U.S. patent application number 15/277534 was filed with the patent office on 2018-02-08 for system and method for linearizing a transmitter by rejecting harmonics at mixer output.
The applicant listed for this patent is Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.. Invention is credited to Venumadhav BHAGAVATULA, Siuchuang Ivan Lu, Sang Won Son.
Application Number | 20180041168 15/277534 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 61070154 |
Filed Date | 2018-02-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180041168 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BHAGAVATULA; Venumadhav ; et
al. |
February 8, 2018 |
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR LINEARIZING A TRANSMITTER BY REJECTING
HARMONICS AT MIXER OUTPUT
Abstract
An apparatus and a method. The apparatus includes passive
mixers, wherein each of the passive mixers includes a first input
for receiving BB.sub.I, a second input for receiving BB.sub.I, a
third input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for receiving
BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for receiving a first clock signal with a
unique phase shift within one of the passive mixers, a sixth input
for receiving a second clock signal with a unique phase shift
within one of the passive mixers, a seventh input for receiving a
third clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the
passive mixers, an eighth input for receiving a fourth clock signal
with a unique phase shift within one of the passive mixers, and at
least one output; and a voltage-domain vector summation array
connected to the output of each of the passive mixers.
Inventors: |
BHAGAVATULA; Venumadhav;
(Santa Clara, CA) ; Lu; Siuchuang Ivan; (San Jose,
CA) ; Son; Sang Won; (Palo Alto, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. |
Gyeonggi-do |
|
KR |
|
|
Family ID: |
61070154 |
Appl. No.: |
15/277534 |
Filed: |
September 27, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62370028 |
Aug 2, 2016 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03D 7/1441 20130101;
H03D 7/1466 20130101; H03D 7/1483 20130101; H03D 2200/0086
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H03D 7/14 20060101
H03D007/14; G06F 17/50 20060101 G06F017/50 |
Claims
1. An apparatus, comprising: a plurality of passive mixers, wherein
each of the plurality of passive mixers includes a first input for
receiving a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a second input for
receiving an inverse of the baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a
third input for receiving a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, a
fourth input for receiving an inverse of the baseband quadrature
signal BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for receiving a first clock signal
with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality of passive
mixers, a sixth input for receiving a second clock signal with a
unique phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a
seventh input for receiving a third clock signal with a unique
phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, an
eighth input for receiving a fourth clock signal with a unique
phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, and at
least one output; and a voltage-domain vector summation array
connected to the output of each of the plurality of passive
mixers.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the voltage-domain vector
summation array is comprised of capacitors.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the capacitors are
weighted.
4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of passive
mixers is comprised of: a first passive mixer configured to receive
a clock signal at the second input with a reference phase shift; a
second passive mixer configured to receive a clock signal at the
second input with a leading phase shift relative to the reference
phase shift; and a third passive mixer configured to receive a
clock signal at the second input with a lagging phase shift
relative to the reference phase shift.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the reference phase shift is a
0 degree phase shift, the leading phase shift is a +45 degree phase
shift, and the lagging phase shift is a -45 degree phase shift.
6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each of the first passive
mixer, the second passive mixer, and the third passive mixer is
comprised of: a first n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (NMOSFET), including a source connected to the
first input of a corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to
the fifth input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer; a second NMOSFET, including a source connected to the second
input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the
sixth input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer; a third NMOSFET, including a source connected to the third
input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the
seventh input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer; and a fourth NMOSFET, including a source connected to the
fourth input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected
to the eighth input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the capacitors are comprised
of: a first capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the
at least one output of the first passive mixer, and a second
terminal, wherein the first capacitor has a weight of C; a second
capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the at least one
output of the second passive mixer, and a second terminal connected
to the second terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the second
capacitor has a weight of 0.7 C; and a third capacitor, including a
first terminal connected to the at least one output of the third
passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the third capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C.
8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each of the first passive
mixer, the second passive mixer, and the third passive mixer is
comprised of: a first n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (NMOSFET), including a source connected to the
fourth input of a corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to
the seventh input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to a first output of the at least one output of the
corresponding passive mixer; a second NMOSFET, including a source
connected to the fourth input of the corresponding passive mixer, a
gate connected to the eighth input of the corresponding passive
mixer, and a drain connected to a second output of the at least one
output of the corresponding passive mixer; a third NMOSFET,
including a source connected to the third input of the
corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the eighth input
of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain connected to the
first output of the at least one output of the corresponding
passive mixer; a fourth NMOSFET, including a source connected to
the third input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate
connected to the seventh input of the corresponding passive mixer,
and a drain connected to the second of the at least one output of
the corresponding passive mixer; a fifth NMOSFET, including a
source connected to the first input of the corresponding passive
mixer, a gate connected to the fifth input of the corresponding
passive mixer, and a drain connected to the first output of the at
least one output of the corresponding passive mixer; a sixth
NMOSFET, including a source connected to the first input of the
corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the sixth input of
the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain connected to the
second output of the at least one output of the corresponding
passive mixer; a seventh NMOSFET, including a source connected to
the second input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate
connected to the sixth input of the corresponding passive mixer,
and a drain connected to the first output of the at least one
output of the corresponding passive mixer; and an eighth NMOSFET,
including a source connected to the second input of the
corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the fifth input of
the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain connected to the
second output of the at least one output of the corresponding
passive mixer.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the capacitors are comprised
of: a first capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the
first output of the at least one output of the first passive mixer,
and a second terminal, wherein the first capacitor has a weight of
C; a second capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the
second output of the at least one output of the first passive
mixer, and a second terminal, wherein the second capacitor has a
weight of C; a third capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the first output of the at least one output of the
second passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the third capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C; a fourth capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the second output of the at least one output of the
second passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the fourth capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C; a fifth capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the first output of the at least one output of the
third passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the fifth capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C; and a sixth capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the second output of the at least one output of the
third passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the sixth capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C.
10. A method, comprising: mixing, by a plurality of passive mixers,
a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, an inverse of the baseband
in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q,
and an inverse of the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, wherein
each of the plurality of passive mixers includes a first input for
receiving BB.sub.I, a second input for receiving BB.sub.I, a third
input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for receiving
BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for receiving a first clock signal with a
unique phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a
sixth input for receiving a second clock signal with a unique phase
shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a seventh
input for receiving a third clock signal with a unique phase shift
within one of the plurality of passive mixers, an eighth input for
receiving a fourth clock signal with a unique phase shift within
one of the plurality of passive mixers, and at least one output;
and summing the mixed BB.sub.I, BB.sub.I, BB.sub.Q, and BB.sub.Q by
a voltage-domain vector summation array connected to the output of
each of the plurality of passive mixers.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the voltage-domain vector
summation array is comprised of capacitors.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the capacitors are
weighted.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of passive mixers
is comprised of: a first passive mixer configured to receive a
clock signal at the second input with a reference phase shift; a
second passive mixer configured to receive a clock signal at the
second input with a leading phase shift relative to the reference
phase shift; and a third passive mixer configured to receive a
clock signal at the second input with a lagging phase shift
relative to the reference phase shift.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reference phase shift is a
0 degree phase shift, the leading phase shift is a +45 degree phase
shift, and the lagging phase shift is a -45 degree phase shift.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the first passive
mixer, the second passive mixer, and the third passive mixer is
comprised of: a first n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (NMOSFET), including a source connected to the
first input of a corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to
the fifth input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer; a second NMOSFET, including a source connected to the second
input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the
sixth input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer; a third NMOSFET, including a source connected to the third
input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the
seventh input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer; and a fourth NMOSFET, including a source connected to the
fourth input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected
to the eighth input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to the at least one output of the corresponding passive
mixer.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the capacitors are comprised
of: a first capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the
at least one output of the first passive mixer, and a second
terminal, wherein the first capacitor has a weight of C; a second
capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the at least one
output of the second passive mixer, and a second terminal connected
to the second terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the second
capacitor has a weight of 0.7 C; and a third capacitor, including a
first terminal connected to the at least one output of the third
passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the third capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C.
17. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the first passive
mixer, the second passive mixer, and the third passive mixer is
comprised of: a first n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (NMOSFET), including a source connected to the
fourth input of a corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to
the seventh input of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain
connected to a first output of the at least one output of the
corresponding passive mixer; a second NMOSFET, including a source
connected to the fourth input of the corresponding passive mixer, a
gate connected to the eighth input of the corresponding passive
mixer, and a drain connected to a second output of the at least one
output of the corresponding passive mixer; a third NMOSFET,
including a source connected to the third input of the
corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the eighth input
of the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain connected to the
first output of the at least one output of the corresponding
passive mixer; a fourth NMOSFET, including a source connected to
the third input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate
connected to the seventh input of the corresponding passive mixer,
and a drain connected to the second of the at least one output of
the corresponding passive mixer; a fifth NMOSFET, including a
source connected to the first input of the corresponding passive
mixer, a gate connected to the fifth input of the corresponding
passive mixer, and a drain connected to the first output of the at
least one output of the corresponding passive mixer; a sixth
NMOSFET, including a source connected to the first input of the
corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the sixth input of
the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain connected to the
second output of the at least one output of the corresponding
passive mixer; a seventh NMOSFET, including a source connected to
the second input of the corresponding passive mixer, a gate
connected to the sixth input of the corresponding passive mixer,
and a drain connected to the first output of the at least one
output of the corresponding passive mixer; and an eighth NMOSFET,
including a source connected to the second input of the
corresponding passive mixer, a gate connected to the fifth input of
the corresponding passive mixer, and a drain connected to the
second output of the at least one output of the corresponding
passive mixer.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the capacitors are comprised
of: a first capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the
first output of the at least one output of the first passive mixer,
and a second terminal, wherein the first capacitor has a weight of
C; a second capacitor, including a first terminal connected to the
second output of the at least one output of the first passive
mixer, and a second terminal, wherein the second capacitor has a
weight of C; a third capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the first output of the at least one output of the
second passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the third capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C; a fourth capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the second output of the at least one output of the
second passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the fourth capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C; a fifth capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the first output of the at least one output of the
third passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the fifth capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C; and a sixth capacitor, including a first terminal
connected to the second output of the at least one output of the
third passive mixer, and a second terminal connected to the second
terminal of the first capacitor, wherein the sixth capacitor has a
weight of 0.7 C.
19. A method of manufacturing a harmonic rejection mixer,
comprising: forming the harmonic rejection mixer as part of a wafer
or package that includes at least one other harmonic rejection
mixer, wherein the harmonic rejection mixer is configured to mix,
by a plurality of passive mixers, a baseband in-phase signal
BB.sub.I, an inverse of the baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a
baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, and an inverse of the baseband
quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, wherein each of the plurality of
passive mixers includes a first input for receiving BB.sub.I, a
second input for receiving BB.sub.I, a third input for receiving
BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for
receiving a first clock signal with a unique phase shift within one
of the plurality of passive mixers, a sixth input for receiving a
second clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the
plurality of passive mixers, a seventh input for receiving a third
clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality
of passive mixers, an eighth input for receiving a fourth clock
signal with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality of
passive mixers, and at least one output; and sum the mixed
BB.sub.I, BB.sub.I, BB.sub.Q, and BB.sub.Q by a voltage-domain
vector summation array connected to the output of each of the
plurality of passive mixers; and testing the harmonic rejection
mixer, wherein testing the harmonic rejection mixer comprises
testing the harmonic rejection mixer and the at least one other
harmonic rejection mixer using one or more electrical to optical
converters, one or more optical splitters that split an optical
signal into two or more optical signals, and one or more optical to
electrical converters.
20. A method of constructing an integrated circuit, comprising:
generating a mask layout for a set of features for a layer of the
integrated circuit, wherein the mask layout includes standard cell
library macros for one or more circuit features that include a
harmonic rejection mixer configured to mix, by a plurality of
passive mixers, a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, an inverse of
the baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a baseband quadrature signal
BB.sub.Q, and an inverse of the baseband quadrature signal
BB.sub.Q, wherein each of the plurality of passive mixers includes
a first input for receiving BB.sub.I, a second input for receiving
BB.sub.I, a third input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for receiving a first clock
signal with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality of
passive mixers, a sixth input for receiving a second clock signal
with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality of passive
mixers, a seventh input for receiving a third clock signal with a
unique phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers,
an eighth input for receiving a fourth clock signal with a unique
phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, and at
least one output; and sum the mixed BB.sub.I, BB.sub.I, BB.sub.Q,
and BB.sub.Q by a voltage-domain vector summation array connected
to the output of each of the plurality of passive mixers;
disregarding relative positions of the macros for compliance to
layout design rules during the generation of the mask layout;
checking the relative positions of the macros for compliance to
layout design rules after generating the mask layout; upon
detection of noncompliance with the layout design rules by any of
the macros, modifying the mask layout by modifying each of the
noncompliant macros to comply with the layout design rules;
generating a mask according to the modified mask layout with the
set of features for the layer of the integrated circuit; and
manufacturing the integrated circuit layer according to the mask.
Description
PRIORITY
[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
119(e) to a U.S. Provisional Patent Application filed on Aug. 2,
2016 in the United States Patent and Trademark Office and assigned
Ser. No. 62/370,028, the entire contents of which are incorporated
herein by reference.
FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to an apparatus and
a method for linearizing a transmitter, and more particularly, to
an apparatus and method for linearizing a transmitter by rejecting
harmonics at an output of a mixer.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A cellular transmitter must typically satisfy stringent
spectral emission and noise standards or specifications while
consuming a low amount of power to extend battery life. In
addition, for long term evolution (LTE), a transmitter must support
single resource block (RB) and multiple RB cases. To meet spectral
emission mask (SEM) specifications, the linearity of a cellular
transmitter is significant. Counter intermodulation (CIM) products
are one of the dominant contributors to non-linearity. One of the
fundamental (and undesirable) properties of a voltage or
current-commutating mixer is that the mixer generates a strong
third-harmonic component. As a result, for a clock frequency
F.sub.LO of a local oscillator, and a baseband frequency F.sub.BB,
a mixer output contains a desired signal at F.sub.LO+F.sub.BB and
an undesired signal at 3F.sub.LO-F.sub.BB. A signal centered around
3F.sub.LO may only be 10 dB lower than a signal centered around
F.sub.LO.
SUMMARY
[0004] According to one embodiment, an apparatus includes a
plurality of passive mixers, wherein each of the plurality of
passive mixers includes a first input for receiving a baseband
in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a second input for receiving an inverse
of the baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a third input for
receiving a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for
receiving an inverse of the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, a
fifth input for receiving a first clock signal with a unique phase
shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a sixth input
for receiving a second clock signal with a unique phase shift
within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a seventh input for
receiving a third clock signal with a unique phase shift within one
of the plurality of passive mixers, an eighth input for receiving a
fourth clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the
plurality of passive mixers, and at least one output; and a
voltage-domain vector summation array connected to the output of
each of the plurality of passive mixers.
[0005] According to one embodiment, a method includes mixing, by a
plurality of passive mixers, a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I,
an inverse of the baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a baseband
quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, and an inverse of the baseband
quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, wherein each of the plurality of
passive mixers includes a first input for receiving BB.sub.I, a
second input for receiving BB.sub.I, a third input for receiving
BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for
receiving a first clock signal with a unique phase shift within one
of the plurality of passive mixers, a sixth input for receiving a
second clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the
plurality of passive mixers, a seventh input for receiving a third
clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality
of passive mixers, an eighth input for receiving a fourth clock
signal with a unique phase shift within one of the plurality of
passive mixers, and at least one output; and summing the outputs of
the plurality of passive mixers by a voltage-domain vector
summation array connected to the output of each of the plurality of
passive mixers
[0006] According to one embodiment, a method of manufacturing a
harmonic rejection mixer includes forming the harmonic rejection
mixer as part of a wafer or package that includes at least one
other harmonic rejection mixer, wherein the harmonic rejection
mixer is configured to mix, by a plurality of passive mixers, a
baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I, an inverse of the baseband
in-phase signal BB.sub.I, a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q,
and an inverse of the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, wherein
each of the plurality of passive mixers includes a first input for
receiving BB.sub.I, a second input for receiving BB.sub.I, a third
input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for receiving
BB.sub.Q, a fifth input for receiving a first clock signal with a
unique phase shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a
sixth input for receiving a second clock signal with a unique phase
shift within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a seventh
input for receiving a third clock signal with a unique phase shift
within one of the plurality of passive mixers, an eighth input for
receiving a fourth clock signal with a unique phase shift within
one of the plurality of passive mixers, and at least one output;
and sum the outputs of the plurality of passive mixers by a
voltage-domain vector summation array connected to the output of
each of the plurality of passive mixers; and testing the harmonic
rejection mixer, wherein testing the harmonic rejection mixer
comprises testing the harmonic rejection mixer and the at least one
other harmonic rejection mixer using one or more electrical to
optical converters, one or more optical splitters that split an
optical signal into two or more optical signals, and one or more
optical to electrical converters.
