKT cell population contacted with a
compound of formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside, or a compound of
formula (VI), such as .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, that is
isolated from a young subject having an immature or developing
immune system, when administered to an a recipient adult subject
can protect that adult subject from an inflammatory disease, such
as asthma. Without wishing to be bound or limited by a theory, this
protection is believed to be mediated by the modulation of the
properties of the developing NKT cells in the young subject, such
that they develop a regulatory phenotype. In some embodiments, such
regulatory NKT cells have a DN phenotype. The regulatory NKT cells
are believed, without wishing to be bound or limited by a theory,
to mediate this effect by further modulating the development,
maturation, and/or expansion of other immune cells in the subject,
including, but not limited to Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.reg cells. Such
Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.reg cells can be antigen-specific or naturally
occurring Foxp3.sup.+ L.sub.reg cells.
[0273] Accordingly, for the various embodiments of the methods
described herein, a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of
formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or
cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can be administered to a subject
of any age, i.e., a subject less than 100 years, less than 90
years, less than 80 years, less than 70 years, less than 60 years,
less than 50 years, less than 45 years, less than 40 years, less
than 35 years, less than 30 years, less than 25 years, less than 20
years, less than 15 years, or less than 10 years.
[0274] In some preferred embodiments of the aspects described
herein, the subject is less than 10 years, less than 9 years, less
than 8 years, less than 7 years, less than 6 years, less than 5
years, less than 4 years, less than 3 years, less than 2 years,
less than 1 year, less than 11 months, less than 10 months, less
than 9 months, less than 8 months, less than 7 months, less than 6
months, less than 5 months, less than 4 months, less than 3 months,
less than 2 months, or less than 1 month of age. As used herein, a
"young subject" can be a subject less than 10 years of age, and an
"infant subject" is less than 2 years of age. In some embodiments
of the aspects described herein, an infant subject being treated
with the compositions and methods described herein has not been
completely weaned from maternal breast milk, i.e., the infant still
nurses and drinks maternal breast milk for some or all his/her
nutritional requirements. In some embodiments of the aspects
described herein, an infant subject being treated with the
compositions and methods described herein requires breast milk, or
a formula solution replicating breast milk, for some or all of
his/her nutritional requirements.
[0275] In some embodiments of the aspect, a subject, such as a
young subject, or an infant subject, is administered a compound of
formula (I) selected from the group consisting of:
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and 6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
In some embodiments of the aspect, a subject, such as a young or an
infant subject, is administered cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside).
[0276] In other aspects, an NKT cell population or a biological
sample comprising NKT cells for use in the different methods of
treating or preventing inflammatory diseases described herein are
contacted with an effective amount of one or more compounds of
formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III),
formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside) (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or one or more compounds of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-galactosylceramide. This contacting can be performed
in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, as described herein.
NKT Cells and Foxp3.sup.+ Regulatory T Cells
[0277] NKT cells comprise a small (0.2%) subset of T lymphocytes
that share characteristics with NK cells and conventional T cells,
with potent functions in modulating immunity (33). NKT cells are
classified based on their TCR (T cell receptor) repertoire and the
molecule by which they are presented antigen, and these cells
express a relatively unique transcription factor, PLZF, that is
specific for NKT cells (34) and other innate or activated T cells
(35). As used herein, an "NKT cell" or "NKT cell population"
includes those NKT cells that express an invariant TCR (i.e.,
V.alpha.14J.alpha.18 TCR in mice and V.alpha.24 in humans) and have
antigen presented to them by, i.e., are "restricted by," the MHC
class I-like molecule, CD1d. The CD1d molecule is widely expressed
by airway and intestinal epithelial cells, B cells, macrophages and
dendritic cells, all of which can act as antigen presenting cells
(APCs) for NKT cells. The conservation of the invariant TCR across
many mammalian species indicates that it acts as a pattern
recognition receptor, and that NKT cells play an important role in
innate immunity, i.e., the initial immune response to pathogens. In
addition, different subsets of NKT cells can be differentiated on
the basis of the expression of different cell-surface markers, such
as CD4 and CD8. Accordingly, NKT cells can be classified into
further subsets, such as "CD4.sup.+CD8.sup.+" (also referred to
herein as "CD4.sup.+ NKT cells"), CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.- (also referred
to herein as "double-negative" or "DN NKT cells"), and
CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.+ (also referred to herein as "CD8.sup.+ NKT
cells") based on the expression of specific cell-surface markers.
In other embodiments of the aspects described herein, an NKT cell
can be one that does not express an invariant TCR.
[0278] NKT cells can also be classified according to their
functional properties. These functional properties include, but are
not limited to, the expression or lack of expression of one or more
cell-surface molecules (i.e., CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.- NKT cells), the
production of a specific cytokine or combination of cytokines by an
NKT cell population or a subset of an NKT cell population (e.g.,
IFN.gamma., IL-4, IL-17, or any combination therein), or by the
ability of an NKT cell population or a subset of an NKT cell
population to modulate or induce another population(s) of immune
cells (e.g., induction or expansion of a Foxp3+ regulatory T cell
(T.sub.reg) population). Accordingly, in some embodiments of the
aspects described herein, a population of NKT cells can be
classified as "regulatory" or "immunoregulatory," if administration
or modulation of such an NKT population protects against the
development or progression of a disease condition, either through a
direct mechanism, an indirect mechanism, or a combination of such
mechanisms. For example, in some embodiments, a regulatory
population of NKT cells is a population of DN NKT cells generated
using the compositions and methods described herein.
[0279] NKT cells comprise only a small proportion of the total
hematopoietic cells or immune cells in a subject. "Hematopoietic
cells" or "immune cells," as described herein, (also known as white
blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes) refer to cells of the immune
system that defend the body against both infectious disease and
foreign materials. Hematopoietic cells are all produced and derived
from a multipotent cell in the hone marrow known as a hematopoietic
stem cell (HSC). Hematopoietic cells or immune cells are found
throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system, and
as used herein, refer to all types of hematopoietic cells
throughout their differentiation from self-renewing HSCs through
immature precursors of the various hematopoietic lineages to and
including mature function hematopoietic cells, as would be
understood by one of skill in the art. Mature hematopoietic cell
lineages include, but are not limited to, neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, NKT cells),
NK (natural killer) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic
cells. Accordingly, NKT cells for use with the compositions and
methods described herein can be obtained by a variety of methods
and from any biological sample comprising such immune cells.
[0280] The term "biological sample" as used herein refers to a cell
or population of cells or a quantity of tissue or fluid from a
subject comprising one or more NKT cells. Most often, the
biological sample has been removed from a subject, but the term
"biological sample" can also refer to cells or tissue analyzed in
vivo, i.e. without removal from the subject. Biological samples
include, but are not limited to, whole blood, bone marrow, cord
blood, tissue sample, e.g., lung, spleen or lymph node sample, or
biopsies, scrapes (e.g. buccal scrapes), plasma, serum, urine,
saliva, cell culture, or cerebrospinal fluid. A biological sample
or tissue sample can refer to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated
from a subject, including but not limited to, for example,
peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, splenic tissue,
liver tissue, lung tissue, cord blood, plasma, sputum, serum, lung
lavage fluid, tumor biopsy, urine, stool, spinal fluid, pleural
fluid, nipple aspirates, lymph fluid, the external sections of the
skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears,
saliva, milk, cells (including but not limited to hematopoietic
cells), tumors, organs, and also samples obtained from in vitro
cell cultures. Such in vitro cell cultures include NKT cells that
have been cultured in vitro after isolation from a subject, NKT
cells that have been generated ex vivo or in vitro from a non-NKT
cell population, such as a hematipoietic progenitor cell
populations, or other multi- and pluripotent stem cell populations,
including but not limited to human embryonic stem cells and induced
pluripotent stem cells.
[0281] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a
biological sample comprising NKT cells refers to a sample isolated
from a subject, such as a peripheral blood sample, thymus sample,
bone marrow sample, splenic sample, lung tissue sample, cord blood
sample, or liver sample, which is then further processed, for
example, by cell sorting, to obtain a population of haematopoietic
cells comprising NKT cells. In other embodiments of the aspects
described herein, a biological sample comprising NKT cells refers
to an in vitro culture of expanded NKT cells. In some embodiments,
the sample is from a resection, bronchoscopic biopsy, or core
needle biopsy. In some embodiments, a biological sample comprises a
stem cell population, including an induced pluripotent stem cell
population. In addition, fine needle aspirate samples are used.
Samples can be either paraffin-embedded or frozen tissue. The
sample can be obtained by removing a sample of cells from a
subject, but can also be accomplished by using previously isolated
cells (e.g., isolated from another subject), or by using the
compositions and performing the methods described herein in
vivo.
[0282] Activation of an NKT cell through the invariant TCR results
in the rapid production of large amounts of cytokines, such as IL-4
and IFN-.gamma., particularly from mature NKT cells found in adult
mice and humans. In contrast, activation of NKT cells in neonates
or in cord blood, which are immature, results in only relatively
small amounts of cytokines (36, 37). Activation of an NKT cell
population can also lead to expansion of that NKT cell population
by proliferation. Depending on the agent used to activate an NKT
cell population, a specific subset of an NKT cell population can be
preferentially expanded, e.g., only DN NKT cells undergo expansion.
Activation of an NKT cell can also lead to modulation of
cell-surface phenotypes, such as up-regulation or down-regulation
of one or more cell-surface markers. For example, activation of an
NKT cell can lead to down-regulation of the invariant TCR.
Accordingly, as used herein "activation" of an NKT cell, an NKT
cell population, or a biological sample comprising NKT cells
includes, hut is not limited to, any change or modulation, such as
an increase in, cytokine production by, changes in expression of
cell-surface markers on, expansion of/proliferation of, or any
combination therein, one or more NKT cells in an NKT cell
population, or biological sample comprising NKT cells.
[0283] Regulatory T cells or T.sub.reg cells play an important role
for the maintenance of immunological tolerance by suppressing the
action of autoreactive effector cells and have been shown to be
critically involved in preventing the development of autoimmune
reactions (S. Sakaguchi, Nat Immunol 6:345-352, (2005)). While a
number of cell surface molecules are used to characterize and
define T.sub.reg cells, the most common being CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.hi
expression, the transcription factor FOXP3 is specifically
expressed in these cells and has been shown to be a critical factor
for the development and function of T.sub.reg cells. Accordingly,
as described herein, a "regulatory T cell" or "T.sub.reg" refers to
those T cells that have immunoregulatory properties and the ability
to suppress the proliferation and/or effector function of other T
cell populations, and that, in some embodiments, express the
transcription factor Foxp3.
[0284] Accordingly, in one aspect, methods are provided for the
treatment or prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in
need thereof, comprising administering to a subject an effective
amount of an NKT cell population contacted with a compound of
formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III),
formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide.
[0285] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the NKT cell population being contacted with a
compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (VI) and being
administered to a subject, is obtained or isolated from a second
subject of any age. In some such embodiments, the NKT cell
population is contacted in vivo in a donor subject prior to being
isolated and administered to the subject in need thereof. The donor
subject can be of any age. In some preferred embodiments, the donor
subject is less than 10 years, less than 9 years, less than 8
years, less than 7 years, less than 6 years, less than 5 years,
less than 4 years, less than 3 years, less than 2 years, less than
1 year, less than 11 months, less than 10 months, less than 9
months, less than 8 months, less than 7 months, less than 6 months,
less than 5 months, less than 4 months, less than 3 months, less
than 2 months, or less than 1 month of age. In some embodiments,
the subject is a young subject or an infant subject. In some
embodiments, the infant has not been completely weaned from breast
milk, i.e., the infant still nurses and drinks breast milk from a
mother for some or all his/her nutritional requirements. In some
embodiments of the aspects described herein, the infant requires
breast milk or a formula solution replicating breast milk for some
or all of his/her nutritional requirements.
[0286] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a
compound of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of:
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and 6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
In some embodiments of the aspect, a subject is administered
cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside).
[0287] In some embodiments of this aspect, the contacting of the
NKT cell population can be in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. As used
herein, in vivo (Latin for "within the living") refers to those
methods using a whole, living organism, such as a human subject.
For example, in some embodiments, an NKT cell population is
contacted by direct administration of a compound of formula (I),
such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV),
formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, to a subject, such as an infant or
young subject. Administration for the methods described herein
include, but are not limited to, injection, infusion, instillation,
inhalation, ingestion, rectal, and topical (including buccal and
sublingual) administration, and are discussed in further detail
below.
[0288] As used herein, "ex vivo" (Latin: out of the living) refers
to those methods that are performed outside the body of a subject,
and refers to those procedures in which an organ, cells, or tissue
are taken from a living subject for a procedure, e.g., contacting a
biological sample comprising NKT cells with a compound of formula
(I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside) (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, and then returning the
contacted sample to a subject. As used herein, "in vitro" refers to
those methods performed outside of a subject, such as an in vitro
cell culture experiment. For example, NKT cells being cultured in
vitro can be contacted with a compound of formula (I), such as
cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of
formula (VI), such as .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, and then
returned to an incubator for expansion or growth in the presence of
the compound of formula (I) or formula (VI) prior to being used or
administered according to the methods described herein.
[0289] In some such embodiments of the aspects described herein,
contacting an NKT cell population or a biological sample comprising
NKT cells with an effective amount of one or more compounds of
formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or one or more compounds of
formula (VI), such as .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, "activates" the
NKT cells of the NKT cell population or biological sample relative
to a comparable, control NKT cell population or biological sample
that is not contacted with one or more compounds of formula (I) or
formula (VI). It is preferred that the degree of activation of NKT
cells in the NKT cell population or biological sample comprising
NKT cells is at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 30%
higher, at least 40% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60%
higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90%
higher, at least 95% higher, at least 2-fold higher, at least
3-fold higher, at least 4-fold higher, at least 5-fold higher, at
least 6-fold higher, at least 7-fold higher, at least 7-fold
higher, at least 9 fold higher, at least 10 fold higher, at least
25-fold higher, at least 50-fold higher, at least 100-fold higher,
at least 1000-fold higher, or more, than a comparable control
treated NKT cell population or a biological sample comprising NKT
cells, which have been treated identically except for the addition
of the compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (VI).
[0290] In some embodiments of this aspect, the NKT cell population
being contacted or used in the methods described herein, comprises
allogeneic NKT cells obtained from one or more donors. As used
herein, "allogeneic" refers to NKT cells or biological samples
comprising NKT cells obtained from one or more different donors of
the same species, where the genes at one or more loci are not
identical. For example, an NKT cell population being administered
to a subject may be obtained from one more unrelated donors, or
from one or more non-identical siblings. In some embodiments,
syngeneic NKT cell populations can be used, such as those obtained
from genetically identical animals, or from identical twins. In
other embodiments of this aspect, the NKT cells are autologous NKT
cells. As used herein, "autologous" refers to NKT cells or
biological samples comprising NKT cells obtained or isolated from a
subject and being administered to the same subject, i.e., the donor
and recipient are the same.
[0291] In some embodiments of this aspect, the contacting of the
NKT cell population occurs in the presence of one or more
antigen-presenting cells (APCs). An antigen-presenting cell (APC),
as used herein, refers to those cells that can present a compound
of formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), to the TCR of an NKT cell,
preferably such that the NKT cell becomes activated as defined
herein, and include, but are not limited to, dendritic cells (DCs),
macrophages, B-cells, and epithelial cells. Preferably, the APCs
use CD1d to present the compound of formula (I) to the NKT cell
population or biological sample comprising NKT cells.
