U.S. patent application number 15/275410 was filed with the patent office on 2018-02-15 for subsea transition system.
The applicant listed for this patent is BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. Invention is credited to Andrew J. Barden, Peter Dixon, Alastair Goodall, Luis Russo.
Application Number | 20180045598 15/275410 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 61158755 |
Filed Date | 2018-02-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180045598 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Barden; Andrew J. ; et
al. |
February 15, 2018 |
SUBSEA TRANSITION SYSTEM
Abstract
Methods of remotely facilitating the transition between
hydrotesting and dewatering of a subsea pipeline include a control
unit of a subsea valve actuation system determining when
hydrotesting of the pipeline has been completed and autonomously
allowing fluid flow out of the pipeline at the receiving end
thereof without the involvement of an external source at the
surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline to allow
dewatering the pipeline from the launch end of the pipeline.
Inventors: |
Barden; Andrew J.;
(Bellaire, TX) ; Russo; Luis; (Houston, TX)
; Dixon; Peter; (Peebles, GB) ; Goodall;
Alastair; (Bonnyrigg, GB) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
61158755 |
Appl. No.: |
15/275410 |
Filed: |
September 25, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62372476 |
Aug 9, 2016 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B08B 9/0325 20130101;
F16L 55/46 20130101; F16L 55/26 20130101; B08B 9/055 20130101; F17D
5/06 20130101; F17D 5/005 20130101; F17D 5/00 20130101; G01M 3/022
20130101; G01M 3/2807 20130101; F16L 55/07 20130101; F17D 3/08
20130101; G01M 3/2823 20130101; F16L 55/10 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G01M 3/28 20060101
G01M003/28; F16L 55/07 20060101 F16L055/07; B08B 9/032 20060101
B08B009/032 |
Claims
1. Method of remotely facilitating the transition between
hydrotesting and dewatering of a subsea pipeline initiated from the
launch end of the pipeline without the involvement of an external
source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline, the method comprising: fluidly coupling a fluid flow
conduit of an automated, self-powered, self-controlled subsea valve
actuation system to the subsea pipeline at the pig receiving end
thereof; a control unit of the subsea valve actuation system
disallowing fluid flow through the fluid flow conduit out of the
pipeline at the pig receiving end thereof during hydrotesting of
the pipeline; at least one pressure transducer fluidly coupled to
the fluid flow conduit detecting one or more pressure changes in
the fluid flow conduit; at least one of the pressure transducers
emitting at least one signal relating to at least one pressure
change in the fluid flow conduit; based at least partially upon one
or more signals emitted by at least one of the pressure transducers
and without the involvement of an external source at the surface,
or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline, the control unit
determining whether hydrotesting of the pipeline has been
completed; and if the control unit determines hydrotesting of the
pipeline has been completed, the control unit autonomously causing
at least one flow isolation valve fluidly coupled to the fluid flow
conduit to open without the involvement of an external source at
the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline,
allowing fluid to exit the pipeline to the sea through the fluid
flow conduit to allow dewatering the pipeline from the launch end
of the pipeline.
2. The method of claim 1 further including a pipeline servicing
system connected to the launch end of the pipeline initiating a
particular pressure change or sequence in the pipeline at the end
of hydrotesting of the pipeline or to signal the pipeline is ready
for dewatering without the involvement of an external source at the
surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline, the at
least one pressure transducer detecting the particular pressure
change or sequence initiated by the pipeline servicing system and
emitting at least one signal relating to the particular pressure
change or sequence, based at least partially upon the signal(s)
emitted by the pressure transducer(s) relating to the particular
pressure change or sequence and without the involvement of an
external source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end
of the pipeline, the control unit autonomously causing at least one
flow isolation valve fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit to
open without the involvement of an external source at the surface,
or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline, allowing fluid
to exit the pipeline to the sea through the fluid flow conduit to
allow dewatering the pipeline from the launch end of the
pipeline.
3. The method of claim 1 further including pre-programming the
control unit to recognize one or more particular pressure readings
or changes based upon one or more signals emitted by the at least
one pressure transducer to signify hydrotesting of the pipeline has
been completed and autonomously causing at least one flow isolation
valve fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit to open without the
involvement of an external source at the surface, or a UV, at the
pig receiving end of the pipeline, allowing fluid to exit the
pipeline to the sea through the fluid flow conduit to allow
dewatering the pipeline from the launch end of the pipeline.
4. The method of claim 1 further including after the completion of
hydrotesting, a pipeline servicing system connected to the launch
end of the pipeline pumping fluid into the pipeline to detect
whether the control unit has opened at least one flow isolation
valve, and if the pipeline servicing system detects one or more of
the flow isolation valves is open, the pipeline servicing system
initiating dewatering of the pipeline from the launch end thereof
without the involvement of an external source at the surface, or a
UV, at the receiving end of the pipeline.
5. The method of claim 1 further including dewatering the pipeline
from the launch end thereof without the involvement of an external
source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline, during dewatering of the pipeline, the subsea valve
actuation system remotely, selectively, autonomously analyzing one
or more samples of fluid exiting the subsea pipeline at the pig
receiving end of the pipeline during dewatering and/or collecting
samples of fluid exiting the subsea pipeline at the pig receiving
end for further analysis without the involvement of an external
source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline.
6. The method of claim 5 further including the control unit
receiving data about one or more of the samples of fluid analyzed
during dewatering and transmitting such data to at least one
recipient on a real-time basis.
7. Method of remotely facilitating the successive transitions
between flooding, hydrotesting and dewatering of a subsea pipeline
initiated from the launch end of the pipeline, the pipeline having
a launch end and an opposing pig receiving end, the method
comprising: fluidly coupling a fluid flow conduit of an automated,
self-powered, self-controlled subsea valve actuation system to the
subsea pipeline at the pig receiving end thereof; allowing fluid to
exit the pipeline to the sea through the fluid flow conduit during
flooding of the pipeline; a control unit of the subsea valve
actuation system determining whether flooding of the pipeline has
been completed; if the control unit determines flooding of the
pipeline has been completed, the control unit autonomously causing
at least one flow isolation valve fluidly coupled to the fluid flow
conduit to close without the involvement of an external source at
the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline,
disallowing fluid from exiting the pipeline at the pig receiving
end thereof to fluidly isolate the pipeline for hydrotesting;
hydrotesting the pipeline from the launch end thereof; the control
unit determining whether hydrotesting of the pipeline has been
completed; and if the control unit determines hydrotesting has been
completed, the control unit autonomously causing at least one flow
isolation valve fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit to open
without the involvement of an external source at the surface, or a
UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline, allowing fluid to
exit the pipeline to the sea at the pig receiving end thereof for
dewatering of the pipeline from the launch end of the pipeline.
8. The method of claim 7 further including allowing at least one
pig to pass through the pipeline to the pig receiving end thereof
during flooding of the pipeline, and the control unit, without the
involvement of an external source at the surface or a UV at the pig
receiving end of the pipeline, determining that flooding of the
pipeline has been completed and the pipeline is ready for
hydrotesting based at least partially upon the arrival of at least
one pig at the receiving end of the pipeline at the end of flooding
the pipeline.
9. The method of claim 7 further including the control unit
determining when hydrotesting of the pipeline has been completed
based upon at least one detected pressure change in the fluid in
the pipeline and fluid flow conduit at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline.
10. The method of claim 7 further including dewatering the pipeline
from the launch end thereof without the involvement of an external
source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline, during dewatering of the pipeline, the subsea valve
actuation system remotely, selectively, autonomously analyzing one
or more samples of fluid exiting the subsea pipeline at the pig
receiving end of the pipeline during dewatering and/or collecting
samples of fluid exiting the subsea pipeline at the pig receiving
end for further analysis without the involvement of an external
source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline.
11. The method of claim 10 further including the control unit
receiving data about one or more of the samples of fluid analyzed
during dewatering and transmitting such data to at least one
recipient on a real-time basis.
12. A self-powered, self-controlled, automated subsea valve
actuation system for remotely facilitating the successive
transitions between flooding, hydrotesting and dewatering of a
subsea pipeline initiated from the launch end of the pipeline, the
automated subsea valve actuation system comprising: a retrievable
skid frame; a fluid flow conduit mounted at least partially on said
skid frame and fluidly coupled to the subsea pipeline at the pig
receiving end thereof; at least one flow isolation valve fluidly
coupled to said fluid flow conduit, said at least one flow
isolation valve being moveable between at least one open position
and a closed position, wherein said at least one flow isolation
valve in said at least one open position allows fluid to exit the
pipeline at the pig receiving end of the pipeline through said at
least one fluid flow conduit, and at least one said flow isolation
valve in said closed position disallows fluid flow out of the
pipeline at the pig receiving end thereof, said at least one flow
isolation valve being in at least one said open position during
flooding of the pipeline; at least one pig configured to move
through the pipeline to the pig receiving end thereof during
flooding of the pipeline and emit one or more signals; a control
unit mounted on said skid frame and configured to selectively,
remotely, autonomously move at least one said flow isolation valve
from at least one said open position to said closed position when
flooding of the pipeline has been completed based at least
partially upon one or more of said signals emitted by said at least
one pig without the involvement of an external source at the
surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline to allow
hydrotesting of the pipeline, said control unit also being
configured to determine when hydrotesting of the pipeline has been
completed and thereafter autonomously move at least one said flow
isolation valve from said closed position to at least one said open
position without the involvement of an external source at the
surface, or an UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline,
allowing fluid to exit the pipeline through said fluid flow conduit
to the sea to allow dewatering of the pipeline from the launch end
of the pipeline; and at least one battery associated with said skid
frame and configured to provide sufficient power to said control
unit for facilitating the successive transitions between flooding,
hydrotesting and dewatering of the pipeline without power being
supplied to said skid frame from an external source at the surface,
or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline.
