U.S. patent application number 15/482107 was filed with the patent office on 2018-01-18 for tgr5 modulators and methods of use thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Invention is credited to Roberto Pellicciari.
Application Number | 20180016295 15/482107 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41668454 |
Filed Date | 2018-01-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180016295 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pellicciari; Roberto |
January 18, 2018 |
TGR5 Modulators and Methods of Use Thereof
Abstract
The invention relates to compounds of Formula A: ##STR00001## or
a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. The compounds of
Formula A are TGR5 modulators useful for the treatment of various
diseases, including metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liver
disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease,
cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.
Inventors: |
Pellicciari; Roberto;
(Perugia, IT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
New York |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
41668454 |
Appl. No.: |
15/482107 |
Filed: |
April 7, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13871492 |
Apr 26, 2013 |
9650409 |
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15482107 |
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13313689 |
Dec 7, 2011 |
8445472 |
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13871492 |
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12622123 |
Nov 19, 2009 |
8114862 |
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13313689 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 3/00 20180101; A61P
1/16 20180101; C07J 9/005 20130101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 9/04
20180101; A61P 13/12 20180101; A61P 37/08 20180101; C07J 31/00
20130101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 37/00
20180101; A61P 17/06 20180101; A61P 3/04 20180101; A61P 9/00
20180101; A61P 5/50 20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 9/12
20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 25/00
20180101; A61P 17/04 20180101; C07J 9/00 20130101; A61P 37/02
20180101; C07J 41/00 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 3/06
20180101; A61P 37/06 20180101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 1/18
20180101; A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P 11/00 20180101 |
International
Class: |
C07J 9/00 20060101
C07J009/00; C07J 31/00 20060101 C07J031/00; C07J 41/00 20060101
C07J041/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Nov 19, 2008 |
EP |
08169462.2 |
Claims
1. A compound according to formula A: ##STR00046## or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen,
hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.2 is
hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydrogen, hydroxy,
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H;
R.sub.4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or
halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl;
R.sub.6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5
and R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are
attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R.sub.7 is
hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or hydroxy; R.sub.8
is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R.sub.9 is
hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or taken together
R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 form a carbonyl; R.sub.10 is R.sub.3 or
SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
2. The compound according to claim 1 having the formula III:
##STR00047## or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,
wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.2 is
hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydroxy,
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H;
R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is
hydrogen or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to
which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms;
R.sub.7 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or hydroxy;
R.sub.8 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; R.sub.9 is
hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9
taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
carbonyl; R.sub.10 is R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
3. The compound according to claim 2 having the formula IIIA:
##STR00048## or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,
wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.3 is
hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen or R.sub.5 and
R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are attached
form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen,
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or hydroxy; R.sub.8 is hydrogen,
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; R.sub.9 is hydrogen,
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken
together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
carbonyl; R.sub.10 is R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
4. The compound according to claim 3, wherein R.sub.8 and R.sub.9
taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
carbonyl.
5. The compound according to claim 4, wherein R.sub.10 is
R.sub.3.
6. The compound according to claim 5, wherein R.sub.3 is selected
from hydroxyl, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H, and
NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H.
7. The compound according to claim 6, wherein R.sub.6 is
hydrogen.
8. The compound according to claim 7, wherein R.sub.5 is in the
S-configuration.
9. The compound according to claim 8, wherein R.sub.5 is
unsubstituted alkyl.
10. The compound according to claim 9, wherein R.sub.5 is
methyl.
11. A Compound Ih3e having the chemical structure: ##STR00049## or
a salt, solvate, hydrate, glycine or taurine amino acid conjugate
or prodrug thereof.
12. The compound according to claim 3, wherein the compound is
selected from Compounds Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Ig5e,
Ih5e, and Ii5e.
13. The compound according to claim 2 selected from Compounds Ib3e,
Ic3e, Id3e, Ie3e, If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Il3e, Im3e, In3e, Ia4e,
Ib4e, Ic4e, Id4e, Ie4e, If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Il4e, Im4e, In4e,
Ia5e, Ib5e, Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e, If5e, Ig5e, Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e, Im5e,
In5e, Ia9e, Ib9e, Ic9e, Id9e, Ie9e, If9e, Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e, Il9e,
Im9e, In9e, Ia10e, Ib10e, Ic10e, Id10e, Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e, Ih10e,
Ii10e, Il10e, Im10e, In10e, Ia11e, Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e,
If11e, Ig11e, Ih11e, Ii11e, Il11e, Im11e, In11e, Ia15e, Ib15e,
Ic15e, Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e, Ih15e, Ii15e, Il15e, Im15e,
In15e, Ia16e, Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e, Ie16e, If16e, Ig16e, Ih16e,
Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e, In16e, Ia17e, Ib17e, Ic17e, Id17e, Ie17e,
If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e, Il17e, Im17e, and In17e.
14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
15. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound
according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
16. A method of treating or preventing disease in a subject
comprising administering a compound of formula A: ##STR00050## or a
salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is
hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen;
R.sub.2 is hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydrogen,
hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, substituted or
unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the
carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or
6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,
or hydroxy; R.sub.8 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted
alkyl; R.sub.9 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or
taken together R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 form a carbonyl; R.sub.10 is
R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is
an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, further wherein the disease is
selected from metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liver
disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease,
cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.
17. A kit for treating or preventing disease in a subject, wherein
the kit comprises a compound according to claim 1 or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is continuation of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 13/313,689, filed Dec. 7, 2011, and is continuation of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/622,123, filed Nov. 19, 2009,
now U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,862 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119 to European Application No. 08169462.2, filed Nov. 19,
2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein.
INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The contents of the text file named
"35147-516C01US_ST25.txt", which was created on Jan. 20, 2012 and
is 1 KB in size, are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The invention relates to compounds that modulate TGR5 and
compositions useful in methods for the treatment and/or prevention
of various diseases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] TGR5 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that has been
identified as a cell-surface receptor that is responsive to bile
acids (BAs). The primary structure of TGR5 and its responsiveness
to bile acids has been found to be highly conserved in TGR5 among
human, bovine, rabbit, rat, and mouse, and thus suggests that TGR5
has important physiological functions. TGR5 has been found to be
widely distributed in not only lymphoid tissues but also in other
tissues. High levels of TGR5 mRNA have been detected in placenta,
spleen, and monocytes/macrophages. Bile acids have been shown to
induce internalization of the TGR5 fusion protein from the cell
membrane to the cytoplasm. Kawamata et al. 2003, J. Bio. Chem.,
278, 9435. TGR5 has been found to be identical to hGPCR19 reported
by Takeda et al. 2002, FEBS Lett. 520, 97-101.
[0005] TGR5 is associated with the intracellular accumulation of
cAMP, that is widely expressed in diverse cell types. While the
activation of this membrane receptor in macrophages decreases
pro-inflammatory cytokine production, (Kawamata, Y., et al. J.
Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 9435-9440) the stimulation of TGR5 by BAs in
adipocytes and myocytes enhances energy expenditure (Watanabe, M.
et al. Nature. 2006, 439, 484-489). This latter effect involves the
cAMP-dependent induction of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2),
which by, locally converting T4 into T3, gives rise to increased
thyroid hormone activity. Consistent with the role of TGR5 in the
control of energy metabolism, female TGR5 knock-out mice show a
significant fat accumulation with body weight gain when challenged
with a high fat diet, indicating that the lack of TGR5 decreases
energy expenditure and elicits obesity (Maruyama, T., et al. J.
Endocrinol. 2006, 191, 197-205). In addition and in line with the
involvement of TGR5 in energy homeostasis, bile acid activation of
the membrane receptor has also been reported to promote the
production of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in murine
enteroendocrine cell lines (Katsuma, S., Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun. 2005, 329, 386-390). On the basis of all the above
observations, TGR5 is an attractive target for the treatment of
disease e.g., obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
[0006] In addition to the use of TGR5 agonists for the treatment
and prevention of metabolic diseases, compounds that modulate TGR5
modulators are also useful for the treatment of other diseases
e.g., central nervous diseases as well as inflammatory diseases (WO
01/77325 and WO 02/84286). Modulators of TGR5 also provide methods
of regulating bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, fatty acid
absorption, and protein and carbohydrate digestion.
[0007] Relatively few examples of TGR5 agonists have been described
in literature. Recently, 23-alkyl-substituted and
6,23-alkyl-disubstituted derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid
(CDCA), such as the compound
6.alpha.-ethyl-23(S)-methyl-chenodeoxycholic acid shown below, have
been reported as potent and selective agonists of TGR5
(Pellicciari, R.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 4265-4268).
##STR00002##
[0008] In particular, the methylation (S-configuration) at the
C.sub.23-position of natural bile acids (BAs) confers a marked
selectivity to TGR5 over FXR (farnesoid X receptor) activation,
whereas the 6.alpha.-alkyl substitution increases the potency at
both receptors. Some examples of other TGR5 agonists include
6-Methyl-2-oxo-4-thiophen-2-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic
acid benzyl ester (WO004067008, Takeda Chemical Industries LTD,
Japan, 2004) and oleanoic acid (Sato, H. et al. Biochem. and
Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 362, 793-798; Ito, F. et al.
WO2004067008, 2004). More recently, the first synthesis of
enantiomeric chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and lithocholic acid
(LCA) has allowed access to studying the specificity of the
interaction of natural BAs with TGR5 (Katona, B. W. et al. J. Med.
Chem. 2007, 50, 6048-6058).
[0009] Recently developed TGR5 agonists have also provided for the
first time a pharmacological differentiation of genomic versus
nongenomic effects of BAs and have also allowed for informative
structure-activity relationship studies, for example, the presence
of an accessory binding pocket in TGR5 has been found to play a
pivotal role in determining ligand selectivity (See, Pellicciari,
et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 4265-4268). In this context, the
availability of more potent and selective TGR5 modulators is
necessary to further identify additional features affecting
receptor activation and characterize the physiological and
pharmacological actions of this receptor in order to better
understand its relationship to the prevention and treatment of
disease.
[0010] To this end, of particular interest were the biological and
physicochemical properties of the compound cholic acid (CA), which
has the structure shown below:
##STR00003##
[0011] Cholic acid is a primary bile acid in human and many animal
species, also reported as one of the main components together with
bilirubin of Calculus Bovis, a highly valued traditional Chinese
medicine (Chen, X., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 63, 533-541). Cholic
acid (CA) differs from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and its
derivatives described above by the presence at C-12 of an
additional alph.alpha.-hydroxyl group oriented on the polar side of
the molecule. This "minor" structural difference accounts for the
remarkably different physicochemical and biological features of
these two bile acids. With respect to CDCA, protonated CA is about
4-fold more soluble and relatively less detergent as a result of
its hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and polarity. Moreover, CA is
devoid of activity toward FXR receptor (EC50 >100 .mu.M) while
showing moderate agonistic activity on TGR5 (EC50=13.6 .mu.M). As
an even more important consideration, it was previously reported
that the pharmacological administration of CA at 0.5% w/w in
diet-induced obese mice efficiently prevents and treats metabolic
syndrome (Katsuma, S., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 329,
386). While this study provided interesting results related to the
endocrine functions of bile acids, the high dosage required (0.5%
w/w) still limited the proof of concept concerning the therapeutic
relevance of TGR5 in the context of metabolic diseases, since the
modulation of other and unknown targets could not be ruled out at
that dose. An additional issue was also the risk associated with
testing a high dose of CA in clinical trials due to the production
of the toxic secondary metabolite BA DCA via extensive and
efficient intestinal bacteria 7.alpha.-dehydroxylation (Nagengast,
F. M., Eur. J. Cancer, 1995, 31A, 1067).
[0012] Thus, there is a need for the development of TGR5 modulators
for the treatment and/or prevention of various diseases. The
present invention has identified compounds that modulate TGR5 as
well as methods of using these compounds to treat or prevent
disease.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention relates to TGR5 modulators and their
use to treat and/or prevent various diseases. The invention relates
to compounds according to formula A:
##STR00004##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In formula A,
variables R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6,
R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, and R.sub.10 can be selected from the
respective groups of chemical moieties later defined in the
detailed description. The invention includes a composition
comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least
one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The invention also
includes the use of a composition or compound of the invention or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug
thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for a treating or
preventing a disease in a subject. In one aspect, the disease is
selected from metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liver
disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease,
cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.
[0014] The above description sets forth rather broadly the more
important features of the present invention in order that the
detailed description thereof that follows may be understood, and in
order that the present contributions to the art may be better
appreciated. Other objects and features of the present invention
will become apparent from the following detailed description
considered in conjunction with the examples.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0015] FIG. 1 is a graph that shows the impact of compound Ih3e on
body weight gain in chow and high fat fed mice.
[0016] FIG. 2A is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the plasma
levels of blood glucose.
[0017] FIG. 2B is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels
of the liver enzyme LDH.
[0018] FIG. 2C is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels
of the liver enzyme ASAT.
[0019] FIG. 2D is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels
of the liver enzyme ALAT.
[0020] FIG. 2E is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the heart
rate.
[0021] FIG. 2F is a bar graph that shows a comparison of total
cholesterol.
[0022] FIG. 2G is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels
of HDL-cholesterol.
[0023] FIG. 2H is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels
of LDL-cholesterol.
[0024] FIG. 2I is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels
of triglycerides.
[0025] FIG. 3A is a bar graph that shows the results of plasma
insulin analysis in chow and high fat fed mice treated with
compound Ih3e.
[0026] FIG. 3B is a graph that shows oral glucose tolerance test in
chow and high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0027] FIG. 4 is a graph that shows changes in glucose levels in
chow diet mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0028] FIG. 5A is a graph that shows insulin release over 30 min in
vivo after a test meal in chow and high fat fed mice treated with
compound Ih3e.
[0029] FIG. 5B is a graph that shows fold increase in insulin
release compared to basal insulin level in vivo after a test meal
in chow and high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0030] FIG. 5C is a bar graph that shows the fold increase in
insulin release compared to basal insulin levels in vivo after a
test meal in chow and high fat fed mice treated with compound
Ih3e.
[0031] FIG. 5D is a bar graph that shows the fold increase in
insulin release compared to basal insulin levels in vivo after a
test meal in chow and high fat fed mice treated with compound
Ih3e.
[0032] FIG. 6A is a graph that shows a comparison of oxygen
consumption (VO.sub.2) from 3 pm to 9 am.
[0033] FIG. 6B is a graph that shows a comparison of carbon dioxide
release (VCO.sub.2) from 3 pm to 9 am.
[0034] FIG. 6C is a bar graph that shows a comparison of oxygen
release (VO.sub.2) during dark phase.
[0035] FIG. 6D is a bar graph that shows a comparison of carbon
dioxide release (VO.sub.2) during dark phase.
[0036] FIG. 7A is a graph that shows the respiratory exchange ratio
(RER) value as calculated after indirect calorimetry in chow fed
mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0037] FIG. 7B is a graph that shows the respiratory exchange ratio
(RER) value as calculated after indirect calorimetry in high fat
fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0038] FIG. 7C is a bar graph that shows the respiratory exchange
ratio (RER) value as calculated after indirect calorimetry in chow
and high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0039] FIG. 8A is a graph that shows locomotor activity for chow
and high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0040] FIG. 8B is a bar graph that shows food and water intake for
chow and high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.
[0041] FIG. 9 is a legend for a series of graphs (FIGS. 9A-9C) that
shows changes in body, organ, and tissue weights for chow and high
fat fed mice treated and not treated with compound Ih3e.
[0042] FIG. 9A is a bar graph that shows the percentage change in
body weight, organ weight (liver, kidney, and heart), and adipose
tissue weight (peri WAT, epi WAT, Sc WAT, and BAT) in mice fed a
chow diet plus compound Ih3e.
[0043] FIG. 9B is a bar graph that shows the percentage change in
body weight and organ weight (liver, kidney, and heart) in mice fed
a high fat diet and in mice fed a high fat diet plus compound
Ih3e.
[0044] FIG. 9C is a bar graph that shows the percentage change in
adipose tissue weight (peri WAT, epi WAT, Sc WAT, and BAT) in mice
fed a high fat diet and in mice fed a high fat diet plus compound
Ih3e.
[0045] FIG. 10 is a graph that depicts the surface tension plotted
against the logarithm of the concentrating of compound Ih3e (mM) in
NaCl 0.15M.
[0046] FIG. 11 is a bile flow chart for a duodenal infusion
experiment performed using compound Ih3e.
[0047] FIG. 12 is a bile flow chart for a femoral infusion
experiment performed using compound Ih3e.
[0048] FIG. 13 is a graph that depicts secretion rates verses time
in femoral and duodenal infusion experiments performed using
compound Ih3e.
[0049] FIG. 14A that shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolites
identified in bile using mass spectrometry in the iv experiment.
Data are reported as absolute area values.
[0050] Figure B is a zoom display of FIG. 14A.
[0051] FIG. 14C shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolites
identified in bile using mass spectrometry.
[0052] FIG. 14D is a zoom display of FIG. 14C.
[0053] FIG. 15 is a graph that shows the stability of compound Ih3e
(triangle) and CA (square) in human stool culture.
[0054] FIG. 16 is a bar graph that shows the dose-dependent release
of GLP-1 ex vivo induced by compound Ih3e.
[0055] FIG. 17A shows correlation plots for liver mRNA expression
of TGR5 and CoxVI1 a in the mouse BxD genetic reference population
(n=41).
[0056] FIG. 17B is a bar graph that shows Cox activity in STC-1
cells treated for 1 hr with compound Ih3e at the concentration
indicated. Vehicle or adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-12330-A (MDL)
(1 .mu.M) was added 15 min prior to treatment (n=3).
[0057] FIG. 17C is a graph showing oxygen consumption in STC-1
cells as measured using the XF24 extracellular flux analyzer
(Seahorse Bioscience). The first vertical dotted line indicates the
addition of vehicle or MDL-12330-A (MDL) to culture medium, and the
second dotted line depicts the treatment with compound Ih3e at 1
.mu.M (n=10).
[0058] FIG. 17D is a bar graph that shows ATP/ADP ratio in STC-1
cells treated as in FIG. 17B (n=3).
[0059] FIG. 17E shows correlation plots for liver mRNA expression
of TGR5 and Kir6.2 in the mouse BxD genetic reference population
according to a similar strategy as described FIG. 17A.
[0060] FIG. 17F is a bar graph that shows mRNA expression levels of
TGR5, CoxIV, and Kir6.2 in STC-1 cells transfected for 36 hr with
control or mTGR5 shRNA as was measured by real-time quantitative
PCR. Target mRNA levels were normalized to 36B4 mRNA levels (n=3).
The data are represented as mean.+-.SE; Student's unpaired t test;
*p<0.05.
[0061] FIG. 18A shows correlation plots for liver mRNA expression
of TGR5 and Cav2.2 in the mouse BxD genetic reference population
(n=41) as found at the GeneNetwork University of Tennessee
website.
[0062] FIG. 18B is a graph that shows intracellular calcium level
in NCI-H716 cells transfected with mock vector, hTGR5 expression
vector, or hTGR5 siRNA for 36 hr and treated with 1 .mu.M of
compound Ih3e. The arrow represents compound Ih3e treatment
(n=3).
[0063] FIG. 18C is a graph that shows intracellular calcium level
in NCI-H716 cells transfected with mock vector, hTGR5 expression
vector, or hTGR5 siRNA for 36 hr and treated with 10 .mu.M of
compound Ih3e. The arrow represents compound Ih3e treatment
(n=3).
[0064] FIG. 18D is a graph that shows the intracellular calcium
level in NCI-H716 cells treated with 3 .mu.M of compound Ih3e
(indicated by the arrow) in the presence of vehicle or adenylate
cyclase inhibitor MDL-12330-A (MDL) (10 .mu.M). MDL or vehicle was
added 15 min prior to compound Ih3e treatment (n=3).
[0065] FIG. 18E is a graph that shows the intracellular calcium
level in NCI-H716 cells treated with 1% glucose and then with 1
.mu.M of compound Ih3e (n=3).
[0066] FIG. 18F is a bar graph that shows GLP-1 release in NCI-H716
cells treated with 1% glucose or 1 .mu.M compound Ih3e, or a
combination of both agents (n=3).
[0067] FIG. 18G is a bar graph that shows GLP-1 release in STC-1
cells transfected for 36 hr with control, mTGR5 expression vector,
or mTGR5 shRNA and then exposed 30 min to compound Ih3e at the
indicated concentration. A DPP4 inhibitor (Millipore) was added
into culture medium at 0.1% (n=3).
[0068] FIG. 18H is a bar graph that shows the impact of 30 min of
compound Ih3e treatment on GLP-1 release in STC-1 cells transfected
with mTGR5 expression vector in the presence of vehicle or
adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-1 2330-A (10 .mu.M). MDL or vehicle
was added 15 min prior to compound Ih3e treatment. A DPP4 inhibitor
(Millipore) was added into culture medium at 0.1% (n=3). The data
are represented as mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test;
.sup.#p<0.05 vehicle versus compound Ih3e treatment;
.sup.#p<0.05 vehicle versus MDL-1 2330-A treatment.
[0069] FIG. 19A is a graph which shows the results of an oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in male TGR5-Tg mice fed for 10 weeks
with HF diet and in age-matched male littermates fed with a CD or a
HF diet for the same duration. All mice were 8 weeks old at the
initiation of the HF diet. Bodyweight of TGR5-Tg and control
littermates was 37.9.+-.1.7 g and 37.0.+-.1.8 g, respectively (n=8;
not statistically different). The adjacent bar graph represents the
average area under the curve (AUC) (n=8).
[0070] FIG. 19B shows plasma levels of insulin (top panel) and
GLP-1 (bottom panel) during OGTT (n=8).
[0071] FIG. 19C show plasma levels of insulin (top panel) and GLP-1
(bottom panel) before and after a test meal challenge (n=8).