[0007] According to one embodiment, a method of constructing an
integrated circuit includes generating a mask layout for a set of
features for a layer of the integrated circuit, wherein the mask
layout includes standard cell library macros for one or more
circuit features that include a harmonic rejection mixer configured
to mix, by a plurality of passive mixers, a baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I, an inverse of the baseband in-phase signal
BB.sub.I, a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, and an inverse of
the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q, wherein each of the
plurality of passive mixers includes a first input for receiving
BB.sub.I, a second input for receiving BB.sub.I, a third input for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a fourth input for receiving BB.sub.Q, a fifth
input for receiving a first clock signal with a unique phase shift
within one of the plurality of passive mixers, a sixth input for
receiving a second clock signal with a unique phase shift within
one of the plurality of passive mixers, a seventh input for
receiving a third clock signal with a unique phase shift within one
of the plurality of passive mixers, an eighth input for receiving a
fourth clock signal with a unique phase shift within one of the
plurality of passive mixers, and at least one output; and sum the
mixed BB.sub.I, BB.sub.I, BB.sub.Q, and BB.sub.Q by a
voltage-domain vector summation array connected to the output of
each of the plurality of passive mixers; disregarding relative
positions of the macros for compliance to layout design rules
during the generation of the mask layout; checking the relative
positions of the macros for compliance to layout design rules after
generating the mask layout; upon detection of noncompliance with
the layout design rules by any of the macros, modifying the mask
layout by modifying each of the noncompliant macros to comply with
the layout design rules; generating a mask according to the
modified mask layout with the set of features for the layer of the
integrated circuit; and manufacturing the integrated circuit layer
according to the mask.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of
certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be more apparent
from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with
the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0009] FIG. 1 is an illustration of three signals at one frequency
with phase shifts of 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees,
respectively;
[0010] FIG. 2 is an illustration of 3rd harmonic signals of the
three signals in FIG. 1;
[0011] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for generating
different phase shifts of a signal, according to an embodiment of
the present disclosure;
[0012] FIG. 4 is a diagram of three phase shifts of a signal,
according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for
voltage-domain vector summation that provides amplitude weighting
and an equivalent input capacitance of a device to which the
apparatus may be connected, according to an embodiment of the
present disclosure;
[0014] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a harmonic rejection mixer
and an equivalent input capacitance of a device to which the
harmonic rejection mixer may be connected, according to an
embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 7 is an illustration of local oscillator waveforms for
the harmonic rejection mixer of FIG. 6, according to an embodiment
of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 8 is a plot of local oscillator signals and synthesized
waveforms thereof for the harmonic rejection mixer of FIG. 6,
according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a single-ended harmonic
rejection mixer and an equivalent input capacitance of a device to
which the single-ended harmonic rejection mixer may be connected,
according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a differential harmonic
rejection mixer and two equivalent input capacitances of a device
to which the differential harmonic rejection mixer may be
connected, according to an embodiment of the present
disclosure;
[0019] FIGS. 11-13 are schematic diagrams of a first mixer, a
second mixer, and a third mixer, respectively, of FIG. 10,
according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 14 is a plot of local oscillator signals of the
differential harmonic rejection mixer of FIG. 10, according to an
embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a system that includes a
harmonic rejection mixer, according to an embodiment of the present
disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a method of a harmonic rejection
mixer, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a
harmonic rejection mixer, according to an embodiment of the present
disclosure; and
[0024] FIG. 18 is a flowchart of constructing an integrated
circuit, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE
[0025] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure are
described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It
should be noted that the same elements will be designated by the
same reference numerals although they are shown in different
drawings. In the following description, specific details such as
detailed configurations and components are merely provided to
assist with the overall understanding of the embodiments of the
present disclosure. Therefore, it should be apparent to those
skilled in the art that various changes and modifications of the
embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the
scope and spirit of the present disclosure. In addition,
descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted
for clarity and conciseness. The terms described below are terms
defined in consideration of the functions in the present
disclosure, and may be different according to users, intentions of
the users, or customs. Therefore, the definitions of the terms
should be determined based on the contents throughout this
specification.
[0026] The present disclosure may have various modifications and
various embodiments, among which embodiments are described below in
detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it
should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to
the embodiments, but includes all modifications, equivalents, and
alternatives within the spirit and the scope of the present
disclosure.
[0027] Although the terms including an ordinal number such as
first, second, etc. may be used for describing various elements,
the structural elements are not restricted by the terms. The terms
are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For
example, without departing from the scope of the present
disclosure, a first structural element may be referred to as a
second structural element. Similarly, the second structural element
may also be referred to as the first structural element. As used
herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one
or more associated items.
[0028] The terms used herein are merely used to describe various
embodiments of the present disclosure but are not intended to limit
the present disclosure. Singular forms are intended to include
plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. In the
present disclosure, it should be understood that the terms
"include" or "have" indicate existence of a feature, a number, a
step, an operation, a structural element, parts, or a combination
thereof, and do not exclude the existence or probability of the
addition of one or more other features, numerals, steps,
operations, structural elements, parts, or combinations
thereof.
[0029] Unless defined differently, all terms used herein have the
same meanings as those understood by a person skilled in the art to
which the present disclosure belongs. Such terms as those defined
in a generally used dictionary are to be interpreted to have the
same meanings as the contextual meanings in the relevant field of
art, and are not to be interpreted to have ideal or excessively
formal meanings unless clearly defined in the present
disclosure.
[0030] The present disclosure is related to electronic systems used
for multi-standard and multi-mode wireless communication. A system
and method according to embodiments of the present disclosure apply
multiple phases of a clock signal (e.g., a local oscillator (LO))
to a passive mixer to reject dominant higher-order harmonics, such
as a third harmonic (e.g., a signal that has a frequency that is 3
times that of a fundamental, frequency of the clock signal (e.g.,
3F.sub.LO)), and a fifth harmonic (e.g., a signal that has a
frequency that is 5 times that of a fundamental frequency of the
clock signal (e.g., 5F.sub.LO)). The present disclosure provides a
linearity enhancement for a passive-mixer-based up-converter (e.g.,
a transmitter circuit), and may allow a 3F.sub.LO signal component
to be suppressed by greater than 40 dB.
[0031] A passive mixer is more linear than an active mixer, because
a passive mixer does not employ a non-linear trans-conductance
(voltage-to-current) stage. The higher linearity of a passive mixer
as compared to an active mixer makes a passive mixer more desirable
than an active mixer for high linearity transmitter design.
Furthermore, a passive mixer does not consume any direct current
(DC) current. A passive mixer employs voltage commutation.
Therefore, different phases of a signal path may be summed in an
embodiment of the present disclosure using
weighted-capacitance-based summation in the voltage domain for the
radio frequency (RF) domain. Voltage-domain vector summation may be
implemented using capacitors, which ensures that no additional
noise is introduced.