13. The subsea valve actuation system of claim 12 wherein at least
one of said signals of said pig relates to the arrival of said pig
at the pig receiving end of the pipeline.
14. The subsea valve actuation system of claim 12 wherein said at
least one pig is an intelligent pig configured to evaluate the
condition of the interior of the pipeline as it passes therethrough
and at least one of said signals of said intelligent pig relates to
the condition of the interior of the pipeline.
Description
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application Ser. No. 62/372,476 filed on Aug. 9, 2016 and entitled
"Automated System and Methods for Performing One or More Functions
at the Pig Receiving End of a Subsea Pipeline", which is hereby
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to an automated
system and methods for performing one or more functions at the pig
receiving end of a subsea pipeline.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In subsea pipeline operations, various activities are
initiated at one end (the "launch end") of the pipeline, such as
launching pigs for flooding or dewatering the pipeline, conducting
hydrotesting of the pipeline or other activities. Often, it is
necessary or would be desirable to perform certain actions at the
other end of the pipeline, which is sometimes referred to as the
"distant end", "pig receiving end" or simply the "receiving end" of
the pipeline. For example, it may be desirable or necessary to open
or close fluid exhaust valves at the receiving end during various
pipeline pre-commissioning or other operations. For instance, to
facilitate the transition between flooding and hydrotesting of the
pipeline, it is typically necessary to close off one or more fluid
exhaust valves at the receiving end. For another example, after
hydrotesting, if it is desired to dewater the pipeline from the
launch end, it may be necessary to open the fluid exhaust valve(s)
at the receiving end. For still a further example, it is often
desirable or necessary to sample, test and/or monitor fluids
exiting the pipeline, such as during dewatering.
[0004] Existing systems and techniques used in connection with
various subsea pipeline operations conducted at the receiving end
of the pipeline are believed to have one or more limitations. For
example, existing systems and techniques to open and/or close fluid
exhaust valves at the receiving end of the subsea pipeline are
believed to require the deployment of a remotely operated vehicle
(ROV) or the like. This requirement for an ROV or similar equipment
is significant because of the time and expense involved and the
diversion of resources from another location. For another example,
existing systems and techniques either cannot perform various
functions at the receiving end or would require external power
and/or control (e.g. from an ROV, diver, surface vessel, etc.),
such as for varying the flow rate and/or pressure of fluid flowing
through the pipeline, measuring, logging and/or communicating
pipeline fluid data (e.g. pressure, flow rates, temperature, etc.),
pipeline fluid sampling/testing/monitoring data, pipeline condition
data, leak detection data and the like.
[0005] It should be understood that the above discussion is
provided for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to
limit the scope or subject matter of the appended claims or those
of any related patent application or patent. Thus, none of the
appended claims or claims of any related application or patent
should be limited by the above discussion or construed to address,
include or exclude each or any of the above-cited examples,
features and/or disadvantages, merely because of their mention
herein.
[0006] Accordingly, there exists a need for improved systems,
apparatus and methods useful to assist in performing one or more
activities at the receiving end of a pipeline having one or more of
the features, attributes or capabilities described or shown in, or
as may be apparent from, the other portions of this patent
application.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0007] In some embodiments, the present disclosure involves methods
of remotely facilitating the transition between hydrotesting and
dewatering of a subsea pipeline initiated from the launch end of
the pipeline without the involvement of an external source at the
surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline. A fluid
flow conduit of an automated, self-powered, self-controlled subsea
valve actuation system is fluidly coupled to the subsea pipeline at
the pig receiving end thereof. A control unit of the subsea valve
actuation system disallows fluid flow through the fluid flow
conduit out of the pipeline at the pig receiving end thereof during
hydrotesting of the pipeline. At least one pressure transducer
fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit detects one or more
pressure changes in the fluid flow conduit. At least one of the
pressure transducers emits at least one signal relating to at least
one pressure change in the fluid flow conduit. Based at least
partially upon one or more signals emitted by at least one of the
pressure transducers and without the involvement of an external
source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the
pipeline, the control unit determines whether hydrotesting of the
pipeline has been completed. If the control unit determines
hydrotesting of the pipeline has been completed, the control unit
autonomously causes at least one flow isolation valve fluidly
coupled to the fluid flow conduit to open without the involvement
of an external source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving
end of the pipeline, allowing fluid to exit the pipeline to the sea
through the fluid flow conduit to allow dewatering the pipeline
from the launch end of the pipeline.
[0008] In various embodiments, the present disclosure involves
methods of remotely facilitating the successive transitions between
flooding, hydrotesting and dewatering of a subsea pipeline
initiated from the launch end of the pipeline. A fluid flow conduit
of an automated, self-powered, self-controlled subsea valve
actuation system is fluidly coupled to the subsea pipeline at the
pig receiving end thereof. Fluid is allowed to exit the pipeline to
the sea through the fluid flow conduit during flooding of the
pipeline. A control unit of the subsea valve actuation system
determines whether flooding of the pipeline has been completed. If
the control unit determines flooding of the pipeline has been
completed, the control unit autonomously causes at least one flow
isolation valve fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit to close
without the involvement of an external source at the surface, or a
UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline, disallowing fluid
from exiting the pipeline at the pig receiving end thereof to
fluidly isolate the pipeline for hydrotesting. The pipeline is
hydrotested from the launch end thereof. The control unit
determines whether hydrotesting of the pipeline has been completed.
If the control unit determines hydrotesting has been completed, the
control unit autonomously causes at least one flow isolation valve
fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit to open without the
involvement of an external source at the surface, or a UV, at the
pig receiving end of the pipeline, allowing fluid to exit the
pipeline to the sea at the pig receiving end thereof for dew
atering of the pipeline from the launch end of the pipeline.
[0009] The present disclosure also includes embodiments of a
self-powered, self-controlled, automated subsea valve actuation
system for remotely facilitating the successive transitions between
flooding, hydrotesting and dewatering of a subsea pipeline
initiated from the launch end of the pipeline. The system includes
a retrievable skid frame and a fluid flow conduit mounted at least
partially on the skid frame and fluidly coupled to the subsea
pipeline at the pig receiving end thereof. At least one flow
isolation valve is fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit and
moveable between at least one open position and a closed position.
The flow isolation valve(s) in an open position allow fluid to exit
the pipeline at the pig receiving end of the pipeline through the
fluid flow conduit(s). The flow isolation valve(s) in the closed
position disallow fluid flow out of the pipeline at the pig
receiving end thereof. At least one flow isolation valve is in an
open position during flooding of the pipeline. At least one pig is
configured to move through the pipeline to the pig receiving end
thereof during flooding of the pipeline and emit one or more
signals.
[0010] A control unit is mounted on the skid frame and configured
to selectively, remotely, autonomously move at least one flow
isolation valve from an open position to the closed position when
flooding of the pipeline has been completed based at least
partially upon one or more of the signals emitted by one or more of
the pigs without the involvement of an external source at the
surface, or a UV, at the pig receiving end of the pipeline to allow
hydrotesting of the pipeline. The control unit is also configured
to determine when hydrotesting of the pipeline has been completed
and thereafter autonomously move at least one flow isolation valve
from the closed position to an open position without the
involvement of an external source at the surface, or an UV, at the
pig receiving end of the pipeline, allowing fluid to exit the
pipeline through the fluid flow conduit to the sea to allow
dewatering of the pipeline from the launch end of the pipeline. At
least one battery is associated with the skid frame and configured
to provide sufficient power to the control unit for facilitating
the successive transitions between flooding, hydrotesting and
dewatering of the pipeline without power being supplied to the skid
frame from an external source at the surface, or a UV, at the pig
receiving end of the pipeline.
[0011] Accordingly, the present disclosure includes features and
advantages which are believed to enable it to advance remote subsea
pipeline operations. Characteristics and advantages of the present
disclosure described above and additional features and benefits
will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon
consideration of the following detailed description of various
embodiments and referring to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] The following figures are part of the present specification,
included to demonstrate certain aspects of various embodiments of
this disclosure and referenced in the detailed description
herein:
[0013] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an exemplary automated
subsea valve actuation system shown engaged with a pipeline on the
sea floor in accordance with an embodiment of the present
disclosure;
[0014] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of an
automated subsea valve actuation system shown engaged with a
pipeline on the sea floor;
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of yet another embodiment of
an automated subsea valve actuation system shown engaged with a
pipeline on the sea floor;
[0016] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of still another embodiment of
an automated subsea valve actuation system shown engaged with a
pipeline on the sea floor;
[0017] FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a further embodiment of an
automated subsea valve actuation system shown engaged with a
pipeline on the sea floor; and
[0018] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of an exemplary remote fluid
sampling and/or monitoring system useful at the receiving end of
the pipeline in accordance with the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0019] Characteristics and advantages of the present disclosure and
additional features and benefits will be readily apparent to those
skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed
description of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and
referring to the accompanying figures. It should be understood that
the description herein and appended drawings, being of example
embodiments, are not intended to limit the claims of this patent or
any patent or patent application claiming priority hereto. On the
contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents
and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claims.