[0292] Other aspects described herein provide methods for the
treatment or prevention of an inflammatory disease in a subject in
need thereof. In such aspects, the method comprises: (a) isolating
a plurality of immune cells from a first subject, wherein the
immune cells comprise an NKT population; (b) contacting said
isolated immune cells with an effective amount of a compound of
formula (I) or formula (VI; and (c) administering to a second
subject an effective amount of the plurality of isolated immune
cells contacted with a compound of formula (I) or formula (VI),
wherein said second subject has or is at risk for an inflammatory
disease.
[0293] Another such aspect provides a method of treating or
preventing an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof,
comprising: (a) administering an effective amount of a compound of
formula (I) or formula (VI); (b) isolating a plurality of immune
cells from the first subject, wherein the immune cells comprise an
NKT population; and (c) administering to a second subject an
effective amount of the plurality of immune cells isolated from the
first subject administered a compound of formula (I) or formula
(VI), wherein said second subject has or is at risk for an
inflammatory disease.
[0294] In some embodiments of these aspects, the first subject is
of any age. In some preferred embodiments, the first subject is
less than 10 years, less than 9 years, less than 8 years, less than
7 years, less than 6 years, less than 5 years, less than 4 years,
less than 3 years, less than 2 years, less than 1 year, less than
11 months, less than 10 months, less than 9 months, less than 8
months, less than 7 months, less than 6 months, less than 5 months,
less than 4 months, less than 3 months, less than 2 months, or less
than 1 month of age. In some embodiments, the first subject is a
young subject or an infant subject. In some embodiments of the
aspects described herein, an infant subject being treated with the
compositions and methods described herein has not been completely
weaned from breast milk, i.e., the infant still nurses and drinks
breast milk from a mother for some or all his/her nutritional
requirements. In some embodiments of the aspects described herein,
an infant subject being treated with the compositions and methods
described herein requires breast milk or a formula solution
replicating breast milk for some or all of his/her nutritional
requirements.
[0295] In some embodiments of these aspects and all such aspects
described herein, the compound of formula (I) can be a compound of
formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV), or formula (V). In other
embodiments of these aspects, a compound of formula (VI), can be a
compound of formula (VIa) or formula (VIb).
[0296] In some embodiments of these aspects, a compound of formula
(I) selected from the group consisting of:
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside; cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-beta-hydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
7-keto-cholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-6-phosphate-.alpha.-D-glucosamine;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-alloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-glucoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-mannoside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-guloside;
6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-galactoside;
and 6,7-dihydroxycholesteryl-1,6-bisphosphate-.alpha.-D-taloside.
In some embodiments of these aspects, the compound of formula (I)
is cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside) (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside).
[0297] Immune cells, or hematopoietic cells, for use with the
compositions and methods described herein can be obtained from any
suitable biological sample as is described herein. A variety of
methods and techniques can be used for obtaining the immune cells,
as is known to one of skill in the art. Suitable methods by which a
plurality of immune cells can be obtained include, but are not
limited to, cell isolation techniques such as magnetic sorting, or
flow cytometric based sorting techniques.
[0298] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, NKT
cells for use with the compositions and methods described herein
can be generated ex vivo or in vitro from a non-NKT cell
population, such as a hematipoietic progenitor cell population, or
other multi- and pluripotent stem cell populations, including but
not limited to human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cells. Such non-NKT cell populations can be autologous
cell populations or donor-derived cell populations.
[0299] As used herein, the term "pluripotent" refers to a cell with
the developmental potential, under different conditions, to
differentiate to cell types characteristic of all three germ cell
layers, i.e., endoderm (e.g., gut tissue), mesoderm (including
blood, muscle, and vessels), and ectoderm (such as skin and nerve).
The term "multipotent" when used in reference to a "multipotent
cell" refers to a cell that has the developmental potential to
differentiate into cells of one or more germ layers, but not all
three. Thus, a multipotent cell can also be termed a "partially
differentiated cell." Multipotent cells are well known in the art,
and examples of multipotent cells include adult stem cells, such as
for example, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
"Multipotent" indicates that a cell may form many types of cells in
a given lineage, but not cells of other lineages. For example, a
multipotent hematopoietic cell can form the many different types of
blood cells (red, white (e.g., T cells, NKT cells), platelets, etc.
. . . ), but it cannot form neurons.
[0300] The term "stem cell" as used herein refers to a cell in an
undifferentiated or partially differentiated state that has the
property of self-renewal and has the developmental potential to
differentiate into multiple cell types, without a specific implied
meaning regarding developmental potential (i.e., totipotent,
pluripotent, multipotent, etc.). A stem cell is capable of
proliferation and giving rise to more such stem cells while
maintaining its developmental potential. The term "embryonic stem
cell" as used herein refers to naturally occurring pluripotent stem
cells of the inner cell mass of the embryonic blastocyst (see, for
e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,843,780; 6,200,806; 7,029,913; 7,584,479,
which are incorporated herein by reference). Embryonic stem cells
are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives
of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
In some embodiments, induced pluripotent stem cells can be
generated using any method known to one of skill in the art, for
use in generating NKT cells suitable for use with the methods and
compositions described herein.
[0301] The terms "isolate, "isolation techniques," and "methods of
isolation," as used herein, refers to a process or processes
whereby a cell or population of cells is removed from a subject or
biological sample in which it was originally found, or a descendant
of such a cell or cells. The term "isolated population" with
respect to an isolated population of cells, as used herein, refers
to a population of cells that has been removed and separated from a
biological sample, or a mixed or heterogeneous population of cells
found in such a sample. Such a mixed population includes, in one
embodiment, a population of peripheral blood cells obtained from
isolated blood. In another embodiment, an isolated population of
immune cells is obtained from the bone marrow. In another
embodiment, an isolated population of immune cells is obtained from
a cell suspension of a tissue sample comprising immune cells, such
as a lymph node, or a thymus or spleen sample. In some embodiments,
an isolated population is a substantially pure population of cells
as compared to the heterogeneous population from which the cells
were isolated or enriched from. In some embodiments of this aspect
and all such aspects described herein, the isolated population
comprises a population of immune or hematopoietic cells. In other
embodiments of this aspect and all aspects described herein, the
isolated population is an population enriched for NKT cells or a
subset of NKT cells, or is a substantially pure population of NKT
cells or a subset of NKT cells.
[0302] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the isolated immune cell population comprises a
substantially pure population of NKT cells as compared to a
heterogeneous population of immune cells comprising various immune
cell types from which the NKT cells were derived or isolated. In
some embodiments, an isolated immune cell population, is further
cultured in vitro, e.g., in the presence of growth factors or
cytokines, to further expand the number of NKT cells in the
isolated immune cell population or substantially pure NKT cell
population. The isolated immune cells or NKT cells can be put into
such cultures before or after contacting with a compound of formula
(I). Such culture can be performed using any method known to one of
skill in the art, for example, those methods described in the
Examples section. In some embodiments, an isolated immune cell
population or substantially pure NKT cell population obtained by
the methods disclosed herein are later introduced into a second
different subject, or re-introduced into the same subject from
which the cell population was originally isolated, i.e., the first
and second subject are the same.
[0303] The term "substantially pure," with respect to an isolated
immune cell population or NKT cell population, refers to a
population of cells that is at least about 75%, at least about 80%,
at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at
least about 98%, or at least about 99% pure, with respect to the
immune cells or NKT cells making up the total cell population. In
other words, the terms "substantially pure" or "essentially
purified," with regard to a population of NKT cells isolated for
use in the methods as disclosed herein, refers to a population of
NKT cells that contain fewer than about 25%, fewer than about 20%,
fewer than about 15%, fewer than about 10%, fewer than about 9%,
fewer than about 8%, fewer than about 7%, fewer than about 6%,
fewer than about 5%, fewer than about 4%, fewer than about 4%,
fewer than about 3%, fewer than about 2%, fewer than about 1%, or
less than 1%, of cells that are not NKT cells as defined by the
terms herein.
[0304] The terms "enriching" or "enriched" are used interchangeably
herein and mean that the yield (fraction) of cells of one type,
such as NKT cells or a particular subset of NKT cells, is increased
by at least 15%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%,
by at least 35%, by at least 40%, by at least 45%, by at least 50%,
by at least 55%, by at least 60%, by at least 65%, by at least 70%,
or by at least 75%, over the fraction of cells of that type in the
starting biological sample, culture, or preparation.
[0305] Some embodiments of these aspects further encompass methods
to expand a population of immune cells or a population of
substantially pure or enriched NKT cells, wherein the expanded
population of NKT cells is a substantially pure or enriched
population of NKT cells. In some embodiments of the aspect, a
population of immune cells or a population of substantially pure or
enriched NKT cells is contacted with a compound of formula (I),
such as cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside
(also referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a
compound of formula (VI), such as .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, in
an amount and time sufficient to activate the NKT cells in the
plurality of immune cells or the population of substantially pure
or enriched NKT cells. In some embodiments, the activation of the
NKT cells in the plurality of immune cells or the population of
substantially pure or enriched NKT cells causes an expansion of the
NKT cells, changes the cytokine production by the NKT cells, alters
cell-surface marker expression of the NKT cells, or any combination
thereof.
[0306] As used herein, the terms "expanding", "expansion,"
"proliferating," and "proliferation", refer to an increase in the
number of cells in a population (growth) by means of cell division.
Cell proliferation is generally understood to result from the
coordinated activation of multiple signal transduction pathways in
response to the environment, including growth factors and other
mitogens. For example, in some embodiments, a compound of formula
(I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula
(IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, is contacted with a population of
immune cells or a substantially pure or enriched NKT cell
population to cause NKT cell proliferation or expansion. These
expanded NKT cells can then be used in the methods described
herein. Cell proliferation can also be promoted by release from the
actions of intra- or extracellular signals and mechanisms that
block or negatively affect cell proliferation.
[0307] In some embodiments of this aspect and all such aspects
described herein, the method further comprises purifying or
enriching for an NKT cell population from the contacted immune
cells prior to the administration of the immune cells to the second
subject.
[0308] A variety of methods to isolate an immune cell population,
or a substantially pure or enriched population of NKT cells for use
in the methods described herein, are available to a skilled
artisan, including immunoselection techniques, such as
high-throughput cell sorting using flow cytometric methods,
affinity methods with antibodies labeled to magnetic beads,
biodegradable beads, non-biodegradable beads, and antibodies panned
to surfaces including dishes and combination of such methods.
[0309] "Flow cytometry" refers to a technique for counting and
examining microscopic particles, such as cells and chromosomes, by
suspending them in a stream of fluid and passing them through an
electronic detection apparatus. Flow cytometry allows simultaneous
multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical parameters
of up to thousands of particles per second, such as fluorescent
parameters. Modern flow cytometric instruments usually have
multiple lasers and fluorescence detectors. A common variation of
flow cytometric techniques is to physically sort particles based on
their properties, so as to purify populations of interest, using
"fluorescence-activated cell sorting." As defined herein,
"fluorescence-activated cell sorting" refers to a flow cytometric
method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of cells from a
biological sample into two or more containers, one cell at a time,
based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent
characteristics of each cell and provides fast, objective and
quantitative recording of fluorescent signals from individual cells
as well as physical separation of cells of particular interest.
Accordingly, fluorescence-activated cell sorting can be used with
the methods described herein to isolate or enrich for immune cell
or NKT cell populations.
[0310] In other embodiments of this aspect and all aspects
described herein, isolation and enrichment for immune cell or NKT
cell populations can be performed using bead based sorting
mechanisms, such as magnetic beads. In such methods, the sample of
cells to be isolated or enriched is contacted with magnetic beads
coated with antibodies or other agents, such as tetarmers, against
one or more specific cell-surface antigens, such as, for example,
TCR.beta., CD4, and CD8. Using such methods, cells can be separated
positively or negatively with respect to the particular
cell-surface markers. As defined herein, "positive selection"
refers to techniques that result in the isolation or enrichment of
cells expressing specific cell-surface markers, while "negative
selection" refers techniques that result in the isolation or
enrichment of cells not expressing specific cell-surface markers.
In some embodiments, beads can be coated with antibodies by a
skilled artisan using standard techniques known in the art, such as
commercial bead conjugation kits. In some embodiments, a negative
selection step is performed to remove cells expressing one or more
lineage markers, followed by fluorescence activated cell sorting to
positively select NKT cells or a subset of NKT cells. Accordingly,
in some embodiments of the aspect, the purified or enriched for NKT
cell population is a purified DN (CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.-) NKT cell
population or an NKT cell population enriched for DN
(CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.-) NKT cells.
Modes of Administration
[0311] The compounds of formula (I), such as a compound of formula
(II), formula (II), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or the compounds of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or the isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I) or formula (VI), as described herein, can
be administered to a subject in need thereof by any appropriate
route which results in an effective treatment in the subject. As
used herein, the terms "administering," and "introducing" are used
interchangeably and refer to the placement of the isolated immune
cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells,
isolated and contacted using the methods as disclosed herein, into
a subject by a method or route which results in at least partial
localization of such cells at a desired site, such as a site of
inflammation, such that a desired effect(s) is produced. For
example, in some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a
substantially pure population of NKT cells contacted with a
compound of formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide is administered to the
lungs during or following an asthma attack.
[0312] Exemplary modes of administration include, but are not
limited to, injection, infusion, instillation, inhalation,
ingestion, rectal, and topical (including buccal and sublingual)
administration. "Injection" includes, without limitation,
intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal,
intraventricular, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac,
intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous,
subcuticular, intraarticular, sub capsular, subarachnoid,
intraspinal, intracerebro spinal, and intrasternal injection and
infusion. In preferred embodiments, the compounds of formula (I) or
formula (VI), or the isolated immune cells, substantially pure NKT
cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with a compound of formula
(I) or formula (VI), for use in the methods described herein are
administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
[0313] The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered
parenterally" as used herein, refer to modes of administration
other than enteral and topical administration, usually by
injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous,
intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intraventricular,
intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal,
intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular,
intraarticular, sub capsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal,
intracerebro spinal, and intrasternal injection and infusion. The
phrases "systemic administration," "administered systemically",
"peripheral administration" and "administered peripherally" as used
herein refer to the administration of the compounds of formula (I)
or population of cells contacted with compounds of formula (I)
other than directly into a target site, tissue, or organ, such as
the lung, such that it enters the subject's circulatory system and,
thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes.
[0314] For the clinical use of the methods described herein,
administration of the compounds of formula (I), such as a compound
of formula (II), formula (II), formula (IV), formula (V), or
cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or the compounds
of formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula
(VIb), or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or the isolated immune
cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells
contacted with a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of
formula (II), formula (II), formula (IV), formula (V), or
cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside, or
contacted with a compound of formula (VI), such as a compound of
formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide
described herein can include formulation into pharmaceutical
compositions or pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral
administration, e.g., intravenous; mucosal, e.g., intranasal;
enteral, e.g., oral; topical, e.g., transdermal; ocular, or other
mode of administration. In some embodiments of the aspects
described herein, the compounds of formula (I), or the isolated
immune cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells
contacted with a compound of formula (I) described herein can be
administered along with any pharmaceutically acceptable compound,
material, or composition which results in an effective treatment in
the subject. Thus, a pharmaceutical formulation for use in the
methods described herein can contain a compound of formula (I),
such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV),
formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside) (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a cell population
contacted with a compound of formula (I) of the invention in
combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable
ingredients.