[0032] A hard-switching mixer is a linear frequency translating
circuit. Therefore, at the output of the mixer, a desired signal
(e.g., a sum of the frequencies of a local oscillator signal and a
baseband signal (F.sub.LO+F.sub.BB)) is accompanied by signal
images at harmonics of F.sub.LO. If a 25% or 50% duty-cycle clock
signal drives a mixer, the suppression of the third harmonic
(3F.sub.LO) is only 10 dB. The third-order non-linearity of a drive
amplifier (DA) inter-modulates 3F.sub.LO-F.sub.BB and
F.sub.LO+F.sub.BB resulting in spurious emission at F.sub.LO-3FBB,
also referred to as the CIM3 product. A challenging linearity
specification is for the LTE B13/1-RB specification, in which the
CIM3 product falls within a public-safety band, resulting in an SEM
violation. Even at full-RB, the CIM3 product may cause degradation
in a transmit error vector magnitude (EVM) for evolved universal
terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) and contribute to receiver
desensitization.
[0033] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a harmonic
rejection mixer suppresses the third harmonic 3F.sub.LO-F.sub.BB so
that a CIM3 product may meet stringent SEM specifications. However,
the present disclosure is not limited to harmonic rejection of the
third harmonic, but applies to the rejection of any higher-order
harmonic, and extends to other bands (e.g., mid-band).
[0034] FIG. 1 is an illustration of three signals at ne frequency
with phase shifts of 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees,
respectively.
[0035] Referring to FIG. 1, three signals are illustrated, where
each of the three signals has the same fundamental frequency, and
where each of the three signals has a relative phase-shift of 0
degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees, respectively. In the
time-domain, the three signals may be represented as x(t) for a 0
degree phase shift, x(t+T/8) for a 45 degree phase shift, and
x(t+T/4) for a 90 degree phase shift. A vector resulting from the
summation of the 0 degree and 90 degree phase-shifted signals, or
phasors, is in phase with the 45 degree phasor.
[0036] FIG. 2 is an illustration of 3rd harmonic signals of the
three signals in FIG. 1. That is the third harmonic of the 0 degree
phase-shifted signal of FIG. 1 is represented as a phasor at 0
degrees in FIG. 2 (e.g., 0 degrees.times.3=0 degrees). The third
harmonic of the 45 degree phase-shifted signal of FIG. 1 is
represented as a phasor at 135 degrees in FIG. 2 (e.g., 45
degrees.times.3=135 degrees). The third harmonic of the 90 degree
phase-shifted signal of FIG. 1 is represented as a phasor at 270
degrees in FIG. 2 (e.g., 90 degrees.times.3=270 degrees).
[0037] Referring to FIG. 2, the third-harmonic of the three signals
shown in FIG. 1 are represented as phasors. The third harmonic of
the x(t) signal, the x(t+T/8) signal, and the x(t+T/4) signal each
accumulate a phase of 0 degrees, 135 degrees, and 270 degrees,
respectively. A vector summation of a 0 degree vector (or a 360
degree vector) and a 270 degree vector is a 315 degree vector
(e.g., (360+270)/2=315), which is perfectly out of phase with a 135
degree vector, and would, effectively, cancel each another.
[0038] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 300 for
generating different phase shifts of a signal, according to an
embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0039] Referring to FIG. 3, the apparatus 300 includes a first
mixer 301, a second mixer 303, and a third mixer 305. However, the
present disclosure is not limited thereto, and any number of mixers
may be used. 360 degrees corresponds to 2.pi. rad and represents
one clock cycle with period T. The signal path V.sub.LO2 may have a
positive (leading or preceding) phase shift .phi..sub.1 of T/8
relative to the reference phase of V.sub.LO1 of T/8, while the
signal path V.sub.LO3 has a negative (lagging or following) phase
shift .phi..sub.2 of T/8 relative to the reference phase of
V.sub.LO1.
[0040] Each of the first mixer 301, the second mixer 303, and the
third mixer 305, includes a first input for receiving an input
signal, a second input for receiving a local oscillator voltage,
and an output. A baseband voltage V.sub.BB is applied to the inputs
of the first mixer 301, the second mixer 303, and the third mixer
305. A first local oscillator signal path voltage
V.sub.LO1=V.sub.LO is applied to the second input of the first
mixer 301. A second local oscillator voltage
V.sub.LO2=V.sub.LOe.sup.j.phi..sup.1 is applied to the second input
of the second mixer 303. A third local oscillator voltage
V.sub.LO3=V.sub.LOe.sup.j.phi..sup.2 is applied to the second input
of the third mixer 305. The output of the first mixer 301 provides
a voltage V.sub.1=V.sub.RF (e.g., an output voltage corresponding
to the reference signal). The output of the second mixer 303
provides a voltage V.sub.2=V.sub.RFe.sup.j.phi..sup.1 (e.g., an
output voltage corresponding to the reference signal shifted by T/8
relative to the reference signal). The output of the third mixer
303 provides a voltage V.sub.3=V.sub.RFe.sup.j.phi..sup.2 (e.g., an
output voltage corresponding to the reference signal shifted by
-T/8 relative to the reference signal).
[0041] FIG. 4 is a diagram of three phase shifts of a signal,
according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0042] Referring to FIG. 4, each signal is shown with a
approximately 25% duty cycle, where two of the signal have phase
shifts relative to a reference, or baseband, signal of T/8 and
-T/8.
[0043] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 500 for
voltage-domain vector summation that provides amplitude weighting
and an equivalent input capacitance of a device to which the
apparatus may be connected, according to an embodiment of the
present disclosure.
[0044] Referring to FIG. 5, the apparatus 500 includes a first
capacitor C.sub.1501, a second capacitor C.sub.2 503, and a third
capacitor C.sub.3 505. However, the present disclosure is not
limited thereto, and any number of capacitors may be used. A fourth
capacitor C.sub.4 507 represents an equivalent input capacitance of
a device to which the apparatus 500 may be connected (e.g., a
DA).
[0045] The first capacitor C.sub.1 501, includes a first terminal
for receiving a first, or reference, voltage (e.g.,
v.sub.1=V.sub.RF), and a second terminal. The second capacitor
C.sub.2 503 includes a first terminal for receiving a second
voltage (e.g., v.sub.2=V.sub.RFe.sup.j.phi..sup.1), and a second
terminal. The third capacitor C.sub.3 505 includes a first terminal
for receiving a third voltage (e.g.,
v.sub.3=V.sub.RFe.sup.j.phi..sup.2), and a second terminal. The
fourth capacitor C.sub.4 507 includes an effective first terminal
connected to the second terminals of the first capacitor C.sub.1
501, the second capacitor C.sub.2 503, and the third capacitor
C.sub.3 505, and an effective second terminal connected to ground.
A voltage V.sub.x (e.g., V.sub.x=v.sub.1+v.sub.2+v.sub.3.) is
provided at the effective first terminal of the fourth capacitor
C.sub.4.
[0046] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the
apparatus 500 may provide amplitude weighting. Using the principle
of superposition, the constituent voltages v.sub.x1, v.sub.x2, and
v.sub.x3 which sum to form V.sub.x, and represent voltages at the
second terminals of the first capacitor C.sub.1 501, the second
capacitor C.sub.2 503, and the third capacitor C.sub.3 505,
respectively, may be determined as in Equations (1), (2), and (3)
as follows:
v x 1 = C 1 C 1 + [ C 3 + C 2 + C DA ] v 1 = C 1 i = 1 .fwdarw. 4 C
i v 1 ( 1 ) v x 2 = C 2 C 2 + [ C 3 + C 1 + C DA ] v 2 = C 2 i = 1
.fwdarw. 4 C i v 2 ( 2 ) v x 3 = C 3 C 3 + [ C 1 + C 2 + C DA ] v 3
= C 3 i = 1 .fwdarw. 4 C i v 3 where v x 1 v x 2 = C 1 C 2 and v x
1 v x 3 = C 1 C 3 . ( 3 ) ##EQU00001##
[0047] Amplitude weighting is independent of the fourth capacitor
C.sub.4 507, where the fourth capacitor C.sub.4 507 is primarily an
equivalent input capacitance of a device (e.g., a DA) that receives
the voltage V.sub.x. Therefore, harmonic rejection is independent
of DA gain. Amplitude weighting is a function of the first
capacitor C.sub.1 501, the second capacitor C.sub.2 503, and the
third capacitor C.sub.3 505. According to one embodiment of the
present disclosure, capacitors with linear capacitance may be used
(e.g., a metal fringe capacitor).