Many changes may be made to the particular embodiments and details
disclosed herein without departing from such spirit and scope.
[0020] In showing and describing preferred embodiments in the
appended figures, common or similar elements are referenced with
like or identical reference numerals or are apparent from the
figures and/or the description herein. When multiple figures refer
to a component or feature with the same reference numeral, any
description herein of the component or feature with respect to any
of the figures applies equally to the other figures to the extent
such description does not conflict with a description herein of the
other figure(s). The embodiments shown in the figures are
illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily
been drawn to scale. Also, common but well-understood components
useful or necessary in the illustrated embodiments are often not
depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of other
depicted features. Certain features and certain views of the
figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the
interest of clarity and conciseness.
[0021] As used herein and throughout various portions (and
headings) of this patent application, the terms "invention",
"present invention" and variations thereof are not intended to mean
every possible embodiment encompassed by this disclosure or any
particular claim(s). Thus, the subject matter of each such
reference should not be considered as necessary for, or part of,
every embodiment hereof or of any particular claim(s) merely
because of such reference. The terms "coupled", "connected",
"engaged" and the like, and variations thereof, as used herein and
in the appended claims are intended to mean either an indirect or
direct connection or engagement. Thus, if a first device couples to
a second device, that connection may be through a direct
connection, or through an indirect connection via other devices and
connections.
[0022] Certain terms are used herein and in the appended claims to
refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will
appreciate, different persons may refer to a component by different
names. This document does not intend to distinguish between
components that differ in name but not function. Also, the terms
"including" and "comprising" are used herein and in the appended
claims in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to
mean "including, but not limited to . . . ." Further, reference
herein and in the appended claims to components and aspects in a
singular tense does not necessarily limit the present disclosure or
appended claims to only one such component or aspect, but should be
interpreted generally to mean one or more, as may be suitable and
desirable in each particular instance.
[0023] The reference numerals used herein and in the appended
drawings and their associated exemplary components or features are
as follows: [0024] 10 automated subsea valve actuation system
[0025] 12 Underwater Vehicle (UV) [0026] 14 skid frame [0027] 18
sea floor [0028] 20 subsea pipeline [0029] 24 (pig) receiving end
[0030] 30 pig receiver [0031] 32 pig [0032] 34 pig signaler [0033]
36 pig receiver manifold [0034] 40 pig stop [0035] 44 pig docking
station [0036] 48 fluid exit port [0037] 52 pig receiver discharge
valve [0038] 58 fluid exhaust conduit [0039] 70 fluid flow conduit
[0040] 71 exit port [0041] 72 fluid flow conduit branch [0042] 72a
first fluid flow conduit branch [0043] 72b second fluid flow
conduit branch [0044] 74 check valve [0045] 76 flow isolation valve
[0046] 76a-e flow isolation valves [0047] 78 valve actuator/power
assembly [0048] 82 control unit [0049] 84 pig detection system
[0050] 86 battery [0051] 88 diffuser [0052] 90 jumper [0053] 94
pressure transducer [0054] 96 temperature transducer [0055] 100
display [0056] 104 data communication system [0057] 108 flow meter
[0058] 110 flow restrictor [0059] 112 orifice plate [0060] 116
variable control valve [0061] 120 fluid sampling and/or monitoring
system [0062] 124 input end [0063] 128 discharge end [0064] 130
flow conduit [0065] 132 flow conduit branch [0066] 132a first flow
conduit branch [0067] 132b second flow conduit branch [0068] 136
fluid analyzer [0069] 140 densitometer [0070] 150 fluid sampling
bottle [0071] 150a first fluid sampling bottle [0072] 150b second
fluid sampling bottle
[0073] Referring initially to FIG. 1, an embodiment of an automated
subsea valve actuation system 10 useful for selectively
autonomously allowing and disallowing the flow of fluid out of a
subsea pipeline 20 at the pig receiving end 24 thereof and/or
performing one or more other remote operations at the receiving end
24 is shown. As used herein and in the appended claims, the terms
"autonomous" and variations thereof means without the involvement
of an underwater vehicle (UV) or external source at the surface of
the body of water (e.g. vessel, platform, etc.) for performing or
controlling the referenced activity or process. As used herein and
in the appended claims, the terms "underwater vehicle" (UV) and
variations thereof means and includes at least one diver, remotely
operated vehicle (ROV), autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), any
other unmanned or manned vehicle, such as a mini-submarine, and
other equipment and related techniques for accessing a subsea
pipeline and related equipment, as are and become further known.
The exemplary pipeline 20 is shown at the sea floor 18 (below a
body of water). The illustrated automated subsea valve actuation
system 10 is shown fluidly coupled to the receiving end 24 of the
pipeline 20.
[0074] In the illustrated example, the subsea pipeline 20 is shown
having a pig receiver 30 and a pig receiver manifold 36 at its
receiving end 24. The illustrated pig receiver 30 is shown having a
pig stop 40 at its farthest end and at least two pig docking areas,
or stations, 44 proximate thereto. Two exemplary pigs 32 are shown
docked within the pig receiver 30. However, there may be only one
pig docking station 44 and pig 32, or more than two of each. For
the reader's convenience, the term "pig" as used herein in the
singular tense pig means one or multiple pigs. Multiple pigs 32 may
also be referred to herein as a "pig train". A distinct fluid exit
port 48 and pig receiver discharge valve 52 are shown associated
with the exemplary pig receiver 30 proximate to each respective pig
docking station 44. The illustrated exit ports 48 and pig receiver
discharge valves 52 are shown fluidly connected to a common fluid
exhaust conduit 58. In this example, the pig receiver discharge
valves 52 and fluid exhaust conduit 58 are part of the illustrated
pig receiver manifold 36.
[0075] It should be noted, however, that the pipeline 20 may have
additional or different components as those described above or
shown in the appended drawings. Further, the present disclosure and
appended claims are in no way limited to, or by, the pipeline
components described above or shown in the appended drawings,
except and only to the extent as may be explicitly recited in one
or more of the appended claims and only for those claims and any
claims depending therefrom.
[0076] In use of the illustrated pipeline 20 with prior art
techniques, at any time after the pipeline 20 is deployed (e.g.
onto the sea floor 18), each pig receiver discharge valve 52 would
need to be actuated (e.g. powered and closed/opened) by an ROV,
diver or other external power/control source (at the surface of the
body of water or otherwise) to disallow and/or later allow fluid
flow out of the pipeline 20 at the receiving end 24 thereof. For
example, after flooding and before hydrotesting of the pipeline 20,
each valve 52 would need to be closed by an ROV, diver or other
external power/control source. For another example, after
hydrotesting, each valve 52 would need to be opened by an ROV,
diver or other external power/control source, such as to drain the
pipeline 20 at its receiving end 24 or allow dew atering from the
launch end of the pipeline 20.
[0077] For use of the exemplary automated subsea valve actuation
system 10 of the present disclosure, the pig receiver discharge
valves 52 may be effectively disabled (e.g. left open) and not used
in conjunction with the use of the system 10.
[0078] In accordance with the present disclosure, the system 10 is
useful to autonomously perform one or more desired actions at
receiving end 24 of the pipeline 20. For example, the system 10 may
be useful to autonomously, selectively allow or disallow fluid to
exit the pipeline 20 at the receiving end 24 thereof during one or
more pipeline pre-commissioning or other operations. For instance,
to facilitate the transition between flooding and hydrotesting of
the pipeline 20, the exemplary system 10 can be used to
autonomously, selectively close off fluid flow out of the pipeline
20 at the receiving end 24. For another example, in some
embodiments, such as shown in FIGS. 2-5, after the pipeline 20 is
hydrotested, if it is desired to dewater the pipeline 20 from the
launch end, the exemplary system 10 can be used to autonomously,
selectively allow fluid to exit the pipeline 20 at the receiving
end 24. For a further example, in various embodiments, such as
shown in FIGS. 2-6, the exemplary system 10 can be used to
autonomously, selectively sample, test and/or monitor fluids
exiting the pipeline 20. For yet further examples, in many
embodiments, the exemplary system 10 can be used to autonomously,
selectively control or vary the flow rate of fluid exiting the
pipeline 20, measure, log and/or communicate other data, such as
pipeline fluid data (e.g. pressure, flow rates, temperature, etc.),
pipeline fluid sampling/testing/monitoring data, pipeline condition
data, leak detection data, system 10 component data, or a
combination thereof.