[0315] The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to those
compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,
within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in
contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without
excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem
or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" as used herein
means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or
vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient,
solvent, media, encapsulating material, manufacturing aid (e.g.,
lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric
acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involved in maintaining
the activity of, carrying, or transporting the compounds of formula
(I), or the isolated immune cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or
enriched NKT cells contacted with a compound of formula (I), from
one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of
the body. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being
compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not
injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can
serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars,
such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn
starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such
as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl
cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4)
powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) lubricating agents,
such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc; (8)
excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils,
such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil,
olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as
propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol,
mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG); (12) esters, such as ethyl
oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as
magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16)
pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution;
(19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters,
polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; (22) bulking agents, such as
polypeptides and amino acids (23) serum component, such as serum
albumin, HDL and LDL; (22) C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alchols, such as
ethanol; and (23) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in
pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, coloring agents,
release agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring
agents, perfuming agents, preservative and antioxidants can also be
present in the formulation. The terms such as "excipient",
"carrier", "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" or the like are
used interchangeably herein.
[0316] As described herein, the compounds of formula (I), such as a
compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V),
or cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can be specially formulated for
administration of the compound to a subject in solid, liquid or gel
form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral
administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous
solutions or suspensions), lozenges, dragees, capsules, pills,
tablets (e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic
absorption), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to
the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by
subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as,
for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release
formulation; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream,
ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to the
skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a
pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7)
transdermally; (8) transmucosally; or (9) nasally. Additionally, a
compound of formula (I) can be implanted into a patient or injected
using a drug delivery system. See, for example, Urquhart, et al.,
Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 24: 199-236 (1984); Lewis, ed.
"Controlled Release of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals" (Plenum
Press, New York, 1981); U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919; and U.S. Pat. No.
35 3,270,960. Examples of dosage forms include, but are not limited
to: tablets; caplets; capsules, such as hard gelatin capsules and
soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches; lozenges;
dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices);
pastes; powders; dressings; creams; plasters; solutions; patches;
aerosols (e.g., nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquids such as
suspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions,
oil-in-water emulsions, or water-in-oil liquid emulsions),
solutions, and elixirs; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or
amorphous solids) that can be reconstituted to provide liquid
dosage forms.
[0317] Further embodiments of the formulations and modes of
administration of the compounds of formula (I), or the isolated
immune cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells
contacted with a compound of formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), that can be used in the
methods of the invention described herein are illustrated
below.
[0318] Aerosol formulations. A compound of formula (I), such as a
compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V),
or cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can be administered directly to
the airways in the form of an aerosol or by nebulization. For use
as aerosols, a compound of formula (I), such as a cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside, can be packaged in a
pressurized aerosol container together with suitable propellants,
for example, hydrocarbon propellants like propane, butane, or
isobutane with conventional adjuvants. A compound of formula (I),
such as a cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside
(also referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), can also
be administered in a non-pressurized form such as in a nebulizer or
atomizer.
[0319] The term "nebulization" is well known in the art to include
reducing liquid to a fine spray. Preferably, by such nebulization
small liquid droplets of uniform size are produced from a larger
body of liquid in a controlled manner. Nebulization can be achieved
by any suitable means, including by using many nebulizers known and
marketed today. As is well known, any suitable gas can be used to
apply pressure during the nebulization, with preferred gases to
date being those which are chemically inert to a compound of
formula (I), such as a cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside). Exemplary gases including,
but are not limited to, nitrogen, argon or helium can be used.
[0320] A compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula
(II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can also be administered directly to
the airways in the form of a dry powder. For use as a dry powder, a
compound of formula (I), such as a cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), can be administered by use
of an inhaler. Exemplary inhalers include metered dose inhalers and
dry powdered inhalers. A metered dose inhaler or "MDI" is a
pressure resistant canister or container filled with a product such
as a pharmaceutical composition dissolved in a liquefied propellant
or micronized particles suspended in a liquefied propellant. The
correct dosage of the composition is delivered to the patient. A
dry powder inhaler is a system operable with a source of
pressurized air to produce dry powder particles of a pharmaceutical
composition that is compacted into a very small volume. Dry powder
aerosols for inhalation therapy are generally produced with mean
diameters primarily in the range of <5 .mu.m. As the diameter of
particles exceeds 3 .mu.m, there is increasingly less phagocytosis
by macrophages. However, increasing the particle size also has been
found to minimize the probability of particles (possessing standard
mass density) entering the airways and acini due to excessive
deposition in the oropharyngeal or nasal regions.
[0321] Suitable powder compositions include, by way of
illustration, powdered preparations of a compound of formula (I),
such as cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside
(also referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), thoroughly
intermixed with lactose, or other inert powders acceptable for
intrabronchial administration. The powder compositions can be
administered via an aerosol dispenser or encased in a breakable
capsule which may be inserted by the subject into a device that
punctures the capsule and blows the powder out in a steady stream
suitable for inhalation. The compositions can include propellants,
surfactants, and co-solvents and may be filled into conventional
aerosol containers that are closed by a suitable metering
valve.
[0322] Aerosols for the delivery to the respiratory tract are known
in the art. See for example, Adjei, A. and Garren, J. Pharm. Res.,
1: 565-569 (1990); Zanen, P. and Lamm, J.-W. J. Int. J. Pharm.,
114: 111-115 (1995); Gonda, I. "Aerosols for delivery of
therapeutic an diagnostic agents to the respiratory tract," in
Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 6:273-313
(1990); Anderson et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 140: 1317-1324
(1989)) and have potential for the systemic delivery of peptides
and proteins as well (Patton and Platz, Advanced Drug Delivery
Reviews, 8:179-196 (1992)); Timsina et. al., Int. J. Pharm., 101:
1-13 (1995); and Tansey, I. P., Spray Technol. Market, 4:26-29
(1994); French, D. L., Edwards, D. A. and Niven, R. W., Aerosol
Sci., 27: 769-783 (1996); Visser, J., Powder Technology 58: 1-10
(1989)); Rudt, S. and R. H. Muller, J. Controlled Release, 22:
263-272 (1992); Tabata, Y, and Y. Ikada, Biomed. Mater. Res., 22:
837-858 (1988); Wall, D. A., Drug Delivery, 2: 10 1-20 1995);
Patton, J. and Platz, R., Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 8: 179-196 (1992);
Bryon, P., Adv. Drug. Del. Rev., 5: 107-132 (1990); Patton, J. S.,
et al., Controlled Release, 28: 15 79-85 (1994); Damms, B. and
Bains, W., Nature Biotechnology (1996); Niven, R. W., et al.,
Pharm. Res., 12(9); 1343-1349 (1995); and Kobayashi, S., et al.,
Pharm. Res., 13(1): 80-83 (1996), contents of all of which are
herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0323] Parenteral Dosage Forms. Parenteral dosage forms of
compounds of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or compounds of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or the isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I) or formula (VI), can also be administered
to a subject with a inflammatory disorder by various routes,
including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous (including
bolus injection), intramuscular, and intraarterial. Since
administration of parenteral dosage forms typically bypasses the
patient's natural defenses against contaminants, parenteral dosage
forms are preferably sterile or capable of being sterilized prior
to administration to a patient. Examples of parenteral dosage forms
include, but are not limited to, solutions ready for injection, dry
products ready to be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically
acceptable vehicle for injection, suspensions ready for injection,
controlled-release parenteral dosage forms, and emulsions.
[0324] Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral
dosage forms of the disclosure are well known to those skilled in
the art. Examples include, without limitation: sterile water; water
for injection USP; saline solution; glucose solution; aqueous
vehicles such as but not limited to, sodium chloride injection,
Ringer's injection, dextrose Injection, dextrose and sodium
chloride injection, and lactated Ringer's injection; water-miscible
vehicles such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene
glycol, and propylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but
not limited to, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil,
ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.
[0325] Oral Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a
compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or compounds of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can also be formulated to be suitable
for oral administration, for example as discrete dosage forms, such
as, but not limited to, tablets (including without limitation
scored or coated tablets), pills, caplets, capsules, chewable
tablets, powder packets, cachets, troches, wafers, aerosol sprays,
or liquids, such as but not limited to, syrups, elixirs, solutions
or suspensions in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an
oil-in-water emulsion, or a water-in-oil emulsion. Such
compositions contain a predetermined amount of the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of the disclosed compounds, and can be prepared by
methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. See
generally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack
Publishing, Easton, Pa. (1990).
[0326] Due to their ease of administration, tablets and capsules
represent the most advantageous solid oral dosage unit forms, in
which case solid pharmaceutical excipients are used. If desired,
tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
These dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of
pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms
are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active
ingredient(s) with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers,
or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation
if necessary.
[0327] Typical oral dosage forms of the compositions described
herein are prepared by combining the pharmaceutically acceptable
salt of a compound of formula (I), such as a cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), in an intimate admixture
with at least one excipient according to conventional
pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Excipients can take a wide
variety of forms depending on the form of the composition desired
for administration. For example, excipients suitable for use in
oral liquid or aerosol dosage forms include, but are not limited
to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents,
preservatives, and coloring agents. Examples of excipients suitable
for use in solid oral dosage forms (e.g., powders, tablets,
capsules, and caplets) include, but are not limited to, starches,
sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, diluents, granulating
agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.
[0328] Binders suitable for use in the pharmaceutical formulations
described herein include, but are not limited to, corn starch,
potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic
gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other
alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its
derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate,
carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),
polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch,
hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910),
microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
[0329] Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical
formulations described herein include, but are not limited to,
talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder),
microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin,
mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch,
and mixtures thereof. The binder or filler in pharmaceutical
compositions of the disclosure is typically present in from about
50 to about 99 weight percent of the pharmaceutical
composition.
[0330] Disintegrants are used in the pharmaceutical compositions
described herein to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed
to an aqueous environment. A sufficient amount of disintegrant that
is neither too little nor too much to detrimentally alter the
release of the active ingredient(s) should be used to form solid
oral dosage forms of the compounds of formula (I) described herein.
The amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of
formulation and mode of administration, and is readily discernible
to those of ordinary skill in the art. Disintegrants that can be
used to form pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure include,
but are not limited to, agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate,
microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone,
polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca
starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, clays, other
algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.
[0331] Lubricants that can be used to form pharmaceutical
compositions described herein include, but are not limited to,
calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral
oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other
glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated
vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil,
sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate,
ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, and mixtures thereof.
Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel
(AEROSIL.RTM. 200, manufactured by W. R. Grace Co. of Baltimore,
Md.), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa
Co. of Plano, Tex.), CAB-O-SIL.RTM. (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide
product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and mixtures thereof.
If used at all, lubricants are typically used in an amount of less
than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical compositions or
dosage forms into which they are incorporated.
[0332] The compositions and methods described herein further
encompass lactose-free pharmaceutical formulations and dosage
forms, wherein such compositions preferably contain little, if any,
lactose or other mono- or di-saccharides. As used herein, the term
"lactose-free" means that the amount of lactose present, if any, is
insufficient to substantially increase the degradation rate of an
active ingredient. Lactose-free compositions of the disclosure can
comprise excipients which are well known in the art and are listed
in the USP (XXI)/NF (XVI), which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0333] The formulations of the compounds of formula (I) described
herein further encompass anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and
dosage forms comprising the disclosed compounds as active
ingredients, since water can facilitate the degradation of some
compounds. For example, the addition of water (e.g., 5%) is widely
accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as a means of simulating
long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as
shelf life or the stability of formulations over time. See, e.g.,
Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability: Principles & Practice,
379-80 (2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y.: 1995). Anhydrous
pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms described herein can
be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients
and low moisture or low humidity conditions. Pharmaceutical
compositions and dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least
one active ingredient that comprises a primary or secondary amine
are preferably anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture
and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is
expected. Anhydrous compositions are preferably packaged using
materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be
included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging
include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils,
plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials) with or without
desiccants, blister packs, and strip packs.
[0334] Controlled and Delayed Release Dosage Forms. In some
embodiments of the aspects described herein, a compound of formula
(I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula
(IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can be administered to a subject by
controlled- or delayed-release means. Ideally, the use of an
optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical
treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being
employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of
time. Advantages of controlled-release formulations include: 1)
extended activity of the drug; 2) reduced dosage frequency; 3)
increased patient compliance; 4) usage of less total drug; 5)
reduction in local or systemic side effects; 6) minimization of
drug accumulation; 7) reduction in blood level fluctuations; 8)
improvement in efficacy of treatment; 9) reduction of potentiation
or loss of drug activity; and 10) improvement in speed of control
of diseases or conditions. (Kim, Cherng-ju, Controlled Release
Dosage Form Design, 2 (Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa.:
2000)). Controlled-release formulations can be used to control a
compound of formula (I)'s onset of action, duration of action,
plasma levels within the therapeutic window, and peak blood levels.
In particular, controlled- or extended-release dosage forms or
formulations can he used to ensure that the maximum effectiveness
of a compound of formula (I) is achieved while minimizing potential
adverse effects and safety concerns, which can occur both from
under-dosing a drug (i.e., going below the minimum therapeutic
levels) as well as exceeding the toxicity level for the drug.
[0335] A variety of known controlled- or extended-release dosage
forms, formulations, and devices can be adapted for use with the
compounds of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, described herein. Examples include,
but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.:
3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5674,533;
5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556;
5,733,566; and 6,365,185 B1; each of which is incorporated herein
by reference. These dosage forms can be used to provide slow or
controlled-release of one or more active ingredients using, for
example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices,
gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems (such as OROS.RTM. (Alza
Corporation, Mountain View, Calif. USA)), multilayer coatings,
microparticles, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof
to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
Additionally, ion exchange materials can be used to prepare
immobilized, adsorbed salt forms of the disclosed compounds and
thus effect controlled delivery of the drug. Examples of specific
anion exchangers include, but are not limited to, Duolite.RTM. A568
and Duolite.RTM. AP143 (Rohm&Haas, Spring House, Pa. USA).
[0336] A particular and well-known osmotic drug delivery system is
referred to as OROS.RTM. (Alza Corporation, Mountain View, Calif.
USA). This technology can readily be adapted for the delivery of
compounds of formula (I) and compositions thereof of the
disclosure. Various aspects of the technology are disclosed in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,375,978 B1; 6,368,626 B1; 6,342,249 B1; 6,333,050 B2;
6,287,295 B1; 6,283,953 B1; 6,270,787 B1; 6,245,357 B1; and
6,132,420; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Specific adaptations of OROS.RTM. that can be used to administer
compounds of formula (I) and compositions thereof of the disclosure
include, but are not limited to, the OROS.RTM. Push-Pull.TM.,
Delayed Push-Pull.TM., Multi-Layer Push-Pull.TM., and
Push-Stick.TM. Systems. Additional OROS.RTM. systems that can be
used for the controlled oral delivery of compounds and compositions
of the disclosure include OROS.RTM.-CT and L-OROS.RTM.; see,
Delivery Times, vol. 11, issue II (Alza Corporation).