[0072] FIG. 19D is a bar graph that shows GLP-1 release from ileal
explants isolated from control and TGR5-Tg male mice fed for 18
weeks with HF diet and exposed for 1 hr to the indicated
concentrations of LCA (n=4).
[0073] FIG. 19E is a series of pictures which are representative
immunofluorescent insulin-stained pancreatic sections from TGR5-Tg
male mice fed with a HF diet for 20 weeks or from male age-matched
littermates fed with a CD or a HF diet for the same duration.
[0074] FIG. 19F is a bar graph that shows a distribution profile of
pancreatic islets from male TGR5-Tg mice and control littermates
fed with a CD or a HF diet as described in (FIG. 19E). Islets were
counted and sized by the ImageJ analysis software on four
H&E-stained alternated pancreatic sections spaced each by 150
.mu.M (n=5).
[0075] FIG. 19G is a bar graph that shows insulin content in
collagenase-isolated pancreatic islets from male TGR5-Tg mice and
control littermates fed with a CD or a HF diet as described in
(FIG. 19E).
[0076] FIG. 19H is a graph that shows the results of an OGTT in
TGR5.sup.-/- and TGR5.sup.+/+ male mice fed with a HF diet for 8
weeks. The inset represents the average AUC. Body weight of
TGR5.sup.-/- and TGR5.sup.+/+ male mice at time of analysis was
46.3.+-.3.9 g and 51.9.+-.2.0 g, respectively (n=8; not
statistically different).
[0077] FIG. 19I is a graph that shows plasma GLP-1 levels in CD-fed
TGR5.sup.+/+ after an oral glucose challenge, preceded 30 min
before by the oral administration of saline or compound Ih3e (30
mg/kg), alone or in combination with a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4
inhibitor (DPP4i, 3 mg/kg) (n=6). The data are represented as
mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test; .sup.#p<0.05, HF-fed
compared to HF-fed compound Ih3e-treated mice; and .sup.#p<0.05,
HF-fed versus CD-fed mice except for (FIG. 19I), where * assessed
saline- or DPP4i-treated mice versus compound Ih3e or
Ih3e+DPP4i-treated mice, and .sup.#saline-versus DPP4i-treated
mice.
[0078] FIG. 19J is a graph that shows plasma GLP-1 levels in CD-fed
TGR5.sup.-/- mice after an oral glucose challenge, preceded 30 min
before by the oral administration of saline or compound Ih3e (30
mg/kg), alone or in combination with a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4
inhibitor (DPP4i, 3 mg/kg) (n=6). The data are represented as
mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test; .sup.#p<0.05, HF-fed
compared to HF-fed compound Ih3e-treated mice; and .sup.#p<0.05,
HF-fed versus CD-fed mice except for (19J), where * assessed
saline- or DPP4i-treated mice versus compound Ih3e or
Ih3e+DPP4i-treated mice, and .sup.#saline-versus DPP4i-treated
mice.
[0079] FIG. 20A is graph which shows the results of measurement by
HPLC of plasma compound Ih3e levels in CD-, HF-, and HF-fed
Ih3e-treated male C57BL6/J mice.
[0080] FIG. 20B is a graph that shows the result of dietary
intervention with compound Ih3e (30 mg/kg/d) was started after a
14-week period of HF feeding at the time indicated by the arrow.
Body weight evolution in all groups was followed throughout the
study (n=8).
[0081] FIG. 20C is a bar graph that shows body composition as
assessed by qNMR after 8 weeks of dietary intervention (n=8).
[0082] FIG. 20D is a bar graph that shows organ mass as expressed
as percent of the weight of CD-fed control mice.
[0083] FIG. 20E is a bar graph that shows food intake (n=8).
[0084] FIG. 20F is a series of bar graphs which show spontaneous
horizontal activity and energy expenditure, evaluated by the
measurement of oxygen consumption (VO.sub.2) and carbon dioxide
release (VCO.sub.2), that were monitored over a 18 hr period 6
weeks after the initiation of the dietary intervention. The
respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated as the ratio
VCO.sub.2/VO.sub.2. Bar graphs represent the average AUC. For the
RQ, bar graphs represent the average (n=8).
[0085] FIG. 20G is a bar graph that shows gene expression in BAT by
real-time quantitative PCR after 18 weeks of dietary intervention.
Target mRNA levels were normalized to 36B4 mRNA levels (n=8).
[0086] FIG. 20H is a graph that shows primary brown adipocytes
isolated from CD-fed C57BL/6J male mice were cultured for 12 hr
with vehicle or 3 .mu.M compound Ih3e, and O.sub.2 consumption was
measured by using the XF24 extracellular flux analyzer (Seahorse
Bioscience) (n=5). The dotted lines illustrate the addition of the
uncoupling agent FCCP at successive doses of 250 and 500 nM.
[0087] FIG. 20I is a series of pictures that are representative
pictures of oil redO (ORO) staining of cryosections (top panel) and
Sirius red staining of paraffin-embedded sections (bottom panel) of
the liver at the end of the dietary intervention. Fibrosis is
indicated by the arrow.
[0088] FIG. 20J is a series of bar graphs that show 1Lipid content
in liver samples extracted according to Folch's method (n=8).
[0089] FIG. 20K is a series of bar graphs that show plasma levels
of liver enzymes at the end of the dietary intervention (n=8). The
data are represented as the mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test;
*p<0.05, HF-fed compared to HF-fed Ih3e-treated mice; and
.sup.#p<0.05, HF-fed versus CD-fed mice.
[0090] FIG. 20L is a series of bar graphs that show plasma levels
of lipids at the end of the dietary intervention (n=8). The data
are represented as the mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test;
*p<0.05, HF-fed compared to HF-fed Ih3e-treated mice; and
.sup.#p<0.05, HF-fed versus CD-fed mice.
[0091] FIG. 21A is a graph that shows the result of an OGTT in CD-
and HF-fed male C57BL6/J mice supplemented with 30 mg/kg/d compound
Ih3e for 8 weeks following the onset of obesity induced by feeding
a HF diet during 10 weeks. The inset represents the average AUC.
Body weight of vehicle and compound Ih3e treated mice was
38.08.+-.1.83 g and 32.26.+-.0.95 g, respectively (n=8;
p<0.05).
[0092] FIG. 21B is a graph that shows fasting glycemia and
insulinemia (4 hr fasting) in DIO mice after 3 weeks of dietary
intervention with compound Ih3e (top panel). Plasma insulin levels
during OGTT in DIO mice (bottom panel).
[0093] FIG. 21C is a graph that shows the result of an OGTT in
14-week-old CD-fed db/db male mice treated with 30 mg/kg/d compound
Ih3e for 6 weeks. The inset shows the average AUC (n=8).
[0094] FIG. 21D is a graph that shows fasting (4 hr) glycemia and
insulinemia in db/db mice after 6 weeks of treatment with compound
Ih3e (top panel). Plasma insulin levels during OGTT in DIO mice
(bottom panel).
[0095] FIG. 21E is a series of two bar graphs that show insulin
sensitivity evaluated through the average glucose infusion rate at
equilibrium (euglycemia) in a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (10
mU insulin/min/kg) in DIO mice (following the onset of obesity
induced by feeding a HF diet during 10 weeks) after 10 weeks of
dietary intervention with compound Ih3e (30 mg/kg/d) (n=5). The
evaluation of liver glucose production and its suppression by
insulin, as well as the rate of glucose disappearance, was assessed
at equilibrium using 3H-glucose (n=5).
[0096] FIG. 21F is a series of bar graphs that show
insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the indicated tissues was
measured by using 14C-2-deoxyglucose tracers (n=5).
[0097] FIG. 21G is a series of bar graphs that show gene expression
profiling in liver that was performed by real-time quantitative
PCR. Target mRNA levels were normalized to 36B4 levels (n=8). The
data are represented as mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test;
*p<0.05, HF-fed compared to HF-fed compound Ih3e treated mice;
and .sup.#p<0.05, HF-fed versus CD-fed mice.
[0098] FIG. 22A is a series of graphs that shows the results of a
study where TGR5.sup.+/+ and TGR5.sup.-/- male mice were fed a HF
diet for 9 weeks, and a first OGTT was performed thereafter. HF was
then supplemented with compound Ih3e at 30 mg/kg/d. A second OGTT
was performed 4 weeks after treatment with compound Ih3e was
initiated. Curves represent glucose tolerance before and after 4
weeks' treatment with compound Ih3e in TGR5.sup.+/+ (left panel)
and TGR5.sup.-/- (right panel) mice. The inset represents the
average AUC. In TGR5.sup.+/+ mice, body weight before and after
compound Ih3e treatment was 46.86.+-.3.54 g and 43.50.+-.3.47 g,
respectively (n=8; not statistically different). In
TGR5.about./mice, body weight before and after compound Ih3e
treatment was 54.34.+-.2.23 g and 52.30.+-.2.72 g, respectively
(n=8; not statistically different).
[0099] FIG. 22B is a series of graphs which show plasma insulin
levels that were concurrently measured during the OGTT in DIO in
TGR5.sup.+/+ (left panel) and TGR5.sup.-/- (right panel) mice
before and after 4 weeks' treatment with compound Ih3e. The inset
represents the average AUC (n=8). The data are represented as
mean.+-.SE. Student's unpaired t test; *p<0.05, vehicle compared
to compound Ih3e 7-treated mice.
[0100] FIG. 23 is a graph that shows compounds Ih3e and Ii3e bile
flow rates in a femoral infusion experiment at 1 .mu.mol/min/kg for
1 h and bile flow rate in a femoral experiment as control infusing
3% BSA physiological solution for 1 h.
[0101] FIG. 24 is a graph that shows compound Ih3e and tauro-Ih3e
secretion rates vs. time in a femoral experiment at 1
.mu.mol/min/kg for 1 h.
[0102] FIG. 25 is a graph that shows compound Ii3e and tauro-Ii3e
secretion rates vs. time in femoral experiment at 1 .mu.mol/min/kg
for 1 h.
[0103] FIG. 26 is a graph that shows compound Ih3e and its main
metabolites identified in bile samples collected during the femoral
infusion experiment. Data are reported as absolute area values.
[0104] FIG. 27 is a zoom display of FIG. 26.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0105] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are
set forth in the accompanying description below. Although any
methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present
invention, the methods and materials are now described. Other
features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent
from the description. In the specification, the singular forms also
include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used
herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In the
case of conflict, the present specification will control.
Definitions
[0106] For convenience, certain terms used in the specification,
examples and appended claims are collected here.
[0107] The term "treating", as used herein, means relieving,
lessening, reducing, eliminating, modulating, or ameliorating, i.e.
causing regression of the disease state or condition.
[0108] The term "preventing", as used herein means, to completely
or almost completely stop a disease state or condition, from
occurring in a patient or subject, especially when the patient or
subject is predisposed to such or at risk of contracting a disease
state or condition. Preventing can also include inhibiting, i.e.
arresting the development, of a disease state or condition, and
relieving or ameliorating, i.e. causing regression of the disease
state or condition, for example when the disease state or condition
may already be present.
[0109] The term "6-Et,23(S)-MeCA" refers to the compound Ih3e
having the chemical structure:
##STR00005##
Alternatively, compound Ih3e may also be referred to as
6.alpha.-ethyl-(23S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.
trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid.
[0110] As used herein, "BA" means bile acid and bile acid
derivatives. Bile acids are steroid carboxylic acids derived from
cholesterol. The primary bile acids are cholic and chenodeoxycholic
acids. In the body, these acids are conjugated with glycine or
taurine before they are secreted into the bile.
[0111] "Alkyl" includes saturated aliphatic groups, including
straight-chain alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,
pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl), branched-chain alkyl
groups (e.g., isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl), cycloalkyl (e.g.,
alicyclic) groups (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl), alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and
cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. In certain embodiments, a
straight chain or branched chain alkyl has six or fewer carbon
atoms in its backbone, referred to as "lower alkyl" (e.g.,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 for straight chain meaning 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
carbon atoms, C.sub.3-C.sub.6 for branched chain meaning 3, 4, 5,
or 6 carbon atoms). In some examples, a straight chain or branched
chain alkyl has four or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone.
Further, cycloalkyls have 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms in their
ring structure.
[0112] The term "substituted alkyl" refers to an alkyl moieties
having a substituent replace one or more hydrogen atoms on at least
one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents
can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,
aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,
alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,
dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,
phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino,
dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino),
acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino,
carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio,
arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato,
sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,
heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic
moiety.
[0113] "Aryl" includes groups with aromaticity, including 5- and
6-membered "unconjugated", or single-ring, aromatic groups that may
include from zero to four heteroatoms, as well as "conjugated", or
multicyclic, systems with at least one aromatic ring. Examples of
aryl groups include benzene, phenyl, pyrrole, furan, thiophene,
thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole,
oxazole, isooxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and
pyrimidine, and the like. Furthermore, the term "aryl" includes
multicyclic aryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g.,
naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole,
benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline,
isoquinoline, napthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran,
deazapurine, or indolizine. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in
the ring structure may also be referred to as "aryl heterocycles",
"heterocycles," "heteroaryls" or "heteroaromatics". The aromatic
ring can be substituted at least one ring position with such
substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl,
alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,
aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,
aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl,
arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,
aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato,
phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino,
arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including
alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),
amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,
sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,
trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an
aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Aryl groups can also be fused or
bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclic rings, which are not
aromatic so as to form a multicyclic system (e.g., tetralin,
methylenedioxyphenyl).
[0114] Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, "lower
alkyl" includes an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from
one to ten, for example, from one to six, carbon atoms in its
backbone structure.
[0115] The term "alkoxy" or "alkoxyl" includes alkyl, alkenyl, and
alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of
alkoxy groups (or alkoxyl radicals) include methoxy, ethoxy,
isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy groups.
[0116] The term "ether" includes compounds or moieties which
contain an oxygen bonded to two different carbon atoms or
heteroatoms. For example, the term includes "alkoxyalkyl" which
refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to
an oxygen atom which is covalently bonded to another alkyl
group.
[0117] The term "ester" includes compounds and moieties which
contain a carbon or a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is
bonded to the carbon of a carbonyl group. The term "ester" includes
alkoxycarboxy groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl,
propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, etc. The alkyl,
alkenyl, or alkynyl groups are as defined above.
[0118] The term "hydroxy" or "hydroxyl" includes groups with an
--OH or --O.sup.-.
[0119] The term "halogen" includes fluorine, bromine, chlorine,
iodine, etc. The term "perhalogenated" generally refers to a moiety
wherein all hydrogens are replaced by halogen atoms.
[0120] An "anionic group," as used herein, refers to a group that
is negatively charged at physiological pH. Anionic groups include
carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfinate, sulfamate, tetrazolyl,
phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, or phosphorothioate or
functional equivalents thereof "Functional equivalents" of anionic
groups are intended to include bioisosteres, e.g., bioisosteres of
a carboxylate group. Bioisosteres encompass both classical
bioisosteric equivalents and non-classical bioisosteric
equivalents. Classical and non-classical bioisosteres are known in
the art (see, e.g., Silverman, R. B. The Organic Chemistry of Drug
Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, Calif.,
1992, pp. 19-23). Another anionic group is a carboxylate.
[0121] The term "unstable functionality" refers to a substitution
pattern that contains a labile linkage, e.g., a functionality or
bond that is susceptible to hydrolysis or cleavage under
physiological conditions (e.g., aqueous solutions in the neutral pH
range). Examples of unstable functionalities include acetals and
ketals.
[0122] The terms "crystal polymorphs" or "polymorphs" refer to the
existence of more than one crystal form for a compound, salt or
solvate thereof. Crystal polymorphs of the bile acid analog
compounds are prepared by crystallization under different
conditions.
[0123] The term "R-EMCA" refers to the compound
6.alpha.-ethyl-23(R)-methylcholic acid having the structure:
##STR00006##
Alternatively may be referred to as
6.alpha.-ethyl-(23R)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.
trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
[0124] Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for
example, the salts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated
or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other
solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of hydrates include
monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimiting examples of solvates
include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.
[0125] "Solvates" means solvent addition forms that contain either
stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some
compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent
molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate.
If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate, when the
solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates
are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water
with one of the substances in which the water retains its molecular
state as H.sub.2O, such combination being able to form one or more
hydrate.
[0126] It will be noted that the structure of some of the compounds
of the invention include asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be
understood accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry
(e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers) are included within the
scope of the invention, unless indicated otherwise. Such isomers
can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation
techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis.
Enantiomers (R- and S-configurations) are named according to the
system developed by R. S. Cahn, C. Ingold, and V. Prelog.
[0127] Further, the structures and other compounds discussed in
this application include all atropic isomers thereof. Atropic
isomers are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two
isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe
their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of
rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers
typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent
advances in chromatography techniques, it has been possible to
separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases.
[0128] "Stable compound" and "stable structure" are meant to
indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive
isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and
formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
[0129] As used herein, the term "analog" refers to a chemical
compound that is structurally similar to another but differs
slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by an
atom of a different element or in the presence of a particular
functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by
another functional group). Thus, an analog is a compound that is
similar to or comparable in function and appearance to the
reference compound.
[0130] As defined herein, the term "derivative", e.g., in the term
"bile acid derivatives", refers to compounds that have a common
core 4-membered ring structure, and are substituted with various
groups as described herein.
[0131] The term "bioisostere" refers to a compound resulting from
the exchange of an atom or of a group of atoms with another,
broadly similar, atom or group of atoms. The bioisosteric
replacement may be physicochemically or topologically based.
Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include acyl sulfonimides,
tetrazoles, sulfonates, and phosphonates. See, e.g., Patani and
LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176 (1996).
[0132] "Combination therapy" (or "co-therapy") includes the
administration of a compound of the invention and at least a second
agent as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide
the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic
agents (i.e., the compound of the invention and at least a second
agent). The beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is
not limited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action
resulting from the combination of therapeutic agents.
Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically
is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes, hours,
days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).
"Combination therapy" may, but generally is not, intended to
encompass the administration of two or more of these therapeutic
agents as part of separate monotherapy regimens that incidentally
and arbitrarily result in the combinations of the present
invention. "Combination therapy" is intended to embrace
administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner,
that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a
different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic
agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a
substantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneous
administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering
to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each
therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the
therapeutic agents. Sequential or substantially simultaneous
administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any
appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes,
intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption
through mucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can be
administered by the same route or by different routes. For example,
a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be
administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic
agents of the combination may be administered orally.
Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be
administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered
by intravenous injection. The sequence in which the therapeutic
agents are administered is not narrowly critical.
[0133] "Combination therapy" also embraces the administration of
the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination
with other biologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies
(e.g., surgery or mechanical treatments). Where the combination
therapy further comprises a non-drug treatment, the non-drug
treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a
beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the
therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment is achieved. For example,
in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect is still achieved when
the non-drug treatment is temporally removed from the
administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even
weeks.
[0134] The terms "parenteral administration" and "administered
parenterally" as used herein refer to modes of administration other
than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and
includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular,
intra-arterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital,
intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal,
subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,
subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and
infusion.
[0135] The term "pulmonary" as used herein refers to any part,
tissue or organ whose primary function is gas exchange with the
external environment, e.g., O.sub.2/CO.sub.2 exchange, within a
patient. "Pulmonary" typically refers to the tissues of the
respiratory tract. Thus, the phrase "pulmonary administration"
refers to administering the formulations described herein to any
part, tissue or organ whose primary function is gas exchange with
the external environment (e.g., mouth, nose, pharynx, oropharynx,
laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli). For purposes of the present invention, "pulmonary" also
includes a tissue or cavity that is contingent to the respiratory
tract, in particular, the sinuses.
[0136] A "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of the
invention, or a combination of compounds is an amount (quantity or
concentration) of compound or compounds. In one embodiment, when a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound is administered to a
subject in need of treatment symptoms arising from the disease are
ameliorated immediately or after administration of the compound one
or more times. The amount of the compound to be administered to a
subject will depend on the particular disorder, the mode of
administration, co-administered compounds, if any, and the
characteristics of the subject, such as general health, other
diseases, age, sex, genotype, body weight and tolerance to drugs.
The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages
depending on these and other factors.
[0137] The term "prophylactically effective amount" means an amount
(quantity or concentration) of a compound of the present invention,
or a combination of compounds, that is administered to prevent or
reduce the risk of a disease--in other words, an amount needed to
provide a preventative or prophylactic effect. The amount of the
present compound to be administered to a subject will depend on the
particular disorder, the mode of administration, co-administered
compounds, if any, and the characteristics of the subject, such as
general health, other diseases, age, sex, genotype, body weight and
tolerance to drugs. The skilled artisan will be able to determine
appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors.
[0138] The term "reducing the risk of", as used herein, means to
lower the likelihood or probability of a central nervous system
disease, inflammatory disease and/or metabolic disease from
occurring in a patient, especially when the patient or subject is
predisposed to such occurrence.
[0139] A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" or "salt" of a compound
of the invention is a product of the compound that contains an
ionic bond, and is typically produced by reacting the compound with
either an acid or a base, suitable for administering to a
subject.
[0140] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to
derivatives of the compounds of the invention wherein the parent
compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples
of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited
to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines;
alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic
acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include
the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts
of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic
inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional
non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from
inorganic and organic acids selected from 2-acetoxybenzoic,
2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic,
benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic,
ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic,
glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic,
hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodide, hydroxymaleic,
hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic,
maleic, malic, mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric,
oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric,
polygalacturonic, propionic, salicylic, stearic, subacetic,
succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, and
toluene sulfonic.