[0079] The automated subsea valve actuation system 10 may include
any desired type and arrangement of components suitable for
autonomously, selectively allowing and disallowing the flow of
fluid out of the pipeline 20 at the receiving end 24 thereof and/or
performing one or more other remote functions at the receiving end
24. Referring again to FIG. 1, in this embodiment, the system 10
includes at least one fluid flow conduit 70, check valve 74,
selectively operable flow isolation valve 76, control unit 82 and
battery 86, all mounted or supported on a skid frame 14. However,
the system 10 may include other or different components. Some
examples of additional components that may be included in the
system 10 are at least one pig detection system 84, pressure sensor
or transducer 94 coupled to the conduit 70, temperature sensor or
transducer 96 coupled to the conduit 70, flow meter 108 coupled to
the conduit 70 (e.g., FIG. 2), data logger (not shown), display
100, data communication system 104 and/or fluid sampling/monitoring
system 120 (e.g. FIG. 2).
[0080] The components of the system 10 may have any suitable form,
configuration, construction and operation as is or become further
known in the art. For example, the skid frame 14 may have any
desired construction, configuration and operation suitable (i) to
provide sufficient support for the various components of the system
10, such as during transport, deployment, operation, storage,
maintenance and retrieval and (ii) to allow placement of the system
10 proximate to the receiving end 24 of the pipeline 20 to allow
fluid coupling therebetween. Further, the various components of the
system 10 may be positioned at any desired location and have any
desired interconnection. Thus, the various components of the system
10 shown in the appended drawings are not limited to the
illustrated configuration. For example, the pressure and
temperature transducers 94, 96 and flow meter(s) 108 (e.g., FIG.
2), when included, are not limited to their illustrated locations,
but may be located elsewhere on the skid frame 14, or even off the
skid frame 14 in fluid communication with the conduit 70. Further,
any desired number of each component (e.g. pressure and temperature
transducers 94, 96 and flow meter(s) 108) may be included in the
system 10.
[0081] Still referring to FIG. 1, the exemplary fluid flow conduit
70 is configured to be fluidly coupled to the pipeline 20 at one
end and includes at least one flow exit port 71 in fluid
communication with the exterior of the system 10 (e.g. the sea) at
its other end. If desired, the fluid flow conduit 70 may have
multiple (e.g. 2, 3, 4, etc.) fluidly connected branches 72 (e.g.
FIG. 3) and multiple corresponding respective fluid exit ports 71
(e.g. FIG. 3). Also if desired, one or more diffusers 88 may be
associated with the conduit 70 proximate to each exit port 71, as
is or becomes further known in the art.
[0082] In the illustrated embodiment, each check valve 74 is
fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit 70 and preconfigured to
permit fluid flow out of the conduit 70 (and pipeline 20), while
preventing any inflow of fluid from the sea into the pipeline 20.
Each exemplary flow isolation valve 76 is also fluidly coupled to
the conduit 70 and is selectively autonomously operable by the
control unit 82 to allow or disallow fluid flow out of the pipeline
20 via the fluid flow conduit(s) 70.
[0083] Still referring to FIG. 1, the exemplary control unit 82
includes one or more computers and related hardware/software (e.g.
PLC) configured to (i) receive, monitor and record data from one or
more other components of the system 10 depending upon the
configuration of the system 10 (e.g. flow rates, pressure,
temperature, pig arrival data) and (ii) control operation of the
flow isolation valves 76 in accordance with programmable logic. If
desired, the control unit 82 may be programmed to control operation
of other components in the system 10 (e.g. battery 86, data display
100, communication system 104), and/or components external to the
system 10 or skid frame 14 (e.g. external associated batteries).
Also if desired, the control unit 82 may be configured to receive,
monitor and record any additional data, such as battery voltage
data, conduit integrity data, electrical and power connection data,
fluid sampling/monitoring data, etc. Thus, in the illustrated
embodiment, the control unit 82 serves as a valve control unit and
logging unit. In other embodiments, the control unit 82 may not
perform both activities. For example, a separate logging unit may
be included.
[0084] In some embodiments, the control unit 82 may be configured
to transmit/receive data directly or through another component
(e.g. the communication system 104) to/from one or more external
sources such as, for example, a pipeline servicing, or flooding
and/or hydrotesting, system (FHS), UV, surface vessel, fixed
installation or other external data transmitter/receiver. For
example, the control unit 82 may communicate with the automated
subsea pipeline servicing system 10 disclosed in U. S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/614,409 filed on Sep. 13, 2012 and entitled
"Apparatus and Methods for Providing Fluid Into a Subsea Pipeline",
the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference
herein. The subsea pipeline servicing system of patent application
Ser. No. 13/614,409 is an example of a FHS. However, the FHS may be
any suitable type of subsea or surface-based, or controlled, system
that is connected to the launch end of the pipeline 20. For
example, the FHS may be a system extending from a vessel or
platform at the surface of the body of water.
[0085] Still referring to FIG. 1, the illustrated control unit 82
may obtain power from any suitable source, such as, for example,
the battery 86 or another battery dedicated to the control unit 82
(e.g. via a voltage converter). It should be noted, the term
"battery" and variations thereof as used herein means one or
multiple batteries, such as a bank of batteries. If desired, the
control unit 82 may also serve as a power unit to provide power to
various components of the system 10. In this embodiment, for
example, the control unit 82 supplies power to the pressure
transducer 94, temperature transducer 96 and one or more valve
actuator/power assemblies 78. If desired, the control unit 82 may
provide power to any other components of the system 10, such as the
pig detection system 84, display 100, communication system 104,
fluid sampling/monitoring system 120 and flow meter 108 (e.g. FIG.
2), when included.
[0086] In some embodiments, the control unit 82 may include or be
associated with a subsea data display 100, such as a digital
display, to display any desired information readable by a UV 12 or
other external source, such as the status of the system 10 before,
during and/or after operations. It should be noted that, in some
embodiments, the display 100 may be configured to display
information from other sources other than or in addition to the
control unit 82 (e.g. the communication system 104, pig detection
system 84, pressure transducer 94, FHS, etc.).
[0087] Still referring to the embodiment of FIG. 1, the control
unit 82 may be configured to communicate with one or more external
sources through the communication system(s) 104. For example, in
some configurations, data recorded by the control unit 82 or
measured or recorded by another one or more components of the
system 10 may be communicated to an external source (e.g. FHS, UV,
surface vessel, etc.) via the communication system 104. If desired,
the system 10 may be configured so that data (e.g. commands) may
also be received by the control unit 82 directly or through the
communication system 104 from one or more external source(s). The
exemplary data communication system 104 may have any suitable form,
configuration, components and operation. For example, the
communication system 104 may include at least one data link.
However, some embodiments may not include a communication system
104, or the communication system 104 may be integral to the control
unit 82.
[0088] Any suitable techniques and mechanisms for data transmission
to or from the control unit 82, communication system 104 or other
component of the system 10 may be used, such as (i) one or more wet
mateable electrical connectors, (ii) one or more inductive
couplings, (iii) SCADA, acoustic, sonar or optical transmission,
(iv) radio, or wireless, transmission, (v) fiber optics (or other)
cable transmission and (vi) detectable pressure pulses or changes
in the pipeline 20. In this embodiment, the communication system
104 is a radio frequency data transmitter configured to transmit
data from the control unit 82 to any desired external source (e.g.
FHS deployed at or connected to the launch end of the pipeline 20,
underwater vehicle (UV), marine vessel, fixed installation, etc.).
In some scenarios, short range transmission between the
communication system 104 and a UV may be preferred, such as to
assist in minimizing ambient noise, other interference and signal
reflection that may decrease transmission effectiveness or
accuracy.
[0089] The system 10 (e.g. FIGS. 1-5) may be configured so that
data may be communicated via the communication system 104 between
the control unit 82 and one or more external sources at any desired
time (e.g. before, during and/or after flooding, hydrotesting,
dewatering, fluid sampling of the pipeline 20). For example, a data
record may be compiled by the control unit 82 with information
relating to one or more among flooding, hydrotesting, dewatering
and fluid sampling of the pipeline and transmitted to one or more
external sources via the communication system 104. In some
embodiments, the data record may be retrievable while the skid
frame 14 is deployed on the sea floor 18 or after the skid frame 14
is returned to surface from its temporary subsea location. When the
communication system 104 is used during hydrotesting, for example,
the engineer in charge (or other personnel) may periodically use
data received through the communication system 104 to check the
status or review the progress of the hydrotesting operations. For
still a further example, one or more external sources may have the
capability to override operation of the control unit 82 via the
communication system 104, such as during an emergency or unplanned
event.
[0090] Referring again to the embodiment of FIG. 1, the exemplary
battery 86 is configured to provide all necessary electrical power
for autonomous operation of the system 10. For example, battery
power may be provided through a voltage converter to the control
unit 82 and other components which may be included in the system
10, such as described above. The battery 86 may include any
suitable battery technology, as is or becomes further known. For
example, the battery 86 may be rechargeable and include suitable
underwater packaging and pressure-resistant or pressure-compensated
housings. When a rechargeable battery is used, a UV 12 may be used
to temporarily connect an electrical supply underwater to recharge
the battery. The connection may, for example, include a wet
mateable electrical connector or an inductive coupling, and the
electrical supply may be from the UV umbilical or tether, or may be
from a separate line. In other embodiments, the battery 86 may be
rechargeable from the surface, such as via an umbilical from a
marine vessel or fixed installation.