[0048] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a harmonic rejection mixer
600 and an equivalent input capacitance of a device to which the
harmonic rejection mixer may be connected, according to an
embodiment of the present disclosure. The harmonic rejection mixer
600 may be a multi-phase passive mixer with harmonic-rejection, and
may include three passive mixers driven by a common baseband input
BB.sub.I,Q(t).
[0049] Referring to FIG. 6, the harmonic rejection mixer 600
includes a first mixer 601, a second mixer 605, a third mixer 609,
a first capacitor 613, a second capacitor 615, and a third
capacitor 617. However, the present disclosure is not limited
thereto, and any number of mixers and capacitors may be used. A
fourth capacitor C.sub.DA 619 represents an equivalent input
capacitance of a device to which the harmonic rejection mixer 600
may be connected (e.g., a DA).
[0050] Each of the first mixer 601, the second mixer 605, and the
third mixer 609, includes a first input for receiving an input
signal BB.sub.I,Q(t). The first mixer 601 also includes a second
input for receiving an LO clock signal LO.sub.I,Q(t) 603, and an
output. The second mixer 605 also includes a second input for
receiving an LO clock signal LO.sub.I,Q(t-T/8) 607, and an output.
The third mixer 609 also includes a second input for receiving an
LO clock signal LO.sub.I,Q(t+T/8) 611, and an output. The LO clock
signals provided to the first mixer 601, the second mixer 605, and
the third mixer 609 may be in a reference phase, a lagging
(negative) phase by 45 degrees (e.g., -45 degrees), and a leading
(positive) phase by 45 degrees (e.g., +45 degrees),
respectively.
[0051] The first capacitor 613 includes a first terminal connected
to the output of the first mixer 601, and a second terminal. The
second capacitor 615 includes a first terminal connected to the
output of the second mixer 605, and a second terminal. The third
capacitor 617 includes a first terminal connected to the output of
the third mixer 609, and a second terminal. The fourth capacitor
C.sub.DA 619 includes an effective first terminal connected to the
second terminals of the first capacitor 613, the second capacitor
615, and the third capacitor 617, and an effective second terminal
connected to ground.
[0052] According to one embodiment, a vector summation of the
outputs of the first mixer 601, the second mixer 605, and the third
mixer 609 may be performed in a voltage-domain, based on capacitive
summation. A load on the output of the harmonic rejection mixer 600
may be an input impedance of a DA, as modeled by the fourth
capacitor C.sub.DA 619. In FIG. 2, the reference phase must be
amplified by a factor of a 2 for exact cancellation. However,
passive mixers cannot provide amplification. Therefore, the outputs
of the second mixer 605 and the third mixer 609 may be scaled down
relative to the first mixer 601 so that the reference phase is a
factor of a 2 greater than the lagging phase and the leading phase.
Each of the outputs of the first mixer 601, the second mixer 605,
and the third mixer 609 may be connected to a summation capacitor.
According to one embodiment, capacitive weighting factors of C and
0.7 C may be used to achieve about 40 dB of suppression of a third
harmonic (e.g., 3F.sub.LO). However, the present disclosure is not
limited thereto, and other capacitive weighting factors may be used
to achieve other levels of suppression. Summation capacitors may
also function as direct current (DC) blocking capacitors between
the harmonic rejection mixer 600 and another device (e.g., a
DA).
[0053] FIG. 7 is an illustration of local oscillator waveforms for
the harmonic rejection mixer 600 of FIG. 6, according to an
embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0054] Referring to FIG. 7, the first mixer 601, the second mixer
605, and the third mixer 609 may be clocked by quadrature clock
signals, where each clock waveform may have a substantially 25%
duty-cycle. The relative phases of the LO waveforms for the first
mixer 601, the second mixer 603, and the third mixer 609 may be as
illustrated in FIG. 7.
[0055] FIG. 8 is a plot of local oscillator signals and synthesized
waveforms thereof for the harmonic rejection mixer of FIG. 6,
according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0056] Referring to FIG. 8, three in-phase clock signals with 0
degree phase shift LO.sub.I(t), -45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.I(t-T/8), and +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.I(t+T/8) are
illustrated. In addition, three quadrature clock signals with 0
degree phase shift LO.sub.Q(t), -45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.Q(t-T/8), and +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.Q(t+T/8) are
illustrated. Furthermore, a synthesized signal of the sums of the
three in-phase clock signals HR_LO.sub.I(t) and a synthesized
signal of the sums of the three quadrature clock signals
HR_LO.sub.Q(t) are illustrated.
[0057] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a single-ended harmonic
rejection mixer 900 and an equivalent input capacitance of a device
to which the single-ended harmonic rejection mixer may be
connected, according to an embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0058] Referring to FIG. 9, the single-ended harmonic rejection
mixer 900 includes a first mixer 901, a second mixer 903, a third
mixer 905, a first capacitor 931, a second capacitor 933, and a
third capacitor 935. However, the present disclosure is not limited
thereto, and any number of mixers and capacitors may be used. A
fourth capacitor C.sub.DA 937 represents an equivalent input
capacitance of a device to which the single-ended harmonic
rejection mixer 900 may be connected (e.g., a DA).
[0059] Twelve phases are required for the harmonic rejection mixer
900. However, four of the twelve phases are equivalent to four of
the twelve phases as indicated in Equations (4)-(7) as follows:
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)=LO.sub.Q(t-T/8), (4)
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)=LO.sub.I(t-T/8), (5)
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)=LO.sub.Q(t-T/8), and (6)
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)=LO.sub.I(t-T/8) (7).
[0060] The in-phase clock signal LO.sub.I(t+T/8) with a +45 degree
phase shift may substitute for an inverse of quadrature clock
signal with a -45 degree phase shift LO.sub.Q(t-T/8). The
quadrature clock signal with a +45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8) may substitute for an in-phase clock signal with a
-45 degree phase shift LO.sub.I(t-T/8). The inverse of the in-phase
clock signal with a +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.I(t+T/8) may
substitute for a quadrature clock signal with a -45 degree phase
shift LO.sub.Q(t-T/8). The inverse of the quadrature clock signal
with a +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.Q(t+T/8) may substitute for an
inverse of an in-phase clock signal with a -45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.I(t-T/8). If each of the substitutions is used, the number
of unique phases required by the harmonic rejection mixer may be
reduced from twelve to eight, which reduces the area of an
integrated circuit (IC) required for LO clock signal routing. A
divide-by-4 block 1503 illustrated in FIG. 15 and described below
employs each of the substitutions described above to provide eight
unique phases to a harmonic rejection mixer 1501.
[0061] According to one embodiment, the present disclosure provides
a poly-phase passive harmonic rejection up-converter using
voltage-domain vector summation. The voltage-domain vector
summation may be implemented using the first capacitor 931, the
second capacitor 933, and the third capacitor 935, which ensures
that no noise is added to the harmonic rejection mixer 900.
[0062] The first mixer 901 includes a first transistor 907, a
second transistor 909, a third transistor 911, and a fourth
transistor 913. The first transistor 907, the second transistor
909, the third transistor 911, and the fourth transistor 913 of the
first mixer 901 may each be an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor
field effect transistor (NMOSFET). However, the present disclosure
is not limited thereto, and any other suitable transistor may be
used.
[0063] The first transistor 907 of the first mixer 901 includes a
source for receiving an input signal (e.g., a baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I), a gate for receiving a clock signal (e.g., a
local oscillator in-phase signal without a phase shift
LO.sub.I(t)), and a drain connected to a first terminal of the
first capacitor 931. The second transistor 909 of the first mixer
901 includes a source for receiving an input signal (e.g., an
inverse of a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I), a gate for
receiving a clock signal (e.g., an inverse of a local oscillator
in-phase voltage signal without a phase shift LO.sub.I(t)), and a
drain connected to the first terminal of the first capacitor 931.
The third transistor 911 of the first mixer 901 includes a source
for receiving an input signal (e.g., a baseband quadrature signal
BB.sub.Q), a gate for receiving a clock signal (e.g., a local
oscillator quadrature signal without a phase shift LO.sub.Q(t)),
and a drain connected to the first terminal of the first capacitor
931. The fourth transistor 913 of the first mixer 901 includes a
source for receiving an input signal (e.g., an inverse of a
baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q), a gate for receiving a clock
signal (e.g., an inverse of a local oscillator quadrature signal
without a phase shift LO.sub.Q(t)), and a drain connected to the
first terminal of the first capacitor 931.