[0141] The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present
invention can be synthesized from the parent compound that contains
a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or
base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the
appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a
mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl
acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists
of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA, p. 1445
(1990).
[0142] The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" is art-recognized.
In certain embodiments, the term includes compositions, polymers
and other materials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope
of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the
tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,
irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,
commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
[0143] The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is
art-recognized, and includes, for example, pharmaceutically
acceptable materials, compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or
solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating
material, involved in carrying or transporting any subject
composition from one organ, or portion of the body, to another
organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in
the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a
subject composition and not injurious to the patient. In certain
embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is
non-pyrogenic. Some examples of materials which may serve as
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as
lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and
potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4)
powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8)
excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils,
such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil,
olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as
propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol,
mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate
and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as
magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16)
pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution;
(19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other
non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical
formulations.
[0144] A "composition" or "pharmaceutically acceptable composition"
is a formulation containing a compound of the invention or salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In one embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition is in bulk or in unit dosage form. The
unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms, including, for
example, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump on an
aerosol inhaler, or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient
(e.g., a formulation of a compound of the invention or salts
thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount and
is varied according to the particular treatment involved. One
skilled in the art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary
to make routine variations to the dosage depending on the age and
condition of the patient. The dosage will also depend on the route
of administration. A variety of routes are contemplated, including
oral, pulmonary, rectal, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous,
intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, and the
like. Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of
a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments,
pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. In
another embodiment, the active compound is mixed under sterile
conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any
preservatives, buffers, or propellants that are required.
[0145] The term "flash dose" refers to compound formulations that
are rapidly dispersing dosage forms.
[0146] The term "immediate release" is defined as a release of
compound from a dosage form in a relatively brief period of time,
generally up to about 60 minutes. The term "modified release" is
defined to include delayed release, extended release, and pulsed
release. The term "pulsed release" is defined as a series of
releases of drug from a dosage form. The term "sustained release"
or "extended release" is defined as continuous release of a
compound from a dosage form over a prolonged period.
[0147] A "subject" includes mammals, e.g., humans, companion
animals (e.g., dogs, cats, birds, and the like), farm animals
(e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, fowl, and the like) and
laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, birds, and the
like). Typically, the subject is human.
[0148] Compounds of the invention also include prodrugs or
physiologically equivalent derivatives. A "prodrug" or
"physiologically equivalent derivative" includes a precursor form
of the drug which is metabolically converted in vivo to produce the
active drug. The invention further contemplates the use of prodrugs
which are converted in vivo to the TGR5 modulating compounds used
in the methods of the invention (see, e.g., R. B. Silverman, 1992,
"The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action", Academic
Press, Chp. 8). Such prodrugs can be used to alter the
biodistribution (e.g., to allow compounds which would not typically
cross the blood-brain barrier to cross the blood-brain barrier) or
the pharmacokinetics of the TGR5 modulating compound. For example,
an anionic group, e.g., a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate, can be
esterified, e.g., with an alkyl group (e.g., a methyl group) or a
phenyl group, to yield an ester. When the ester is administered to
a subject, the ester is cleaved, enzymatically or
non-enzymatically, reductively or hydrolytically, to reveal the
anionic group. Such an ester can be cyclic, e.g., a cyclic sulfate
or sulfone, or two or more anionic moieties may be esterified
through a linking group. An anionic group can be esterified with
moieties (e.g., acyloxymethyl esters) which are cleaved to reveal
an intermediate TGR5 modulating compound which subsequently
decomposes to yield the active TGR5 modulating compound. In one
embodiment, the prodrug is a reduced form of a carboxylate, sulfate
or sulfonate, e.g., an alcohol or thiol, which is oxidized in vivo
to the TGR5 modulating compound. Furthermore, an anionic moiety can
be esterified to a group which is actively transported in vivo, or
which is selectively taken up by target organs.
[0149] As used herein, the term "amino acid conjugates" refers to
conjugates of the compounds of the invention with any suitable
amino acid. Taurine (NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H) and glycine
(NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H) are examples of amino acid conjugates.
Suitable amino acid conjugates of the compounds have the added
advantage of enhanced integrity in bile or intestinal fluids.
Suitable amino acids are not limited to taurine and glycine. The
invention encompasses amino acid conjugates of the compounds of the
invention. More specifically, the invention includes amino acid
conjugates of compound Ih3e. Even more specifically, the invention
includes the taurine and glycine conjugates of compound Ih3e.
[0150] The term "compounds of the invention" refers to compounds
having the formulae described herein.
[0151] The term "TGR5 modulator" means any compound that interacts
with the TGR5 receptor. The interaction is not limited to a
compound acting as an antagonist, agonist, partial agonist, or
inverse agonist of the TGR5 receptor. In one aspect, the compounds
of the present invention act as an antagonist of the TGR5 receptor.
In another aspect, the compounds of the present invention act as an
agonist of the TGR5 receptor. In another aspect, the compounds of
the present invention act as a partial agonist of the TGR5
receptor. In another aspect, the compounds of the present invention
as an inverse agonist of the TGR5 receptor. The profile of a
ligand, traditionally, endogenous or synthetic, is characterized by
its intrinsic efficacy `e` originally described by Furchgott in
1966. It is used to express the degree to which the different
ligands produce varying biological responses while occupying the
same number of receptors. Generally, the term "agonist" means a
compound that enhances the activity of another molecule or receptor
site. An agonist, by classical definition, whether a orthosteric,
allosteric, inverse or a co-agonist has a property to bind to the
receptor, alter its receptor state and result in a biological
action. Consequently, agonism is defined as a property of an
agonist or a ligand to produce a biological action. In contrast to
this, an "antagonist" is essentially an agonist with high affinity
to the same receptor macromolecule, but with very less or
negligible intrinsic efficacy, and thus sterically prevents the
biological actions of an agonist. As a property, antagonism may be
functional or physiological, where an agonist has a direct
competition for the receptor site in former and opposing effects
via a different receptor-messenger system in the later. More
specifically, a TGR5 agonist is a receptor ligand or compound that
binds to TGR5 and increases the concentration of cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) by at least 20% in cells expressing the
receptor." Conversely, a TGR5 antagonist would be a compound that
antagonizes or blocks the activity of an agonist, thereby effecting
a reduction in the concentration of cAMP
[0152] The present invention relates to compounds having TGR5
receptor modulating activity and their use to treat and/or prevent
various diseases including metabolic disease, inflammatory disease,
liver disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease,
cancer, and gastrointestinal disease. Further, the present
invention relates to compounds of the formulae described
herein.
Compounds and Compositions
[0153] In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound of
formula A:
##STR00007##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R.sub.1
is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or
halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is
hydrogen, hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, substituted or
unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the
carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or
6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,
or hydroxy; R.sub.8 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted
alkyl; R.sub.9 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or
taken together R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 form a carbonyl; R.sub.10 is
R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is
an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one aspect, when R.sub.5 is
methyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, and R.sub.3 is hydroxyl or
NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, then R.sub.4 is not hydrogen.
[0154] In one aspect of the invention, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or
hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydrogen. R.sub.2 is
.alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is .alpha.-hydroxy.
R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is H. R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2
is H. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is hydroxy. At least one
of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the
same. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each .alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are each hydrogen.
[0155] In another aspect of the invention, R.sub.10 is R.sub.3.
R.sub.3 is hydroxyl, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H. R.sub.3 is hydroxyl. R.sub.3 is not
hydroxyl. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and m is 2. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H
and n is 1.
[0156] In another aspect of the invention, R.sub.4 is hydrogen or
unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.4 is unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.4 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 is methyl or ethyl.
R.sub.4 is methyl. R.sub.4 is ethyl. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the
same. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are different. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are
each hydrogen. R.sub.3 is hydroxyl and R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.3
is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, R.sub.4 is hydrogen, and m is 2.
R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H and R.sub.4 is hydrogen.
R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H, R.sub.4 is hydrogen, and n
is 1. R.sub.3 is H and R.sub.4 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.3 is
OH and R.sub.4 is methyl. R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is ethyl.
R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is methyl.
[0157] In another aspect, R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl. R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.5 is in the
R-configuration. R.sub.5 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.5 is S-methyl.
R.sub.5 is R-methyl. R.sub.5 is S-ethyl. R.sub.5 is R-ethyl.
R.sub.5 is substituted alkyl substituted with phenyl. R.sub.5 is
benzyl. R.sub.5 is S-benzyl. R.sub.5 is R-benzyl. R.sub.5 is aryl.
R.sub.5 is phenyl. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted alkyl, wherein
R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration and R.sub.4 is in the
alpha-configuration. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted
alkyl and R.sub.1 is hydroxy. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5
are each unsubstituted alkyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxy, and R.sub.2 is
hydrogen.
[0158] In one aspect of the invention, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
and R.sub.4 are hydrogen. R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are
hydrogen. R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen. At least one of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen. At least two of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 are hydrogen. At least three
of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 are hydrogen. At least
four of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 are hydrogen.
[0159] In one aspect of the invention, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and
R.sub.4 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are
hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. R.sub.2 is hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH.
At least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen and
R.sub.3 is OH. At least two of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 are
hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are
hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH.
[0160] In another aspect of the invention, at least one of R.sub.1
or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R.sub.1 or
R.sub.7 is methyl. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is ethyl. At
least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is propyl. R.sub.1 is methyl.
R.sub.1 is ethyl. R.sub.1 is propyl. R.sub.7 is methyl. R.sub.7 is
ethyl. R.sub.7 is propyl. Both R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are
unsubstituted alkyl. Both R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are methyl. Both
R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are ethyl. R.sub.7 is hydrogen. R.sub.7 is
hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydrogen. R.sub.1 is hydroxyl. One of R.sub.1
or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and the other R.sub.1 or R.sub.7
is hydrogen. One of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and
the other R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is hydroxy. At least one of R.sub.1 or
R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is methyl and
R.sub.5 is methyl. R.sub.7 is hydroxy and both R.sub.1 and R.sub.5
are unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.1 is hydroxyl and both R.sub.7 and
R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7
is unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. At least
one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5 is in
the R-configuration.
[0161] In another aspect, R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.7 is methyl.
R.sub.1 is methyl and R.sub.7 is hydroxy. R.sub.6 is unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.6 is methyl. R.sub.6 is ethyl. R.sub.6 is propyl.
[0162] In another aspect, R.sub.8 is hydrogen. R.sub.8 is
unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.8 is methyl. R.sub.8 is ethyl. R.sub.8
is propyl. R.sub.2 is .alpha.-hydroxy and R.sub.8 is unsubstituted
alkyl. In another aspect, R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 form a carbonyl.
[0163] In one aspect, R.sub.10 is R.sub.3. R.sub.3 is hydroxyl. At
least one of R.sub.8 or R.sub.9 is hydrogen. R.sub.8 and R.sub.9
are both hydrogen. At least one of R.sub.8 or R.sub.9 is
unsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R.sub.8 or R.sub.9 is methyl.
At least one of R.sub.8 or R.sub.9 is ethyl. In another aspect,
R.sub.10 is SO.sub.3H.
[0164] In another aspect of the present invention, when R.sub.2,
R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are each hydrogen, R.sub.3 is hydroxyl, and one
of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then the other
R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is not methyl. In another aspect, when R.sub.2
is .alpha.-OH; R.sub.3 is hydroxyl; R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are each
hydrogen; and one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or hydroxyl,
then the other R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is not methyl. In another aspect,
the present invention does not include the following compounds:
3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-7.beta.-methyl-5.beta.-cholanoic acid,
3.alpha.,7.beta.-dihydroxy-7.alpha.-methyl-5.beta.-cholanoic acid,
3.alpha.-hydroxy-7.epsilon.-methyl-5.beta.-cholanoic acid,
3.alpha.,7.beta.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-7.alpha.-methyl-5.beta.-cholan-24-o-
ic acid;
3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-7.beta.-methyl-5.beta.-cho-
lan-24-oic acid; and
3.alpha.,12.alpha.-dihydroxy-7.epsilon.-methyl-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid.
[0165] In another aspect of the present invention, when R.sub.3 is
hydroxyl and one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is methyl and the other
R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then R.sub.2, R.sub.4
and R.sub.6 are not all hydrogen. In another aspect, when R.sub.2
is .alpha.-OH, R.sub.3 is hydroxyl, and one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7
is methyl and the other R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or
hydroxyl, then R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are not all hydrogen.
[0166] According to one aspect, the present invention provides a
compound of formula I:
##STR00008##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R.sub.1
is hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or
.alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H,
or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, unsubstituted
or substituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen or R.sub.5 and
R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are attached
form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; m is an integer 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, or 5, and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one aspect,
when R.sub.5 is methyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, and R.sub.3 is
hydroxyl or NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, then R.sub.4 is not
hydrogen.
[0167] In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds
where R.sub.1 is hydrogen or hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydroxy. R.sub.1
is hydrogen. R.sub.1 is .alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 is
.beta.-hydroxy.
[0168] In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds
where R.sub.1 is halogen. R.sub.1 is fluorine. R.sub.1 is
.alpha.-fluorine. R.sub.1 is .beta.-fluorine. The stereochemistry
of R.sub.1 in the .alpha.- and .beta.-configurations is shown
below:
##STR00009##
[0169] In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds
where R.sub.2 is .alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.1 is
.beta.-hydroxy and R.sub.2 is .alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 is
.beta.-hydroxy and R.sub.2 is H. R.sub.1 is .alpha.-hydroxy and
R.sub.2 is H.
[0170] In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds
where at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is hydroxy. In another
aspect, at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are the same. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each .alpha.-hydroxy.
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each hydrogen.
[0171] In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds
where R.sub.3 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H,
or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H. R.sub.3 is hydroxyl. R.sub.3 is not
hydroxyl. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H. In another
aspect, R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and m is 2. R.sub.3
is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H. In another aspect, R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H and n is 1.
[0172] In another aspect, R.sub.4 is hydrogen or alkyl. R.sub.4 is
hydrogen. R.sub.4 is lower alkyl. R.sub.4 is lower alkyl and the
lower alkyl group is in the alpha configuration. R.sub.4 in the
alpha configuration means that R.sub.4 has the stereochemistry
shown in the structure below.
##STR00010##
[0173] In another aspect, R.sub.4 is halogen. R.sub.4 is fluorine.
R.sub.4 is halogen and the halogen is in the alpha configuration.
R.sub.4 is .alpha.-fluorine.
[0174] In another aspect, R.sub.4 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.4 is
methyl. R.sub.4 is ethyl. R.sub.4 is .alpha.-methyl. R.sub.4 is
.alpha.-ethyl. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same. R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 are different. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each hydrogen.
R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and R.sub.4 is hydrogen.
R.sub.3 is hydroxyl and R.sub.4 is hydrogen. In another aspect,
R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, R.sub.4 is hydrogen and m
is 2. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H and R.sub.4 is
hydrogen. In another aspect, R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H, R.sub.4 is hydrogen and n is 1.
[0175] In another aspect, R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is alkyl.
R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is lower alkyl. Lower alkyl is in the
alpha configuration. R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is methyl. R.sub.3
is OH and R.sub.4 is ethyl. R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is
.alpha.-methyl. R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is .alpha.-ethyl.
[0176] In another aspect, R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl. R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted lower alkyl. R.sub.5
is in the S-configuration. R.sub.5 is in the R-configuration.
R.sub.5 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.5 is S-methyl. R-methyl. R.sub.5
is S-ethyl. R-ethyl. R.sub.5 is alkyl substituted with phenyl.
R.sub.5 is lower alkyl substituted with phenyl. R.sub.5 is benzyl.
R.sub.5 is S-benzyl. R.sub.5 is R-benzyl.
[0177] In another aspect, R.sub.5 is aryl. R.sub.5 is phenyl.
[0178] In another aspect, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each
unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each lower
unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each lower
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.4
and R.sub.5 are each lower unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.4 is in
the alpha configuration. In another aspect, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are
not hydrogen.
[0179] In another aspect, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each lower
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.1 is .alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.4 and
R.sub.5 are each lower unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.2 is hydrogen.
R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each lower unsubstituted alkyl, R.sub.1 is
.alpha.-hydroxy, and R.sub.2 is hydrogen.
[0180] In another aspect, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with
the carbons to which they are attached form a ring size of 3, 4, 5,
or 6 atoms. R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to
which they are attached form a 3-membered ring. The 3-membered ring
has the following stereochemistry:
##STR00011##
The 3-membered ring has the following stereochemistry:
##STR00012##
[0181] In another aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4
are hydrogen. R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are hydrogen. R.sub.2
and R.sub.3 are hydrogen. In another aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and
R.sub.4 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are
hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. R.sub.2 is hydrogen and R.sub.3 is
OH.
[0182] In another aspect, at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen. In another aspect, at least two of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 are hydrogen. In another
aspect, at least three of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 are
hydrogen. In another aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4
are hydrogen. In another aspect, at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
or R.sub.4 is hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. In another aspect, at
least two of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 are hydrogen and R.sub.3
is OH. In another aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.4 are
hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. In another aspect, the present
invention does not include when R.sub.5 is methyl, R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, and R.sub.2 is H or OH.
[0183] In another aspect of the present invention, the compound is
selected from Compounds Ia, Ib, Ic, Ig, Ih, Ii, Io, Ip, Iq, Ia1,
Ib1, Ic1, Ig1, Ih1, Ii1, Il1, Im1, In1, Io1, Ip1, Iq1, Ia2, Ib2,
Ic2, Id2, Ie2, If2, Ig2, Ih2, Ii2, Il2, Im2, In2, Io2, Ip2, Iq2,
Ia3, Ib3, Ic3, Id3, Ie3, If3, Ig3, Ih3, Ii3, Il3, Im3, In3, Ia4,
Ib4, Ic4, Id4, Ie4, If4, Ig4, Ih4, Ii4, Il4, Im4, In4, Ia5, Ib5,
Ic5, Id5, Ie5, If5, Ig5, Ih5, Ii5, Il5, Im5, In5, Ib3e, Ic3e, Id3e,
Ie3e, If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Il3e, Im3e, In3e, Ia4e, Ib4e, Ic4e,
Id4e, Ie4e, If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Il4e, Im4e, In4e, Ia5e, Ib5e,
Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e, If5e, Ig5e, Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e, Im5e, Io5, Ip5,
Iq5, and Ir5.
[0184] In another aspect of the present invention, the compound is
not selected from Compounds Id, Ie, If, Id1, Il, Im, and In. In
another aspect, the compound is not selected from Ie1 and If1.
[0185] Another aspect of the present invention includes a
composition or medicament comprising a compound of formula I:
##STR00013##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen,
hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy;
R.sub.3 is hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted lower alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen or R.sub.5
and R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are
attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; m is an integer
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In
another aspect, the present invention includes a composition or
medicament comprising a compound of formula I with proviso that
when R.sub.5 is methyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, and R.sub.3 is hydroxy
or NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, then R.sub.4 is not hydrogen.
[0186] Another aspect of the invention includes compounds of
Formula IA:
##STR00014##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R.sub.1
is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or
halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is
hydroxy, hydrogen, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, substituted or
unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the
carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or
6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,
or hydroxy; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an
integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one aspect, when R.sub.5 is methyl,
R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, and R.sub.3 is hydroxy or
NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, then R.sub.4 is not hydrogen.
[0187] In one aspect, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or hydroxy. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydrogen. R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is
.alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is H. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy and R.sub.2 is H. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is
hydroxy. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are the same. R.sub.1 is hydroxyl and R.sub.2 is
.alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each hydrogen.
[0188] In one aspect, R.sub.3 is hydrogen, hydroxy,
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H.
R.sub.3 is hydroxy. R.sub.3 is not hydroxy. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H
and m is 2. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H and n is 1.
[0189] In another aspect, R.sub.4 is hydrogen or unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.4 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4
is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.4 is
methyl. R.sub.4 is ethyl. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same. R.sub.3
and R.sub.4 are different. R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each hydrogen.
R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is hydrogen.
[0190] In another aspect, R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H
and R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4 is hydrogen, and m is 2. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H and R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H, R.sub.4 is hydrogen, and n is 1.
R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.3 is OH and
R.sub.4 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is
methyl. R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is ethyl. R.sub.3 is OH and
R.sub.4 is methyl.
[0191] In one aspect, R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl. R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.5 is in the
R-configuration. R.sub.5 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.5 is S-methyl.
R.sub.5 is R-methyl. R.sub.5 is S-ethyl. R.sub.5 is R-ethyl.
R.sub.5 is substituted with phenyl. R.sub.5 is benzyl. R.sub.5 is
S-benzyl. R.sub.5 is R-benzyl. In another aspect, R.sub.5 is aryl.
For example, R.sub.5 is phenyl.
[0192] R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4
and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5
is in the S-configuration. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each
unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted
alkyl and R.sub.1 is hydroxy. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5
are each unsubstituted alkyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxy, and R.sub.2 is
hydrogen.
[0193] In one aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are
hydrogen. R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are hydrogen. R.sub.2 and
R.sub.3 are hydrogen. At least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or
R.sub.4 is hydrogen. At least two of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or
R.sub.4 is hydrogen. At least three of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
or R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 is
hydrogen.
[0194] In one aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.4 are hydrogen
and R.sub.3 is OH. R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 is
OH. R.sub.2 is hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. At least one of R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. At least two of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH. All of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.4 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 is OH.
[0195] In another aspect, at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is
unsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is methyl.
At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is ethyl. At least one of
R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is propyl. Both R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are
unsubstituted alkyl. Both R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are methyl. Both
R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are ethyl. R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are the same.
R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are different. R.sub.7 is hydrogen. R.sub.7 is
hydroxy. One of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and the
remaining R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is hydrogen. One of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7
is unsubstituted alkyl and the remaining R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is
hydroxy. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl
and R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. At least one of
R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is methyl and R.sub.5 is methyl.