[0091] In some embodiments, the battery 86 may not be carried on
the skid frame 14, but instead provided in a separate unit deployed
to the sea floor 18 or otherwise proximate to the skid frame 14 and
electrically connected with the system 10. In yet other
embodiments, one or more stand-alone batteries may be deployed to
the sea floor 18 and electrically connected with the system 10
(e.g. by a UV 12), such as to augment, supplement or increase the
power supply of the system 10. If desired, multiple stand-alone
batteries may be alternatively deployed, retrieved, recharged (e.g.
from a UV 12, marine vessel or fixed installation) and re-deployed,
such as to provide continuous power to the system 10.
[0092] Still referring to FIG. 1, for operation of the exemplary
system 10, the skid frame 14 is positioned proximate, or coupled,
to the receiving end 24 of the pipeline 20, pig receiver 30 or
manifold 36 and the system 10 is fluidly coupled to the pipeline 20
in any desired manner and at any desired time. For example, the
skid frame 14 may be mechanically coupled to the pipeline 20 and/or
the fluid flow conduit 70 may be fluidly coupled to the fluid
exhaust conduit 58 of the pipeline 20 prior to, or at the time of,
installation of the pig receiver 30 on the pipeline 20 and deployed
to the sea floor 18 together with the pipeline 20. For another
example, the system 10 may be remotely fluidly and/or mechanically
coupled, or positioned proximate, to the pipeline 20 after the
pipeline 20 is placed on the sea floor 18. In some embodiments, the
skid frame 14 may be mechanically coupled to the pipeline 20 at or
proximate to the receiving end 24 thereof, such as by the UV 12 or
other suitable manner. In other embodiments, the skid frame 14 may
be placed adjacent to the pipeline 20. The fluid flow conduit 70
may be fluidly coupled to the fluid exhaust conduit 58, for
example, by hot stab, using a rigid pipe, hose or hose bundle, such
as with the use of an automated loading arm on the skid frame
14.
[0093] In some embodiments, a jumper 90 extendable from the skid
frame 14 may be connectable to the pipeline 20. The jumper 90 may
have any desired construction, configuration and operation suitable
to provide a fluid connection between the system 10 and the
pipeline 20. The jumper 90 may, for example, include flexible pipe
and/or a loading arm with hinged joints, such as may be useful for
spanning varying distances, angles and heights of the skid frame 14
relative to the pipeline 20. For another example, the jumper 90 may
be a rigid pipe extending from the skid frame 14. It should be
noted that the methods and apparatus for mechanically and/or
fluidly coupling the system 10 to the pipeline 20 are not limiting
upon the present disclosure or appended claims, unless, and only to
the extent as may be explicitly recited in a particular appended
claim and only with respect to that claim and any claims depending
therefrom.
[0094] The UV 12 can also be used to initially turn on the control
unit 82. In other embodiments, the control unit 82 may be deployed
in an "on" state, a time-delayed "on" state, or could be activated
wirelessly or with another suitable technique. In accordance with
embodiments of the present disclosure, the UV 12 may not otherwise
be necessary in connection with operations performed by the system
10.
[0095] In accordance with the present disclosure, in many
embodiments, the system 10 (e.g. FIGS. 1-5) is useful to
selectively allow the flow of fluid out of the pipeline 20 at the
receiving end 24 thereof any time the pipeline 20 contains fluid
(typically at the external (sea water) pressure) without the
involvement of a UV 12, or an external source at the surface, at
the pig receiving end 24 (or, in some cases, at both ends) of the
pipeline 20. In various embodiments, the system 10 is useful to
selectively disallow the flow of fluid out of the pipeline 20
without the involvement of a UV, or an external source at the
surface, at the pig receiving end 24 (or, in some cases, at both
ends) of the pipeline 20.
[0096] Referring again to FIG. 1, in an example operation involving
the use of the illustrated system 10, to facilitate flooding, the
flow isolation valve(s) 76 are positioned in an open position. If
desired, the system 10 may be initially installed or deployed with
the valves 76 opened. During typical filling and/or flooding
operations, one or more pigs 32 are launched with water at the
launch end of the pipeline 20. As the pig 32 moves through the
pipeline 20, pressure will typically increase in the pipeline 20
(e.g. from atmospheric pressure up to the external (sea-water)
pressure) and cause one or more of the check valve(s) 74 to open
and allow fluid to exit the pipeline 20 (through the fluid flow
conduit 70).
[0097] In accordance with an independent aspect of use of the
illustrated embodiment, after the pig 32 arrives in the pig
receiver 30 at the end of flooding (e.g. comes to rest against the
pig stop 40), the exemplary control unit 82 will, without the
involvement of a UV, or an external source at the surface, at the
pig receiving end 24 (or, in some cases, at both ends) of the
pipeline 20, facilitate the transition to hydrotesting by (i)
detecting the end of successful flooding operations or determining
it is time to close the flow isolation valve(s) 76 and (ii) closing
the valve(s) 76 to disallow fluid flow out of the pipeline 20 at
the receiving end 24 thereof. The control unit 82 may close the
valve(s) 76 in any suitable manner. For example, the illustrated
control unit 82 sends a signal to the valve actuators/power
assemblies 78 associated with the valves 76 to close the valves 76.
Once the flow isolation valve(s) 76 are closed, the pipeline 20 is
fluidly isolated and ready for hydrotesting.
[0098] Any suitable apparatus and methods may be used for the
control unit 82 to detect the completion of (successful) flooding
operations and/or confirm it is time to close the valve(s) 76 to
allow for hydrotesting. For example, the control unit 82 may be
notified, or detect, that the flooding operation is complete. In
some embodiments, the control unit 82 receives one or more signals
that all the pigs 32 have docked in the pig receiver 30 or
otherwise that flooding is complete. For example, the signal(s) may
be sent by the pig stop 40. For another example, a pig signaler 34
on one or more of the pigs 32 (e.g. the last-to-arrive pig 32) may
emit one or more signals (e.g. of a particular frequency) that
informs the control unit 82 that flooding is complete. The control
unit 82 may receive the signal(s) directly, or through another
component, such as the communication system 104 or a pig detection
system 84 (if included), which notifies the control unit 82 of the
received signal(s), that the flooding operation is finished or to
close or leave open the valve(s) 76. For example, the pig signaler
34 on one or more of the pigs 32 may communicate via acoustic or
electromagnetic transmission to the pig detection system 84.
[0099] In some embodiments, the control unit 82 may be configured
to receive, evaluate and/or act upon signals received from one or
more "intelligent" pigs 32 used in the flooding operation. For
example, one or more of the intelligent pigs 32 may be configured
to evaluate the condition of the interior of the pipeline 20 (e.g.
detect defects in the pipeline 20, measure or confirm the bore
(e.g. inner diameter) of the pipeline 20, etc.) as it passes
through the pipeline 20 and emit one or more signals detectable by
the system 10 based at least partially upon the measured
condition(s) of the pipeline 20. As used herein and in the appended
claims, the terms "intelligent pig" and variations thereof means
one or more devices moveable through a subsea pipeline from the
launch end to the receiving end thereof and configured to evaluate
the condition (e.g. detect defects in the pipeline, measure or
confirm the bore (e.g. inner diameter) of the pipeline, etc.) of
the interior of the pipeline as it passes therethrough and emit one
or more signals based at least partially upon the measured
condition(s) of the pipeline.
[0100] The intelligent pig 32, when included, may have any suitable
form, configuration and operation and may communicate with the
control unit 82 or other component of the system 10 in any suitable
manner. In various embodiments, the intelligent pig 32 may have one
or more gage plates and provide signals based at least partially
upon the condition of the gage plate(s) as the intelligent pig 32
moves through the pipeline 20 or thereafter. For example, the gage
plate may be connected with the pig signaler 34 on one or more of
the intelligent pigs 32. If the gage plate is not damaged, the pig
signaler 34 may be configured to transmit one or more signals (e.g.
of a particular frequency) recognizable by the control unit 82 that
there is not a problem or confirming the pipeline 20 has been gaged
within acceptable limits (an "all-OK" signal). If the gage plate is
damaged, the pig signaler 34 may be configured to transmit one or
more different signals recognizable by the control unit 82 (e.g. of
a different frequency) that there is a problem (a "not OK" signal).
If one or more "all-OK" signals are received, the exemplary control
unit 82 will cause the flow isolation valve(s) 76 to close. If one
or more "not OK" signals are received, the illustrated control unit
82 will leave the valve(s) 76 in an open position, send out one or
more particular signals through the communication system 104 and/or
take other desired action. One presently commercially available
intelligent pig having one or more gage plates that is useful with
some embodiments of the system 10 is the "Smart Gage Tool" (SGT) by
Baker Hughes Incorporated, which incorporates a commercially
available acoustic pinger. To receive the signals therefrom, for
example, the exemplary pig detection system 84 may include one or
more commercially available acoustic receivers.