[0337] In some embodiments of the aspects described herein, a
compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, for use in the methods described
herein is administered to a subject by sustained release or in
pulses. Pulse therapy is not a form of discontinuous administration
of the same amount of a composition over time, but comprises
administration of the same dose of the composition at a reduced
frequency or administration of reduced doses. Sustained release or
pulse administrations are particularly preferred when the
inflammatory disorder occurs continuously in the subject, for
example where the subject has continuous or chronic symptoms of a
respiratory disorder. Each pulse dose can be reduced and the total
amount of a compound of, for example, formula (I), administered
over the course of treatment to the patient is minimized.
[0338] The interval between pulses, when necessary, can be
determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. Often, the interval
between pulses can be calculated by administering another dose of
the composition when the composition or the active component of the
composition is no longer detectable in the subject prior to
delivery of the next pulse. Intervals can also be calculated from
the in vivo half-life of the composition. Intervals may be
calculated as greater than the in vivo half-life, or 2, 3, 4, 5 and
even 10 times greater the composition half-life. Various methods
and apparatus for pulsing compositions by infusion or other forms
of delivery to the patient are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,747,825; 4,723,958; 4,948,592; 4,965,251 and 5,403,590.
[0339] Topical, Transdermal And Mucosal Dosage Forms. Topical
dosage forms of the compounds of formula (I) or formula (VI)
described herein include, but are not limited to, creams, lotions,
ointments, gels, shampoos, sprays, aerosols, solutions, emulsions,
and other forms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g.,
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing,
Easton, Pa. (1990); and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage
Forms, 4th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. (1985). For
non-sprayable topical dosage forms, viscous to semi-solid or solid
forms comprising a carrier or one or more excipients compatible
with topical application and having a dynamic viscosity preferably
greater than water are typically employed. Suitable formulations
include, without limitation, solutions, suspensions, emulsions,
creams, ointments, powders, liniments, salves, and the like, which
are, if desired, sterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents (e.g.,
preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers, or salts) for
influencing various properties, such as, for example, osmotic
pressure. Other suitable topical dosage forms include sprayable
aerosol preparations wherein the active ingredient, preferably in
combination with a solid or liquid inert carrier, is packaged in a
mixture with a pressurized volatile (e.g., a gaseous propellant,
such as freon), or in a squeeze bottle. Moisturizers or humectants
can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms
if desired. Examples of such additional ingredients are well known
in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
18.sup.th Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa. (1990). and
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4th Ed., Lea &
Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. (1985). Dosage forms suitable for
treating mucosal tissues within the oral cavity can be formulated
as mouthwashes, as oral gels, or as buccal patches. Additional
transdermal dosage forms include "reservoir type" or "matrix type"
patches, which can be applied to the skin and worn for a specific
period of time to permit the penetration of a desired amount of
active ingredient.
[0340] Examples of transdermal dosage forms and methods of
administration that can be used to administer compounds of formula
(I) or formula (VI) described herein include, but are not limited
to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,624,665; 4,655,767;
4,687,481; 4,797,284; 4,810,499; 4,834,978; 4,877,618; 4,880,633;
4,917,895; 4,927,687; 4,956,171 ; 5,035,894; 5,091,186; 5,163,899;
5,232,702; 5,234,690; 5,273,755; 5,273,756; 5,308,625; 5,356,632;
5,358,715; 5,372,579; 5,421,816; 5,466;465; 5,494,680; 5,505,958;
5,554,381; 5,560,922; 5,585,111 ; 5,656,285; 5,667,798; 5,698,217;
5,741,511 ; 5,747,783; 5,770,219; 5,814,599; 5,817,332; 5,833,647;
5,879,322; and 5,906,830, each of which are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
[0341] Suitable excipients (e.g., carriers and diluents) and other
materials that can be used to provide transdermal and mucosal
dosage forms encompassed by this disclosure are well known to those
skilled in the pharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular
tissue or organ to which a given pharmaceutical composition or
dosage form will be applied. In addition, depending on the specific
tissue to be treated, additional components may be used prior to,
in conjunction with, or subsequent to treatment with a compound of
formula (I). For example, penetration enhancers can be used to
assist in delivering the active ingredients to or across the
tissue.
[0342] Administration of Cells. A variety of means for
administering cells, such as autologous or donor-derived
populations of isolated NKT cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or
enriched NKT cells contacted with a compound of formula (I), such
as a compound of formula (II), formula (II), formula (IV), formula
(V), or cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside, or
contacted with a compound of formula (VI), such as a compound of
formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide
described herein, to subjects, are known to those of skill in the
art. Such methods can include systemic injection, for example i.v.
injection, or implantation of cells into a target site in a
subject. Cells can be inserted into a delivery device which
facilitates introduction by injection or implantation into the
subject. Such delivery devices can include tubes, e.g., catheters,
for injecting cells and fluids into the body of a recipient
subject. In one preferred embodiment, the tubes additionally have a
needle, e.g., through which the cells can be introduced into the
subject at a desired location. The cells can be prepared for
delivery in a variety of different forms. For example, the cells
can be suspended in a solution or gel or embedded in a support
matrix when contained in such a delivery device. Cells can be mixed
with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in which the
cells remain viable.
[0343] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents include
saline, aqueous buffer solutions, solvents and/or dispersion media.
The use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art. The
solution is preferably sterile and fluid. Preferably, prior to the
introduction of cells as described herein, the solution is stable
under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved
against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria
and fungi through the use of, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol,
phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
[0344] It is preferred that the mode of cell administration is
relatively non-invasive, for example by intravenous injection,
pulmonary delivery through inhalation, topical, or intranasal
administration. However, the route of cell administration will
depend on the tissue to be treated and may include implantation.
Methods for cell delivery are known to those of skill in the art
and can be extrapolated by one skilled in the art of medicine for
use with the methods and compositions described herein.
[0345] Direct injection techniques for cell administration can also
be used to stimulate transmigration of cells through the entire
vasculature, or to the vasculature of a particular organ, such as
for example the lung, liver, or kidney or any other organ. This
includes non-specific targeting of the vasculature. One can target
any organ by selecting a specific injection site, e.g., a liver
portal vein. Alternatively, the injection can be performed
systemically into any vein in the body. If so desired, a mammal or
subject can be pre-treated with an agent, for example an agent is
administered to enhance cell targeting to a tissue (e.g., a homing
factor) and can be placed at that site to encourage cells to target
the desired tissue.
Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders
[0346] Inflammatory diseases or disorders, as used herein, refer to
those diseases or abnormalities associated with aberrant or
excessive inflammatory responses, and comprise a large, group of
disorders which underlie a vast variety of human diseases. The
immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders, as
demonstrated in allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and some
myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal
inflammation. Non-immune diseases with etiological origins in
inflammatory processes can include cancer, atherosclerosis, and
ischaemic heart disease.
[0347] As used herein, inflammation refers to the complex
biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as
pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a
protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli
as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue.
Inflammation is not a synonym for infection, though inflammation
can be caused by an infection. Examples of inflammatory disorders
associated with inflammation include, but are not limited to
asthma, autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, chronic
prostatitis, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivities, inflammatory
bowel diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, reperfusion injury,
rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, vasculitis, an
interstitial cystitis.
[0348] Accordingly, inflammatory diseases that can be treated or
prevented using the methods described herein include, but are not
limited to, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system,
allergic disorders, and autoimmune diseases.
[0349] In the methods of treatment and prevention of inflammatory
diseases described herein, the administration of a compound of
formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III),
formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoy-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to herein
as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula (VI), such
as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or the isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, can be for either "prophylactic" or
"therapeutic" purposes.
[0350] When provided prophylactically, a compound of formula (I) or
formula (VI) or the isolated immune cells, substantially pure NKT
cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with a compound of formula
(I) or formula (VI) can be administered to a subject in advance of
any symptom, e.g. asthma attack. The prophylactic administration of
a compound of formula (I) or formula (VI), or the isolated immune
cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells
contacted with a compound of formula (I) or formula (VI) serves to
prevent an inflammatory disorder, as disclosed herein.
[0351] When provided therapeutically, a compound of formula (I),
such as cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside
(also referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or formula
(VI) or the isolated immune cells, substantially pure NKT cells, or
enriched NKT cells contacted with a compound of formula (I) or
formula (VI), is provided at (or after) the onset of a symptom or
indication of an inflammatory disorder, e.g., upon the onset of an
allergic respiratory disorder.
[0352] Accordingly, as used herein, the terms "treat," "treatment,"
"treating," "prevention" or "amelioration" refer to both
therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures,
wherein the object is to prevent, delay the onset, reverse,
alleviate, ameliorate, inhibit, slow down or stop the progression
or severity of a condition associated with, a disease or disorder.
The term "treating" includes reducing or alleviating at least one
adverse effect or symptom of a condition, disease or disorder
associated with an inflammatory disease, such as, but not limited
to, asthma. Treatment is generally "effective" if one or more
symptoms or clinical markers are reduced as that term is defined
herein. Alternatively, treatment is "effective" if the progression
of a disease is reduced or halted. That is, "treatment" includes
not just the improvement of symptoms or markers, but also a
cessation of at least slowing of progress or worsening of symptoms
that would be expected in absence of treatment. Beneficial or
desired clinical results include, but are not limited to,
alleviation of one or more symptom(s), diminishment of extent of
disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay
or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of
the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total),
whether detectable or undetectable. The term "treatment" of a
disease also includes providing relief from the symptoms or
side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment). For
example, any reduction in inflammation, bronchospasm,
bronchoconstriction, shortness of breath, wheezing, lower extremity
edema, ascites, productive cough, hemoptysis, or cyanosis in a
subject suffering from a respiratory disorder, such as asthma, no
matter how slight, would be considered an alleviated symptom. In
some embodiments of the aspects described herein, the symptoms or a
measured parameter of a disease or disorder are alleviated by at
least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%,
at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least
90%, or at least 100%, upon administration of a compound of formula
(I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula
(IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoy-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to herein
as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula (VI), such
as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, or isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, as compared to a control or
non-treated subject. Measured or measurable parameters include
clinically detectable markers of disease, for example, elevated or
depressed levels of a clinical or biological marker, as well as
parameters related to a clinically accepted scale of symptoms or
markers for a disease or disorder. It will be understood, however,
that the total daily usage of the compositions and formulations as
disclosed herein will be decided by the attending physician within
the scope of sound medical judgment. The exact amount required will
vary depending on factors such as the type of disease being
treated. "Treatment" can also mean prolonging survival as compared
to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
[0353] The term "effective amount" as used herein refers to the
amount of a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula
(II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, needed to alleviate at least one or
more symptom of the disease or disorder, and relates to a
sufficient amount of pharmacological composition to provide the
desired effect, i.e., prevent the development of allergic asthma.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" therefore refers to an
amount of a compound of formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I) using the compositions and methods as
described herein, that is sufficient to effect a particular effect
when administered to a typical subject, such as one who has or is
at risk for asthma. An effective amount as used herein would also
include an amount sufficient to prevent or delay the development of
a symptom of the disease, alter the course of a symptom disease
(for example but not limited to, slow the progression of a symptom
of the disease), or reverse a symptom of the disease. Thus, it is
not possible to specify the exact "effective amount". However, for
any given case, an appropriate "effective amount" can be determined
by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine
experimentation.
[0354] Effective amounts, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy can be
determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures
or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose
lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose
therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dosage may
vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of
administration utilized. The dose ratio between toxic and
therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and can be expressed
as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compositions and methods that exhibit large
therapeutic indices are preferred. A therapeutically effective dose
can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. Also, a dose
may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma
concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration
of the compound of formula (I), such as cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), which achieves a
half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture,
or in an appropriate animal model. Levels in plasma may be
measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
The effects of any particular dosage can be monitored by a suitable
bioassay. The dosage may be determined by a physician and adjusted,
as necessary, to suit observed effects of the treatment.
[0355] The administration of a compound of formula (I), such as a
compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V),
or cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or isolated immune cells,
substantially pure NKT cells, or enriched NKT cells contacted with
a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or contacting NKT cells with a
compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula (II),
formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; are useful for methods of treating
and preventing inflammatory respiratory diseases, as described
herein.
[0356] The terms "respiratory disorder" and "respiratory disease"
are used interchangeably herein and refer to any condition and/or
disorder relating to respiration and/or the respiratory system,
including the lungs, airways, or other components of the
respiratory system. A respiratory disorder can be allergic or
non-allergic. Respiratory diseases and disorders suitable for
treatment or prevention using the methods described in the various
aspects herein include, but are not limited to, asthma, airway
hyperreactivity, lung inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), pneumonia, sinusitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis,
pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophilia, environmental lung disease,
bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, primary
pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, disorders of the
pleura, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mesothelioma, allergy,
asbestosis, aspergilloma, aspergillosis, bronchiectasis, chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis, invasive pneumococcal disease, influenza, nontuberculous
mycobacteria, pleural effusion, pneumoconiosis, pneumocytosis,
pneumonia, pulmonary actinomycosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,
pulmonary anthrax, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary
inflammation, pulmonary histiocytosis X, pulmonary hypertension,
pulmonary nocardiosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary
veno-occlusive disease, rheumatoid lung disease, sarcoidosis, and
Wegener's granulomatosis. In some embodiments, the respiratory
disorder to be treated or prevented is characterized by increased
responsiveness of the tracheas and bronchi to various stimuli, for
example, allergens, resulting in a widespread narrowing of the
airways.
[0357] As used herein, "airway hyperreactivity" refers to the
narrowing of air passages of the lungs ("airways") in response to
stimuli such as pollen, grains in the air, changes of temperature,
emotional shock, or exercise. Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) is a
cardinal feature of asthma, and is observed in all forms of asthma,
including asthma induced with allergen and non-allergen such as
ozone exposure.
[0358] The term "COPD" is generally applied to chronic respiratory
disease processes characterized by the persistent obstruction of
bronchial air flow. Typical COPD patients are those suffering from
conditions such as bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, asthma or
emphysema.
[0359] Asthma refers to a chronic inflammatory disease of the
respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts,
becomes inflamed, and is lined with excessive amounts of mucus,
often in response to one or more triggers. Asthma can be defined
simply as reversible airway obstruction in an individual over a
period of time. Asthma can be allergic/atopic or non-allergic.
Asthma is characterized by the presence of cells such as
eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and activated T lymphocytes in
the airway walls. With chronicity of the process, secondary changes
occur, such as thickening of basement membranes and fibrosis. The
disease is characterized by increased airway hyperresponsiveness to
a variety of stimuli, and airway inflammation and constriction.
This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness
of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction
responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel
well but can have mild symptoms and they can remain short of breath
after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected
individual. The symptoms of asthma can range from mild to life
threatening.
[0360] Asthma can be triggered by such things as exposure to an
allergen (allergic asthma), or non-allergens (non-allergic asthma)
such as cold air, pollution (e.g., ozone), warm air, moist air,
exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most
common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the
common cold (Zhao J., et. al., 2002, J. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol.
13: 47-50).
[0361] Common allergens that trigger the allergic asthma include
"seasonal" pollens, year-round dust mites, molds, pets, and insect
parts, foods, such as fish, egg, peanuts, nuts, cow's milk, and
soy, additives, such as sulfites, work-related agents, such as
latex. Approximately 80% of children and 50% of adults with asthma
also have allergies.