[0196] Both R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.7
is hydroxy. Both R.sub.7 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl and
R.sub.1 is hydroxy. R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and
R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl further wherein
R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5 is in the R-configuration.
[0197] In another aspect, R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.7 is methyl.
R.sub.1 is methyl and R.sub.7 is hydroxy. R.sub.6 is unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.6 is methyl. R.sub.6 is ethyl. R.sub.2, and R.sub.6
are each hydrogen. R.sub.2 and R.sub.6 are hydrogen and R.sub.5 is
unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.2 and R.sub.6 are hydrogen, R.sub.5 is
unsubstituted alkyl, and at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is
unsubstituted alkyl.
[0198] In one aspect, the compound is selected from Compounds Ia6,
Ib6, Ic6, Ig6, Ih6, Ii6, Io6, Ip6, Iq6, Ia7, Ib7, Ic7, Ig7, Ih7,
Ii7, Il7, Im7, In7, Io7, Ip7, Iq7, Ia8, Ib8, Ic8, Id8, Ie8, If8,
Ig8, Ih8, Ii8, Il8, Im8, In8, Io8, Ip8, Iq8, Ia9, Ib9, Ic9, Id9,
Ie9, If9, Ig9, Ih9, Ii9, Il9, Im9, In9, Ia10, Ib10, Ic10, Id10,
Ie10, If10, Ig10, Ih10, Ii10, Il10, Im10, In10, Ia11, Ib11, Ic11,
Id11, Ie11, If11, Ig11, Ih11, Ii11, Il11, Im11, In11, Ia9e, Ib9e,
Ic9e, Id9e, Ie9e, If9e, Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e, 119e, Im9e, In9e, Ia10e,
Ib10e, Ic10e, Id10e, Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e, Ih10e, Ii10e, Il10e,
Im10e, In10e, Ia11e, Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e, If11e, Ig11e,
Ih11e, Im11e, and In11e.
[0199] In another aspect of the present invention, when R.sub.2,
R.sub.4, and R.sub.6 are each hydrogen, R.sub.3 is hydroxyl, and
one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then the other
R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is not methyl. In another aspect, when R.sub.2
is .alpha.-OH; R.sub.3 is hydroxyl; R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are each
hydrogen; and one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or hydroxyl,
then the other R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is not methyl. In another aspect,
the present invention does not include the following compounds:
3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-7.beta.-methyl-5.beta.-cholanoic acid,
3.alpha.,7.beta.-dihydroxy-7.alpha.-methyl-5.beta.-cholanoic acid,
3.alpha.-hydroxy-7.epsilon.-methyl-5.beta.-cholanoic acid,
3.alpha.,7.beta.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-7.alpha.-methyl-5.beta.-cholan-24-o-
ic acid;
3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-7.beta.-methyl-5.beta.-cho-
lan-24-oic acid; and
3.alpha.,12.alpha.-dihydroxy-7.epsilon.-methyl-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid.
[0200] In another aspect of the present invention, when R.sub.3 is
hydroxyl and one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is methyl and the other
R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then R.sub.2, R.sub.4
and R.sub.6 are not all hydrogen. In another aspect, when R.sub.2
is .alpha.-OH, R.sub.3 is hydroxyl, and one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.7
is methyl and the other R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or
hydroxyl, then R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are not hydrogen.
[0201] Another aspect of the invention includes a composition or
medicament comprising a compound of formula IA:
##STR00015##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein: R.sub.1 is hydrogen,
hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or halogen; R.sub.2 is
hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydroxy,
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H;
R.sub.4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or
halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl;
R.sub.6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5
and R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are
attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R.sub.7 is
hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or hydroxy; and m is
an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
or 5.
[0202] In one aspect of the invention, when R.sub.5 is methyl,
R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, and R.sub.3 is hydroxyl or
NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, then R.sub.4 is not hydrogen.
[0203] Another aspect of the present invention includes a compound
of Formula II:
##STR00016##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R.sub.1
is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or
halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5
is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is
hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5 and
R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are attached
form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen,
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or hydroxy; and R.sub.8 is
hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect, when
R.sub.5 is methyl and R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, then R.sub.4 is not
hydrogen.
[0204] In one aspect, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or hydroxy. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydrogen. R.sub.1 is (3-hydroxy. R.sub.2 is
.alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is .alpha.-hydroxy.
R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is H. At least one of R.sub.1 or
R.sub.2 is hydroxy. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is hydrogen.
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same. R.sub.1 is hydroxyl and R.sub.2
is .alpha.-hydroxy. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each hydrogen.
[0205] In another aspect, R.sub.4 is hydrogen or unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.4 is hydrogen. R.sub.4 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4
is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.4 is
methyl. R.sub.4 is ethyl.
[0206] In one aspect, R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl. R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.5 is in the
R-configuration. R.sub.5 is methyl or ethyl. R.sub.5 is S-methyl.
R.sub.5 is R-methyl. R.sub.5 is S-ethyl. R.sub.5 is R-ethyl.
R.sub.5 is substituted with phenyl. R.sub.5 is benzyl. R.sub.5 is
S-benzyl. R.sub.5 is R-benzyl. R.sub.5 is aryl. R.sub.5 is phenyl.
R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.4 and
R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5 is in
the S-configuration. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each unsubstituted
alkyl and R.sub.1 is hydroxy. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.2 is hydrogen. R.sub.4 and R.sub.5
are each unsubstituted alkyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxy and R.sub.2 is
hydrogen.
[0207] In one aspect, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.4 are hydrogen.
R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen. R.sub.2 is hydrogen. At least one
of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen. At least two of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.4 is hydrogen. All of R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
or R.sub.4 is hydrogen.
[0208] In one aspect, R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl.
R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is methyl. R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is ethyl. R.sub.1
or R.sub.7 is propyl. Both R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are unsubstituted
alkyl. R.sub.7 is hydrogen. R.sub.7 is hydroxy. One of R.sub.1 or
R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and the remaining R.sub.1 or R.sub.7
is hydrogen. One of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and
the remaining R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is hydroxy. At least one of
R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. At least one of R.sub.1 or
R.sub.7 is methyl and R.sub.5 is methyl. R.sub.7 is hydroxy and
both R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy and both R.sub.7 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl. At
least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5
is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5 is
in the S-configuration. At least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.7 is
unsubstituted alkyl and R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted
alkyl, further wherein R.sub.5 is in the R-configuration. R.sub.7
is hydroxy and both R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl,
further wherein R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.7 is
hydroxy and both R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl,
further wherein R.sub.5 is in the R-configuration. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy and both R.sub.7 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl,
further wherein R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy and both R.sub.7 and R.sub.5 are unsubstituted alkyl,
further wherein R.sub.5 is in the R-configuration. R.sub.1 is
hydroxy and R.sub.7 is methyl. R.sub.1 is methyl and R.sub.7 is
hydroxy.
[0209] In another aspect, R.sub.6 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.6
is methyl. R.sub.6 is ethyl. R.sub.8 is hydrogen.
[0210] R.sub.8 is unsubstituted alkyl. R.sub.8 is methyl. R.sub.8
is ethyl. R.sub.2 is .alpha.-hydroxy and R.sub.8 is unsubstituted
alkyl.
[0211] In another aspect of the invention, the compound is selected
from Compounds Ia12, Ib12, Ic12, Ig12, Ih12, Ii12, Io12, Ip12,
Iq12, Ia13, Ib13, Ic13, Ig13, Ih13, Ii13, Il13, Im13, In13, Io13,
Ip13, Iq13, Ia14, Ib14, Ic14, Id14, Ie14, If14, Ig14, Ih14, Ii14,
Il14, Im14, In14, Io14, Ip14, Iq14, Ia15, Ib15, Ic15, Id15, Ie15,
If15, Ig15, Ih15, Ii15, Il15, Im15, In15, Ia16, Ib16, Ic16, Id16,
Ie16, If16, Ig16, Ih16, Ii16, Il16, Im16, In16, Ia17, Ib17, Ic17,
Id17, Ie17, If17, Ig17, Ih17, Ii17, Il17, Im17, In17, Ia15e, Ib15e,
Ic15e, Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e, Ih15e, Ii15e, Il15e, Im15e,
In15e, Ia16e, Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e, Ie16e, If16e, Ig16e, Ih16e,
Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e, In16e, Ia17e, Ib17e, Ic17e, Id17e, Ie17e,
If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e, Il17e, Im17e, and In17e.
[0212] Another aspect of the invention includes a composition or
medicament comprising a compound of formula II:
##STR00017##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein: R.sub.1 is hydrogen,
hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or halogen; R.sub.2 is
hydrogen or .alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, substituted or
unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the
carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or
6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,
or hydroxy; and R.sub.8 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted
alkyl. In one aspect, when R.sub.5 is methyl, R.sub.1 is hydroxyl,
and R.sub.3 is hydroxyl or NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, then
R.sub.4 is not hydrogen.
[0213] Another aspect of the invention includes a compound
according to formula III:
##STR00018##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is
hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or
.alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H,
or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen or R.sub.5 and
R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are attached
form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R.sub.7 is hydrogen,
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or hydroxy; R.sub.8 is hydrogen,
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; R.sub.9 is hydrogen,
unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken
together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
carbonyl; R.sub.10 is R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
[0214] Another aspect of the invention includes a compound
according to formula IIIA:
##STR00019##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is
hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.3 is hydroxy,
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H;
R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is
hydrogen or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to
which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms;
R.sub.7 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or hydroxy;
R.sub.8 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; R.sub.9 is
hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9
taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
carbonyl; R.sub.10 is R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
[0215] One aspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxyl.
Another aspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.8 and R.sub.9
taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
carbonyl and R.sub.10 is R.sub.3. In one aspect, R.sub.3 is
selected from hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H, and
NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H. In one aspect, R.sub.3 is hydroxy. In one
aspect, R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H. In one aspect,
R.sub.3 is NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H. One aspect of the invention
includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug
thereof, wherein R.sub.6 is hydrogen. One aspect of the invention
includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug
thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect,
R.sub.5 is methyl. One aspect of the invention includes a compound
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is
in the S-configuration. One aspect of the invention includes a
compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein
R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration and R.sub.5 is methyl. One aspect
of the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate,
or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.7 is hydrogen.
[0216] One aspect of the invention includes a compound selected
from Compounds Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Ig5e, Ih5e, and
Ii5e.
[0217] Another aspect of the invention includes a compound
according to formula IIIB:
##STR00020##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.3 is
hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.8 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl; R.sub.9 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken together with the
carbon to which they are attached form a carbonyl; R.sub.10 is
R.sub.3 or SO.sub.3H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is
an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. One aspect of the invention
includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug
thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect,
R.sub.5 is methyl. One aspect of the invention includes a compound
or salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is
in the S-configuration. One aspect of the invention includes a
compound or salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein
R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration and R.sub.5 is methyl. One aspect
of the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate,
or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken together with
the carbon to which they are attached form a carbonyl. One aspect
of the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate,
or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.10 is R.sub.3. In one aspect,
R.sub.3 is selected from hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H, and
NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H. In one aspect, R.sub.3 is hydroxy. In one
aspect, R.sub.3 is NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H. In one aspect,
R.sub.3 is NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H.
[0218] Another aspect of the invention includes a compound
according to formula IIIC:
##STR00021##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.3 is
hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H, or
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. One aspect of the
invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or
prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.3 is selected from hydroxy,
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H, and NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H. In one
aspect, R.sub.3 is hydroxy. In one aspect, R.sub.3 is
NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2SO.sub.3H. In one aspect, R.sub.3 is
NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H. One aspect of the invention includes a
compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein
R.sub.5 is unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect, R.sub.5 is methyl.
One aspect of the invention includes a compound or salt, solvate,
hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is in the
S-configuration. One aspect of the invention includes a compound or
salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is in
the S-configuration and R.sub.5 is methyl.
[0219] Another aspect of the invention includes a compound
according to formula IV:
##STR00022##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R.sub.1
is hydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R.sub.2 is hydrogen or
.alpha.-hydroxy; R.sub.3 is hydroxy, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H,
or NH(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2H; R.sub.5 is unsubstituted or
substituted alkyl, or aryl; R.sub.6 is hydrogen or R.sub.5 and
R.sub.6 taken together with the carbons to which they are attached
form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; m is an integer 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
[0220] In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy.
In another aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is alpha
hydroxy. In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a
salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is beta
hydroxy. In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a
salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is
methyl.
[0221] In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is
unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect, the invention includes a
compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein
R.sub.5 is methyl. In one aspect, the invention includes a compound
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.5 is
in the R-configuration. In one aspect, the invention includes a
compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein
R.sub.5 is in the S-configuration.
[0222] In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.6 is hydrogen.
In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen.
In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt,
solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.2 is alpha
hydroxy. In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a
salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R.sub.3 is
hydroxyl.
[0223] One aspect of the invention includes a compound selected
from Compounds Ib3e, Ic3e, Id3e, Ie3e, If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e,
Il3e, Im3e, In3e, Ia4e, Ib4e, Ic4e, Id4e, Ie4e, If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e,
Ii4e, Il4e, Im4e, In4e, Ia5e, Ib5e, Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e, If5e, Ig5e,
Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e, Im5e, In5e, Ia9e, Ib9e, Ic9e, Id9e, Ie9e, If9e,
Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e, Il9e, Im9e, In9e, Ia10e, Ib10e, Ic10e, Id10e,
Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e, Ih10e, Ii10e, Il10e, Im10e, In10e, Ia11e,
Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e, If11e, Ig11e, Ih11e, Ii11e, Il11e,
Im11e, In11e, Ia15e, Ib15e, Ic15e, Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e,
Ih15e, Ii15e, Il15e, Im15e, In15e, Ia16e, Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e,
Ie16e, If16e, Ig16e, Ih16e, Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e, In16e, Ia17e,
Ib17e, Ic17e, Id17e, Ie17e, If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e, Il17e,
Im17e, and In17e.
[0224] The invention includes Compound Ih3e:
##STR00023##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In one aspect, the
invention includes the taurine conjugate of Compound Ih3e:
##STR00024##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In one aspect,
includes the glycine conjugate of Compound Ih3e:
##STR00025##
or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
[0225] One aspect of the invention includes Compounds Ib3e, Ic3e,
Id3e, Ie3e, If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Il3e, Im3e, In3e, Ia4e, Ib4e,
Ic4e, Id4e, Ie4e, If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Il4e, Im4e, In4e, Ia5e,
Ib5e, Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e, If5e, Ig5e, Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e, Im5e, and
In5e.
[0226] One aspect of the invention includes Compounds Ia9e, Ib9e,
Ic9e, Id9e, Ie9e, If9e, Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e, Il19e, Im9e, In9e, Ia10e,
Ib10e, Ic10e, Id10e, Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e, Ih10e, Ii10e, Il10e,
Im10e, In10e, Ia11e, Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e, If11e, Ig11e,
Ih11e, Ii11e, Il11e, Im11e, and In11e.
[0227] One aspect of the invention includes Compounds Ia15e, Ib15e,
Ic15e, Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e, Ih15e, Ii15e, Il15e, Im15e,
In15e, Ia16e, Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e, Ie16e, If16e, Ig16e, Ih16e,
Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e, In16e, Ia17e, Ib17e, Ic17e, Id17e, Ie17e,
If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e, Il17e, Im17e, and In17e.
[0228] In one aspect, the invention includes a compound of the
invention, wherein the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt.
[0229] One aspect of the invention includes a composition
comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least
one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0230] The present invention also includes radiolabeled compounds
of the invention Radiolabeled compounds can be prepared using
conventional techniques. For example, radiolabeled compounds of the
invention can be prepared by reacting the compound of the invention
with tritium gas in the presence of an appropriate catalyst to
produce radiolabeled compounds having the formulae described
herein. In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are
tritiated.
Use and Methods
[0231] The invention includes the use of a compound or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug
thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for a treating or
preventing disease in a subject. The invention also includes a
method of treating or preventing disease in a subject by
administering a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
[0232] One aspect of the invention includes the use or method,
wherein the disease is selected from metabolic disease,
inflammatory disease, liver disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac
disease, kidney disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.
[0233] In one aspect, the invention includes a metabolic disease
selected from obesity, diabetes, diabesity, metabolic syndrome,
insulin resistance, including pre-diabetic insulin resistance,
hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In one aspect, the metabolic
disease is obesity. In another aspect, the metabolic disease is
diabetes. In one aspect, diabetes is selected from pre-diabetes and
type II diabetes. In one aspect, the metabolic disease is metabolic
syndrome. In one aspect, the metabolic disease is insulin
resistance. In one aspect, the metabolic disease is dyslipidemia.
In one aspect, the metabolic disease is diabesity. The term
"diabesity" refers to a condition wherein the subject has both
diabetes and excessive weight.
[0234] In one aspect, the invention includes an inflammatory
disease selected from allergy, osteoarthritis (OA), chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), appendicitis, bronchial
asthma, pancreatitis, allergic rash, and psoriasis.
[0235] In one aspect, the invention includes an autoimmune disease
selected from rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type I
diabetes.
[0236] In one aspect, the invention includes a gastrointestinal
disease selected from inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease,
ulcerative colitis), short bowel syndrome (post-radiation colitis),
microscopic colitis, irritable bowel syndrome (malabsorption), and
bacterial overgrowth.
[0237] In one aspect, the invention includes kidney disease
selected from diabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure,
glomerular nephritis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic
glomerulonephritis, chronic transplant glomerulopathy, chronic
interstitial nephritis, and polysystic kidney disease.
[0238] In one aspect, the invention includes cancer selected from
colorectal cancer, liver cancer, heptacellular carcinoma, cholangio
carcinoma, renal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer,
prostate cancer, and insulanoma.
[0239] In one aspect, the invention includes liver disease selected
from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug
induced hepatitis, hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis,
primary sclerosing cholangitis, portal hypertension, bile
desaturation, Gaucher's disease, Wilson's disease, al-antitrypsin
deficiency, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), cholelithiasis,
TPN-associated cholestasis and sepsis.
[0240] In one aspect, the invention includes the autoimmune disease
erythematosus.
[0241] In one aspect, the invention includes cardiac disease
selected from congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction,
atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, arteriosclerosis and
cerebrovascular disease (hemorrhage, stroke, cerebrovascular
infarction).
[0242] In one aspect, the invention includes a use or method,
wherein the compound of the invention is a TGR5 agonist. In one
aspect, the selectivity ratio of TGR5 EC.sub.50 to FXR EC.sub.50 is
less than 0.05.
[0243] In one aspect, the invention includes a use or method,
wherein the compound or composition is administered to the subject
orally, parentally, intravenously, or topically. In one aspect, the
subject is human.
[0244] One aspect of the invention includes a use or method
comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective
amount of the compound of the invention. In one aspect, the
invention includes a use or method comprising administering to
subject in need thereof. The present invention includes a use or
method comprising administering to a subject a prophylatically
effective amount of the compound of the invention.
[0245] The compounds and compositions of the present invention can
be administered by various routes, e.g., oral, subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal. The referred routes
of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are oral,
subcutaneous, and intravenous at daily doses of about 0.01-5000 mg,
preferably 5-500 mg, of the FXR ligand for a 70 kg adult human per
day. The appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily
dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for
example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
[0246] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing a
compound of the invention, inert and pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers are used. The pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid
or liquid. Solid form preparations include, for example, powders,
tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and
suppositories. A solid carrier can be one or more substances that
can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers,
lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating
agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
[0247] In powders, the carrier is generally a finely divided solid
that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component,
e.g., a compound of the invention. In tablets, the active
ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding
properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and
size desired.
[0248] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of
suppositories, a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid
glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active
ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The
molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized
molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
[0249] Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5% to
about 70% by weight of the active ingredient of the compound of the
invention. Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium
carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin,
dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
[0250] The pharmaceutical compositions can include the formulation
of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier
providing a capsule in which the compound of the invention (with or
without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the
carrier is thus in association with the compound. In a similar
manner, cachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, cachets,
and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral
administration.
[0251] Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example,
solutions suitable for oral or parenteral administration,
suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration.
Sterile water solutions of the active component or sterile
solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water,
buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are
examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral
administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically
acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate
physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering
agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and
the like.
[0252] Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active
component (e.g., a compound of the invention) in the desired
solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a
membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving
the sterile compound in a previously sterilized solvent under
sterile conditions. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged
for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being
combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration.
The pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more
preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 and 8.
[0253] The pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the
invention can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic
treatments. In therapeutic applications, compositions are
administered in an amount sufficient to cure, reverse, or at least
partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the disease and its
complications. An amount adequate to cure, reverse, or at least
partially slow or arrest the symptom of the disease and its
complications is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose." In
prophylatic applications, compositions are administered in an
amount sufficient to prevent the symptoms of the disease and its
complications. An amount adequate to prevent the symptom of the
disease and its complications is defined as a "prophylatically
effective dose."
[0254] Amounts effective for therapeutic use will depend on the
severity of the disease or condition and the weight and general
state of the patient, but generally range from about 0.1 mg to
about 2,000 mg of the compound per day for a 70 kg patient, with
dosages of from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of the compound per day
for a 70 kg patient being more commonly used.
[0255] In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions
containing compounds of the invention are administered to a patient
susceptible to or otherwise at risk of developing disease, in an
amount sufficient to delay or prevent the onset of the disease
symptoms. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically
effective dose." In this use, the precise amounts of the compound
again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, but
generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg for a 70 kg
patient per day, more commonly from about 5 mg to about 500 mg for
a 70 kg patient per day.
[0256] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can
be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the
treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations
should provide a quantity of a compound of the invention sufficient
to effectively treat or prevent disease in the patient.
[0257] The invention also provides kits for preventing or treating
disease according to the use and method of the present invention.