[0101] Another exemplary embodiment of an intelligent pig 32
includes caliper arms, or fingers, extending at least partially
around the intelligent pig 32 and evaluates the condition of, or
detects defects in, the pipeline 20. This type of intelligent pig
32 may communicate with the control unit 82 or other component of
the system 10 similarly as described above. For example, if the
caliper arms detect no significant damage to or flaws in the
pipeline 20, the pig signaler 34 may transmit one or more signals
(e.g. of a particular frequency) recognizable by the control unit
82 that there is not a problem or confirming the pipeline 20 has
been gaged within acceptable limits (an "all-OK" signal). If the
caliper arms determine damage to or flaws in the pipeline 20, the
pig signaler 34 may be configured to transmit one or more different
signals recognizable by the control unit 82 (e.g. of a different
frequency) that there is a problem (a "not OK" signal). In some
embodiments, the intelligent pig 32 may transmit further
information to the control unit 82 or other component(s) of the
system 10 about the condition of the pipeline 20. One presently
commercially available intelligent pig having caliper arms and
being useful with some embodiments of the system 10 is the "Profile
Caliper Pig" by Baker Hughes Incorporated.
[0102] For another example apparatus and/or methods useful for the
control unit 82 to detect the end of successful flooding operations
and/or confirm it is time to close the valve(s) 76 involves the
control unit 82 being provided one or more fluid flow, temperature
or pressure indications that is uniquely identifiable by the
control unit 82 to signify the end of the flooding operations, that
the flooding was successful or that the last-to-arrive pig 32 has
arrived in the pig receiver 30. In some embodiments, one or more
pressure transducers 94 and/or temperature transducers 96 coupled
to the conduit 70 may communicate one or more signals or data to
the control unit 82 to signify or confirm the end of flooding, that
flooding was successful or the last-to-arrive pig 32 has arrived in
the pig receiver 30.
[0103] In some embodiments, the control unit 82 may be configured
to receive multiple notifications, one or more of which is uniquely
identifiable by the control unit 82 to cause it to close the
valve(s) 76 and/or take other actions (e.g. send a signal to the
surface, a UV or FHS via the communication system 104). If desired,
the control unit 82 may be configured to provide a desired time
delay between the end of the flooding operation and the closing of
the flow isolation valve(s) 76, such as to serve as notification to
an external source that flooding has been completed and/or was
successful or unsuccessful and/or that hydrotesting can be
initiated, to allow time for other actions to be initiated at the
launch end or elsewhere, or any other purpose.
[0104] Still referring to the embodiment of FIG. 1, if desired, the
system 10 may be configured to operate in conjunction with and/or
communicate with a FHS. In some embodiments, the closing of the
flow isolation valve(s) 76 by the control unit 82 after flooding
may be communicated to, or detected by, the FHS to signify "all-OK"
or "proceed with hydrotest". For example, the FHS may apply
pressure to the pipeline 20 from the launch end to detect whether
the internal pressure in the pipeline 20 has changed due to closure
of the flow isolation valve(s) 76. If a pressure increase is
detected, the FHS may be configured to assume there is no problem
(e.g. the gage plate on an intelligent pig 32 was not damaged or
the pipeline 20 has been gaged within acceptable limits) and that
the pipeline 20 is ready for hydrotest. If no pressure increase is
detected, the FHS may be configured to assume there is a problem
(e.g. the gage plate on an intelligent pig 32 is damaged or the
pipeline 20 has not been gaged within acceptable limits). In some
embodiments, the FHS may determine that the pressure inside the
pipeline 20 has not changed after a certain elapsed time after the
last pig 32 has docked in the pig receiver 30, indicating the
valves 76 were not closed by the system 10, serving as notification
of an event or condition (e.g. the control unit 82 detected a
problem) and warranting a particular response or action by the FHS
or other external source.
[0105] For another example, a particular time delay in closing the
valves 76 by the control unit 82 after the last pig 32 docks in the
pig receiver 30 could signify to the FHS that the pipeline 20 is
ready for hydrotesting or the existence of another particular
condition, problem, etc. For yet another example, the control unit
82 may send a notification through the communication system 104 to
the FHS indicating that the pipeline 20 is, or is not, ready for
hydrotesting, or other information.
[0106] After the flow isolation valves 76 are autonomously closed
by the control unit 82 and no indication of problems or other
reasons to delay hydrotesting, the pipeline 20 may be hydrotested
without the need for any external intervention (e.g. UV, diver,
marine vessel, fixed installation, other external source, etc.) at
the receiving end 24 of the pipeline 20. In some embodiments,
hydrotesting may be performed without any external intervention at
either end of the pipeline, such as when the system 10 is used with
a subsea FHS, such as the automated subsea pipeline servicing
system disclosed in U. S. patent application Ser. No. 13/614,409.
If desired, the FHS may be configured to measure pressure,
temperature, flow rates (e.g. via pressure transducer 94,
temperature transducer 96, flow meter 108 (e.g. FIG. 2)), other
variables or a combination thereof during the hydrotest and log
such data (e.g. in the control unit 82), display the data as
desired on the display 100, transmit the data to any desired
external source (e.g. through the communication system 104) or a
combination thereof.
[0107] After completion and/or acceptance or abandonment of the
hydrotest, the pipeline 20 will typically be depressurized (e.g. by
the FHS, from the surface or other external source) back down to
the external (sea water) pressure at the launch end of the pipeline
20. After depressurization, the pipeline 20 will typically be full
of water at the same approximate pressure as the sea water 22. In
some instances, there may be no further need for the system 10,
which can be disconnected from the pipeline 20 and recovered at any
desired time. In other instances, in accordance with another
independent aspect of some embodiments of the present disclosure,
the system 10 (e.g. FIGS. 2-5) may be used to allow the pipeline 20
be dewatered in the same direction it was originally filled. For
example, the control unit 82 may be configured to autonomously open
the flow isolation valve(s) 76 to allow water to exit or be
expelled from the pipeline 20 at the receiving end 24.
[0108] Referring now to FIG. 2, any suitable criteria, apparatus
and methods may be used for the control unit 82 to determine the
hydrotest has been completed, accepted or abandoned, when it is
desired to initiate dewatering or otherwise when to autonomously
open the valves 76. For example, a pressure change, or sequence of
pressurization/depressurization events, in the pipeline 20 could be
initiated at the launch end of the pipeline 20 (e.g. by the FHS)
and detected by the system 10 to serve as an "all-OK" signal to
open the valves 76. In the illustrated embodiment, one or more
pressure transducers 94 will detect one or more pressure change(s)
and communicate them to the control unit 82. The control unit 82
will be pre-programmed to recognize one or more particular pressure
reading(s) or changes to signify "all OK" to initiate dewatering by
autonomously opening the valves 76.
[0109] In some embodiments, the system 10 can be configured to
recognize all or part of the pressure-down sequence performed at
the launch end during the hydrotest, such as described in U. S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/614,409, to determine when to
autonomously open the valves 76. In some applications, if the
pressure-up and/or pressure-down processes during hydrotesting need
to be repeated (e.g. when a leak is detected), one or more special
pressure signals may be provided from the launch end to signify to
the control unit 82 that the hydrotest has been completed, accepted
or abandoned or otherwise to indicate when the system 10 should
autonomously open the valves 76.
[0110] Other exemplary techniques for the control unit 82 to
determine when to open the valves 76 (e.g. to allow dewatering) may
be based at least partially upon any other suitable signals or
conditions recognizable by the control unit 82. For example, the
timing of events associated with the hydrotest may trigger the
control unit 82 to open the valves 76, such as a certain
pre-programmed elapsed time from the start or end of the hydrotest,
between one or more phases of the hydrotest, etc. Other exemplary
methods of triggering the control unit 82 to autonomously open the
valve(s) 76 include one or more signals sent from the launch end of
the pipeline 20 (e.g. an "all-OK" by the FHS), a UV, vessel,
platform or other source at the surface or another external source
directly to the control unit 82 or through one or more other
components, such as the communication system 104. If one or more
"not OK" signals are received, the control unit 82 may be
configured to leave the valve(s) 76 is a closed position, send out
a particular signal through the communication system 104, take
other desired action, or a combination thereof.
[0111] In some embodiments, the control unit 82 may be configured
to receive multiple notifications and/or detect multiple
conditions, one or more of which is uniquely identifiable by the
control unit 82 to cause it to open the valve(s) 76 and/or take
other actions (e.g. send a signal to the surface, a UV or FHS via
the communication system 104). If desired, the control unit 82 may
be configured to provide a desired time delay between the end of
the hydrotesting operation and the opening of the flow isolation
valve(s) 76, such as to serve as notification to an external source
that hydrotesting has been completed and/or was successful and/or
that dewatering can be initiated, to allow time for other actions
at the launch end or elsewhere, or any other suitable purpose.
[0112] In various embodiments, the opening of the flow isolation
valve(s) 76 by the control unit 82 after hydrotesting may be
communicated to, or detected by, the FHS to signify "all-OK" or
"proceed with dewatering". For example, the FHS may apply pressure
to the pipeline 20 from the launch end to detect whether the
internal pressure in the pipeline 20 has changed due to the opening
of the flow isolation valve(s) 76. For another example, a
particular time delay in opening the valves 76 by the control unit
82 could signify to the FHS that the pipeline 20 is ready for
dewatering or the existence of another particular condition,
problem, etc. For another example, the control unit 82 may send a
notification through the communication system 104 to the FHS
indicating that the pipeline 20 is, or is not, ready for
dewatering, or other information. For still a further example, in
some embodiments, the FHS may determine that the pressure inside
the pipeline 20 has not changed after a certain elapsed time after
the completion of the hydrotest, indicating the valves 76 were not
opened by the system 10, serving as notification of an event or
condition (e.g. the control unit 82 detected a problem) and
warranting a particular response or action by the FHS or other
external source.