[0362] Common irritants that can trigger asthma in airways that are
hyperreactive include respiratory infections, such as those caused
by viral "colds," bronchitis, and sinusitis, medication drugs, such
as aspirin, other NSAIDs (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs), and
beta blockers (used to treat blood pressure and other heart
conditions), tobacco smoke, outdoor factors such as ozone, smog,
weather changes, and diesel fumes; indoor factors such as paint,
detergents, deodorants, chemicals, and perfumes; nighttime GERD
(gastroesophageal reflux disorder); exercise, especially under cold
dry conditions; work-related factors such as chemicals, dusts,
gases, and metals; emotional factors, such as laughing, crying,
yelling, and distress; and hormonal factors, such as in
premenstrual syndrome.
[0363] Regardless of the trigger, asthma is associated with
reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperreactivity (AHR), an
increased sensitivity of the airways to nonspecific stimuli such as
cold air or respiratory irritants, and can be quantitated by
responsiveness to methacholine or histamine. A patient diagnosed as
asthmatic will generally have multiple indications over time,
including wheezing, asthmatic attacks, and a positive response to
methacholine challenge, i.e., a PC20 on methacholine challenge of
less than about 4 mg/ml. The basic diagnosis and measurement of
asthma is peak flow rates and the following diagnostic criteria are
used by the British Thoracic Society (Pinnock H., and Shah R.,
2007, Br. Med. J. 334 (7598): 847-50): .gtoreq.20% difference on at
least three days in a week for at least two weeks; .gtoreq.20%
improvement of peak flow following treatment, for example:10
minutes of inhaled .beta.-agonist (e.g., salbutamol), six week of
inhaled corticosteroid (e.g., beclometasone), and 14 days of 30 mg
prednisolone; and .gtoreq.20% decrease in peak flow following
exposure to a trigger (e.g., exercise). Further guidelines for
diagnosis may be found, for example, in the National Asthma
Education Program Expert Panel Guidelines for Diagnosis and
Management of Asthma, National Institutes of Health, 1991, Pub. No.
91-3042.
[0364] The term "allergic respiratory disorder" or
"hypersensitivity disease" refers to allergic diseases and/or
disorders of the lungs or respiratory system. Allergic disorders
are characterized by hypersensitivity to an allergen.
[0365] As used herein, "allergy" shall refer to those inflammatory
disorders caused by acquired hypersensitivity to a substance
(allergen). Allergic conditions include eczema, allergic rhinitis
or coryza, hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria (hives) and food
allergies, and other atopic conditions. A "subject having an
allergy" is a subject that has or is at risk of developing an
allergic reaction in response to an allergen. An "allergen" refers
to a substance that can induce an allergic or asthmatic response in
a susceptible subject. The term "atopic" as used herein refers to a
state of atopy or allergy to an allergen or a state of
hypersensitivity to an allergen. Typically, atopic refers to Type I
hypersensitivity which results from release of mediators (e.g.,
histamine and/or leukotrines) from IgE-sensitized basophils and
mast cells after contact with an antigen (allergen). An example of
atopic is atopic asthma, which is allergic asthma and is
characterized by an IgE response.
[0366] Other atopic conditions suitable for use with the
compositions and methods described herein include allergic
rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergies, including food allergies,
eosinophilia, conjunctivitis, and glomerulonephritis, as well as
certain pathogen susceptibilities such as helminthic (e.g.,
leishmaniasis) and certain viral infections, including human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and certain bacterial infections,
including tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy.
[0367] Allergens of interest include antigens found in food, such
as strawberries, peanuts, milk polypeptides, egg whites, etc. Other
allergens of interest include various airborne antigens, such as
grass pollens, animal danders, house mite feces, etc. Molecularly
cloned allergens include Dermatophagoides pteryonyssinus (Der P1);
LoI p1-V from rye grass pollen; a number of insect venoms,
including venom from jumper ant Myrmecia pilosula; Apis mellifera
bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2 and antigen 5S; phospholipases
from the yellow jacket Vespula maculifrons and white faced hornet
Dolichovespula maculata; a large number of pollen polypeptides,
including birch pollen, ragweed pollen, Parol (the major allergen
of Parietaria officinalis) and the cross-reactive allergen Parjl
(from Parietaria judaica), and other atmospheric pollens including
Olea europaea, Artemisia sp., gramineae, etc. Other allergens of
interest are those responsible for allergic dermatitis caused by
blood sucking arthropods, e.g. Diptera, including mosquitos
(Anopheles sp., Aedes sp., Culiseta sp., Culex sp.); flies
(Phlebotomus sp., Culicoides sp.) particularly black flies, deer
flies and biting midges; ticks (Dermacenter sp., Ornithodoros sp.,
Otobius sp.); fleas, e.g. the order Siphonaptera, including the
genera Xenopsylla, Pulex and Ctenocephalides felis. The specific
allergen may be a polysaccharide, fatty acid moiety, polypeptide,
etc.
[0368] The term "allergic rhinitis" as used herein is characterized
by any of the following symptoms: obstruction of the nasal
passages, conjuctival, nasal and pharyngeal itching, lacrimation,
sneezing, or rhinorrhea. These symptoms usually occur in
relationship to allergen exposure.
[0369] The term "non-allergic inflammatory disorder" as used herein
refers to an inflammatory disorder that is not a result from or
caused by an allergen. Thus, a non-allergic respiratory disorder is
caused by other mechanisms not relating to hypersensitivity to an
innocuous agent or allergen.
[0370] The methods using the compounds of formula (I), such as a
compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V),
or cholesteryl 6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also
referred to herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or compounds of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or cells contacted with compound
(I), such as a compound of formula (II), formula (III), formula
(IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside), or with a compound of
formula (VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb),
or .alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide, as described in the various
aspects herein, may also be particularly beneficial for the
treatment or prevention autoimmune diseases in a subject.
"Autoimmune disease" refers to a class of diseases in which a
subject's own antibodies react with host tissue or in which immune
effector T cells are autoreactive to endogenous self-peptides and
cause destruction of tissue. Thus an immune response is mounted
against a subject's own antigens, referred to as self-antigens. A
"self-antigen" as used herein refers to an antigen of a normal host
tissue. Normal host tissue does not include cancer cells.
[0371] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the autoimmune diseases to
be treated or prevented using the methods described herein,
include, but are not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's
disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
autoimmune encephalomyelitis, myasthenia gravis (MG), Hashimoto's
thyroiditis, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus (e.g., pemphigus
vulgaris), Grave's disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune
thrombocytopenic purpura, scleroderma with anti-collagen
antibodies, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis,
pernicious anemia, idiopathic Addison's disease,
autoimmune-associated infertility, glomerulonephritis (e.g.,
crescentic glomerulonephritis, proliferative glomerulonephritis),
bullous pemphigoid, Sjogren's syndrome, insulin resistance, and
autoimmune diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes mellitus;
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Autoimmune disease has been
recognized also to encompass atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's
disease. In one embodiment of the aspects described herein, the
autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of
multiple sclerosis, type-I diabetes, Hashinoto's thyroiditis,
Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosus, gastritis, autoimmune hepatitis, hemolytic anemia,
autoimmune hemophilia, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
(ALPS), autoimmune uveoretinitis, glomerulonephritis,
Guillain-Barre syndrome, psoriasis and myasthenia gravis.
[0372] In other embodiments of the methods described herein, the
inflammatory disease or disorder is host versus graft disease
(HVGD). In a further such embodiment, the subject being treated
with the methods described herein is an organ or tissue transplant
recipient. In another embodiment, the methods described herein are
used for increasing transplantation tolerance in a subject,
comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective
amount of a compound of formula (I), such as a compound of formula
(II), formula (III), formula (IV), formula (V), or cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (also referred to
herein as 6-O-acyl .alpha.-glucoside); or a compound of formula
(VI), such as a compound of formula (VIa), formula (VIb), or
.alpha.-C-Galactosylceramide; or a cell population contacted with a
compound of formula (I) or formula (VI). In one such embodiment,
the subject is a recipient of an allogenic transplant. The
transplant can be any organ or tissue transplant, including but not
limited to heart, kidney, liver, skin, pancreas, bone marrow, skin
or cartilage. "Transplantation tolerance," as used herein, refers
to a lack of rejection of the donor organ by the recipient's immune
system.
[0373] It should be understood that this invention is not limited
to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents, etc.,
described herein and as such can vary. The terminology used herein
is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and
is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which
is defined solely by the claims.
[0374] All patents and other publications identified are expressly
incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and
disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such
publications that could be used in connection with the present
invention. These publications are provided solely for their
disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application.
Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the
inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of
prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the
date or representation as to the contents of these documents is
based on the information available to the applicants and does not
constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or
contents of these documents.
[0375] This invention is further illustrated by the following
examples which should not be construed as limiting.
EXAMPLES
Materials and Methods
[0376] Mice. Wild-type BALB/c ByJ and T-bet.sup.-/-
(C.129S6-Tbx21tm1G1m/J) mice were purchased from The Jackson
Laboratory. J.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice were gifts from M. Taniguchi
and T. Nakayama (Chiba University, Chiba, Japan). TLR7.sup.-/- mice
were generated by Dr. Shizuo Akira (Chiba University, Chiba,
Japan), and the V.alpha.14 Tg mice were provided by Dr. Albert
Bendelac (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA). These strains
were backcrossed to BALB/c for more than 10 generations.
DO11.10.times.Rag.sup.-/- mice were provided by Dr. Abul Abbas
(UCSF, San Francisco). For studies in suckling mice, BALB/c,
TLR7.sup.-/- and T-bet.sup.-/- mice were bred, and the offspring
were infected at 2 wks of age, then weaned at 3 wks. The Animal
Care and Use Committee at Children's Hospital Boston approved all
animal protocols.
[0377] Influenza A infection. Two-week-old mice (suckling mice) or
8-week-old (adult mice) were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and
inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with influenza A virus (strain
Mem/71 [H3N1]) in 20 .mu.l PBS for suckling mice, or 50 .mu.l PBS
for adult mice. The virus is a reassortant influenza virus strain
carrying the hemagglutinin of A/Memphis/1/71 (H3) and the
neuraminidase of A/Bellamy/42 (N1). The virus was grown and
harvested from 10-day embryonated chicken eggs as described.sup.59.
The dose of virus used (1.2.times.10.sup.4 PFU/mouse) causes
nonlethal pneumonia of both suckling and adult mice with complete
virus clearance around day 7 after infection. Control (mock
infected) mice were treated with i.n. allantoic fluid (A.F) diluted
1:500 in PBS.
[0378] Reagents. .alpha.-GalCer was synthesized by P. B. Savage
(Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA). H. pylori glycolipids
were extracted and purified as described herein. Chemical synthesis
of H. pylori glycolipid PI57 (Cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside, 1) is described below
and was based on 1H, 13C NMR spectrometry, TLC analysis, ES-mass
spectrometry of lipids from H. pylori SS1 and a human H. pylori S
strains (FIGS. 11A-11D), and on data reported for purified H.
pylori glycolipids (30). An analogue of .alpha.-C-GalCer, called
GCK151, which has activity with mouse and human NKT cells (27), was
synthesized by Dr. Richard W. Franck, Hunter College of CUNY.
Compound PI57 has been characterized by .sup.1H, .sup.13C NMR
spectrometry, TLC analysis, ES-mass spectrometry. These data are in
a good agreement with analytical ones reported for purified H.
pylori glycolipids.
[0379] H. pylor glycolipid PI57
(cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucoside, 1) was
synthesized as shown in scheme 2.
##STR00033##
[0380] Preparation of compound 5: Compound 3 was prepared using the
procedure of Bols, M. Chem. Comm. 12:913-914 (1992). To compound 3
(2.0 g, 5.06 mmol) in dry toluene (30 ml) and dry pyridine (7 ml)
under Ar was added dimethylsilyldichloride (3 ml, 5 eq), and the
mixture was stirred for 1 h at 25.degree. C. The reaction mixture
was concentrated under reduced pressure to 12 ml and solution of
cholesterol (4) (1.54 g, 4.0 mmol), imidazole (320 mg, 4.75 mmol)
in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (8 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was
stirred for 6 h and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate (1
ml) was added. The product was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
(3.times.15 ml). The combined extract was washed with water
(2.times.20 ml), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under
reduced pressure. The product 5 (3.02 g, 90% yield) was obtained as
a clear oil after chromatography (SiO.sub.2, hexane:EtOAc 20:1).
NMR (.sup.1H, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.16 (m, 4H),
5.31 (brs, 1H), 5.13 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H),
4.62 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=3.4, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd,
J=2.1, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.56 (m, 2H),
2.21 (m, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 1H), 1.90-1.01
(27H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=5.6 Hz,
6H), 0.64 (s, 1H), 0.21 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 1H). ES-MS m/e
([M+Na].sup.+) 863.7.
[0381] Preparation of cholesteryl
3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (6): The triflic
anhydride (0.660 mL, 3.93 mmol) was added to a solution of compound
5 (3 g, 3.57 mmol), di-tret-Bu-pyridine (0.890 g, 4.64 mmol) and
benzensulfinylpiperidine (0.875 g, 3.93 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
(20 mL) at -70.degree. C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h
and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate (1 mL) was added.
The product was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.10 ml),
and the combined extracts were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The product 6 (1.97 g, 82%
yield) was obtained as a solid foam after chromatography
(SiO.sub.2, hexane:EtOAc 4:1). NMR (.sup.1H, CDCl.sub.3) 5.41 (brs,
1H), 5.19 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J=3.4, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=9.6
Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J=3.4, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (m, 2H), 3.61 (m,
1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, 2H), 2.06 (s, 6H), 2.01 (s, 3H),
1.90-1.01 (27H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d,
J=5.6 Hz, 6H), 0.64 (s, 1H). NMR (.sup.13C, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
170.2, 169.8, 168.8, 139.3, 121.5, 96.2, 78.4, 72.7, 69.8, 67.3,
66.9, 61.3, 55.3, 41.5, 39.2, 38.8, 38.6, 36.1, 35.8, 34.9, 31.1,
30.0, 27.3, 27.2, 27.1, 23.4, 23.0, 20.0, 19.8, 19.7, 18.5, 11.0.
ES-MS m/e ([M+Na].sup.+) 697.6.
[0382] Preparation of cholesteryl-.alpha.-glucopyranoside (2): To a
solution of 6 (1 g, 1.48 mmol) in CH.sub.2C1.sub.2-MeOH (6 mL, 1:1,
v/v) was added NaOMe (1 mL, 1M sol. In MeOH) with vigorous
stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20.degree. C. for 3 h
and HCl (1 mL, 1M) was added. The organic phase was washed with
water (2.times.2 ml), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated
under reduced pressure. The product 2 (0.81 g, 100% yield) was
obtained as a solid and was employed in the next step without
further purification. NMR (.sup.1H, CD.sub.3OD:CDCl.sub.3 1:1)
.delta. 5.32 (brs, 1H), 4.81 (d, J=3.4, 1H), 3.80 (t, J=9.6 Hz,
1H), 3.75-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J=2.4, 11.0 Hz,
1H), 2.21 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.01 (27H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=5.6
Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 6H), 0.64 (s, 1H). NMR (.sup.13C,
d.sub.6-DMSO:CDCl.sub.3 4:1) .delta. 139.2, 119.7, 95.6, 75.1,
71.7, 71.3, 70.3, 68.9, 59.5, 40.4, 39.1, 38.8, 38.5, 38.2, 37.9,
37.7, 37.4, 35.3, 34.8, 28.2, 10.2. ES-MS m/e ([M+Na].sup.+)
571.4.