In one aspect, the invention includes kit for treating or
preventing disease in a subject, wherein the kit comprises a
compound of the invention or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug
thereof. The kits typically include a pharmaceutical composition
that contains an effective amount of a compound of the invention,
as well as informational material containing instructions of how to
dispense the pharmaceutical composition, including description of
the type of patients who may be treated, the schedule (e.g., dose
and frequency) and route of administration, and the like.
Some representative compounds of the invention are shown below. The
following compounds below Ia-Ir5 pertain to at least formula I: Ia:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H If: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ih: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ii: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Il: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Im: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H
In: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Io: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ip: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Iq: R.sub.1=H,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ia1:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib1: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic1: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Id1: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ie1: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H If1: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ig1: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ih1: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ii1: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Il1: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Im1: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H In1: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Io1: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ip1: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H Iq1: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ia2: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Ib2: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic2: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Id2: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Ie2: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If2: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ig2: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Ih2: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H
Ii2: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Il2: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Im2: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H
In2: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H
Io2: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ip2: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H
Iq2: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ia3: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib3:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic3: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id3:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie3: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If3:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig3: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ih3: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ii3: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ii3:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Im3:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H In3:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ia4:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib4:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic4:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id4:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie4:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If4:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig4:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ih4: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ii4:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Il4: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Im4:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H In4: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ia5:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib5:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic5:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id5:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie5:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If5:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig5:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ih5: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ii5: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Il5: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Im5: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H In5: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ib3e: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic3e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id3e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie3e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If3e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig3e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ih3e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ii3e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Il3e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Im3e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H In3e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ia4e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib4e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic4e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id4e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie4e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If4e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig4e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ih4e: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ii4e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Il4e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Im4e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H In4e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ia5e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ib5e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H Ic5e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Id5e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ie5e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H If5e:
R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H Ig5e:
R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ih5e: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H Ii5e: R.sub.1=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Il5e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H Im5e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H In5e: R.sub.1=.beta.-OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H
##STR00026##
The following compounds In6-In11e pertain to at least formula IA:
Ia6: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib6: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic6: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Id6: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie6: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If6:
R.sub.1=Me R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig6: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih6:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii6: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il6: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Im6:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In6: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Io6: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ip6: R.sub.1=H,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Iq6: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ia7: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib7: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic7: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Id7: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie7: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If7: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig7: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih7: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii7: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il7: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Im7: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In7: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Io7: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ip7: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Iq7: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ia8: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Ib8: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic8: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Id8: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Ie8: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If8: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig8: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Ih8: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Ii8: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Il8: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Im8: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH In8: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Io8: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ip8: R.sub.1=H,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Iq8: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Ia9: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib9:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic9: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Id9: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie9:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If9: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Ig9: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih9:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii9: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il9: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Im9: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In9:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ia10: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib10: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic10: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Id10: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie10: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If10: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig10: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih10:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii10: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il10:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Im10: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In10:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ia11: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib11: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic11: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Id11: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie11: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If11: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig11: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih11: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii11: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il11: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Im11: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In11: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ia9e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib9e:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic9e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me Id9e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie9e:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If9e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Ig9e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih9e:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii9e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il9e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH Im9e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In9e:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ia10e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib10e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic10e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Id10e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie10e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If10e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig10e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih10e:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii10e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il10e:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Im10e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In10e:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ia11e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ib11e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ic11e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Id11e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ie11e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH If11e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Ig11e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ih11e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Ii11e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me Il11e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH Im11e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH In11e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.3=NHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH The following compounds Ia12-In17e pertain to
at least formula II: Ia12: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.5=H Ib12: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.5=H Ic12: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id12: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ie12:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If12: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig12: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ih12: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ii12:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il12: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Im12: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H In12:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Io12: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ip12:
R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ig12: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ia13: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ib13: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ic13: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Id13: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ie13: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If13: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ig13: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ih13: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ii13: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il13:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Im13: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H In13: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Io13:
R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ip13: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Iq13: R.sub.1=H,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ia14: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ib14: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ic14:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id14: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ie14: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H If14: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig14: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ih14: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ii14:
R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il14: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Im14: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H In14:
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Io14: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ip14:
R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Iq14: R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=H,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ia15: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ib15: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.2=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Ic15: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id15: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ie15: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If15: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig15: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ih15: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ii15: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il15: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Im15: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H In15: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ia16: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ib16: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.2=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ic16: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id16: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ie16: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If16 R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig16: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ih16: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ii16: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il16: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Im16: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H In16: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ia17: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ib17: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ic17: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id17: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ie17: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If17: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig17: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ih17: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ii17: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il17: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Im17: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H In17: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Me, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ia15e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ib15e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ic15e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id15e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ie15e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If15e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig15e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ih15e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Ii15e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il15e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Im15e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H
In15e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ia16e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ib16e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Ic16e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id16e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ie16e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If16e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig16e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ih16e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Ii16e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il16e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Im16e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H
In16e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ia17e: R.sub.1=OH,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Ib17e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Ic17e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me,
R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Id17e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH,
R.sub.8=H Ie17e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H If17e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Ig17e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me,
R.sub.8=H Ih17e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H
Ii17e: R.sub.1=OH, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=Me, R.sub.8=H Il17e: R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S,R)Me, R.sub.6=H,
R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H Im17e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH,
R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et, R.sub.5=(S)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H
In17e: R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=.alpha.-OH, R.sub.4=.alpha.-Et,
R.sub.5=(R)Me, R.sub.6=H, R.sub.7=OH, R.sub.8=H
[0258] All publications and patent documents cited herein are
incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication or
document was specifically and individually indicated to be
incorporated herein by reference. Citation of publications and
patent documents is not intended as an admission that any is
pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the
contents or date of the same. The invention having now been
described by way of written description, those of skill in the art
will recognize that the invention can be practiced in a variety of
embodiments and that the foregoing description and examples below
are for purposes of illustration and not limitation of the claims
that follow.
Example 1: Synthesis of TGR5 Modulators
[0259] The compounds of the invention, and related derivatives, can
be synthesized by methods known to one skilled in the art. Detailed
methods for synthesizing these compounds are described below. See,
also, WO 02/072598, WO 2004/0007521, EP 1568706 and EP 135782. In
the case of the compound where R.sub.1 is hydrogen, R.sub.2 and
R.sub.3 are hydroxy and R.sub.4 is a lower alkyl group, the
compound of formula (I) can be obtained in accordance with the
following scheme:
##STR00027##
[0260] Methyl chenodeoxycholanoate (1) was protected in 3- and
7-position by treatment with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in dioxane in
presence of catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) to
give the corresponding 3.alpha.,7.alpha.-tetrahydropyranyloxy
analog (2). Reaction of 2 with methyl iodide (or with an
appropriate alkyl halide), at -78.degree. C. using lithium
diisopropylamide as a base and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent,
followed by treatment with methanolic HCl afforded the
corresponding methyl
23-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oate (3).
Hydrolysis with alkali of the methyl ester 3 and purification by
flash chromatography yielded the desired
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ib) and
23(R)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ic).
Preparation of 23(R)- and
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ib, Ic)
a) Methyl
3.alpha.,7.alpha.-ditetrahydropyranyloxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oate
(2)
[0261] p-Toluenesulfonic acid (78 mg, 0.41 mmol),
3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrane (20.1 ml, 0.098 mol) were added to a solution
of methyl 3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oate (1)
(2.0 g, 4.9 mmol) in dioxane (6 mL). The reaction mixture was
stirred at room temperature for 15 min. H.sub.2O (50 mL) was then
added and the mixture was partially concentrated under vacuum and
extracted with EtOAc (3.times.50 mL). The combined organic
fractions were washed with brine (1.times.50 mL), dried
(Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was
purified by chromatography on silica gel column. Elution with light
petroleum/ethyl acetate 80/20 afforded 2.5 g of the pure compound 2
(90% yield).
[0262] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.64 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18),
0.89 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19), 0.92 (d, 3H, CH.sub.3-21), 3.31-3.67 (m,
4H, --CH.sub.2OCH--), 3.65 (s, 3H, CO.sub.2CH.sub.3), 3.67 (m, 1H,
CH-3), 3.88 (brs, 1H, CH-7), 4.67 (brs, 1H, --O--CH--O--), 4.73
(brs, 1H, --O--CH--O--).
b) Methyl
23(R,S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oat- e
(3)
[0263] n-Butyl lithium (4.3 mL, 2.2 M solution in hexane) were
added dropwise at -78.degree. C. to a solution of diisopropylamine
(1.4 mL, 10.1 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL). The system was kept to
-78.degree. C. for additional 30 min and then, methyl
3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-tetrahydropyranyloxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oate
(2) (1.8 g, 3.2 mmol) dissolved in dry THF (14 mL) was added
dropwise to the mixture. After 20 min methyl iodide (1.4 mL, 22.0
mmol) dissolved in dry THF (7 mL) was slowly added and the mixture
was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The solvents
were removed under vacuum and acidified by 10% HCl and extracted
with EtOAc (5.times.50 mL), washed with 5% Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3
solution (2.times.50 mL), dried (over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4),
filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The crude residue was then
treated with a solution of 2N HCl in MeOH (50 mL) for 12 h. The
residue was evaporated under vacuum and taken up with EtOAc (100
mL), washed with a saturated NaHCO.sub.3 solution (2.times.50 mL),
dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and evaporated under vacuum. The residue
was purified by silica gel flash chromatography. Elution with light
petroleum/ethyl acetate 70/30 afforded 1.1 g (2.7 mmol) of the pure
compound 3 (84% yield).
[0264] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.62 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18),
0.87 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19), 0.92 (d, 3H, CH.sub.3-21), 2.38 (m, 1H,
CH-23), 3.27-3.40 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.55 (brs, 1H, CH-7), 3.63 (s, 3H,
CO.sub.2CH.sub.3).
c) 23(R)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid (Ib) and
23(S)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ic)
[0265] Methyl
23-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oate 0.97 g
(2.3 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (25 mL) and added with 10% NaOH in
MeOH (5.7 mL, 14.2.mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 16 h. The
mixture was acidified with 3N HCl and extracted with EtOAc
(3.times.20 mL). The combined organic fractions were washed with
brine (1.times.50 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and evaporated
under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel flash
chromatography. Elution with CHCl.sub.3:MeOH (95/5) afforded 1.5 g
(65%) of
23(S)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
and 330 mg of
23(R)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid.
23(S)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ib): mp: 125-126.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 0.44 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.69 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.73-0.76 (d, 3H CH.sub.3-21), 0.93-0.97 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3), 2.36
(m, 1H, CH-23), 3.15-3.38 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.62 (brs, 1H, CH-7).
.sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 11.55, 18.43, 18.87,
20.49, 22.69, 28.15, 28.57, 30.14, 32.65, 34.43, 34.61, 34.94,
35.23, 37.06, 39.17, 39.60, 40.81, 41.40, 42.57, 46.54, 50.29,
56.63, 68.24, 71.62, 179.99.
[0266]
23(R)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ic): mp: 163-164.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 0.43 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.65 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.65-0.69 (d, 3H CH.sub.3-21), 0.83-0.86 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3), 2.20
(m, 1H, CH-23), 3.09-3.15 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.58 (brs, 1H, CH-7).
.sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 11.94, 16.40, 18.30,
20.93, 23.06, 23.89, 28.85, 30.52, 33.08, 34.16, 34.91, 35.38,
35.68, 37.14, 39.49, 39.64, 40.04, 40.17, 41.92, 43.05, 50.69,
57.10, 68.51, 72.01, 181,09.
Example 2: Preparation of 23(S)- and
23(R)-methyl-6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-2-
4-oic acid (Ib3, Ic3)
[0267] The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of
6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid according to the procedure of Example 1.
[0268]
23(S)-Methyl-6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-ch-
olan-24-oic acid (Ib3): mp: 98-100.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR
(CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.89 (s, 3H,
CH.sub.3-19), 0.92-1.00 (m, 6H, CH.sub.3-21 and CH.sub.3-6),
1.15-1.19 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3), 2.45-2.73 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.31-3.52
(m, 1H, CH-3), 3.58 (brs, 1H, CH-7). .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 11.76, 15.72, 18.58, 18.88, 20.63, 23.11, 23.65, 28.19,
30.21, 30.47, 32.64, 33.79, 33.97, 34.61, 35.42, 35.66, 37.03,
39.60, 40.01, 40.71, 42.71, 47.35, 50.44, 56.60, 72.34, 72.87,
182.37.
[0269]
23(R)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ic3): mp: 89-90.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 0.65 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.88 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.88-0.92 (m, 3H, CH.sub.3-6), 0.95-0.99 (d, 3H, CH.sub.3-21),
1.08-1.14 (d, 3H-CH.sub.3), 2.35 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.29-3.48 (m, 1H,
CH-3), 3.57 (brs, 1H, CH-7). .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 11.70, 15.66, 16.02, 18.00, 20.61, 23.09, 23.60, 28.51,
30.39, 32.61, 33.72, 33.92, 35.38, 35.65, 36.33, 39.57, 39.94,
42.77, 47.30, 50.39, 56.53, 72.22, 72.83, 180.50.
Example 3: Preparation of 23(R)- and
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid (Ih, Ii)
[0270] The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of
3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
according to the procedure of Example 1.
[0271]
23(S)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan--
24-oic acid (Ih): mp: 237-239.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.87 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.96-0.98 (m, 3H, CH.sub.3-21), 1.07-1.11 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3),
2.44-2.73 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.35-3.50 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.82 (brs, 1H,
CH-7) 3.95 (brs, 1H, CH-12). .sup.13C-NMR (DMSO) .delta.: 12.72,
17.60, 19.24, 19.24, 23.00, 23.19, 26.59, 27.78, 28.88, 30.72,
34.77, 35.22, 35.66, 37.19, 41.84, 46.19, 47.27, 49.01, 66.69,
70.88, 71.45, 178.25.
[0272]
23(R)-Methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan--
24-oic acid (Ii): mp: 221-223.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.87 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.96-0.98 (m, 3H, CH.sub.3-21), 1.07-1.11 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3),
2.44-2.73 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.35-3.50 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.82 (brs, 1H,
CH-7) 3.95 (brs, 1H, CH-12). .sup.13C-NMR (DMSO) .delta.: 12.76,
16.88, 17.31, 23.04, 23.24, 26.62, 28.12, 28.94, 30.81, 33.97,
34.80, 35.28, 35.71, 37.20, 41.85, 46.29, 47.44, 66.67, 70.86,
71.45, 178.77.
Example 4: Preparation of 23(R)- and
23(S)-methyl-6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha..quadrature.,12.alpha.-trih-
ydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3, Ii3)
[0273] The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of
6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24--
oic acid according to the procedure of Example 1.
[0274]
23(S)-Methyl-6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-
-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3): mp: 131-134.degree. C.
.sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 0.65 (s, 3H,
CH.sub.3-18), 0.87 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19), 0.97-1.00 (m, 3H,
CH.sub.3-21), 1.14-1.18 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3), 1.23 (m, 1H, CH-6),
2.52 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.32-3.50 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.55 (brs, 1H, CH-7)
3.94 (brs, 1H, CH-12). .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 12.43, 145.66, 17.62, 18.92, 22.70, 23.14, 26.21, 27.45,
28.01, 30.03, 33.44, 34.11, 34.42, 35.30, 36.71, 39.97, 40.45,
41.73, 46.45, 47.25, 72.13, 72.76, 73.01, 180.53.
[0275]
23(R)-Methyl-6.alpha.-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-
-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid (Ii3): mp: 109-110.degree. C.
.sup.1H-NMR (CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 0.72 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.91
(s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19), 1.07-1.11 (m, 6H, --CH.sub.3 and
CH.sub.3-21), 2.37-2.53 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.15-3.42 (m, 1H, CH-3),
3.53 (brs, 1H, CH-7) 3.97 (brs, 1H, CH-12). .sup.13C-NMR
(CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 11.61, 15.04, 15.32, 16.15, 22.04, 22.75,
26.27, 27.62, 28.18, 29.61, 32.91, 33.74, 34.31, 35.06, 35.18,
36.56, 39.70, 40.25, 41.68, 46.19, 46.31, 71.76, 71.77, 72.62,
180.11.
Example 5: Preparation of 23(R)- and
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.-hydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid (Ip,
Iq)
[0276] The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of
3.alpha.-hydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid according to the
procedure of Example 1.
[0277] 23(S)-Methyl-3.alpha.-hydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Ip): mp: 161-162.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 0.60 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.88 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.92-1.01 (m, 3H, CH.sub.3-21), 1.13-1.16 (d, 3H, --CH.sub.3), 2.55
(m, 1H, CH-23), 3.60 (m, 1H, CH-3). .sup.13C-NMR
(CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 11.97, 18.52, 18.87, 20.73, 23.30,
24.14, 26.34, 27.10, 28.15, 30.18, 34.48, 34.50, 35.23, 35.74,
36.06, 37.01, 40.13, 40.34, 40.74, 41.99, 42.68, 56.43, 56.75,
71.70, 181.42.
[0278] 23(R)-Methyl-3.alpha.-hydroxy-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic acid
(Iq): mp: 152-153.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD)
.delta.: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-18), 0.89 (s, 3H, CH.sub.3-19),
0.94-1.03 (m, 3H, CH.sub.3-21), 2.45 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.59 (m, 1H,
CH-3). .sup.13C-NMR (CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 11.98, 15.97, 18.00,
20.75, 23.31, 24.14, 26.34, 27.11, 28.48, 30.26, 33.68, 34.50,
35.26, 35.77, 36.15, 36.46, 39.59, 40.13, 40.36, 42.01, 42.79,
56.45, 56.76, 71.71, 181.02.
Example 6: Preparation of
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-6.alpha.-ethyl-5.beta-
.-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3e)
##STR00028##
[0279] Synthesis of
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-6.alpha.-ethyl-5.beta-
.-cholan-24-oate (2)
[0280] To a solution of 1(2.78 g, 6.37 mmol) in MeOH (120 ml), pTSA
(0.12 g, 0.63 mmol) was added, and the mixture was treated with
ultrasound for 90'. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced
pressure, and the resulting residue was diluted with AcOEt (120
ml), washed with H.sub.2O (3.times.100 ml), brine (100 ml), dried
over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrated under reduced
pressure to give 2 (quantitative yield) that was used for the next
step without further purification.
[0281] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 0.63 (3H, s, 18-CH.sub.3),
0.84-0.88 (6H, s, 19-CH.sub.3+CH.sub.3CH.sub.2), 0.97 (3H, d,
J=6.62 Hz, 21-CH.sub.3), 3.30 (1H, m. 3-CH), 3.48 (3H, s,
COOCH.sub.3), 3.62 (1H, m, 7-CH), 3.97 (1H, m, 12-CH).
Methyl
3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-6.alpha.-ethyl-5.beta.-24-oa-
te (3)
[0282] To a solution of 2 (2.50 g, 5.55 mmol) in CHCl3 (60 ml) and
dimethoxymethane (34.10 ml, 166.66 mmol), P.sub.2O.sub.5 (14.18 g,
99.90 mmol) was added portion-wise, and the resulting suspension
was mechanically stirred for 45'. The mixture was then decanted,
and the organic layer was treated with NaHCO.sub.3 10% (50 ml) for
10'. The organic layer was then separated, and the aqueous layer
was extracted with CHCl.sub.3 (3.times.50 ml). The collected
organic layers were washed with brine (100 ml), dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrated under reduced pressure
to give 3 (3.14 g, 97%), that was used for the next step without
further purification.
[0283] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.67 (3H, s, 18-CH.sub.3),
0.88-1.04 (9H, m, 19-CH.sub.3+CH.sub.3CH.sub.2+21-CH.sub.3), 3.30
(1H, m. 3-CH), 3.30-3.40 (7H, m, 3-CH+2.times.CH.sub.3OCH.sub.2O),
3.45 (3H, s, CH.sub.3OCH.sub.2O), 3.50 (1H, m, 7-CH), 3.66 (3H. s,
COOCH.sub.3), 3.79 (1H, m, 12-CH), 4.57-4.75 (6H, m,
3.times.CH.sub.3OCH.sub.2O).
23(S)-methyl-3.alpha.,7.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxy-6.alpha.-ethyl-5.beta.-
-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3e)
[0284] To a solution of diisopropylamine (0.56 ml, 4.026 mmol) in
freshly distilled THF (15 ml) cooled at -78.degree. C. and under
N.sub.2 atmosphere, .sup.11BuLi 2.5N in hexane (1.53 ml, 3.840
mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at -78.degree.
C. for 30' and then a solution of 3 (350 mg, 0.60 1 mmol) dissolved
in freshly distilled THF (7 ml) was added dropwise. The resulting
solution was stirred at -78.degree. for 90'. Iodomethane (0.56 ml,
9.015 mmol) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at
-78.degree. C. for 60', and then slowly warmed to room temperature
overnight. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced
pressure, and the resulting residue was diluted with H.sub.2O (30
ml) and extracted with AcOEt (3.times.30 ml). The collected organic
layers were washed with brine (30 ml), dried over anhydrous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The
residue was then treated with a solution of MeOH/HCl 37% (20 ml,
20:1 vol/vol) at 45.degree. for 8 h. The mixture was concentrated
under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was diluted with
H.sub.2O (30 ml) and extracted with AcOEt (3.times.30 ml). The
combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 ml), dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrate under reduced pressure.