[0113] Still referring to the embodiment of FIG. 2, once the
control unit 82 opens the valves 76, dewatering may proceed. If
desired, progress of the dewatering may be monitored in the system
by components on the system 10. For example, the system 10 may be
configured to measure pressure, temperature, flow rates (e.g. via
pressure transducer 94, temperature transducer 96, flow meter 108
(e.g. FIG. 2)), other variables or a combination thereof during
dewatering and log such data (e.g. in the control unit 82), display
the data as desired on the display 100, transmit the data to any
desired external source (e.g. through the communication system 104)
or a combination thereof. It should be noted that the pressure and
temperature transducers 94, 96 shown in FIGS. 2-5 may be internal
to, or otherwise part of, the illustrated flow meter 108.
[0114] Now referring to FIG. 3, in some scenarios, the system 10
may be configured to allow the control unit 82 to selectively,
autonomously change or control the flow-rate and/or pressure of the
fluid moving through the pipeline 20. In the present embodiment,
this feature may be used during dewatering, such as to control the
dewatering pig speed or other purpose. For example, one or more
flow restrictors 110 may be included to provide an alternate
(pre-set) flow rate and/or pressure of fluid moving through the
pipeline 20 and system 10 that differs from the flow rate through
the conduit 70. The flow restrictor 110 may have any suitable form,
configuration and operation. As used herein the term "flow
restrictor" and variations thereof means a component or arrangement
of components fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit 70 and
configured to change the flow rate and/or pressure of fluid passing
therethrough. Some examples of flow restrictors 110 include one or
more orifice plates 112, one or more restricted-flow or
expanded-flow tubing sections, or the like.
[0115] Based at least partially upon any desired criteria (e.g.
flow rate, pressure, etc.), the exemplary control unit 82 can
switch between the different flow options. In this embodiment, the
fluid flow conduit 70 includes multiple branches 72 having (i)
different-sized inner diameters and/or (ii) different-sized flow
restrictors 110, or a combination thereof, to allow the control
unit 82 to selectively autonomously switch between multiple fluid
flow rate and/or pressure options. In the illustrated embodiment,
when only a first branch 72a of the conduit 70 is open, the
pipeline fluid flow rate and pressure will be based upon the size
of the fluid flow conduit 70. When only a second illustrated branch
72b is open, the pipeline fluid flow rate and pressure will be
based upon the size of the orifice plate 112. The illustrated
control unit 82 can autonomously switch between these two flow
velocity/pressure options by opening and closing the flow isolation
valves 76 in the respective branches 72a, 72b. However, the present
disclosure is not limited to this particular arrangement. Any
number of branches 72 and combinations of arrangements of different
flow restrictors 110 may be included to provide two, three, four,
five or more different pipeline fluid flow velocity/pressure
options for the system 10.
[0116] Now referring to the embodiment of FIG. 4, the system 10 may
also or instead include one or more variable control valves 116
fluidly coupled to the fluid flow conduit 70 to allow the control
unit 82 to selectively, autonomously change or control the flow
rate and/or pressure of the fluid in the pipeline 20, such as
during dewatering. The variable control valve 116 may have any
suitable, form configuration and operation. For example, the valve
116 may be a gate valve associated with a valve actuator/power
assembly 78. The exemplary valve 116 may be selectively actuated by
the control unit 82 to change the flow rate and/or pressure of
fluid therethrough. In the illustrated embodiment, the control unit
82 can vary the flow rate and/or pressure of fluid through the
pipeline 20 by instructing the illustrated valve actuator/power
assembly 78 to change the position of the variable control valve
116.
[0117] The system 10 may include any desired combination of one or
more variable control valves 116, flow restrictors 110 and/or
multiple varied-ID branches 72 of the fluid flow conduit 70 to
autonomously and selectively provide the desired fluid flow
rate/pressure control and variability. One or more exemplary
variable control valves 116, flow restrictors 110 and/or multiple
varied-ID branches 72 of the fluid flow conduit 70 may be
configured to change the flow rate and/or pressure of the fluid
within any desired range, on any desired schedule and in any
desired sequence. For example, the control unit 82 may continually
vary the flow rate/pressure in accordance with a pre-programmed
sequence, based at least partially upon feedback from one or more
other components of the system 10 (e.g. pressure transducer 94,
temperature transducer 96, flow meter 108) and/or one or more
external sources (e.g. FHS), based upon any other desired criteria
or a combination thereof. For example, the control unit 82 may be
programmed to dewater the pipeline 20 at x gallons per minute (e.g.
1,000 gpm) (the "desired" or "particular" fluid flow rate). During
dewatering, one or more flow meters 108 (positioned at any desired
location in fluid communication with the conduit 70) may be
configured to repeatedly measure the flow rate in the exemplary
conduit 70 and communicate the data to the control unit 82 in real
time. In response, the control unit 82 may be configured to vary
the position of one or more variable control valve 116 or vary flow
through one or more flow restrictors 110 or multiple varied-ID
branches 72 of the fluid flow conduit 70, or a combination thereof,
to maintain the desired (particular) fluid (and pig) velocity. For
another example, during dewatering, one or more pressure
transducers 94 positioned at any desired location in fluid
communication with the conduit 70) may be configured to repeatedly
measure the pressure in the exemplary conduit 70 and communicate
the data to the control unit 82 in real time. In response, the
control unit 82 may be configured to vary the position of one or
more variable control valve 116 or vary flow through one or more
flow restrictors 110 or multiple varied-ID branches 72 of the fluid
flow conduit 70, or a combination thereof, to maintain the desired
(particular) fluid (and pig) velocity and/or pressure.
[0118] For another example, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, the fluid
flow conduit 70 may have a particular inner diameter (ID) to
achieve a desired fluid (and pig) velocity and the exemplary
variable control valve 116 may be used by the control unit 82 to
fine tune its control of the fluid and pig velocity. For yet
another example, a branch of the conduit 70 may be added having a
different ID than the conduit 70 or include a flow restrictor (not
shown) to provide another fluid flow rate option.
[0119] If desired, the exemplary control unit 82 may be configured
to autonomously detect the completion of dewatering of the pipeline
20. For example, the control unit 82 may determine the dewatering
has been completed based upon the arrival of the last-to-arrive pig
32 in the pig receiver 30, the presence of gas (or a particular
component or form of gas (e.g. nitrogen)) in the fluid passing
through the pipeline 20, one or more readings of the flow meter(s)
108 or other criteria. At that time or otherwise when desired, the
exemplary control unit 82 may be configured to autonomously close
the flow isolation valves 76 (and/or variable control valves 116)
to fluidly isolate the pipeline 20 and, in at least some instances,
leave the pipeline 20 full of the fluid provided therein during
dewatering and ready for pressurization or filling with
hydrocarbons.
[0120] Now referring to FIG. 5, in accordance with another
independent aspect of some embodiments of the present disclosure,
the automated subsea valve actuation system 10 may include one or
more fluid sampling and/or monitoring systems 120 for autonomously
sampling, testing and/or monitoring fluid exiting the pipeline 20
without the involvement of a UV or an external source at the
surface. The fluid sampling and/or monitoring system 120 may be
used during any phase of operation of the system 10 or testing or
use of the pipeline 20 to autonomously analyze and/or sample the
fluids and/or monitor their condition at the receiving end 24 of
the pipeline 20. The illustrated system 120 may be configured to
store samples of these fluids (e.g. for subsequent analysis) and/or
monitor their condition, such as to determine the success of the
dewatering operation, without the need for a UV, or umbilical or
other connection to the surface (e.g. vessel, platform, etc.), at
the receiving end 24 of the pipeline 20 during the dewatering
operation, or for any other desired purpose. In some embodiments,
data relating to the fluid samples, success of the dewatering
operation and/or other data can be communicated by the control unit
82 (e.g. via the communication system 104) to any desired recipient
(UV, surface vessel, FHS, etc.) on a real-time basis, as desired or
when a vessel arrives at the location.
[0121] The fluid sampling and/or monitoring system may have any
suitable form, components, construction, configuration and
operation. In this embodiment, the input end 124 of fluid sampling
and/or monitoring system 120 is shown fluidly coupled to the
conduit 70 upstream of the check valve 74, with the discharge end
128 fluidly coupled to the conduit 70 downstream of the check valve
74. This allows sampling of fluids proximate to the exhaust end of
the conduit 70. In other embodiments, the system 120 may be
positioned elsewhere as desired.
[0122] Referring specifically to the embodiment of FIG. 6, the
illustrated system 120 includes a main flow conduit 130 extending
from its input end 124 to its discharge end 128. If desired, the
main flow conduit 130 may have multiple branches 132. A first flow
isolation valve 76a is shown fluidly coupled to the conduit 130
proximate to the input end 124 to allow/disallow fluid flow into
the system 120. The exemplary valve 76a is controlled by the
control unit 82 via a valve actuator/power assembly 78 similarly as
described herein with respect to the other flow isolation valves 76
shown in the appended drawings. For example, the flow isolation
valve 76a may be normally maintained in a closed position, allowing
fluid to exit the pipeline 20 through the system 10 into the sea.