[0383] Preparation of cholesteryl
6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside (1): To a solution of 2
(400 mg, 0.73 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3 mL) and NEt.sub.3 (0.44
mL, 3.64 mmol) TMSCl (0.46 mL, 3.64 mmol) was added with vigorous
stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20.degree. C. for 4 h
and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate (3 mL) was added.
The product was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.8 ml), and
the combined extracts were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was
employed in the next step without further purification.
[0384] A solution of compound in acetone-MeOH-AcOH(1.6:2.2:0.2,
v/v/v, 4 mL) was stirred at 20 .degree. C. for 2 h and saturated
aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate (3 mL) was added. The product was
extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.4 ml), and the combined
extracts were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under
reduced pressure. The crude compound 7 was employed in the next
step without further purification.
[0385] To a solution of compound 7 in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3 mL)
myristic anhydride (0.19 g, 0.88 mmol) and DMAP (10 mg) were added
with vigorous stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at
24.degree. C. for 4 h. MeOH (1 mL) and KHSO.sub.4 (0.5 mL. 1M sol.
in H.sub.2O) were added and stirring continue for 1 h. The product
was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.6 ml), and the
combined extracts were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated
under reduced pressure.
[0386] The product 1 (0.34 g, 62% yield) was obtained as a solid
foam after chromatography (SiO.sub.2, CHCl.sub.3-MeOH, 12:1). NMR
(.sup.1H, CD.sub.3OD:CDCl.sub.3 1:2) .delta. 5.26 (brs, 1H), 4.82
(d, J=3.84, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=2.13, 11.95 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, 11.0,
11.95 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.56 (t, J=9.52 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 1H),
3.36 (dd, J=3.84, 9.52, Hz, 1H), 3.20 (t, J=9.50, 1H), 2.21-0.6 (m,
71H). ES-MS m/e ([M+Na].sup.+) 781.7.
[0387] Lipid Extraction and Purification. To extract polar lipids,
20 ml of CHCl.sub.3, CH.sub.3OH (2:1, v/v) was added to the H.
pylori pellets and the suspension was stirred for 6 h. Supernatant
was removed and the pellets were re-extracted twice with 15 ml of
CHCl.sub.3, CH.sub.3OH (2:1, v/v). The combined organic phases were
concentrated and the lipids were re-extracted by Folch method. The
lipid extract was dissolved in 15 ml of Folch low phase and washed
three times with 4 ml of upper phase.
[0388] The final purification of the individual glycolipids was
achieved by silica gel (Fluka, 60 mesh) column chromatography using
stepwise gradient of chloroform/methanol (40:1 to 4:1, v/v).
[0389] The lipid extract was examined by TLC on aluminum-backed
plates of silica gel 60 F.sub.254 (Merck 5554), using CHCl.sub.3,
CH.sub.3OH, H.sub.2O (65:25:4, v/v/v) or CHCl.sub.3, CH.sub.3OH
(6:1, v/v). Glycolipids were visualized by spraying plates with
a-naphthol/sulfuric acid followed by gentle charring of plates.
Other types of lipids were visualized by spraying with 5% ethanolic
molybdophosphoric acid and charring, or by using a Dittmer and
Lester reagent that is specific for phospholipids.
[0390] NMR analysis. Deuterated solvents were from Aldrich.
Glycolipids NMR spectrum were recorded in CDCl.sub.3--CD.sub.3OD
(2:1, v/v). NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX500 operating
at 500.13 MHz for .sup.1H or Bruker AV300 operating at 300 MHz for
.sup.1H. All spectra were run at 300 K. Data were acquired and
processed using XWINNMR version 2.6 software on a Silicon Graphics
work station. All two-dimensional NMR data were acquired
nonspinning. Data points (2048) were used in acquisition for the
fast domain (F2), and 512 points were used in the incremented
domain (F1).
[0391] Mass spectrometic analysis. Glycolipids were dissolved in
dichloromethane-methanol (2:1, v/v) and analyzed by Electrospray
ionisation mass spectrometry (Micronos LCT) in positive or negative
mode.
[0392] Results Described in FIGS. 11A-11D. After fractionation of
lipid extracts from SS1 H. pylori and H. pylori S form by silica
gel column chromatography, two major glycolipids were isolated.
Glycolipid AGlc-Chol has the same R.sub.f 0.49 for both H. pylori
strains (TLC, chloroform-methanol (6:1, v/v) as well as MS-spectrum
of positive mode ES-MS (781.9 [M+Na].sup.+ m/z) (not shown). The
second glycolipid Glc-Chol has equal for both strains R.sub.f 0.26
(TLC, chloroform-methanol (6:1, v/v) as well as MS-spectrum of
positive mode ES-MS (571. 4 [M+Na].sup.+ m/z).
[0393] AGlc-Chol lipid ES-MS spectrum in negative mode showed an
ion peaks at m/z 757.5 (sup. FIG. 4a) assignable to a [M-H].sup.-
and at m/z 547.3 assignable to a [M-H].sup.- of glycolipid
Glc-Chol. The difference in 210 Da between peaks corresponded the
lost of myristic acid (C14:0) fragment.
[0394] These data are in agreement with reported for H. pylori
cholesteryl glucosides (67). Indeed, .sup.1H NMR spectra of
AGlc-Chols recorded in CDCl.sub.3--CD.sub.3OD (2:1, v/v) (500.13
MHz) were identical (sup. FIG. 4b and data not shown) and in
agreement with
cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-glucopyranoside structure.
Based on the assignment of AGlc-Chol .sup.1H-.sup.1H COSY NMR and
proton coupling constants, we confirmed the alpha configuration of
glucopyranose with fatty acid substitution at position 6 (FIG.
11C). The small J.sub.1,2 coupling constant (3.84 Hz) of H-1 at
4.82 ppm indicated an .alpha.-anomeric configuration. The large
coupling constant of H-2 (dd) at 3.36 ppm J.sub.2,3 (9.52 Hz), H-3
(t) at 3.56 ppm J.sub.3,4 (9.52 Hz) correlates with
gluco-configuration of sugar. The downfield shift of H-6 (dd) at
4.08 ppm and H-6' (dd) at 4.38 ppm protons indicates that fatty
acid esterifies the 6 position of glucose. Altogether, these data
indicate cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-.alpha.-glucopyranoside
structure.
[0395] Compound PI57, the synthetic analog of AGlc-Chol, has near
identical .sup.1H NMR spectrum to the natural glycolipid AGlc-Chol
(recorded in CDCl.sub.3--CD.sub.3OD (2:1, v/v) (300.0 MHz) (FIG.
11D).
[0396] The .sup.1H NMR spectrum of Glc-Chol and its synthetic
analog PI56 corresponds to cholesteryl-.alpha.-glucopyranoside
(67).
[0397] PI57 loaded CD1d tetramers. To generate PI57 loaded mCD1d
monomers, a 10-fold molar excess of PI57 in DMSO at 2 mg/ml was
incubated with biotinylated-mCD1d (from the NIH Tetramer facility)
in 2 mM CHAPS and 20 mM Tris pH7.0 overnight at room temperature.
The mCD1d monomers were tetramerized by adding SA-PE (S868,
Invitrogen) to the lipid-loaded monomers as previous described
(60).
[0398] Induction of AHR and measurement of airway responsiveness in
the OVA model. To induce AHR, BALB/c mice were sensitized with 100
.mu.g of OVA (Sigma-Aldrich) in alum administered i.p (on day 0).
After sensitization, mice were exposed to intranasal antigen (50
.mu.g OVA/day) or normal saline for 1 day (day 7; single dose
challenge protocol), or for 3 consecutive days (days 7, 8, 9). AHR
was assessed on the day after last OVA-challenge. Control mice
received i.p. injection of PBS and intranasal administrations of
normal saline.
[0399] Collection and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
fluid. Immediately after the AHR measurement, mice were euthanized
and the lungs were lavaged twice with 0.5 ml of PBS, and the fluid
was pooled. Cells in BAL fluid were counted and analyzed, as
previously described.sup.20. The relative number of different types
of leukocytes was determined from slide preparations of BAL fluid
stained with Diff-Quik solution (Dade Behring).
[0400] Lung and spleen cells isolation. Whole lungs were flushed
with PBS injected into the right ventricle, removed, and rinsed in
PBS. The lungs were then diced on a wax board before incubating in
9.6 ml of RPMI 1640 medium with 0.1% DNase I (fraction IX;
Sigma-Aldrich) and 1.6 mg/ml collagenase (CSL4; Worthington
Biochemicals) at 37.degree. C. on an orbital shaker for 30 min. The
digest was passed multiple times through an 18-gauge needle and
allowed to incubate for another 30 min before filtered. RBC were
removed by 4-min incubation in lysis buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) at room
temperature. Single-cell suspensions of spleen lymphocytes were
obtained by mechanical disruption and RBC lysis.
[0401] Histopathologic analysis. The lungs were taken from mice,
infused with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Lung sections
were cut (5 um thick) and stained with hematoxylin/eosin (HE) for
optic microscopy examination.
[0402] Flow cytometry. Cells were preincubated with anti-Fc.gamma.
blocking mAb (2.4G2) and washed before staining. Cells were stained
with anti-mouse PE-Texas red-conjugated CD45, PeCy5.5-conjugated
CD25, Alexa Fluor 700-conjugated CD8 mAb, and Alexa Fluor
750-conjugated CD4 mAb (clone RM4-5). NKT cells were identified
using APC-conjugated TCR.beta. (clone H57-597; eBioscience) and
PE-conjugated, PBS57-loaded, CD1d-tetramers (with empty CD1d
tetramers always used as control). Tetramers were provided by the
NIAID Major Histocompatibility Complex Tetramer Core Facility,
Atlanta, Ga. For intracellular staining, after permeabilization
(Cytofix/Cytoperm kit; BD Biosciences), cells were incubated with
FITC-conjugated IL-4, FITC-conjugated IFN-.gamma., or the
respective isotype control antibodies, FITC-conjugated rat
IgG1.kappa. (eBioscience). Cells were analyzed on a BDCanto flow
cytometer (BD Biosciences) using FlowJo 8.3.3 software (Tree Star,
Inc.).
[0403] Adoptive transfer of NKT cells. NKT cells were purified from
splenocytes of wild-type BALB/c, influenza virus-infected BALB/c,
influenza virus-infected TLR7.sup.-/-, influenza virus-infected
Tbet.sup.-/-, V.alpha.14 TCR transgenic mice, PI57-treated BALB/c,
.alpha.-GalCer-treated BALB/c mice using magnetic cell sorting
(MACS), as previously described (20). Splenic NKT cells were
labeled with PE-conjugated CD1d-tetramer, followed by anti-PE
microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec), and then sorted with AutoMACS
according to the manufacturer's instruction. Purity of NKT cells
was approximate 93% (FIG. 9A), and there was no detectable
T.sub.reg cell contamination (FIG. 9B). Purified NKT cells were
adoptively transferred into immunized recipient mice by intravenous
injection (106 for J.alpha.18.sup.-/-; 5.times.10.sup.5 for BALB/c)
1 hr before the first challenge of OVA (day 7). For OVA-specific
T.sub.Reg cell experiments, 5.times.10.sup.4 DO11.10 CD4.sup.+ T
cells (from DO11.10.times.Rag.sup.-/- mice) were adoptively
transferred into recipient mice 5 hours before sensitization with
OVA/alum (day 0). The recipients later received NKT cells 1 hr
before the first challenge of OVA (day 7).
[0404] Mouse and human NKT cell lines. To establish mouse NKT cell
lines, NKT cells were purified by a two-step sorting strategy using
MACS. Spleen cells from BALB/c or BALB/c V.alpha.14J.alpha.18 Tg
mice were depleted of T cells, B cells, granulocytes, macrophages
and DCs by AutoMacs, then stained with PE conjugated-CD1d tetramer
and FITC conjugated-anti-TCR.beta. mAb, and sorted using a MoFlo
cell sorter (Dako). The purity of the sorted cells was >99%. To
propagate the cells, sorted NKT cells were cultured in 96-well
flat-bottom plates (1.times.10.sup.5 cells/well) with
5.times.10.sup.3 bone-marrow derived DC in the presence of murine
IL-15 (Pepro Tech). Cells were subcultured and restimulated with
fresh DCs once a week.
[0405] Human NKT cells were isolated from peripheral blood of
normal volunteers,using a PE-conjugated anti-human NKT cell
antibody (clone 6B11, which recognizes the CDR3 loop of the
conserved V.alpha.24 TCR found on iNKT cells) (BD Pharmingen) and
anti-PE MACS beads (Miltenyi Biotec). Cells retained on the MACS
column were then eluted. CD14.sup.+ cells were obtained using
anti-CD14 MACS beads and differentiated into dendritic cells (DCs)
by culture with GM-CSF (2.5 .mu.g/ml) and rIL-4 (2 .mu.g/ml) for 1
wk. NKT cells and DCs (ratio 10:1) were co-cultured in RPMI 1640
medium containing 10% FCS, 100 U/ml rIL-2 (R&D Systems) and 1
ng/ml rIL-15 (Peprotech).
[0406] Mouse NKT cell hybridomas. NKT cell hybridomas were
established from C57BL/6 thymic NKT cells by fusion with thymoma
BW5147 as previously described (61).
[0407] Stimulation of invariant V.alpha.14 NKT cell hybridomas with
glycolipids coupled with immobilized CD1/.beta.2m proteins. Culture
wells were coated with recombinant CD1/.beta.2m dimer proteins
(Becton Dickinson) according to the manufacture's protocols.
Cholesteryl glycosides dissolved in DMEM were added to the well,
incubated for 1 day at 4 C, and then washed with DMEM. Hybridomas
derived from invariant V.alpha.14 NKT cells and an irrelevant
V.alpha.8+ T cell as a control (61) were cultured for 1 day in the
wells. Cytokines in the culture supernatants were determined by
ELISA.
[0408] Human NKT cell clone. CD1d transfected K562 cells and CD1d
restricted human NKT cell clone BM2a.3 were previously described
(62). The anti-CD1d antibody (clone 12.1.1.1) experiments have been
performed as described (63).
[0409] In vitro culture of human NKT cell clone with CD1d coated
plates. Maxisorp plates (Nunc) were coated with PBS diluted
recombinant human CD1d/.beta.2 microglobulin Fc fusion proteins
(0.5 .mu.g/well; kindly provided by Dr. Jenny Gumperz (64) and
anti-LFA-1 antibodies (0.05 .mu.g/well, AbD Serotec) overnight at
4.degree. C. After washing with PBS, immobilized CD1d was loaded
with sonicated lipid antigens diluted in 25% DMSO/dH2O by overnight
incubation at 37.degree. C. After washing with PBS and culture
media, NKT cells were added (5.times.104 cells/well) and culture
supernatants were analyzed for IFN-.gamma. by ELISA after overnight
culture at 37.degree. C.