The resulting residue was treated with a solution of NaOH 10% in
MeOH (15 ml) at 45.degree. C. for 24 h. The mixture was then
concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was
diluted with H.sub.2O (20 ml), washed with .sup.iPr.sub.2O
(3.times.1 5 ml), acidify with HCl 3N, and finally extracted with
CHCl.sub.3 (3.times.20 ml). The organic layers were washed with
brine (100 ml), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and
concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by medium pressure
chromatography (column: "RP-1 8 Lobar B", MeOH/H.sub.2O from 5:5 to
6:4, 50 psi) to give 4 (47 mg, 4 1%). Mp: 195-197.degree. C.
[0285] .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 0.63 (3H, s,
18-CH.sub.3), 0.84-0.88 (6H, m, 19-CH.sub.3+CH.sub.3CH.sub.2), 0.98
(3H, d, J=6.60 Hz, 21-CH.sub.3), 1.10 (3H, d, J=6.80 Hz,
CH(CH.sub.3)COOH), 2.61 (m, 1H, CH(CH.sub.3)COOH), 3.35 (1H, m.
3-CH), 3.65 (1H, m, 7-CH), 3.92 (1H, m, 12-CH).
[0286] .sup.13C-NMR (CDCl.sub.3+CD.sub.3OD) .delta.: 11.51, 12.34,
17.52, 19.19, 22.09, 22.67, 23.11, 26.65, 27.40, 28.05, 29.83,
33.31, 34.56, 35.06, 35.40, 38.67, 39.90, 41.11, 41.39, 41.69,
45.10, 46.39, 47.32, 70.65, 71.79, 72.90, 182.07.
Example 7: Synthesis of Compounds Io5, Ip5, Iq5, and Ir5
##STR00029##
[0287]
3.alpha.,7.alpha.-Dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
Acids (Io5, Ip5, Iq5, and Ir5)
[0288] Ethyl diazoacetate (0.478 g, 1.19 mmol) in dry
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (15 mL) was slowly added dropwise to a stirred
suspension of 3.alpha.,7.alpha.-diacetoxy-5-norcholan-22,23-ene (1)
(0.6 g, 1.39 mmol) in the presence of dirhodium (II) tetraacetate
(9 mg, 0.02 mmol) in dry CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (15 mL) under nitrogen at
room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered and washed with
H.sub.20 (20 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), and evaporated under
vacuum, thus affording a mixture of the four diastereoisomeric
esters 2. The esters 2 were successively dissolved in EtOH (15 mL)
and treated with a solution of 10 N NaOH (10 mL) at reflux for 4 h,
cooled, poured onto cold H.sub.2O (50 mL), acidified with 2 N HCl,
and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.15 mL). The organic phase was
washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was chromatographated on
silica gel. Elution with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH 96/4 with AcOH 0.1%
afforded 0.087 g (15% yield) of
(22S,23S)-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5.beta.-cholan-24-o-
ic acid (Io5) and 0.065 g (11.5% yield) of
(22R,23R)-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5.beta.-cholan-24-o-
ic acid (Iq5). Elution with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH 95.5/4.5 with
0.1% AcOH afforded 0.18 g (32% yield) of
(22S,23R)-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5.beta.-cholan-24-o-
ic acid (Ip5) and 0.15 g (26.7% yield) of (22R,
23S)-3.alpha.,7.alpha.-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5.beta.-cholan-24-oic
acid (Ir5) as white solids.
[0289] Io5. Mp: 148-150.degree. C. [.alpha.].sup.20.sub.D+5.16 (c
1, EtOH). .sup.1H NMR (CD.sub.3OD and CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.67 (s,
3H, 18-CH.sub.3), 090 (s, 3H, 19-CH.sub.3), 0.96 (d, J=6.68 Hz, 3H,
21-CH.sub.3), 3.40-3.50 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.85 (m, 1H, 7-CH). .sup.13C
NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 12.20, 16.80, 17.08, 20.80, 21.00, 23.15,
24.10, 28.30, 30.80, 31.30, 33.30, 34.80, 34.90, 35.40, 35.70,
39.80, 39.90, 41.80, 43.40, 50.55, 58.20, 68.90, 72.30, 177.00.
[0290] Iq5. MP: >230.degree. C. [.alpha.].sup.20.sub.D-38.19 (c
1.1, CH.sub.3Cl/MeOH 1:1). .sup.1H NMR (CD.sub.3OD and CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 0.50 (s, 3H, 18-CH.sub.3), 0.86 (s, 3H, 19-CH.sub.3), 0.96
(d, J=6.40 Hz, 3H, 21-CH.sub.3), 3.40-3.60 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.80 (m,
1H, 7-CH). .sup.13C NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 12.00, 12.50, 20.90,
21.00, 21.10, 23.00, 23.80, 27.10, 30.50, 31.00, 32.10, 33.10,
34.80, 35.30, 35.60, 39.50, 39.70, 39.85, 41.80, 43.00, 50.40,
58.50, 68.60, 72.00, 176.90.
[0291] Ip5. Mp: 221-225.degree. C. [.alpha.].sup.20.sub.D-40.22
(cl, EtOH). .sup.1H NMR (CD.sub.3OD and CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.56
(s, 3H, 18-CH.sub.3), 0.86 (s, 3H, 19-CH.sub.3), 1.16 (d, J=6.60
Hz, 3H, 21-CH.sub.3), 3.10-3.30 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.85 (m, 1H, 7-CH).
.sup.13C NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 12.10, 18.30, 18.55, 20.00,
20.90, 23.10, 24.00, 28.20, 30.70, 31.70, 33.20, 34.80, 35.40,
35.70, 39.80, 40.10, 41.80, 43.15, 50.40, 57.80, 68.90, 72.20,
178.40.
[0292] Ir5. Mp: 136-140.degree. C. [.alpha.].sup.20.sub.D+13.66 (c
1, EtOH). .sup.1H NMR (CD.sub.3OD and CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 0.56 (s,
3H, 18-CH.sub.3), 0.86 (s, 3H, 19-CH.sub.3), 0.96 (d, J=6.66 Hz,
3H, 21-CH.sub.3), 3.40-3.60 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.80 (m, 1H, 7-CH).
.sup.13C NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 12.00, 13.50, 19.90, 20.90,
22.50, 23.10, 24.00, 28.00, 30.70, 31.60, 33.20, 34.90, 35.40,
35.65, 39.70, 39.73, 41.80, 43.10, 50.40, 58.00, 68.80, 72.20,
177.60.
Example 8: In Vitro TGR5 and FXR Activity
[0293] The potency and efficacy of the compounds of the invention
on TGR5 receptor was evaluated using in vitro assays.
[0294] Table 1 shows that compounds of the invention are potent and
selective TGR5 modulators. The introduction of an alkyl group at
the C-23 position of bile acid gives selectivity for the TGR5
receptor with respect to FXR. This is evident by the observation of
the biological results obtained for CDCA, 6-MeCDCA and
6,23-diMe-CDCA (23-R,S isomers mixture) on FXR and TGR5 as shown in
Table 1. 6,23-diMe-CDCA is 100-fold more potent on TGR5 with
respect to the FXR receptor For a description of TGR5 receptor
binding using an in vitro assay, See, e.g., Kawamata, J. Biol. Chem
2003, Vol. 278 No. 11, p. 9435-9440). Activity on FXR was assayed
by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for recruitment of
the SRC-1 peptide to human FXR using a cell-free ELiSA. See,
Blanchard et al. WO 00/37077.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 EC.sub.50 (.mu.M) of Example Compounds on
FXR and TGR5 Receptor TGR5 Compound Structure FXR Data Data CDCA
(ChenoDeoxyCholicAcid) ##STR00030## EC.sub.50: 8.6 .mu.M Efficacy:
100% EC.sub.50: 4.0 .mu.M Efficacy: 100% 6.alpha.-MeCDCA
##STR00031## EC.sub.50: 0.21 .mu.M Efficacy: 148% EC.sub.50: 0.37
.mu.M Efficacy: 119% 23(R + S)-Me- 6MeCDCA (13a) ##STR00032##
EC.sub.50: 15.62 .mu.M Efficacy: 60% EC.sub.50: 0.11 .mu.M
Efficacy: 123%
Tables 2 and 3 show additional compounds evaluated for TGR5
activity. Luciferase activity was determined in CHO cells stably
expressing hTGR5 or transiently cotransfected with a hTGR5
expression vector and a cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-driven
luciferase reporter gene. Some of the compounds were further
submitted to a luciferase reporter assay to score for their
capacity to activate the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 TGR5 TGR5 Name R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3
EC.sub.50 Efficacy 22S,23S- CCDCA* (Io5) .alpha.-OH --H
##STR00033## 1.33 110 22S,23R- CCDCA* (Ip5) .alpha.-OH --H
##STR00034## 2.91 102 22R,23R- CCDCA* (Iq5) .alpha.-OH --H
##STR00035## 75.7 5 22R,23S- CCDCA* (Ir5) .alpha.-OH --H
##STR00036## >100 4 *Data represent average values of at least
three independent experiments of CRE-driven luciferase reporter
assays in TGR5-transfected CHO cells. Units are .mu.M for EC.sub.50
and % of 10 .mu.M LCA value for efficacy.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 TGR5 and FXR Activities.sup.a EC50 TGR5
ratio FXR FXR EC.sub.50 TGR5 (TGR5/ Name EC.sub.50 .mu.M Efficacy
.mu.M Efficacy FXR) ##STR00037## 22.8 0.76 0.8 75.6 0.035
##STR00038## >100 0.sup.b 3.58 110 0.036 ##STR00039## 10.5 49
25.5 100 2.4 ##STR00040## 11.6 23 0.140 105 0.012 ##STR00041## 3.97
64.4 0.51 165 0.128 ##STR00042## 4.39 105 ##STR00043## >51.9
75.sup.b .sup.aData represents average values of at least three
independent experiments. Value for efficacy are expressed as % of
activity vs. 10 .mu.M LCA (TGR5) or 10 .mu.M 6ECDCA (FXR).
.sup.bPlateau activation level not reached; the maximum
concentration tested was 125 .mu.M for Ib and 100 mM for Ii.
The data in Tables 2 and 3 can be determined using methods known in
the art, for example, as described below.
Plasmids
[0295] The NIH Mammalian Gene Collection clone MGC:40597 (also
named pCMVSPORT6/hTGR5 or pTGRS) and pcDNA3.1(+) were obtained from
Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). pCRE-Luc and pCMV.beta. were
obtained from Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.). pCMX-hFXR and
pCMX-mRXR.alpha. were kind gifts from Dr. David J. Mangelsdorf
(Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center). pEcREx7-Luc was a kind gift from Dr. Richard A.
Heyman (X-ceptor Therapeutics, CA).
Cell Culture
[0296] Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NCI-H716 cells, Hep3B
cells and COS1 cells were obtained from American Type Culture
Collection (Manassas, Va.). Cell culture medium, serum and
supplements were from Invitrogen or Sigma-Aldrich. All CHO cells
were maintained in minimum essential medium .alpha. (.alpha.-MEM)
supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 .mu.M
nonessential amino acids (NEAA). NCI-H716 cells were maintained in
suspension in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 10 mM
HEPES and 1 mM sodium pyruvate. Hep3B cells were maintained in
Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS and 100 .mu.M NEAA.
COS1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
(DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS. All cell culture medium was
supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 .mu.g/ml
streptomycin sulfate. Cells were grown at 37.degree. C. in an
atmosphere of 5% CO2, passed every 2-6 days and freshly plated for
each experiment.
Transient Transfections
[0297] CHO cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of
3.5.times.104 cells/well, cultured for 24 h, and then transfected
with 150 ng of human (h) TGR5 expression plasmid (pCMVSPORT6/hTGR5)
and 100 ng of cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-driven luciferase
reporter plasmid (pCRE-Luc) in each well using Lipofectamine 2000
reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
After 6 h incubation, cells were washed once with
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and medium was exchanged for DMEM
containing 0.1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA). After incubation
for another 18 h, cells were treated for 5 h with different
concentrations of each compound in fresh DMEM containing 0.1% (w/v)
BSA. After treatment, the cells were lysed with 50 .mu.l of lysis
buffer (25 mM Tris-Cl (pH7.6), 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol
(DTT), 10% (v/v) glycerol and 1% (v/v) triton X-100) by a
freeze-thaw cycle and subjected to luciferase assays as described
below.
[0298] COS1 cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of
2.5.times.104 cells/well in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v)
charcoal-stripped FBS, cultured for 24 h, and then transfected with
25 ng of hFXR expression plasmid (pCMX-hFXR), 25 ng of mouse (m)
retinoid X receptor a (RXR.alpha.) expression plasmid (pCMX-mRXRa),
50 ng of reporter plasmid (pEcREx7-Luc) and 50 ng of pCMV.beta. as
internal control in each well, using the Lipofectamine 2000
reagent. After 24 h, cells were washed twice with PBS and treated
with different concentrations of each compound in fresh DMEM
supplemented with 10% (v/v) charcoal-stripped FBS for 24 h. After
treatment, the cells were lysed with 50 .mu.l of lysis buffer by a
freeze-thaw cycle and subjected to both luciferase and
.beta.-galactosidase assays as described below. Normalized
luciferase values were determined by dividing the luciferase
activity by the .beta.-galactosidase activity.
Luciferase and .beta.-Galactosidase Assays
[0299] For luciferase assays, 20 .mu.l of cell lysate was mixed
with 100 .mu.l of luciferase reaction buffer [235 .mu.M luciferine,
265 .mu.M ATP and 135 .mu.M coenzyme A (CoA)] and luminescence was
determined with CentroXS3 LB960 (Berthold Technologies, Bad
Wildbad, Germany). For .beta.-galactosidase assays, 10 .mu.l of
cell lysate was mixed with 100 .mu.l of Buffer Z [60 mM Na2HPO4, 10
mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 50 mM .beta.-mercaptoethanol and 0.75 mg/ml
o-nitrophenyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG)] and incubated at
37.degree. C. for 0.5-3 h. Reactions were stopped by adding 50
.mu.l of Stop buffer (1M Na2CO3) and the optical density at 420 nm
was determined.
Establishing CHO Cells Stably Expressing Human TGR5 (CHO-TGR5
Cells)
[0300] CHO cells were transfected with 3.8 .mu.g of hTGR5
expression plasmid (pCMVSPORT6/hTGR5), 3.8 .mu.g of CRE-driven
luciferase reporter plasmid (pCRE-Luc) and 0.4 .mu.g of
neomycin-resistant gene expression plasmid [pcDNA3.1(+)] using
Lipofectamine 2000. The transfectants were selected with 400
.mu.g/ml G418 sulfate and single clones were grown in 96-well
plate, independently. TGR5-expressing CHO cell lines were screened
by LCA treatments, followed by luciferase assays.
cAMP Production Analysis
[0301] NCI-H716 cells were plated in 96-well plates coated with
0.75 mg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) according to manufacturer's
instructions just prior to use, at a density of 6.times.104
cells/well in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 100 units/ml
penicillin and 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin sulfate, and cultured for
24 h, which allowed cell adhesion to the bottom of the plate.
CHO-TGR5 cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of
3.5.times.104 cells/well in .alpha.-MEM supplemented with 10% (v/v)
FBS, 100 .mu.M NEAA, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 .mu.g of
streptomycin sulfate, and cultured for 24 h. The cells were washed
twice with PBS and medium was exchanged for cAMP assay medium [DMEM
containing 0.1% (w/v) BSA and 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
(IBMX)]. After incubation for 30 minutes at 37.degree. C., the
cells were treated with each compound in fresh cAMP assay medium
for 30 minutes. After treatment, medium was discarded and cAMP
amounts were determined using cAMP-Screen kit (Applied Biosystems,
Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions.
50% Effective Concentrations (EC50) and Efficacy Determination
[0302] Assays were performed in triplicate or quadruplicate for
each condition. EC50 values were determined by probit analysis.
Efficacy was determined by calculating percentages of 10 .mu.M LCA
value for TGR5 agonist study and 10 .mu.M 6.alpha.-Et-CDCA value
for FXR agonist study, respectively. After subtracting the average
value of the basal (vehicle-treated) condition, values were applied
to EC50 and/or efficacy determinations. Calculation of average EC50
and comparison of the EC50 between different compounds were
performed after logarithm transformation.
Statistical Analysis
[0303] Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and
p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3A FRET-cAMPon TGR5 Alphascreen FRET (cAMP )
Transactivation overexpressing Assay NCI-H716 Assay Hek29.3 cells
hFXR hTGR5 hTGR5 hTGR5 Compound (CDCA = 10-20 .mu.M) (LCA = 48
.mu.M) (LCA = 16 .mu.M) (LCA = 0.35 .mu.M) (Reference Standard)
EC50 (.mu.M) EC50 (.mu.M) EC50 (.mu.M) EC50 (.mu.M) 1h3e 175 0.9
1.7 0.001
The data in Table 3A were generated by using methods described
below. FRET Assay (Detection of Intracellular cAMP Levels).
[0304] The receptor binding assay was performed by measuring the
level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) using FRET assay. Human intestinal cell
lines (NCI-H716) were plated in 96-well plates coated with 0.75
mg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) according to manufacturer's
instructions just prior to use, at a density of 12.times.10.sup.3
cells/well in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 100 units/ml
penicillin and 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin sulfate, and cultured for
24 h, which allowed cell adhesion to the bottom of the plate. The
cells were washed twice with PBS and medium was exchanged for cAMP
assay medium [OPTIMEM containing 0.1% (w/v) BSA and 1 mM
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)]. After incubation for 60
minutes at 37.degree. C., the cells were treated with increasing
concentrations of compound Ih3 in stimulation buffer (5 mM HEPES,
o,1% BSA in HBSS pH 7.4) containing the europium
chelate--Streptavidin and the ALEXA Fluor 647-conjugated antibody
anti-cAMP (PerkinElmer) for 1 hour at room temperature. The level
of intracellular cAMP was determined with Lance kit (PerkinElmer).
Litocholic acid was used as control ligand. Z' factor was used to
validate assays. Non linear regression curves, without constraints,
were performed by using four parameter equation and GraphPad Prism
Software (GraphPad Inc.), to obtain the EC50 values.
Alphascreen Assay
[0305] Activity on FXR was assayed by using Alphascreen technology
in a recruitment coactivator assay. AlphaScreen is a bead-based
chemistry assay used to study biomolecular interactions. Binding of
molecules captured on the beads leads to an energy transfer from
one bead to the other, ultimately producing a luminescent signal.
When the partners interact, chemical energy is transferred from
Donor to Acceptor beads and a signal is produced. Upon bile acids
stimulation the GST-FXR-LBD interacts with the Src-1 peptide.
Anti-GST-coated Acceptor beads were used to capture the GST-fusion
FXR-LBD whereas the biotinylated-SRC-1 peptide was captured by the
streptavidin Donor beads. Upon illumination at 680 nm chemical
energy is transferred from Donor to Acceptor beads across the
complex
streptavidin-Donor/Src-1-Biotin/GSTFXR-LBD/Anti-GST-Acceptor and a
signal is produced. The assay was performed in white, low-volume,
384-well Optiplates (PerkinElmer) using a final volume of 25 .mu.l
containing final concentrations of 10 nM of purified GST-tagged
FXR-LBD protein, 30 nM biotinylated Src-1 peptide, 20 .mu.g/ml
anti-GST acceptor beads acceptor beads and 10 .mu.g/ml of
streptavidin donor bead (PerkinElmer). The assay buffer contained
50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 50 mM KCl, 0.1% BSA, and 1 mM DTT. The
stimulation times with 1 .mu.l of ligands (solubilized in 100%
DMSO) were fixed to 30' a room temperature. The concentration of
DMSO in each well was maintained at a final concentration of 4%.
After the addition of the detection mix (acceptor and donor beads)
the plates were incubated in the dark for 4 h at room temperature
and then were read in an Envision microplate analyzer
(PerkinElmer). Dose response curves were performed in triplicate
and Z' factor was used to validate the assays. Non-linear
regression curves, without constraints, were performed by using
four parameter equation and GraphPad Prism Software (GraphPad
Inc.), to obtain the EC50 values.
Cell Culture, Transfection and Luciferase Assay
[0306] HEPG2 and HEK293T cells were cultured in E-MEM and DMEM
respectively, either supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin,
1% L-glutamine and 10% fetal bovine serum. (high glucose)
(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were grown at 37.degree. C.
in 5% CO2. All the transfections were made using 5:2 Fugene HD
Trasfection reagent (.mu.l) to DNA (.mu.g) respectively (Roche).
Twenty-four hours before transfection HEK293T or HepG2 cells were
seeded onto a 96-well plate at a density of 10.000 or 15.000
cells/well, respectively. Transient transfections were performed
using 100 ng of reporter vector pGL4.29[luc2P/CRE/Hygro] (Promega),
40 ng of pGL4.74 (Renilla), as internal control for transfection
efficiency, and 10 ng of expression plasmid pCMV-SPORT6-hTGR5 The
NIH Mammalian Gene Collection clone MGC:40597 (Invitrogen). The
pGEM vector was added to normalize the amounts of DNA transfected
in each assay (2 .mu.g). Twenty-four hours post-transfection the
cells were stimulated with increasing concentrations of compound
Ih3e for 18 h. Control cultures received vehicle (0.1% DMSO) alone.
The cells were then lysed by adding 75 .mu.l of Dual-Glo Luciferase
Reagent (Promega) to 75 .mu.l of medium containing cells/well.
Renilla luciferase activity was measured by adding a volume of
Dual-Glo Stop & Glo reagent and original culture medium.
Luciferase activities were expressed as ratio between luciferase
unit and renilla luciferase unit. Each data point is the average of
triplicate assays. Each experiment was repeated at least three
times.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3A Direct comparison of 6-ethyl vs. 6-methyl
substituted 23-methyl cholic acid Reference Standard Cmpd LCA (4.5
.+-. 2.4 .mu.M) TGR5 I exp TGR5 II exp FXR I exp FXR II exp No. CA
(69 .+-. 24 .mu.M) (EC50 = .mu.M) (EC50 = .mu.M) (EC50 = .mu.M)
(EC50 = .mu.M) Ih3e ##STR00044## 0.8 1.1 53 23 Ih3 ##STR00045## 1.7
3 10 7.8 * The results show in Table 3A were generated using the
procedures described directly above.