[0064] The second mixer 903 includes a first transistor 915, a
second transistor 917, a third transistor 919, and a fourth
transistor 921. The first transistor 915, the second transistor
917, the third transistor 919, and the fourth transistor 921 of the
second mixer 903 may each be an NMOSFET. However, the present
disclosure is not limited thereto, and any other suitable
transistor may be used.
[0065] The first transistor 915 of the second mixer 903 includes a
source for receiving an input signal (e.g., the baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I), a gate for receiving a clock signal (e.g., a
local oscillator in-phase signal with a phase shift of -45 degrees
relative to LO.sub.I(t) (e.g., LO.sub.I(t-T/8))), and a drain
connected to a first terminal of the second capacitor 933. The
second transistor 917 of the second mixer 903 includes a source for
receiving an input signal (e.g., the inverse of the baseband
in-phase signal BB.sub.I), a gate for receiving a clock signal
(e.g., an inverse of a local oscillator in-phase signal with a
phase shift of -45 degrees relative to LO.sub.I(t) (e.g.,
LO.sub.I(t-T/8))), and a drain connected to the first terminal of
the second capacitor 933. The third transistor 919 of the second
mixer 903 includes a source for receiving an input signal (e.g.,
the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q), a gate for receiving a
clock signal (e.g., a local oscillator quadrature signal with a
phase shift of -45 degrees relative to LO.sub.Q(t) (e.g.,
LO.sub.Q(t-T/8)), and a drain connected to the first terminal of
the second capacitor 933. The fourth transistor 921 of the second
mixer 903 includes a source for receiving an input signal (e.g.,
the inverse of a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q), a gate for
receiving a clock signal (e.g., an inverse of a local oscillator
quadrature signal with a phase shift of -45 degrees relative to
LO.sub.Q(t)) (e.g., LO.sub.Q(t-T/8))), and a drain connected to the
first terminal of the second capacitor 933.
[0066] The third mixer 905 includes a first transistor 923, a
second transistor 925, a third transistor 927, and a fourth
transistor 929. The first transistor 923, the second transistor
925, the third transistor 927, and the fourth transistor 929 of the
third mixer 905 may each be an NMOSFET. However, the present
disclosure is not limited thereto, and any other suitable
transistor may be used.
[0067] The first transistor 923 of the third mixer 905 includes a
source for receiving an input signal (e.g., the baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I), a gate for receiving a clock signal (e.g., an
inverse of the local oscillator quadrature signal with a phase
shift of -45 degrees relative to LO.sub.I(t) (e.g.,
LO.sub.Q(t-T/8))), and a drain connected to a first terminal of the
third capacitor 935. The second transistor 925 of the third mixer
905 includes a source for receiving an input signal (e.g., the
inverse of a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I), a gate for
receiving a clock signal (e.g., a local oscillator quadrature
signal with a phase shift of -45 degrees relative to LO.sub.I(t)
(e.g., LO.sub.Q(t-T/8))), and a drain connected to the first
terminal of the third capacitor 935. The third transistor 927 of
the third mixer 905 includes a source for receiving an input signal
(e.g., the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q), a gate for
receiving a clock signal (e.g., a local oscillator in-phase signal
with a phase shift of -45 degrees relative to LO.sub.Q(t) (e.g.,
LO.sub.I(t-T/8)), and a drain connected to the first terminal of
the third capacitor 935. The fourth transistor 929 of the third
mixer 905 includes a source for receiving an input signal (e.g.,
the inverse of a baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q), a gate for
receiving a clock signal (e.g., an inverse of a local oscillator
in-phase signal with a phase shift of -45 degrees relative to
LO.sub.Q(t)) (e.g., LO.sub.I(t-T/8))), and a drain connected to the
first terminal of the third capacitor 935.
[0068] The second terminals of the first capacitor 931, the second
capacitor 933, and the third capacitor 935 are connected to an
effective first terminal (RF.sub.IQ) of the fourth capacitor
C.sub.DA 937. A second effective terminal of the fourth capacitor
C.sub.DA 937 is connected to ground.
[0069] According to one embodiment, a vector summation of the
outputs of the first mixer 901, the second mixer 903, and the third
mixer 905 may be performed in a voltage-domain, based on capacitive
summation. A load on the output of the harmonic rejection mixer 900
may be an input impedance of a DA, as modeled by the fourth
capacitor C.sub.DA 937. In FIG. 2, the reference phase must be
amplified by a factor of a 2 for exact cancellation. However,
passive mixers cannot provide amplification. Therefore, the outputs
of the second mixer 903 and the third mixer 605 may be scaled down
relative to the first mixer 901 so that the reference phase is a
factor of a 2 greater than the lagging phase and the leading phase.
Each of the outputs of the first mixer 901, the second mixer 903,
and the third mixer 905 may be connected to a summation capacitor.
According to one embodiment, capacitive weighting factors of C and
0.7 C may employed to achieve a level of about 40 dB in suppression
of a third harmonic (e.g., 3F.sub.LO). However, the present
disclosure is not limited thereto, and other capacitive weighting
factors may be employed to achieve other suppression levels.
Summation capacitors may also function as DC blocking capacitors
between the harmonic rejection mixer 900 and a device (e.g., a
DA).
[0070] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a differential harmonic
rejection mixer 1000 and two equivalent input capacitances of a
device to which the differential harmonic rejection mixer may be
connected, according to an embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0071] Referring to FIG. 10, the differential harmonic rejection
mixer 1000 includes a first mixer 1001, a second mixer 1003, a
third mixer 1005, a first capacitor 1007, a second capacitor 1009,
a third capacitor 1011, a fourth capacitor 1013, a fifth capacitor
1015, and a sixth capacitor 1017. However, the present disclosure
is not limited thereto, and any number of mixers and capacitors may
be used. A seventh capacitor 1019 and an eighth capacitor 1021
represents equivalent input capacitances of a device to which the
differential harmonic rejection mixer 1000 may be connected (e.g.,
a DA).
[0072] The first mixer 1001 includes a first input for receiving a
baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q(t), a second input for
receiving an inverse of the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q(t),
a third input for receiving a baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I(t),
a fourth input for receiving an inverse of the baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I(t), a fifth input for receiving an in-phase clock
signal LO.sub.I(t), a sixth input for receiving an inverse of the
in-phase clock signal LO.sub.I(t), a seventh input for receiving a
quadrature clock signal LO.sub.Q(t), an eighth input for receiving
an inverse of the quadrature clock signal LO.sub.Q(t), a first
output, and a second output.
[0073] The second mixer 1003 includes a first input for receiving
the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q(t), a second input for
receiving the inverse of the baseband quadrature signal
BB.sub.Q(t), a third input for receiving the baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I(t), a fourth input for receiving the inverse of the
baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I(t), a fifth input for receiving
an in-phase clock signal with a +45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.I(t+T/8), a sixth input for receiving an inverse of the
in-phase clock signal with the +45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.I(t+T/8), a seventh input for receiving a quadrature clock
signal with a +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), an eighth
input for receiving an inverse of the quadrature clock signal with
the +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), a first output, and a
second output.
[0074] The third mixer 1005 includes a first input for receiving
the baseband quadrature signal BB.sub.Q(t), a second input for
receiving the inverse of the baseband quadrature signal
BB.sub.Q(t), a third input for receiving the baseband in-phase
signal BB.sub.I(t), a fourth input for receiving the inverse of the
baseband in-phase signal BB.sub.I(t), a fifth input for receiving a
quadrature clock signal with a +45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), a sixth input for receiving an inverse of the
quadrature clock signal with the +45 degree phase shift
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), a seventh input for receiving an in-phase clock
signal with a +45 degree phase shift LO.sub.I(t+T/8), an eighth
input for receiving an inverse of the in-phase clock signal with a
+45 degree phase shift LO.sub.I(t+T/8), a first output, and a
second output.