[0410] Helicobacter pylori. Bacterial strains and growth
conditions: Helicobacter pylori SS1 mouse strain and as described
earlier isolate 17B/RH of human H. pylori S form strain (65) were
grown on solid agar plates with 7% horse blood, at 37.degree. C.
under microaerobic conditions (5% O2, 10% CO2 and 85% N2).
[0411] Knockout of Hp0421 glucosyltransferase. Hp0421 was first
amplified by PCR from H. pylori genomic DNA using the primers
Hp0421-F (5'-ATG GTT ATT GTT TTA GTC GTG-3') and Hp0421-R (5'-TTA
TGA TAA GGT TTT AAA GAG-3'), and the PCR product was subsequently
cloned into Smal-digested pUC19. The resultant plasmid was then
linearised using a unique BgIII site in the Hp0421 sequence, and
BamH1-cut Cm-resistance cassette was cloned into this BgIII site.
The pUC18 cloned Hp0421 gene was thus disrupted at bp position 809
by the CmR cassette. The resultant allelic exchange plasmid
pUC18-Hp0421::CmR was then introduced into H. pylori by natural
transformation. H. pylori were inoculated on an agar plate on areas
of 10-15 mm in diameter, and incubated for 7 hours, 37.degree. C.,
microarobic. Aliquots of plasmid pUC19 with insert Hp0421::CmR were
spotted directly onto the inoculated agar, (0.7 .mu.g in 7 .mu.l),
and incubation was continued overnight. The bacteria were harvested
in 1 ml PBS, pelleted and resuspended in 100 .mu.l PBS and were
spread on blood agar plate with chlooramphenicol 25 g/ml to select
transformants. After incubation for 5 days, single colonies were
taken and grown up. Disruptants were confirmed by PCR using the
primers F (5'-GAGGGAATGATAGAAATTG-3') and R
(5'-TCCCATAATCATGGACTTC-3'); bonafide mutants yielded a band of
size 1.8 kb, 1.1 kb expected from the wild type strain. More
details of experiments can be found in paper (66).
[0412] ELISA. Mouse or human IL-4 and IFN-.gamma. levels were
measured by ELISA, as previously described (20). Mean values of
triplicate cultures were shown. Data are representative of two or
three independent experiments.
[0413] Statistical tests. Differences between groups with
parametric distributions were analyzed by Student's 2-tailed t
test; otherwise, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Data represent
mean .+-.SEM. P values of 0.05 or less were considered
statistically significant.
Introduction
[0414] As described herein, we show that influenza A virus
infection in suckling mice protected the mice as adults against
allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature
of asthma. The protective effect was associated with the
preferential expansion of CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.-, but not CD4.sup.+,
natural killer T (NKT) cells, and required T-bet and TLR7. Adoptive
transfer of this population into allergen-sensitized adult mice
suppressed the development of allergen-induced AHR, while expanding
allergen-specific Foxp3+ TReg cells. The influenza-induced
protective effect could be mimicked by treatment of suckling mice
with a glycolipid, derived from Helicobacter pylori (a bacterium
associated with protection against asthma), and which activated NKT
cells in a CD1d-restricted fashion. These findings provide novel
regulatory pathways and new therapeutic strategies for asthma and
other inflammatory conditions.
[0415] Bronchial asthma, a complex and heterogeneous trait, is a
major public health problem, affecting nearly 10% of the general
population, and disproportionately affecting children. Moreover,
the prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past
three decades, an increase believed to be due to changes in our
environment. These environmental changes include reductions in the
incidence of infectious diseases that may exert protective effects
against asthma, as suggested by the Hygiene Hypothesis (1). While
the infectious agents responsible for this relationship, and the
precise mechanisms by which infectious microorganisms might protect
against asthma are very poorly understood, epidemiological studies
suggest that infection with bacteria (e.g., Helicobacter pylori (2,
3), endotoxin (4), or Acinetobacter lwoffii (5)) or viruses (e.g.,
hepatitis A virus (6, 7)) may reduce the likelihood of developing
asthma.
[0416] The role of viral infection in modulating the development of
asthma is particularly complex, because many different viruses
affect the respiratory tract, some appearing to enhance and some
appearing to protect against the development of asthma. For
example, infection with human rhinovirus in children before three
years of age increases the later risk of developing asthma (8),
while other respiratory viral infections have been shown to protect
against the later development of asthma (9-14). However, in older
individuals with established asthma, respiratory viral infection,
particularly with influenza A virus, almost always triggers acute
symptoms of asthma (15-17). These discrepancies may be due to the
timing of the infection, since infection in very young children
could profoundly alter the developing innate immune system in such
a way as to protect against the later development of asthma, or to
the specific immunological cell types activated by a given
infectious agent, as described for the first time herein.
[0417] To improve our understanding of the role of respiratory
viral infection in children in the development of asthma, we
studied a mouse model of asthma, in which suckling mice were
infected with the influenza A virus (H3N1), and were subsequently
studied as adults for susceptibility to allergen-induced AHR, a
cardinal feature of asthma. As described herein, we found that H3N1
infection in suckling mice protected the mice as adults against
allergen-induced AHR. The protective effect was associated with the
preferential expansion of a subpopulation of suppressive DN NKT
cells, and can be mimicked by treatment of suckling mice with
several specific glycolipids, including one derived from H. pylori,
as shown herein.
Infection of Suckling Mice with H3N1 Protects Against AHR
[0418] We infected suckling (2 week old pups) or adult (8 week old)
mice with the Influenza A/Mem71 (H3N1) virus; 6 weeks later the
mice were examined for susceptibility to ovalbumin (OVA)-induced
AHR (FIG. 1A). H3N1 infection in 2 wk old mice protected the mice
as adults (at 8 wks of age) against OVA-induced AHR (FIG. 1B) and
airway inflammation (FIG. 1B and 1C). In contrast, in the
mock-infected mice, at 8 wks of age, severe OVA-induced AHR and
airway inflammation developed. Whereas infection in 2 wk-old
suckling mice conferred protection, infection in 8 wk-old adult
mice with H3N1 did not protect against subsequent OVA-induced AHR
or airway inflammation (FIG. 1D).
Adoptive Transfer of NKT Cells Cannot Reconstitute OVA-Induced AHR
in J.alpha.18.sup.-/- Mice
[0419] Infection with a different influenza virus strain (H3N2)
enhanced the ability of respiratory tolerance to prevent
OVA-induced AHR (11), consistent with the idea that influenza
infection is complex and can affect multiple compartments of the
immune system. Because infection with influenza A virus has been
shown to directly activate NKT cells (18), which play a very
important role in asthma (19), we next determined whether infection
with the H3N1 virus affected the function of NKT cells. We
therefore purified NKT cells from mice infected with H3N1 as
sucklings (42 days after infection), and adoptively transferred
these cells (92-97% purity, FIG. 8A) into adult, OVA-sensitized,
NKT cell-deficient recipients (J.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice) (FIG. 2A).
After receiving the H3N1-exposed NKT cells, the J.alpha.18.sup.-/-
mice, which have CD1d restricted non-invariant--but not
invariant-TCR NKT cells, and which cannot develop allergen-induced
AHR unless reconstituted with functional invariant-TCR NKT cells
(20-22), failed to develop OVA-induced AHR (FIG. 2B). In contrast,
transfer of NKT cells from mock-infected mice to J.alpha.18.sup.-/-
mice fully reconstituted AHR. Moreover, H3N1 infection in 2 wk old
J.alpha.18.sup.-/- suckling mice (vJ.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice) and
later reconstitution (at 8 wks of age) with NKT cells from
mock-infected mice did not prevent OVA-induced AHR (FIG. 2B),
indicating that early exposure of all of the non-NKT cells in
J.alpha.18.sup.-/- (e.g., conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) to
H3N1 was not effective in preventing AHR. Finally, in the lungs of
mice receiving the H3N1 virus-exposed NKT cells (42 days after
infection), significantly greater CD4.sup.-CD8.sup.- (DN), and
significantly fewer CD4+, NKT cells were present (FIGS. 2C and 2D),
indicating that H3N1 infection of 2 wk old suckling mice reduced
the inflammatory function of the NKT cells, possibly by altering
the CD4.sup.+ versus DN NKT cell subset proportions.
H3N1 Infection Accelerates the Expansion of Pulmonary NKT Cells in
Suckling Mice
[0420] In two-week-old naive suckling mice, few NKT cells are
present in the lungs, although this number increases normally to
adult levels over a six-week period of time (FIG. 3A). Importantly,
H3N1-infection, but not mock-infection, in suckling mice greatly
accelerated the expansion of the pulmonary NKT cell number (FIG.
3B). In contrast, H3N1-infection in adult mice had little effect on
pulmonary NKT cell numbers. In fact, H3N1 infection in the adult
mice transiently reduced the number of NKT cells, possibly due to
activation-induced TCR down-regulation (FIG. 3B). In 2 wk old
suckling naive mice, approximately 50% of the pulmonary NKT cells
were CD4.sup.+, and over time this fraction increased such that in
8 wk-old adult naive mice, 89% of the pulmonary NKT cells were
CD4.sup.+ (FIG. 3A, dot plots). However, H3N1 infection of suckling
mice preferentially increased the number of DN NKT cells by day 14
post infection (FIG. 3C). Both CD4.sup.+ and DN NKT cells from the
suckling mice secreted IFN-.gamma. on day 1 of infection, but 14
days post-infection only DN but not CD4.sup.+ pulmonary NKT cells
continued to secrete IFN-.gamma. (and IL-4), as assessed with
intracellular staining without in vitro restimulation (FIG. 3D).
Thus, 14 days post-infection the great majority of cytokine
secreting cells in the lungs were DN NKT cells (FIG. 3E).
[0421] Analysis of the mice 42 days after H3N1 infection, showed
that the proportion of DN versus CD4.sup.+ NKT cells in the lungs
doubled, whereas 42 days post H3N1 infection in 8 wk old mice,
there was no effect on the proportion of DN NKT cells in the lungs
(FIG. 3F). Assessment of the cytokine profile of NKT cells 42 days
post infection after ex vivo stimulation with
.alpha.-Galactosylceramide (.alpha.-GalCer, which specifically
activates NKT cells) demonstrated increased IFN-.gamma. but not
IL-4 production by the H3N1 exposed NKT cells (FIG. 3G), resulting
in a greatly increased IFN-.gamma./IL-4 ratio (FIG. 3G, right
panel). These results indicated that H3N1-infection in suckling
mice preferentially expanded a unique NKT cell population in the
lungs that by day 42, preferentially produced IFN-.gamma., but not
IL-4, and was associated with a reduced expression of CD4.
Adoptive Transfer of H3N1 Exposed NKT Cells Suppresses AHR and
Induces T.sub.Reg Cells
[0422] While the H3N1-exposed NKT cells (vNKT) could not induce AHR
when transferred into J.alpha.18.sup.-/- mice (FIGS. 2A-2D), they
were not anergic, but instead potently suppressed OVA-induced AHR
(FIGS. 4A and 4B) and inflammation (FIG. 4C), as assessed by
adoptive transfer 42 days post-infection into adult wildtype
OVA-sensitized mice. In contrast, NKT cells from mock-infected mice
(WT NKT) (FIGS. 4B and 4C) or from adult mice infected with H3N1
did not suppress OVA-induced AHR. The proportion of DN NKT cells in
the lungs of mice receiving the H3N1 virus-exposed NKT cells was
increased (FIG. 4D), consistent with the idea that H3N1 infection
in suckling mice preferentially expands a subpopulation of DN NKT
cells.
[0423] To more clearly demonstrate that the DN NKT cell
subpopulation was responsible for the suppression of AHR, we
purified CD4.sup.+ and DN NKT cell subpopulations from the spleens
of mice (purity 96-99%) (FIG. 8C), which had been infected with
H3N1, and adoptively transferred these cells into OVA sensitized
mice. FIG. 4E shows that the DN but not the CD4.sup.+ NKT cell
population suppressed AHR that developed on challenge of the mice
with OVA, confirming that the H3N1-exposed DN NKT cell population
was responsible for this effect.
[0424] The suppression of AHR by the transferred H3N1-exposed NKT
cells was associated with a 50% increase in the number of natural
Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells, and in a 300% increase in the number
of adaptive OVA-specific Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells in the lungs
(assessed by transferring DO11.10 Tg OVA-specific Foxp3.sup.- T
cells from DO11.10 Tg.times.Rag.sup.-/- mice), compared to when NKT
cells from mock-infected mice were transferred (FIG. 4F).
Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of the NKT cells exposed to H3N1
was reversed by treatment of the recipient mice with an anti-CD25
mAb (FIG. 4G). These results together indicated that H3N1-exposed
NKT cells could suppress the development of experimental asthma,
and that natural and adaptive T.sub.Reg cells can mediate the
suppressive effects of the NKT cell population.
[0425] We found a similar suppressive NKT cell population in
V.alpha.14 TCR Tg mice. Adult V.alpha.14 TCR transgenic mice have a
5-10 fold increase in the number of NKT cells in the spleen, of
which the majority (53%) are DN NKT cells (FIG. 8B), whereas in WT
BALB/c mice, only 11% of the splenic NKT cells are DN (FIG. 8B).
Adoptive transfer of NKT cells purified from V.alpha.14 TCR Tg mice
into adult WT OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice greatly suppressed the
development of OVA-induced AHR and airway inflammation (FIGS. 4H,
4I and 4J). Transfer of V.alpha.14 TCR Tg NKT cells was also
associated with a 50% increase in the number of natural Foxp3.sup.+
T.sub.Reg cells, and in a 300% increase in the number of adaptive
OVA-specific Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells (assessed by transfer of
DO11.10 Tg OVA-specific cells), compared to when naive (WT) NKT
cells were transferred (FIG. 4F). These results suggest that NKT
cells in V.alpha.14 Tg mice, were similar to NKT cells from
suckling mice exposed to H3N1 in having suppressive activity for
allergen-induced AHR.
The Protective Effect of H3N1 Infection Depends on TLR7 and
T-bet
[0426] Since influenza A virus is a ssRNA virus, and since T-bet
participates in IFN-.gamma. production and in NKT cell maturation
(23), we infected 2 wk old TLR7.sup.-/-, T-bet.sup.-/- mice and
control WT BALB/c mice with the H3N1 virus. 6 wks later, the mice
were examined for OVA-induced AHR (protocol shown in FIG. 5A).
Whereas H3N1 infection in suckling WT mice protected against
subsequent OVA-induced AHR and airway inflammation (FIGS. 5B and
5C), H3N1 infection in suckling TLR7.sup.-/- or suckling
T-bet.sup.-/- mice failed to protect against, and even exacerbated,
OVA-induced AHR and airway inflammation. Furthermore, the ratio of
IFN-.gamma./IL-4 production in NKT cells from TLR7-/- mice was
reduced (FIG. 9D), while IFN-.gamma. was reduced and IL-13 and
IL-17 production increased in NKT cells in T-bet.sup.-/- mice,
compared to WT mice (FIGS. 9A and 9E). (Note that T-bet.sup.-/-
mice have reduced numbers of NKT cells, particularly in the liver
(23), but have significant numbers of pulmonary NKT cells compared
to WT mice (24)). As noted earlier (FIG. 3F), protection against
AHR was associated with an increase in the number of DN NKT cells
following H3N1 infection in WT mice, which did not occur in
TLR7.sup.-/- or T-bet.sup.-/- mice (FIG. 5D). Moreover, adoptive
transfer of NKT cells purified 6 weeks after H3N1 infection of WT,
but not TLR7.sup.-/- or T-bet.sup.-/- mice, into OVA-sensitized WT
BALB/c mice suppressed OVA-induced AHR and airway inflammation
(FIGS. 5E and 5F). Taken together, these results indicated that
protection by H3N1-exposed NKT cells against AHR are dependent on
TLR7 and T-bet.