[0307] Compound having an alpha-ethyl group at the C-6 position on
the bile acid ring are preferred. More specifically, compounds
having an alpha ethyl group at the C-6 position of the 23-methyl
cholic acid are the most preferred. As shown in Table 3A above,
compounds having an alpha-ethyl group at the C-6 position are
surprisingly and unexpectedly more potent than the corresponding
C-6 alpha-methyl derivative.
Example 9: Metabolic Activities of Oleanolic Acid and 6-Ethyl,
23-Methyl-cholic Acid (Ih3e) in a Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse
Model
[0308] The goal of the study is to define whether TGR5 agonists
(oleanolic acid (OA) or 6 ethyl, 23-methyl cholic acid (Ih3e)
correct the development of obesity and associated
insulin-resistance in vivo. To test this possibility, OA/Ih3e were
administered via food administration for 16 weeks to male C57BL6J
mice that had been previously subjected for 10 weeks to a high fat
diet.
II-- Protocol
[0309] In a previous study, OA was observed as a selective TGR5
agonist that did not cause food aversion. Animals treated with a
dose of 100 mg/kg/day of OA showed, however, some signs of
toxicity, whereas a lower dose was well tolerated. Therefore, OA
was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg/d in this study.
[0310] In vitro studies have identified Ih3e as a potent and
selective TGR5 ligand. No problems with toxicity were expected with
Ih3e, which was administered at -50-fold lower concentration.
[0311] For this study, 48 male C57BL6J mice (5 weeks of age) were
divided in two groups: one group of 24 (group 1, 2&3) animals
received chow diet whereas the other 24 received a high fat diet
for a period of 10 weeks (group 4,5&6). The animals were then
analyzed during a period of 16 weeks. Five groups of 10 animals
were assigned as follows:
1: chow diet 2: chow diet+OA 50 mg/kg/day 3: chow diet+6Et23MeCA
(Ih3e) 30 mg/kg/day 4: high fat diet 5: high fat diet+OA 50
mg/kg/day 6: high fat diet+6Et23MeCA (Ih3e) 30 mg/kg/day During the
entire study, body weight and food intake was monitored twice
weekly.
[0312] Week-2: Body composition was analyzed, for all groups, by
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (dexascan).
[0313] Week-1: Serum levels of transaminases, glucose,
triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and insulin were measured
in all groups after a fasting period of 12 h and mice were then
placed on the diets as indicated (Day 0).
[0314] Week 2: Serum levels of transaminases, glucose,
triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and insulin was measured
in all groups after a fasting period of 12 h (Day 14).
[0315] Week 4: Glucose tolerance was determined by subjecting all
the animals to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT).
Animals were fasted for 12 h prior to this test. Nocturnal energy
expenditure of groups 1, 4, 5 and 6 (chow diet, high fat diet and
high fat diet OA/6Et23MeCDCA (Ih3e) was measured by indirect
calorimetry.
[0316] Week 8: Body weight composition was again analyzed by
dexascan for all groups. Serum levels of transaminases, glucose,
triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and insulin were measured
in all groups after a fasting period of 12 h (Day 56).
[0317] Week 9: Circadian activity of groups 4, 5 and 6 (high fat
diet fed mice) was studied during a period of 30 h.
[0318] Week 10: Measurement of blood pressure and heart rate was
performed on groups 4, 5 and 6.
[0319] Week 11: Rectal temperature of all animals was measured at
room temperature at 10:00 am.
Circadian activity measurement was performed on groups 1, 2, 3 and
4.
[0320] Week 12: Glucose tolerance was analyzed by performing an
intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) on groups 4, 5 and
6. During the IPGTT, blood was also collected to analyze insulin
levels. Animals were fasted 12 h prior to these tests.
Feces were collected in all groups over a 24 h time period and
fecal lipids content was measured.
[0321] Week 16: Cold test was performed on all animals by measuring
body temperature of animals exposed to 4.degree. c.
[0322] Three days later, animals were sacrificed. At sacrifice,
blood was collected and analyzed for: plasma lipids (TC, TG, HDL-C,
FFAs); liver functions (ALAT, ASAT, alkaline Pase, .gamma.-GT);
glucose and insulin; lipoprotein profiles of selected groups of
plasma (size-exclusion chromatography).
[0323] Liver, small intestine, adipose tissues (WAT and BAT),
pancreas, heart and muscle were collected, weighed and kept for
further analyses including: standard histology (HE staining,
succinate dehydrogenase staining, oil-red-O staining and cell
morphology); tissue lipid content; electron microscopy on BAT and
muscle to analyze mitochondria; RNA isolation for expression
studies of selected genes involved in metabolism and energy
homeostasis by quantitative RT-PCR; Protein extraction for the
study of post-translational modifications such as acetylation of
proteins of interest (e.g. PGC-1.alpha.).
III--Detailed Procedures
A-- Animal Procedure and Diets
[0324] Animals Housing and Handling
[0325] Mice were group housed (5 animals/cage) in specific
pathogen-free conditions with a 12 h:12 h (on at 7:00) light-dark
cycle, in a temperature (20-22.degree. C.) and humidity controlled
vivarium, according to the European Community specifications.
Animals were allowed free access to water and food.
[0326] Drinking Water
[0327] Chemical composition of the tap water was regularly analyzed
to verify the absence of potential toxic substances at the Institut
d'Hydrologie, ULP, Strasbourg. Drinking water was treated with HCl
and HClO.sub.4 to maintain pH between 5 and 5.5 and chlorin
concentration between 5 and 6 ppm.
[0328] Diet
[0329] The standard rodent chow diet was obtained from UAR and the
high fat diet was obtained from Research Diet. Mice were fed,
either with chow diet (16% protein, 3% fat, 5% fiber, 5% ash) or
with high fat diet (20% protein, 20% carbohydrate, 60% fat).
Oleanolic acid and 6Et23MeCDCA (Ih3e) were mixed with either
powdered chow diet or either powdered high fat diet in the
following proportions: 0.5 g of OA/kg of food for the 50 mg/kg/day
treatment and 0.08 g of 6Et23MeCA (Ih3e)/kg of food for the 10
mg/kg/day treatment. Pellets were then reconstituted. Control
groups received food pellets as provided by the company. Due to the
consistency of the high fat diet, no water was added in the mix
with OA. In the case of the chow diet, which is harder to
reconstitute, a minimal amount of water was added to the powder to
reconstitute pellets, which were then air-dried. New batches of
food were prepared weekly.
[0330] Blood Collection
[0331] Blood was collected either from the retro-orbital sinus
under anesthesia or from the tail vein.
[0332] Anesthesia
[0333] For the dexa scanning experiment, animals were anesthesized
with a mixture of ketamine (200 mg/kg)/Xylasine (10 mg/kg)
administered by intra-peritoneal injection.
[0334] For the venipuncture, animals were anesthesized by
inhalation of an isoflurane-O.sub.2 mixture.
B--Biochemistry
[0335] The tests were performed with an Olympus AU-400 automated
laboratory work station using commercial reagents (Olympus).
[0336] Analysis of Lipids and Lipoproteins
[0337] Serum triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol were
determined by enzymatic assays. Serum HDL cholesterol content was
determined after precipitation of apo B-containing lipoproteins
with phosphotungstic acid/Mg (e.g., Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim,
Germany). Free fatty acids level was determined with a kit from
Wako (e.g., Neuss, Germany) as specified by the provider.
[0338] Metabolic and Endocrine Exploration
[0339] Blood glucose concentration was measured by a Precision
Q.I.D analyzer (e.g., Medisense system), using Medisense Precis
electrodes (e.g., Abbot Laboratories, Medisense products, Bedford,
USA). This method was validated, by comparing Precision Q.I.D
analyzer values with classical glucose measurements. The Precision
Q.I.D method was chosen since it requires a minimal amount of blood
and can hence be employed for multiple measurements such as during
an IPGTT. Plasma insulin (e.g., Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) was
determined by ELISA according to the manufacturer's
specifications.
C--Metabolic Testing
Lipoprotein Profiles
[0340] Lipoprotein profiles were obtained by fast protein liquid
chromatography, allowing separation of the three major lipoprotein
classes VLDL, LDL, and HDL.
Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT)--Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test
[0341] IPGTT was performed in mice which were fasted overnight (12
h). Mice were either injected intraperitoneally (IPGTT) with a
solution of 20% glucose in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) at a dose of
2 g glucose/kg body weight. Blood was collected from the tail vein,
for glucose and insulin monitoring, prior and 15, 30, 45, 75, 90,
120, 150, 180 min after administration of the glucose solution. The
incremental area of the glucose curve was calculated as a measure
of insulin sensitivity, whereas the corresponding insulin levels
indicate insulin secretory reserves.
[0342] Energy Expenditure
[0343] Energy expenditure was evaluated through indirect
calorimetry by measuring oxygen consumption with the Oxymax
apparatus (e.g., Columbus Instruments, Columbus, Ohio) during 12 h.
This system consists of an open circuit with air coming in and out
of plastic cages (one mouse per cage). Animals were allowed free
access to food and water. A very precise CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2
sensor measured the difference in O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2
concentrations in both air volumes, which gave the amount of oxygen
consumed in a period of time given that the air flow of air coming
in the cage was constant. The data coming out of the apparatus was
processed in a connected computer, analyzed, and shown in an
exportable Excel file. The values were expressed as
ml.kg.sup.-1.h.sup.-1, which is commonly known as the VO.sub.2.
Determination of Body Fat Content by Dexa Scanning
[0344] The Dexa analyses were performed by the ultra high
resolution PIXIMUS Series Densitometer (0.18.times.0.18 mm pixels,
GE Medical Systems, Madison, Wis., USA). Bone mineral density (BMD
in g/cm.sup.2) and body composition were determined by using the
PIXIMUS software (version 1.4x, GE Medical Systems).
D-Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement and Pulse
[0345] The Visitech BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis System is a
computer-automated tail'cuff system that is used for taking
multiple measurements on 4 awake mice simultaneously without
operator intervention. The mice were contained in individual dark
chambers on a heated platform with their tails threaded through a
tail cuff. The system measures blood pressure by determining the
cuff pressure at which the blood flow to the tail was eliminated. A
photoelectric sensor detects the specimen's pulse. The system
generates results that have been shown to correspond closely with
mean intra-arterial pressure measured simultaneously in the carotid
artery. This allows reproducible values of systolic blood pressure
and heart beat rate to be obtained. This required training of the
animals for one week in the system.
E--Circadian Activity
[0346] Spontaneous locomotor activity was measured using individual
boxes, each composed with a sliding floor, a detachable cage, and
equipped with infra-red captors allowing measurement of ambulatory
locomotor activity and rears. Boxes were linked to a computer using
an electronic interface (e.g., Imetronic, Pessac, France). Mice
were tested for 32 hours in order to measure habituation to the
apparatus as well as nocturnal and diurnal activities. The quantity
of water consumed was measured during the test period using an
automated lickometer.
[0347] The results of the study are shown in FIGS. 1, 2A-2I, 3A,
3B, 4, 5A-5D, 6A-6D, 7A-7C, 8A, 8B, 9A-9C. FIG. 1 shows the impact
of compound Ih3e on body weight gain in chow and high fat fed mice.
Body weight gain was measured over 16 weeks. High fat fed mice
treated with compound Ih3e showed less weight gain than high fat
fed mice treated with vehicle. FIG. 2 shows that compound Ih3e
improves the metabolic profile of high fat fed mice. The results of
blood plasma and heart rate analysis in diet-induced obese mice
treated with compound Ih3e is shown in FIGS. 2A-2I, including
levels of blood glucose, liver enzymes (LDH, ASAT, and ALAT) and
plasmid lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-chol, LDL-chol, and
triglycerides). High fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e showed
lower blood glucose, liver enzymes, and plasma lipids than high fat
fed mice treated with vehicle. The heart rate of high fed mice
treated with compound Ih3e also showed a lower heart rate in
comparison with high fat fed mice treated with vehicle. FIGS. 3A
and 3B show that compound Ih3e improves glucose tolerance in high
fat fed mice. After 10 weeks, plasma insulin levels were increased
in both the chow fed and high fat fed mice treated with compound
Ih3e in comparison to mice treated with vehicle as shown in FIG.
3A. After 12 weeks, glucose levels were shown to be lower in high
fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e as shown in FIG. 3B. FIG. 4
shows oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results as glucose levels
over a period of 200 min in chow diet fed mice treated with
compound Ih3e. FIGS. 5A-5D show insulin release in vivo after a
test meal. FIG. 5A shows insulin release over 30 min. FIG. 5B shows
fold increase in insulin release compared to basal insulin level.
Insulin levels peaked to higher levels at .about.12 minutes in high
fat fed mice treated compound Ih3e in comparison with mice treated
with vehicle. FIGS. 5C and 5D show the fold increase in insulin
release compared to basal insulin levels. The fold increase in high
fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e was greater at both 15 and
30 min time points as shown in FIG. 5D. FIGS. 6A-6D and 7A-7C show
that compound Ih3e treated mice have an increase in respiratory
exchange ratio (RER) upon HFD (high fat diet) which can be
explained as linked to their improved insulin sensitivity which
maintains their ability to oxidize glucose. FIGS. 8A and 8B show
locomotor activity and food/water intake of treated high fat fed
and treated chow fed mice in comparison to vehicle treated.
Food/water intake for mice fed a high fat diet and treated with
compound Ih3e showed a slight increase in intake verses mice
treated with vehicle. FIGS. 9A-9C show changes in organ weight.
FIGS. 9B and 9C show the percentage of change in body weight,
liver, kidney, heart, peri WAT, epi WAT, Sc WAT, and BAT compared
to weight in mice fed a chow diet. In all organs, high fat fed mice
treated with compound Ih3e showed a reduced percentage change.
Example 10: Physico-Chemical Properties
Water Solubility
[0348] Solid BA (in protonated form for compound Ih3e) were
suspended in 5 ml of 0.1 M HCl. The saturated solutions, after
incubation for 1 week, were filtered on a Millipore filter (0.22
.mu.pm) and the concentration of BA was measured by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS
using C18 column (150 mm.times.2 mm i.d., 4 .mu.m) and mobile
phases of water containing 15 mM acetic acid pH 5 and acetonitrile.
The flow rate was 150 .mu.l/min. The mass spectrometry acquisition
was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the
ESI source in negative ionization. Water solubility was expressed
as .mu.mol/liter.
[0349] The water solubility of compound Ih3e is 99 pM a value
higher than corresponding dihydroxy BA and comparable with that of
CA (see Table 4).
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 CMC.sup.(b) 0.15 M Albumin Bile Ws.sup.(a)
Na+ ST.sub.CMC.sup.(c) Binding.sup.(e) Acid (.mu.M) (mM) Dyne/cm
LogP.sub.A-.sup.(d) (%) CDCA 32 3.2 45.5 2.2 93 UDCA 7.5 6.0 50.5
2.2 94 CA 273* 11* -- 1.1* 50* TCDCA hs 3.0* -- 0.9* 70* TUDCA hs
2.2* -- 1.1* 67* 6MUDCA 28* 4.2* 1.3* 80* Ih3e 99 1.4 50.1 1.4 62
.sup.aWs: water solubility refers to BA as protonated species and
therefore not evaluated for TCDCA, and TUDCA which are highly
soluble (hs). .sup.bCMC: Critical Micellar Concentration determined
in 0.15 M NaCl water solution. .sup.cST.sub.CMC: Surface Tension at
CMC in 0.15 M NaCl water solution. .sup.dLogP.sub.A:
1-octanol-water partition coefficient of the studied bile acids as
ionized species. *: values from literature.
[0350] The presence of a 23-methyl group in the compound Ih3e does
not compromise the water solubility. Compound Ih3e exhibits a
solubility value in the range of natural occurring BA and previous
studied synthetic analogues. Further, given the relatively good
albumin binding of compound Ih3e, circulation of compound Ih3e in
the blood may be facilitated, thereby favoring the systemic
targeting of TGR5 in peripheral tissues such as muscle and brown
adipose tissue. Examples 9, 16 and 17 further support this
hypothesis.
Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC)
[0351] The detergency i.e. the tendency to form micelles was
evaluated for all the charged molecules which are soluble in water
as Sodium salt (2 unit up the pKa). The critical micellar
concentration (CMC) was determined by surface tension (ST)
measurements using a maximum bubble-pressure method which give
surface tension values slightly affected by potential impurities
like static methods are. The tensiometer was a Sensadyne 6000
(Chem-Dyne Research Corp., Milwaukee, Wis.) equipped with two glass
probes of 0.5 and 4.0 mm diameters connected to a source of
nitrogen. The bubble frequency was 1 bubble/second in distilled
water at 26.degree. C. (P=2.7 atm) and the calibration was made
with double-distilled water and methanol. The surface tension of BA
sodium salts solutions in NaCl 0.15 M was measured at various
concentrations inside the 0.13-50 mM range. The surface tension
values were plotted against the logarithm of the bile salt
concentration; the regression lines corresponding to the two parts
of the curve (monomeric and micellar phases) were calculated using
the method of least squares, and the intersection of the lines was
taken as the CMC value. From the ST vs concentration curves the
value of the surface tension at the CMC (equilibrium between
monomers and multimers species) was also calculated giving
information about the detergency power which is related to the size
of the micelles with associate surface tension lowering
capacity.
[0352] The CMC was evaluated by surface tension measurements in
non-equilibrium conditions i.e. in conditions that impurities
slightly affect the surface tension results (FIG. 10). Compound
Ih3e presents a low CMC but a moderate detergency and surface
tension lowering capacity as shown by the surface tension values at
the CMC (low detergency means low toxicity to membrane or
cells).
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient
[0353] Since the sulphate and sulphonated analogues are always
ionised at all pH values the octanol/water partition coefficient
was measured for all molecules in ionized form and therefore the
carboxy analogues were studied at high pH. 1-Octanol/water
partition coefficient (log P) was evaluated using a conventional
shake-flask procedure. The experiments were carried out on 0.1 mM
bile salt solution buffered at pH 8 with 0.1 M phosphate buffer to
ensure complete ionization of the BA; the log P values refer to the
BA in the ionized form, not to the protonated species, and the
initial concentration of each BA was below its own CMC value. The
aqueous buffer was previously pre-saturated with 1-octanol, 5 ml of
1-octanol pre-saturated with water was then added and the samples
were left to equilibrate for 2 weeks under continuous stirring at
room temperature After centrifugation the two phases were carefully
separated. BA concentration in the water phase was measured with
HPLC-ESIMS/MS using C18 column (150 mm.times.2 mm i.d., 4 .mu.m)
and, as mobile phases, water containing 15 mM acetic acid pH 5 and
acetonitrile. The flow rate was 150 .mu.al/min and the column was
maintained at 45.degree. C. The mass spectrometry acquisition was
performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the ESI
source in negative ionization.
[0354] The carboxylated compound Ih3e with three hydroxyl groups in
3.alpha.,7.alpha. and 12.alpha. position presents a slightly higher
lipophilicity in respect to the natural analogue CA, 1.4 vs 1.1 as
a result of the presence of an ethyl in 6 position and a methyl in
23 position.
Albumin Binding
[0355] The extent of albumin binding was evaluated by equilibrium
dialysis at a fixed BA-albumin ratio. BA was dissolved at a
concentration of 100 .mu.M in 5% bovine serum albumin-saline
solution (pH 7.2) and left to stand for 24 h at 25.degree. C. Two
millilitres of this solution was dialyzed in cellulose sacs having
a molecular weight cut-off of 12-14,000 against 25 ml of saline
solution. The system was equilibrated by mechanical gently shaking
for 72 h at 25.degree. C. BA concentrations of the dialyzed
solution (corresponding to the free unbound fraction) and of the
starting solution were determined with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in the same
conditions of the previous analysis.
[0356] The percent of albumin binding was calculated from the
initial BA concentration and from the unbound concentration in the
dialyzed fraction. Data are reported in Table 4.
[0357] The percent albumin binding of compound Ih3e is slightly
higher than CA and this derives from the presence of the 23 methyl
and 6 ethyl groups.
Example 11: In Vitro Metabolic Stability in Human Stools
Culture
Stability to Intestinal Bacteria.
Example 11a: 7.alpha.-dehydroxylation
[0358] Homogenized fresh human stools (500 mg) were transferred
into sterile vials to which 5 mL of sterilized chopped meat-glucose
medium (Scott Lab., Fiskville, R.I.) was added. BA was then added
at a final concentration of 0.05 mM. Vials were incubated at
37.degree. C.; then, at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the addition
of the BA, the reaction was stopped with 150 .mu.L of 30% KOH. The
samples were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min; from the
supernatant, the BA were isolated by C-18 solid-phase extraction
and analyzed by TLC and HPLC-ES-MS/MS.
[0359] Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), utilizing silica gel 0.25
mm thickness plates (Merck, Darmstat, Germany), was employed as the
first screening test. The solvent system used for the separation of
conjugated BA was composed of propionic acid/isoamyl
acetate/water/N-propanol (3:4:1:2, v/v/v/v; solvent I), and that of
the unconjugated BA was acetic acid/carbon tetrachloride/isopropyl
ether/isoamyl acetate/water/N-propanol/benzene (1:4:6:8:2:2,
v/v/v/v/v/v; solvent II). Separated BA were revealed with 5%
phosphomolybdic acid ethanol solution.
[0360] Compound Ih3e was very stable when incubated in human stool
cultures and even after 24 hour, more than 85% of the compound was
recovered unmodified. On the contrary, the reference natural
analogue CDCA presented a half-life time of almost one hour and
after 8 hours of incubation was almost completely metabolized
(7-dehydroxylated) to form lithocholic acid.