[0075] The first capacitor 1007 includes a first terminal connected
to the first output of the first mixer 1001, and a second terminal
connected to an effective first terminal of the eighth capacitor
1021. The second capacitor 1009 includes a first terminal connected
to the second output of the first mixer 1001, and a second terminal
connected to an effective first terminal of the seventh capacitor
1019. The third capacitor 1011 includes a first terminal connected
to the first output of the second mixer 1003, and a second terminal
connected to the effective first terminal of the eighth capacitor
1021. The fourth capacitor 1013 includes a first terminal connected
to the second output of the second mixer 1003, and a second
terminal connected to the effective first terminal of the seventh
capacitor 1019. The fifth capacitor 1015 includes a first terminal
connected to the first output of the third mixer 1005, and a second
terminal connected to the effective first terminal of the eighth
capacitor 1021. The sixth capacitor 1017 includes a first terminal
connected to the second output of the second mixer 1005, and a
second terminal connected to the effective first terminal of the
seventh capacitor 1019. An effective second terminal of each of the
seventh capacitor 1019 and the eighth capacitor 1021 is connected
to ground.
[0076] According to one embodiment, a vector summation of the
outputs of the first mixer 1001, the second mixer 1003, and the
third mixer 1005 may be performed in a voltage-domain, based on
capacitive summation. A load on the output of the harmonic
rejection mixer 1000 may be input impedances of differential inputs
of a device (e.g., a DA), as modeled by the seventh capacitor 1019
and the eighth capacitor 1021. In FIG. 2, the reference phase must
be amplified by a factor of a 2 for exact cancellation. However,
passive mixers cannot provide amplification. Therefore, the outputs
of the second mixer 1003 and the third mixer 1005 may be scaled
down relative to the first mixer 1001 so that the reference phase
is a factor of a 2 greater than the lagging phase and the leading
phase. Each of the outputs of the first mixer 1001, the second
mixer 1003, and the third mixer 1005 may be connected to summation
capacitors. According to one embodiment, capacitive weighting
factors of C and 0.7 C may be employed to achieve a level of about
40 dB in suppression of a third harmonic (e.g., 3F.sub.LO).
However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and other
capacitive weighting factors may be used to achieve other
suppression levels. Summation capacitors may also function as DC
blocking capacitors between the harmonic rejection mixer 1000 and a
device (e.g., a DA).
[0077] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a first mixer 1001 of FIG.
10, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0078] Referring to FIG. 11, the first mixer 1001 includes a first
transistor 1117, a second transistor 1119, a third transistor 1121,
a fourth transistor 1123, a fifth transistor 1125, a sixth
transistor 1127, a seventh transistor 1129, and an eighth
transistor 1131. The first transistor 1117, the second transistor
1119, the third transistor 1119, the fourth transistor 1121, the
fifth transistor 1125, the sixth transistor 1127, the seventh
transistor 1129, and the eighth transistor 1131 of the first mixer
1001 may each be an NMOSFET. However, the present disclosure is not
limited thereto, and any other suitable transistor may be used.
[0079] The first transistor 1117 of the first mixer 1001 includes a
source connected to the second input of the first mixer 1001 for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the seventh input of the
first mixer 1001 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., a quadrature
signal without a phase shift LO.sub.Q(t)), and a drain connected to
the first output of the first mixer 1001. The second transistor
1119 of the first mixer 1001 includes a source connected to the
second input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate
connected to the eighth input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving
a clock signal (e.g., an inverse of the quadrature signal without a
phase shift LO.sub.Q(t)), and a drain connected to the second
output of the first mixer 1001. The third transistor 1121 of the
first mixer 1001 includes a source connected to the first input of
the first mixer 1001 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to
the eighth input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving a clock
signal (e.g., the inverse of the quadrature signal without a phase
shift LO.sub.Q(t)), and a drain connected to the first output of
the first mixer 1001. The fourth transistor 1123 of the first mixer
1001 includes a source connected to the first input of the first
mixer 1001 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the seventh
input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
the quadrature signal without a phase shift LO.sub.Q(t)), and a
drain connected to the second output of the first mixer 1001. The
fifth transistor 1125 of the first mixer 1001 includes a source
connected to the third input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving
BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the fifth input of the first mixer
1001 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., an in-phase signal without
a phase shift LO.sub.I(t)), and a drain connected to the first
output of the first mixer 1001. The sixth transistor 1127 of the
first mixer 1001 includes a source connected to the third input of
the first mixer 1001 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to
the sixth input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving a clock
signal (e.g., an inverse of the in-phase signal without a phase
shift LO.sub.I(t)), and a drain connected to the second output of
the first mixer 1001. The seventh transistor 1129 of the first
mixer 1001 includes a source connected to the fourth input of the
first mixer 1001 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the
sixth input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving a clock signal
(e.g., the inverse of the in-phase signal without a phase shift
LO.sub.I(t)), and a drain connected to the first output of the
first mixer 1001. The eighth transistor 1131 of the first mixer
1001 includes a source connected to the fourth input of the first
mixer 1001 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the fifth
input of the first mixer 1001 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
the in-phase signal without a phase shift LO.sub.I(t)), and a drain
connected to the second output of the first mixer 1001.
[0080] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a second mixer 1003 of
FIG. 10, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0081] Referring to FIG. 12, the second mixer 1003 includes a first
transistor 1201, a second transistor 1203, a third transistor 1205,
a fourth transistor 1207, a fifth transistor 1209, a sixth
transistor 1211, a seventh transistor 1213, and an eighth
transistor 1215. The first transistor 1201, the second transistor
1203, the third transistor 1205, the fourth transistor 1207, the
fifth transistor 1209, the sixth transistor 1211, the seventh
transistor 1213, and the eighth transistor 1215 of the second mixer
1003 may each be an NMOSFET. However, the present disclosure is not
limited thereto, and any other suitable transistor may be used.
[0082] The first transistor 1201 of the second mixer 1003 includes
a source connected to the second input of the second mixer 1003 for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the seventh input of the
second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., a quadrature
signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a
drain connected to the first output of the second mixer 1003. The
second transistor 1203 of the second mixer 1003 includes a source
connected to the second input of the second mixer 1003 for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the eighth input of the
second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., an inverse of
the quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
second mixer 1003. The third transistor 1205 of the second mixer
1003 includes a source connected to the first input of the second
mixer 1003 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the eighth
input of the second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
the inverse of the quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45
degrees LO.sub.Q(t)), and a drain connected to the first output of
the second mixer 1003. The fourth transistor 1207 of the second
mixer 1003 includes a source connected to the first input of the
second mixer 1003 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the
seventh input of the second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal
(e.g., the quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
second mixer 1003. The fifth transistor 1209 of the second mixer
1003 includes a source connected to the third input of the second
mixer 1003 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the fifth
input of the second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
an in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45 degree
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the first output of the
second mixer 1003. The sixth transistor 1211 of the second mixer
1003 includes a source connected to the third input of the second
mixer 1003 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the sixth
input of the second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
the inverse of the in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45
degrees LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second
output of the second mixer 1003. The seventh transistor 1213 of the
second mixer 1003 includes a source connected to the fourth input
of the second mixer 1003 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected
to the sixth input of the second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock
signal (e.g., the inverse of the in-phase signal with a phase shift
of +45 degrees LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the first
output of the second mixer 1003. The eighth transistor 1215 of the
second mixer 1003 includes a source connected to the fourth input
of the second mixer 1003 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected
to the fifth input of the second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock
signal (e.g., the in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
second mixer 1003.
[0083] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the third mixer 1005 of
FIG. 10, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0084] Referring to FIG. 13, the third mixer 1005 includes a first
transistor 1333, a second transistor 1335, a third transistor 1337,
a fourth transistor 1339, a fifth transistor 1341, a sixth
transistor 1343, a seventh transistor 1345, and an eighth
transistor 1347. The first transistor 1333, the second transistor
1335, the third transistor 1337, the fourth transistor 1339, the
fifth transistor 1341, the sixth transistor 1343, the seventh
transistor 1345, and the eighth transistor 1347 of the third mixer
1005 may each be an NMOSFET. However, the present disclosure is not
limited thereto, and any other suitable transistor may be used.