Induction of Protection with .alpha.-C-GalCer and a Glycolipid from
H. pylori
[0427] Since NKT cells appeared to mediate the effects of H3N1
infection, we examined a panel of glycolipids that specifically
activate NKT cells for the capacity to replicate the beneficial
effects of H3N1 infection. We first examined the effects of
.alpha.-C-GalCer, a synthetic C-glycoside analog of .alpha.-GalCer
that preferentially induces IFN-.gamma. but not IL-4 synthesis
(25-27). Treatment of suckling mice with .alpha.-C-GalCer (5
.mu.g), but not .alpha.-GalCer, which induces production of both
IFN-.gamma. and IL-4, protected the mice as adults (42 days later)
from the development of OVA-induced AHR (FIG. 6A). The protective
effect was dependent on T-bet, since Tbet.sup.-/- mice were not
protected by treatment with .alpha.-C-GalCer (FIG. 6B). Moreover,
adoptive transfer of NKT cells exposed to .alpha.-C-GalCer
protected recipients against the development of AHR and airway
inflammation (FIG. 6C).
[0428] We also found a second glycolipid, PI57, a
cholesterol-derived lipid from H. pylori (28), that could protect
against the development of AHR (FIG. 6D). H. pylori, a bacteria
that colonizes the stomach (29) and which is associated with
protection against asthma (2, 3), produces cholesteryl
.alpha.-glucosides (30), including cholesteryl 6-O-acyl
.alpha.-glucoside (AGlc-Chol) (FIG. 11), which was chemically
synthesized (PI57) (FIG. 6D). PI57, when administered i.p. to 2
week-old mice, increased the total number of NKT cells,
particularly the number of DN NKT cells, found in the lung 2 wks
later (FIGS. 6E and 6F). In contrast, treatment with .alpha.-GalCer
increased both CD4.sup.+ and DN NKT cells in the lungs.
Importantly, treatment of 2 wk old mice with PI57 (50 or 100 .mu.g)
(FIG. 6G) protected the mice from the development of OVA-induced
AHR, induced 6 wks after the glycolipid treatment. On the other
hand, treatment of 2 wk old mice with PBS30, a lipid present in the
cell walls of Sphingomonas bacteria (31, 32), failed to protect the
mice from OVA-induced AHR (FIG. 6H). Moreover, adoptive transfer of
NKT cells from PI57 treated, but not vehicle-treated, 2 wk old mice
(harvested 6 wks after treatment) into OVA-sensitized WT mice,
suppressed AHR and airway inflammation (FIGS. 6I and 6J). Transfer
of NKT cells from .alpha.-GalCer treated mice reduced AHR slightly,
but this was not statistically significant (FIG. 10A). The
production of IFN-.gamma. by the NKT cells was important, since the
protective effect of PI57, like that of H3N1 and .alpha.-C-GalCer,
was dependent on T-bet, since PI57 treatment of 2 wk old T-bet mice
did not protect against subsequent OVA-induced AHR (FIG. 10B).
These results together indicate that a subset of NKT cells that can
be specifically activated by some but not all glycolipid antigens
and that preferentially produces IFN-.gamma. mediate the protective
effects of H3N1 infection.
PI57 is a CD1d-Dependent NKT Cell Antigen
[0429] To demonstrate that PI57, like .alpha.-C-GalCer, can
directly activate NKT cells, we showed that PI57, when added to
cultures of NKT cell lines+dendritic cells (DCs), induced the
production of IFN-.gamma. in a CD1d-restricted manner, since
cytokine production was blocked by anti-CD1d mAb (FIG. 7A). In
addition, PI57, induced IFN-.gamma. and less IL-4 in NKT cell
lines, compared to PBS30 (from Sphingomonas) or .alpha.-GalCer, and
did so in a CD1d restricted manner, since DCs from CD1d.sup.-/-
mice failed to support PI57 induced cytokine production (FIG. 7B,
left panels). Furthermore, the PI57 response occurred by direct
activation of NKT cells, since PI57 induced cytokine production in
NKT cell lines with DCs from MyD88.sup.-/- or Trif.sup.-/- mice
(FIG. 7B, middle and right panels), and since three different NKT
cell hybridomas derived from V.alpha.14 NKT but not from
V.alpha.14-T cells, produced IL-2 in response to immobilized
recombinant CD1d previously loaded with PI57 but not with PI56, a
control glycolipid (FIG. 7C). Moreover, CD1d tetramers loaded with
PI57 stained 10-23% of NKT cells in an NKT cell line (FIG. 7D). 92%
of the PI57-CD1d tetramer+ cells were CD4.sup.- (DN). This strongly
suggests that PI57 bound to CD1d was directly recognized by the TCR
of a population of NKT cells. Finally, human NKT cells were also
activated by PI57, since NKT cells lines (FIG. 7E) as well as a
V.alpha.24+ NKT cell clone (BM2a.3) (FIG. 7F) responded to this
glycolipid. The response was also directly induced, since plate
bound CD1d loaded with P157 induced IFN-.gamma. in BM2a.3 cells
(FIG. 7G). Taken together, these results indicated that both mouse
and human NKT cells were directly activated by PI57, an H. pylori
glycolipid, in a CD1d restricted manner.
Discussion
[0430] As described herein, we show that infection of two-week-old
suckling pups with influenza A virus H3N1 protected against the
subsequent development of allergen-induced AHR, whereas infection
of adult (eight-week-old) mice with H3N1 did not protect against
the subsequent development of AHR. The protective effect H3N1 in
suckling mice was associated with the maturation and expansion of a
specific subset of NKT cells, which suppressed the development of
allergen-induced AHR, demonstrated by adoptive transfer of these
NKT cells into normal allergen-sensitized adult mice. The
protective NKT cell subset required T-bet, as the NKT cells had to
be derived from T-bet.sup.+ mice, produced IFN-.gamma., and was
present in NKT cell populations enriched for DN (CD4.sup.-) NKT
cells. Adoptive transfer of the protective NKT cell population was
associated with the expansion of allergen-specific Foxp3.sup.+
T.sub.Reg cells, suggesting that the suppressive effect was
mediated by Foxp3.sup.+ T.sub.Reg cells. Moreover the protective
effect of H3N1 infection could be replicated by treating suckling
mice with NKT cell-activating glycolipids from H. pylori or with
.alpha.-C-GalCer. These studies are particularly important not only
because they characterize an NKT cell population that suppresses
AHR, but also because they provide a mechanism for the Hygiene
Hypothesis, and for epidemiological studies indicating that
infection with respiratory viruses (9) and H. pylori (2, 3) protect
against the development of asthma.
[0431] NKT cells comprise a small subset of T lymphocytes that
share characteristics with NK cells and conventional T cells, with
potent functions in modulating immunity that have only recently
become appreciated (33). NKT cells express a relatively unique
transcription factor, PLZF, specific for NKT cells (34) and other
innate or activated T cells (35), and an invariant TCR,
V.alpha.14J.alpha.18 in mice and V.alpha.24 in humans, and are
restricted by the MHC class I-like molecule, CD1d. The conservation
of this invariant TCR across many mammalian species suggests that
it is a pattern recognition receptor, and that NKT cells play an
important role in innate immunity. Activation of NKT cells through
this invariant TCR results in the rapid production of large amounts
of cytokines, including IL-4 and IFN-.gamma., particularly from
mature NKT cells found in adult mice and humans. In contrast, NKT
cells in neonates or in cord blood are immature, and produce only
small amounts of cytokines (36, 37). Nevertheless, the ability of
mature NKT cells to rapidly produce very large quantities of
cytokines endows that NKT cell with the capacity to play very
important regulatory roles in autoimmunity, cancer, asthma and
infectious diseases (38).
[0432] NKT cells participate in immune responses to a growing list
of infectious microorganisms, driven either by direct TCR
recognition of specific glycolipids expressed by microorganisms, as
in the case of Borrelia burgdorferi (39) and Sphingomonas
paucimobilis (32, 40), or by indirect responses to cytokines
released by activated dendritic cells (DCs), as in the case of
Salmonella typhimurium (41), E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes
(42) and Mycobacteria tuberculosis (43, 44). During influenza A
infection in adult mice, NKT cells abolished the suppressive
activity of influenza A-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells,
thereby enhancing survival (18). Our current studies also indicate
that NKT cells can respond during infection with influenza A, and
to glycolipids (PI57) produced by H. pylori, resulting in
inhibitory effects on immunity, though primarily in young mice. The
capacity of H. pylori glycolipids to activate a regulatory NKT cell
subset but only in young mice can also explain the protective
effects of H. pylori infection in neonatal but not older mice
against gastritis and malignant metaplasia (45), as well as the
observation that only wildtype and not
cholesterol-.alpha.-glucosyltransferase deficient H. pylori can
infect the gastric mucosa of mice (28), given that
cholesterol-.alpha.-glucosyltransferase is required for synthesis
of PI57 (46). Finally, as demonstrated herein, the structure and
function of PI57 is unique, since it includes a cholesterol
containing tail distinct from previously described NKT cell
ligands, and since it represents the first demonstration of
cholesterol as a target for TCR recognition.
[0433] NKT cells thus react to a diverse group of pathogens, by
functioning as an innate immune cell that can sense and rapidly
respond to the presence of infectious agents. The capacity to
respond to such pathogens however, may be limited in neonates and
young children due to limited numbers and to the immaturity of NKT
cells (36, 37). On the other hand, the immaturity of NKT cells in
young children may provide an opportunity for infection and
therapeutic intervention to influence the subset composition of NKT
cells, thereby preventing the development of asthma and
allergy.
[0434] In asthma, NKT cells have been suggested to play a very
important pathogenic role (20, 47). This idea has become
controversial, since some patients, particularly those with mild or
well-controlled asthma, have few detectable pulmonary NKT cells,
although patients with severe, poorly controlled asthma have a
significant increase in pulmonary NKT cells (19, 48, 49).
Nevertheless, in many distinct mouse models of asthma, the presence
of specific NKT cell subsets was required for the development of
AHR. For example, in allergen induced AHR, CD4.sup.+ IL-17RB.sup.+
NKT cells are required (19, 20, 50, 51); in ozone induced AHR, an
NK1.1, IL-17 producing subset is required (21); and in Sendai virus
induced AHR a CD4.sup.+ NKT cell population that interacts with
alternatively activated alveolar macrophages is required (22).
While previous studies have suggested that some NKT cells (DN NKT
cells) could not induce AHR (50), as described herein for the first
time, a population of NKT cells, enriched for a DN, T-bet-dependent
and IFN-.gamma. producing subset, has a potent regulatory role,
suppressing the development of AHR. Although previous studies have
suggested an inhibitory role for NKT cells in asthma, since
adoptive transfer of NKT cells acutely activated with
.alpha.-GalCer (1 hr prior to transfer) could inhibit the
development of experimental asthma in a C57BL/6 mouse model (52),
the current studies described herein are quite distinct. Instead,
we showed that H3N1 infection in suckling mice expanded a
population of NKT cells that when examined 42 days after infection,
specifically suppressed allergen-induced AHR, without the need for
acute activation with exogenous glycolipids.
[0435] While H3N1 infection affects many different cell types, the
fact that the protective effect of H3N1 infection could be
transferred with purified NKT cells, and the fact that the
protective effect could be replicated by treatment of suckling mice
with .alpha.-C-GalCer or a glycolipid from H. pylori (PI57) that
specifically activated NKT cells in a CD1d restricted fashion,
strongly suggests that the protective effect of H3N1 infection in
young mice was primarily mediated by a subset of NKT cells. The NKT
cell subset activated by PI57 in suckling mice appeared to be a
subset of invariant NKT cells, since DN NKT cells in suckling mice
expanded after treatment with PI57, and since CD1d tetramers loaded
with PI57 could stain NKT cells. The precise mechanism by which the
DN NKT cells suppressed AHR can involve the preferential production
of IFN-.gamma. but not IL-4, since DN NKT cells from H3N1 infected
suckling T-bet.sup.-/- mice failed to inhibit AHR. A role for
IFN-.gamma. is also supported by our observations described herein
that treatment of suckling mice with .alpha.-C-GalCer, which
preferentially induces IFN-.gamma. (26), also prevented the
development of OVA-induced AHR 42 days later, whereas treatment
with .alpha.-GalCer or with Sphingomonas glycolipid (PBS30) did
not.
[0436] The "regulatory" NKT cells mediating the inhibitory effect
of H3N1 and of PI57 and .alpha.-C-GalCer may be similar to
previously described DN NKT cells that protected against the
development of type I diabetes in humans and in mice (53, 54), or
to IFN-.gamma. producing NKT cells that were required for allograft
tolerance (55) or to IL-4 producing NKT cells that induced
T.sub.Reg cells in the prevention of graft versus host disease
(56-58). In our experiments, increased numbers of both natural and
adaptive OVA-specific T.sub.Reg cells were associated with the
regulatory NKT cells, and were blocked by treatment with anti-CD25
mAb (FIGS. 4F and 4G). Moreover, our studies are the first to
demonstrate the existence of a subpopulation of NKT cells that can
suppress the effects of other subpopulations of NKT cells that
enhance the development of experimental asthma. These results
suggest that a balance exists between NKT cells that induce, and
those that protect against, AHR, and that stimulation with H3N1,
.alpha.-C-GalCer or with H. pylori glycolipids, but not a
Sphingomonas glycolipid or .alpha.-GalCer, can selectively expand
this regulatory NKT cell population, but only in young mice. The
inability of .alpha.-GalCer to protective may be due to the fact,
without wishing to be bound or limited by theory, that it
non-selectively stimulates all invariant NKT cells, or because it
may anergize NKT cells, including suppressive populations. The data
described herein support the idea that under normal pathogen free
conditions, CD4.sup.+ NKT cells that induce AHR predominate, but
that in very young mice, exposure to Th1-skewing reagents that can
alter the composition of NKT cell subpopulations can change
subsequent lung immunity.
[0437] Therefore, it appears that the balance between CD4.sup.+
versus regulatory, presumably DN, NKT cells is determined or
imprinted early in life, but might be influenced by exposure to
specific types of infections, particularly those that can affect
NKT cells. In our studies described herein, H3N1 infection in
two-week-old pups activated the immature NKT cells and
preferentially expanded a DN NKT cell subset. In addition, our
studies indicate that .alpha.-C-GalCer and glycolipids from H.
pylori can profoundly affect this NKT cell subpopulation, which may
explain epidemiological studies showing an association of H. pylori
infection with protection against asthma (2, 3). Although these
studies were performed in mice, which mature from neonates to
adults in only 35 days versus many years in humans, taken together,
our results indicate that infection with certain microorganisms can
prevent the subsequent development of asthma and allergy by
expanding the relative proportion of a specific subset of NKT
cells, thus providing an immunological mechanism for the Hygiene
Hypothesis. Finally, these results indicate that treatment of
children with compounds such of .alpha.-C-GalCer and others derived
from microorganisms such as H. pylori can expand this regulatory
NKT cell subset and be effective in preventing the development of
asthma and other inflammatory disorders.
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