In this embodiment, when it is desired to sample or check the
condition of the fluids exiting the pipeline 20, the exemplary
control unit 82 opens the flow isolation valve 76a. After the fluid
is sampled, tested or monitored, or at intermediate stages, the
exemplary control unit 82 may be configured to close the valve 76b.
The control unit 82 may otherwise switch the valves 76b between
open and closed positions as desired.
[0123] The illustrated system 120 also includes at least one fluid
analyzer 136 and at least one fluid sampling bottle 150 fluidly
coupled to the conduit 130. The fluid analyzer 136 may have any
suitable form, configuration and operation and may be used to
measure any desired, measurable characteristic(s) of fluid exiting
the pipeline 20 and may also communicate its findings to the
control unit 82 or other components(s) of the system 10. For
liquids exiting the pipeline 20, for example, depending upon the
particular situation, the fluid analyzer(s) 136 may include one or
more instruments designed to measure one or more among density,
turbidity, particle count, PH, chemical content, bacteria levels,
specific gravity, chloride levels, oxygen content of water and
hydrocarbons in water. For gases exiting the pipeline 20, for
example, the fluid analyzer 136 may, if desired, be designed to
measure one or more among oxygen content of nitrogen gas,
hydrocarbons in nitrogen and dewpoint. In the illustrated example,
the fluid analyzer 136 is a densitometer 140 useful to measure the
density of the fluid passing through the conduit 130 and
communicate such measurements to the control unit 82, such as for
calculation of the fluid's specific gravity. The densitometer 140
may be useful, for example when hydrate inhibition fluids, such as
methanol, glycol or kinetic hydrate inhibitors, are included as
slugs between pigs 32 in a pig train during dewatering. If desired,
the control unit 82 may be configured to control operation of the
fluid analyzer 136, such as by actuating it as desired to take the
desired measurements.
[0124] The fluid sampling bottle(s) 150 may also have any suitable
form, configuration and operation. In this embodiment, each
exemplary fluid sampling bottle 150 is located downstream of the
fluid analyzer 136, for example, so that a sample of the fluid
evaluated (or attempted to be evaluated) by the fluid analyzer 136
may be stored. In some scenarios, it may be desirable, for example,
to take a sample of exiting fluid if the fluid analyzer 136
malfunctions or is believed to have malfunctioned.
[0125] Still referring to FIG. 6, the illustrated embodiment
includes one fluid analyzer 136 and two fluid sampling bottles
150a, 150b, but any desired combination of fluid analyzers 136 and
fluid sampling bottles 150 may be included (e.g. two densitometers
140 and four, six, seven or more fluid sampling bottles; one
densitometer and five, six or more fluid sampling bottles;
etc.).
[0126] In this embodiment, the system 120 includes a distinct
branch 132a, 132b of the flow conduit 130 for each respective fluid
sampling bottle 150a, 150b. Respective front and rear flow
isolation valves 76b, 76c are fluidly coupled to the first conduit
branch 132a on opposing sides of the illustrated first fluid
sampling bottle 150a. Similarly, respective front and rear flow
isolation valves 76d, 76e are fluidly coupled to the second conduit
branch 132b on opposing sides of the second fluid sampling bottle
150b. The exemplary valves 76b-e are each controlled by the control
unit 82 via a respective valve actuator/power assembly 78 similarly
as described herein with respect to the other flow isolation valves
76 shown in the appended drawings. The valves 76b-e are used to
open and close the conduit branches 132a, 132b as desired, such as
to fill, isolate and/or flush out each respective associated bottle
150a, 150b.
[0127] Still referring to FIG. 6, in an example use of the
illustrated embodiment of the system 120 without the involvement of
a UV or an external source at the surface, the system 120 may be
maintained in a closed valve state, with all of the flow isolation
valves 76a-e normally closed. When it is desired to test and save a
first sample of fluid exiting the pipeline 20, the illustrated
control unit 82 opens the flow isolation valve 76a to allow a fluid
sample to pass through the fluid analyzer 136, which measures the
desired fluid characteristic(s). If desired, the control unit 82
may then close the valve 76a. In some embodiments, the control unit
82 may communicate with the fluid analyzer 136, such as to turn it
on and/or off, receive information from it, etc. The exemplary
control unit 82 opens the front isolation valve 76b of the first
conduit branch 132a to allow the tested fluid to enter the fluid
sampling bottle 150a. The rear isolation valve 76c in the branch
132a may remain closed, unless some flow-through is desired or the
control unit 82 has another reason to open it. Thereafter, the
illustrated control unit 82 closes the front isolation valve 76b of
the first conduit branch 132a, sealing off the first conduit branch
132a and the first fluid sampling bottle 150a.
[0128] In this embodiment, when it is desired to test and save a
second fluid sample, the control unit again opens the flow
isolation valve 76a to allow another fluid sample to pass through
the fluid analyzer 136 which measures the desired fluid
characteristic(s). If desired, the control unit 82 may then close
the valve 76a. In some embodiments, the control unit 82 may
communicate with the fluid analyzer 136, such as to turn it on
and/or off, receive information from it, etc. The illustrated
control unit 82 opens the front isolation valve 76d in the second
conduit branch 132b allow the second sample of tested fluid to
enter the second fluid sampling bottle 150b. The rear isolation
valve 76d in the branch 132b may remain closed, unless some
flow-through is desired or the control unit 82 has another reason
to open it. Thereafter, the illustrated control unit 82 closes the
front isolation valve 76d of the second conduit branch 132b,
sealing off the second conduit branch 132b and the second fluid
sampling bottle 150b.
[0129] Still referring to the embodiment of FIG. 6, if it is
desired to flush out a sample from any bottle 150, the control unit
82 opens the flow isolation valve 76a and the front and rear flow
isolation valves 76b, 76c or 76d, 76e associated with the selected
bottle 150. The above sequences can be repeated if the system 120
includes additional conduit branches 132 and fluid sampling bottles
150.
[0130] The illustrated system 120 also includes a series of check
valves 74 to prevent backflow within the flow conduit 130 and/or
any one or more branches 132 thereof. In this embodiment, the
automated control of all of the flow isolation valves 76a-e by the
control unit 82 allows selective, autonomous sampling, testing
and/or monitoring fluid exiting the pipeline 20 without the
involvement of a UV or an external source at the surface.
[0131] All components of the aforementioned embodiments of the
system 10 are connected by suitable piping and cabling. Electrical
equipment may be housed in pressure-resistant or pressure-
compensated housings, as necessary.
[0132] The number of valves 74, 76, 116 included in the system 10
may vary depending on job specific parameters. The exemplary valves
76, 116 are powered and actuated by one or more valve
actuator/power assemblies 78. Each valve actuator/power assembly
combination of the exemplary system 10 is controlled by the control
unit 82, powered by the battery 86 and configured to actuate the
associated respective valve(s) 76, 116 based upon commands from the
control unit 82. The valve actuator/power assemblies may have any
suitable configuration, construction and operation. For example,
the exemplary valve actuator/power assemblies may be electrically,
hydraulically or pneumatically driven. Any suitable power
arrangement may be used. If desired, one valve power assembly may
be used to power multiple valve actuators in the system 10.
Likewise, the same valve actuator/power assembly 78 may be used
with multiple valves 76, 116. Furthermore, the type, configuration
and operation of the valve actuator/power assemblies is not
limiting upon the present disclosure.
[0133] Depending upon the programming of the control unit 82 and
components of the system 10, at any desired time during any of the
above operations, the control unit 82 may record and log fluid flow
rates, temperature pressure and/or any other desired data and
transmit data (e.g. via the communication system 104) to one or
more external sources, or receive commands therefrom. At any
desired time, the system 10 can be disengaged from the pipeline 20
and recovered.
[0134] Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure thus offer
advantages over the prior art and are well adapted to carry out one
or more of the objects of this disclosure. However, the present
invention does not require each of the components and acts
described above and is in no way limited to the above-described
embodiments or methods of operation. Any one or more of the above
components, features and processes may be employed in any suitable
configuration without inclusion of other such components, features
and processes. Moreover, the present invention includes additional
features, capabilities, functions, methods, uses and applications
that have not been specifically addressed herein but are, or will
become, apparent from the description herein, the appended drawings
and claims.
[0135] The methods that may be described above or claimed herein
and any other methods which may fall within the scope of the
appended claims can be performed in any desired suitable order and
are not necessarily limited to any sequence described herein or as
may be listed in the appended claims. Further, the methods of the
present invention do not necessarily require use of the particular
embodiments shown and described herein, but are equally applicable
with any other suitable structure, form and configuration of
components.
[0136] While exemplary embodiments of the invention have been shown
and described, many variations, modifications and/or changes of the
system, apparatus and methods of the present invention, such as in
the components, details of construction and operation, arrangement
of parts and/or methods of use, are possible, contemplated by the
patent applicant(s), within the scope of the appended claims, and
may be made and used by one of ordinary skill in the art without
departing from the spirit or teachings of the invention and scope
of appended claims. Thus, all matter herein set forth or shown in
the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative,
and the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims should not
be limited to the embodiments described and shown herein.
* * * * *