[0085] The first transistor 1333 of the third mixer 1005 includes a
source connected to the second input of the third mixer 1005 for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the seventh input of the
second mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., the inverse
of the in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the first output of the
third mixer 1005. The second transistor 1335 of the third mixer
1005 includes a source connected to the second input of the third
mixer 1005 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the eighth
input of the third mixer 1005 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
the in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
third mixer 1005. The third transistor 1337 of the third mixer 1005
includes a source connected to the first input of the third mixer
1005 for receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the eighth input
of the third mixer 1005 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., the
in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees LO.sub.I(t+T/8)),
and a drain connected to the first output of the third mixer 1005.
The fourth transistor 1339 of the third mixer 1005 includes a
source connected to the first input of the third mixer 1005 for
receiving BB.sub.Q, a gate connected to the seventh input of the
third mixer 1003 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., the inverse of
the in-phase signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.I(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
third mixer 1005. The fifth transistor 1341 of the third mixer 1005
includes a source connected to the third input of the third mixer
1005 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the fifth input of
the third mixer 1005 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., the
quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45 degree
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the first output of the
third mixer 1005. The sixth transistor 1343 of the third mixer 1005
includes a source connected to the third input of the third mixer
1005 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the sixth input of
the third mixer 1005 for receiving a clock signal (e.g., the
inverse of the quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
third mixer 1005. The seventh transistor 1345 of the third mixer
1005 includes a source connected to the fourth input of the third
mixer 1005 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the sixth
input of the third mixer 1005 for receiving a clock signal (e.g.,
the inverse of the quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45
degrees LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the first output
of the third mixer 1005. The eighth transistor 1347 of the third
mixer 1005 includes a source connected to the fourth input of the
third mixer 1005 for receiving BB.sub.I, a gate connected to the
fifth input of the third mixer 1005 for receiving a clock signal
(e.g., the quadrature signal with a phase shift of +45 degrees
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), and a drain connected to the second output of the
third mixer 1005.
[0086] FIG. 14 is a plot of local oscillator signals of the
differential harmonic rejection mixer 1000 of FIG. 10, according to
an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0087] Referring to FIG. 14, clock signals LO.sub.I(t),
LO.sub.Q(t), LO.sub.I(t), LO.sub.Q(t), LO.sub.I(t+T/8),
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), LO.sub.I(t+T/8), and LO.sub.Q(t+T/8) are
illustrated, each with a substantially 25% duty cycle. Using eight
clock signals instead of twelve clock signals reduces the area of
an IC required for LO clock signal routing.
[0088] FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a system 1500 that includes a
harmonic rejection mixer 1501, according to an embodiment of the
present disclosure.
[0089] Referring to FIG. 15, the system 1500 includes the harmonic
rejection mixer 1501, a divide-by-4 device 1503, a DA 1505, a first
inductor 1507, and a second inductor 1509.
[0090] The harmonic rejection mixer 1501 includes a first set of
four inputs for receiving BB.sub.I, BB.sub.I, BB.sub.Q, and
BB.sub.q, a second set of inputs for receiving eight clock signals
(e.g., LO.sub.I(t), LO.sub.Q(t), LO.sub.I(t), LO.sub.Q(t),
LO.sub.I(t+T/8), LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), LO.sub.I(t+T/8), and
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)), a first output, and a second output.
[0091] The divide-by-4 device 1503 includes eight outputs connected
to the second set of inputs of the harmonic rejection mixer 1501,
where the eight outputs are clock signals (e.g., LO.sub.I(t),
LO.sub.Q(t), LO.sub.I(t), LO.sub.Q(t), LO.sub.I(t+T/8),
LO.sub.Q(t+T/8), LO.sub.I(t+T/8), and LO.sub.Q(t+T/8)).
[0092] The DA 1505 includes a first input connected to the first
output of the harmonic rejection mixer 1501, a second input
connected to the second output of the harmonic rejection mixer
1501, a first output, and a second output.
[0093] The first inductor 1507 is connected between the first
output and the second output of the DA 1505.
[0094] The second inductor 1509 includes a first terminal connected
to ground, and a second terminal, which is the output of the system
1500, where the second inductor 1509 is spaced sufficiently close
to the first inductor 1507 to establish a mutual inductance there
between.
[0095] FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a method of a harmonic rejection
mixer, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0096] Referring to FIG. 16, the harmonic rejection mixer receives
input signals BB.sub.I, BB.sub.I, BB.sub.Q, and BB.sub.q at a
plurality of mixers at 1601.
[0097] At 1603, the harmonic rejection mixer receives, by each of
the plurality of mixers, a plurality of clock signals, wherein one
of the plurality of clock signals is in a reference phase, one of
the plurality of LO clock signals is in a lagging phase by -45
degrees, and one of the plurality of clock signals is in a leading
phase by +45 degrees, respectively.
[0098] At 1605, the harmonic rejection mixer sums the outputs of
the plurality of mixers in a voltage-domain, based on capacitive
summation, where a load on the output of the harmonic rejection
mixer may be an input impedance of a device (e.g., a DA), and where
the capacitive summation is weighted.
[0099] FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a
harmonic rejection mixer, according to an embodiment of the present
disclosure, where the harmonic rejection mixer is either
implemented in hardware or implemented in hardware that is
programed with software.
[0100] Referring to FIG. 17, the method, at 1701, forms the
harmonic rejection mixer as part of a wafer or package that
includes at least one other harmonic rejection mixer. The harmonic
rejection mixer is configured to receive an input signal at a
plurality of mixers; receive, by each of the plurality of mixers, a
plurality of clock signals, wherein one of the plurality of clock
signals is in a reference phase, one of the plurality of clock
signals is in a lagging phase by -45 degrees relative to the
reference phase, and one of the plurality of clock signals is in a
leading phase by +45 degrees relative to the reference phase,
respectively; and sum the outputs of the plurality of mixers, where
the outputs are summed in a voltage-domain, based on capacitive
summation, where a load on the output of the harmonic rejection
mixer may be an input impedance of a device (e.g., a DA), and where
the capacitive summation is weighted.
[0101] At 1703, the method tests the harmonic rejection mixer.
Testing the harmonic rejection mixer includes testing the harmonic
rejection mixer and the at least one other harmonic rejection mixer
using one or more electrical to optical converters, one or more
optical splitters that split an optical signal into two or more
optical signals, and one or more optical to electrical
converters.
[0102] FIG. 18 is a flowchart of constructing an integrated
circuit, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0103] Referring to FIG. 18, the method, at 1801, generates a mask
layout for a set of features for a layer of the integrated circuit.
The mask layout includes standard cell library macros for one or
more circuit features that include a harmonic rejection mixer. The
harmonic rejection mixer is configured to receive an input signal
at a plurality of mixers; receive, by each of the plurality of
mixers, a plurality of clock signals, wherein one of the plurality
of clock signals is in a reference phase, one of the plurality of
clock signals is in a lagging phase by -45 degrees relative to the
reference phase, and one of the plurality of clock signals is in a
leading phase by +45 degrees relative to the reference phase,
respectively; and sum the outputs of the plurality of mixers, where
the outputs are summed in a voltage-domain, based on capacitive
summation, where a load on the output of the harmonic rejection
mixer may be an input impedance of a device (e.g., a DA), and where
the capacitive summation is weighted.
[0104] At 1803, the method disregards relative positions of the
macros for compliance to layout design rules during the generation
of the mask layout.
[0105] At 1805, the method checks the relative positions of the
macros for compliance to layout design rules after generating the
mask layout.
[0106] At 1807, the method, upon detection of noncompliance with
the layout design rules by any of the macros, modifies the mask
layout by modifying each of the noncompliant macros to comply with
the layout design rules.
[0107] The method of FIG. 18 may further include generating a mask
according to the modified mask layout with the set of features for
the layer of the integrated circuit and manufacturing the
integrated circuit layer according to the mask.
[0108] Although certain embodiments of the present disclosure have
been described in the detailed description of the present
disclosure, the present disclosure may be modified in various forms
without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus,
the scope of the present disclosure shall not be determined merely
based on the described embodiments, but rather determined
thereto.
* * * * *