[0361] After long time incubation for Ih3e, the 7-dehydroxylation
and the intermediate formation of a 7-oxo derivative were
practically abolished.
Example 11b
[0362] It is known that intestinal bacteria hydrolyze the C24 amide
bond of taurine and glycine conjugated BAs and remove the
7.alpha.-hydroxyl group of CA, leading to the formation of toxic
lipophilic secondary BAs such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) (Ridlon, J.
M., et al., J. Lipid Res. 2006, 47, 241-259). To determine the
sensitivity of compound Ih3e to intestinal flora-mediated
7-dehydroxylation, its metabolic stability was assessed in human
stool broth culture as described in Roda, A., et al., J. Lipid Res.
1994, 35, 2268-2279. Compound Ih3e appears not to be sensitive to
this process and was shown to be highly stable with more than 95%
of the compound unmodified after 12 h of incubation. By comparison,
more than 50% of CA (cholic acid) was metabolized after 1 h and up
to 90% within 8 h (FIG. 15). It is likely that the extended
stability of compound Ih3e is related to the alkylation of the C6
position which provides steric hindrance to the bacterial
7.alpha.-dehydroxylation process.
Side Chain Stability
[0363] According to these results the side chain of compound Ih3e
was not modified by intestinal bacteria enzymatic activities.
[0364] These data suggest that the presence of the ethyl group in
the C-6 position protects the 7-hydroxyl group toward oxidation or
removal by steric hindrance. In addition, compound Ih3e is very
stable also for side chain metabolism. No minor metabolites have
been found by HPLC-ES-MS/MS. These data suggest that in the lower
intestinal content in presence of anaerobic bacteria these
analogues are stable.
Example 12: Biliary Secretion and Metabolism of Compound Ih3e in
Bile-Fistula Rat after Duodenal (id) and Femoral (iv)
Administration
Example 12A: Aim and Rationale
[0365] Structural modifications of bile acids could affect their
hepatic uptake, hepatic transports and secretion and intestinal
absorption. Therefore, the knowledge of the biliary secretion after
both iv and id administration together their metabolism is a key
point in compound selection for additional studies.
[0366] To evaluate the mode and efficiency of the intestinal
absorption of compound Ih3e, the compound was administered both
intravenously (femoral infusion) and orally (duodenal infusion) at
the same dose and its biliary secretion rate was evaluated in bile
fistula rat model.
[0367] The differences in the area under the curve of the biliary
secretion vs time between iv and id administration account for its
intestinal absorption and give information about its
bioavailability. Moreover, the hepatic and intestinal metabolism
could be also quite different and therefore, the biliary secretion
of compound Ih3e and its main hepatic metabolites was
determined.
Choleretic Effect
Duodenal Infusion
[0368] The bile fistula rat model was developed at the University
of Bologna Lab facilities. Compound Ih3e was administered at a dose
of 1 .mu.mol/kg/min (1 hour infusion) to a rat group via duodenal
infusion (id). Rats had a bile fistula to collect bile samples at
different times before, during, and after the infusion. For
duodenal infusion experiment 6 rats (250.+-.10 g) were treated.
Bile samples were collected every 15 minutes for four hours. In
addition, 3 control rats were treated with saline solution under
the same conditions for times and sampling (duodenal control
rats).
[0369] The duodenal infusion of compound Ih3e significantly
increased the bile flow rate which reached the maximum value of
about 120 .mu.L/min/kg. This phenomenon started during the infusion
period and continued for at least 3 hours.
[0370] Compound Ih3e presented the a potent choleretic effect and
this is believed to be related to its structure; a methyl group in
the C-23 position partially prevents conjugation and this molecule
can undergo a cholehepatic shunt pathway. For comparison, the
duodenal infusion of CDCA slightly increased the bile flow, which
did not exceed 80 .mu.L/min/kg.
Intravenous Infusion
[0371] For femoral infusion experiment, 6 rats were treated. FIG.
12 shows bile flow during the study. Femoral infusion started after
75 minutes of steady-state and continued for 60 min. Bile samples
were collected every 15 minutes for four hours. In addition, 3 rats
were treated with 3% BSA saline solution under the same conditions
for times and sampling (femoral control rats). The bile flow during
iv infusion of 3% BSA saline vehicle (control, n=1) maintained a
value ranging from 40 to 80 .mu.L/min/kg for the entire period of
the experiment.
[0372] The iv infusion of compound Ih3e significantly increased the
bile flow rate and the phenomenon started 15 minutes after the
beginning of the infusion period and continued for at least two
hours. The choleretic effect was quite similar to that achieved in
the id infusion experiment.
Biliary Secretion
[0373] Bile samples collected during the iv and id experiments were
analyzed to determine the biliary secretion of compound Ih3e and
its metabolites.
HPLC-ES-MS/MS Analysis.
[0374] Pure crystalline powder of compound Ih3e was obtained from
the R. Pellicciari laboratory of Perugia. Stock solutions in
methanol at 1 mmol/L were prepared and working solutions were
prepared by diluting appropriate volumes of the primary solution.
Methanol and acetronitrile were of HPLC-grade purity. Ammonia was
30% and acetic acid was 99.8%. All reagents were obtained from
Carlo Erba Reagents. HPLC-grade water was prepared by a Milli-Q
system.
Sample Preparation
[0375] Rat bile samples were brought to room temperature, briefly
stirred, and diluted 1:100 v/v (bile samples from duodenal
orinfusion) and 1:100 or 1:200 v/v (bile samples from femoralr
infusion) with 15 mM ammonium acetate buffer
(pH=5.0):acetonitrile=70:30 (v/v). The final solution was
transferred in an autosampler vial, and 10 .mu.L was injected into
the chromatographic column.
HPLC--ESI-MS/MS Method
[0376] Bile rat samples were analyzed by liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using
electrospray (ESI) source in negative ionization mode. For liquid
chromatography, a Waters Alliance 2695 separation module coupled
with autosampler was used. Autosampler was maintained at 7.degree.
C. Separation was performed on a Synergi Hydro-RP C18 column
(150.times.2.0 mm i.d., 4 .mu.m particle size), protected by a
SecurityGuard ODS 4.times.2.0 mm i.d. precolumn, both supplied from
Phenomenex. Analyte was eluted using 15 mM ammonium acetate buffer
(pH=5.00) as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B.
Mobile phase B was increased from 30% to 64% in 10 min, then to
100% in 10 min, and held constant for 10 min. Flow rate was 150
.mu.L/min and the column was maintained at 45.degree. C. The column
effluent was introduced into ESI source connected to a triple
quadruple mass spectrometer (Quattro-LC, Micromass) operating in
Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. Nitrogen was
used as nebulizer gas at 100 L/h flow rate and as desolvation gas
at 930 L/h. Ion source block and desolvation temperatures were set
respectively to 80.degree. C. and 180.degree. C. Capillary voltage
was 3.0 kV. MassLynx software version 4.0 was used for data
acquisition and processing. In addition, using mass spectrometry
both in single MS or tandem MS/MS configuration experiments were
performed to identify metabolites.
Quantification
[0377] A 5-point calibration curve was prepared daily and injected
in duplicate. Calibration samples were obtained in the 0.1 to 20
.mu.mol/L concentration range prepared in mobile phase. Linear
calibration curve parameters were obtained from the plot of the
analyte peak area versus analyte concentration using a least
squares regression analysis (weight=1/x.sup.2). Correlation
coefficients were .gtoreq.0.981.
[0378] The taurine conjugated metabolites of compound Ih3e were
also estimated. Corrective factors, to take into account the
different responses in ES-MS/MS between free and taurine conjugated
species, were estimated and applied to the area values obtained
from HPLC-MRM dataset chromatograms. Finally, calibration curves
obtained for the free bile acids were used to estimate the taurine
conjugated metabolites.
Pharmacokinetic (Biliary Secretion) of the Administered Analogues:
iv Versus id Comparison
[0379] The data refer to the secretion rate of the compound
recovered in bile as such after duodenal and femoral infusion at a
dose of 1 umol/Kg/min.
[0380] Table 5 shows concentration and secretion values for
compound Ih3e obtained from bile rat samples collected during the
duodenal infusion (1 h ranging from 75 to 135 min).
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Compound Ih3e concentration and secretion
values obtained from rat bile samples collected during the duodenal
infusion (1 hour ranging from 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n = 4) Time
Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L) (.mu.mol/kg/min) 90 0.007 0.0003 120
0.69 0.057 150 1.88 0.167 180 1.29 0.150 210 0.79 0.077 240 0.39
0.033 270 0.27 0.026 300 0.20 0.015
[0381] Table 6 shows concentration and secretion values obtained
from bile rat samples collected during the femoral infusion (1 h
ranging from 75 to 135 min).
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 Compound Ih3e concentration and secretion
values obtained from rat bile samples collected during the femoral
infusion (1 hour ranging from 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n = 5) Time
Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L) (.mu.mol/kg/min) 75 n.a. --.sup.a 90
1.9 0.1 120 3.1 0.23 150 3.4 0.31 180 2.3 0.2 210 1.06 0.105 240
0.55 0.049 270 0.27 0.018 .sup.a -: not calculated
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 6A Tauro-Ih3e concentration and secretion
values estimated from rat bile samples collected during the
duodenal infusion (1 hour ranging from 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n =
4) Time Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L) (.mu.mol/kg/min) 90 0.017
0.001 120 0.63 0.051 150 0.68 0.053 180 0.75 0.091 210 0.68 0.063
240 0.60 0.054 270 0.64 0.074 300 0.74 0.053
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 6B Tauro-Ih3e concentration and secretion
values estimated from rat bile samples collected during the femoral
infusion (1 hour ranging from 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n = 5) Time
Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L) (.mu.mol/kg/min) 90 0.269 0.0101 120
0.50 0.044 150 0.43 0.043 180 0.51 0.045 210 0.33 0.031 240 0.21
0.019 270 0.059 0.0039
[0382] The biliary secretion of compound Ih3e after iv
administration was efficient and the compound was recovered in bile
in a relatively high percentage. The kinetic profile indicated that
the compound was efficiently taken up by the liver and secreted in
bile partially as such and also, to a less extent, metabolized to
for more polar compounds (FIGS. 13, 14A and 14B). Without wishing
to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the
presence of the methyl group in C-23 position hinders the
conjugation process with taurine and glycine which is in part
relevant for an efficient secretion of almost all natural occurring
carboxylated BA; this is fundamental for dihydroxy BA and to a less
extent for trihydroxy BA. The extent of its recovery in bile is
also related to the administered dose. After id administration the
recovery in bile is was slightly lower than the recovery after iv
administration suggesting that the compound is not efficiently
absorbed by the intestine (FIGS. 13, 14C and 14D) Considering the
physicochemical properties, we expected that this compound could be
absorbed by passive diffusion mechanism (Log P=1.44) and an active
mechanism did not seem to be involved. The presence of three
hydroxyl group allows the molecule on one side to be efficiently
taken up by the liver and partially secreted into bile. It also
prevents the molecule from being absorbed by the intestine.
Example 12B
[0383] The results in the Table shown below reveal that compound
Ih3e has a potent choleretic effect, with the maximum bile
secretion rate (SV0) being significantly higher than those of CDCA
and CA.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE Biliary Lipid Secretion Parameters after iv
and id Infusion at a Dose of 1 (.mu.mol/min)/kg bw over 1 h of
BAs.sup.a SV.sub.0 S.sub.BA % free % conjug Compd id(iv) id(iv)
id(iv) id(iv) CDCA 57 .+-. 7 0.7 .+-. 0.2 3 .+-. 1 96 .+-. 8 (51
.+-. 9) (0.8 .+-. 0.1) (4 .+-. 1) (98 .+-. 5) CA 64 .+-. 6 1.0 .+-.
0.4 12 .+-. 2 90 .+-. 4 (78 .+-. 8) (1.3 .+-. 0.2) (8 .+-. 3) (92
.+-. 6) Ih3e 112 .+-. 12 0.5 .+-. 0.2 94 .+-. 6 10 .+-. 5 (131 .+-.
11) (0.7 .+-. 0.3) (93 .+-. 5) (7 .+-. 3) R-EMCA 81 .+-. 8 0.4 .+-.
0.2 68 .+-. 8 32 .+-. 7 (90 .+-. 5) (0.5 .+-. 0.1) (65 .+-. 4) (26
.+-. 6) Saline 46 .+-. 4 0.4 .+-. 0.1 (48 .+-. 4) (0.4 .+-. 0.1)
.sup..alpha.Data represent average values and standard deviations
of six independent experiments. The vehicle used for the id
administration was saline solution. The vehicle used for the iv
administration was 3% BSA saline solution, pH 7.2. SV.sub.0:
maximum bile secretion rate ((.mu.L/min)/kg bw). S.sub.BA: maximum
BA secretion rate ((.mu.mol/min)/kg bw). % free: percentage of the
administered dose recovered in bile of the molecules as such. %
conjugate: percentage of the administered dose recovered as
conjugated BA.
[0384] Accordingly, the results in the table above show that
compound Ih3e is resistant to conjugation, with more than 90% of
the compound being secreted into the bile in its unconjugated form
after intravenous or intraduodenal infusion. In contrast CDCA and
CA cannot be secreted into bile as such, requiring the conjugation
step. Thus, it is envisaged that the C23(S) methyl group of
compound Ih3e prevents carboxyl CoA activation and subsequent
conjugation, thereby favoring its cholehepatic shunt pathway with a
ductular absorption and a potent choleretic effect.
[0385] To further study the influence of the configuration of the
C23 methyl group on the side chain amidation and choleretic effect
of the compound, similar analyses were also carried out on the
other epimer, namely, 6.alpha.-ethyl-23(R)-methylcholic acid
(R-EMCA in the table above). The inspection of the maximum bile
secretion rate (SV0) shows that the choleretic effect of R-EMCA is
still higher than CA, though lower than compound Ih3e. As a result,
these data suggest that the orientation of the C-23 methyl group is
important for the conjugation of the carboxyl group, with the
methyl moiety fitting poorly in the catalytic pocket of the
conjugating enzyme in the case of the C23(S) epimer. Altogether,
these results show that compound Ih3e is efficiently absorbed and
undergoes enterohepatic cycling albeit with relatively little liver
conjugation. The low rate of conjugation may also allow compound
Ih3e to escape hepatic first pass clearance and reach the systemic
blood circulation.
Hepatic Metabolism
[0386] For a preliminary screening the search of the possible
metabolites was performed on the basis of the expected compounds
according to previous experiments and data and the structure and
physicochemical properties of compound Ih3e.
[0387] Compound Ih3e is mainly secreted as parent compound
(unmodified) and was only slightly metabolized by the liver. The
main metabolite was the taurine conjugate and the mono glucuronide
was present in a low amount. The metabolism is similar for both iv
and id administration. Considering the recovery in bile, we
expected to identify other metabolites. The presence of the methyl
group in the C-23 position hinders the conjugation process with
taurine and glycine which is in part required for an efficient
secretion of almost all natural occurring carboxylated BAs; this is
fundamental for dihydroxy BA and to a less extent for trihydroxy BA
since they are already quite polar. Formation of glucuronides could
become relevant if administered higher doses.
[0388] FIG. 14A shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolites
identified in bile using mass spectrometry in the iv experiment.
Data are reported as absolute area values (n=5). FIG. 14B is a zoom
display of FIG. 14A. FIG. 14C shows compound Ih3e and its main
metabolites identified in bile using mass spectrometry in the di
experiment. Data are reported as absolute area values. FIG. 14D is
a zoom display of FIG. 14Cc.
[0389] In summary, compound Ih3e is moderately hydrophilic and has
a mild detergency. Its hepatic uptake seems efficient. The biliary
secretion is also efficient considering that the compound is
secreted mainly unmodified and, to a limited extent, conjugated
with taurine. The intestinal absorption is also efficient, even if
it is not complete, and the molecule does not require extensive
hepatic metabolism at the administered dose to be secreted into
bile. The presence of the methyl group in the C-23 position
prevents extensive conjugation with taurine for biliary secretion.
Therefore, there is an increase in the hepatic resonance time of
the molecule which undergoes a cholehepatic shunt pathway, which is
responsible for its potent choleretic effect.
Example 13: In Vitro Toxicity on HepG2 Cell
[0390] Compounds of the invention were evaluated for in vitro
toxicity using a HepG2 cell assay. HepG2 cell cytotoxicity was
determined by monitoring ATP decrease and HepG2 cell apotosis was
determined by monitoring caspase-3 activation. The results are
shown in Table 7.
Cytotoxicity
[0391] Cell viability was measured using Perkinelmer ATP-Lite 1
STEP. ATP is a marker for cell viability because it is present in
all metabolically active cells and the concentration declines very
rapidly when the cells undergo necrosis or apoptosis. HepG2 cells
(1.times.10.sup.4) were seeded in 96 wells plate and stimulated
with 10-fold dilutions from 1 nM to 300 .mu.M of the compound Ih3e
for 4 h at 37.degree. C. The plates were equilibrated at RT for 10
minutes and 100 .mu.l of ATP-Lite 1 STEP Reagent was added to 100
.mu.l of culture medium containing cells. Luminescence was read
with Victor Light (PerkinElemr). The experimental signal was
subtracted from background. Tamoxifen was used as positive control
of cellular cytotoxicity, while negative control was the
non-treated cells.
Apoptosis
[0392] Caspases participate in the molecular control of apoptosis
and TruPoint Caspase-3 Substrate enables sensitive, robust and
homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay of caspase-3 activity.
Human Hepatocytes cells (HepG2) were seeded (1.times.10.sup.4) in
96-well plate with HepG2 medium without sodium pyruvate. The cells
were stimulated 4 h at 37.degree. C. with serial dilutions of test
compound Ih3e from 1 nM to 300 .mu.M in triplicate. Staurosporin
was used as positive control of apoptotic cells. Negative controls
were: 1. Unstimulated cells; 2. Medium alone without cells; 3.
Cells incubated without the caspase substrate. Lyses buffer and
Caspase-3 Substrate were added to the cells and 1 hour and 24 hours
after fluorescence was measured with EnVision.
Necrosis
[0393] The cellular necrosis was analyzed by measuring the release
of Lactato DeHydroxegenase (LDH) from the necrotic cells using
Promega's CytoTox ONE Homogeneous Membrane Integrity Assay. HepG2
cells (1.times.10.sup.4) were seeded in a 96-well plate. After 18
hours of incubation fresh medium without Sodium Pyruvate and Serum
free was replaced and compound Ih3e were added in dose response
from 0,1 .mu.M to 500 .mu.M. Triton 1% was used as maximum LDH
release control. Tamoxifen was used as inducer necrosis. The plated
cells were placed back into the incubator for an additional 4
hours. The supernatant was transferred in a new plate and the same
volume of CytoTox-ONE Reagent was added to the plate. After 1 h of
incubation the fluorescence was read with the EnVision multilabel
plate reader with an excitation wavelength of 560 nm and an
emission of 590 nm.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 7 In VitroToxicity on HepG2 cells CYTO-
APOPTOSIS TOXICITY Caspase-3 NECROSIS ATP decrease activation LDH
release Compound EC.sub.50 (.mu.M) EC.sub.50 (.mu.M) EC.sub.50
(.mu.M) Staurosporine .sup.(apoptosis) 15 3 n.d. Tamoxifen
.sup.(Necrosis) 47 4 35 LCA 84 65 105 CDCA 650 890 >1000 UDCA
>l000 n.d. n.d. CA >l000 n.d. n.d. Compound Ih3e >l000
n.d. n.d.
Example 14: NR Selectivity Assays
[0394] The selectivity of compounds of the invention was evaluated
using assay methods known in the art. Specifically, the following
assay methods were used:
FXR and LXR: Coactivator Recruitment (alphascreen); TGR5: cAMP
level on human intestinal cell line (NCI-H716); PXR: Ligands
Competition assay (Binding Assay)
CAR: Coactivator Recruitment (Lanthascreen)
[0395] Table 8 shows the results of these assays.
TR-FRET Coactivator Assay
[0396] Lanthascreen assay (Invitrogen) was used for nuclear
receptor selectivity assay. The kit uses a terbium-labeled anti-GST
antibody, a fluorescein-labeled coactivator peptide, and a NR
ligand-binding domain that is tagged with glutathione-S-transferase
(GST) in a homogenous mix-and-read assay format. The assays were
performed in 384 microwell plate (PerkinElmer). A 20 .mu.l total
assay reaction included 5 nM GST-tagged NRs, 125 nM of coregulator
peptide, 5 nM of TB-anti-GST tagged antibody
(terbium-anti-glutathione S transferase tagged), 5 mM DTT and
varying concentration of compound Ih3e in the assay buffer supplied
by Invitrogen. The negative control was devoid of the compound Ih3e
but contained everything else contained in the agonist well.
Following 1 hour incubation in the dark, TR-FRET measurements were
made in the Envision. The emission ratio 520/495 was plotted
against varying ligand concentrations. The data was analyzed using
GraphPad Prism using the sigmoidal curve equation with variable
slope to obtain EC.sub.50 values.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 8 NR Selectivity Assays FXR TGR5 LXR.alpha.
PXR CAR PPAR.delta. VDR Activation Activation Activation Binding
Activation Activation Activation (CDCA = (LCA = (T0901317 =
(SR-12183 = (CITCO = (GW0742 = (Di-HydroxyVitD3 = Compound 10-20
.mu.M) 4-8 .mu.M) 0.08 .mu.M) 0.013 .mu.M) 0.005 .mu.M) 0.004
.mu.M) 0.005 .mu.M) (Reference EC.sub.50 EC.sub.50 EC.sub.50
IC.sub.50 EC.sub.50 EC.sub.50 EC.sub.50 Standard) (.mu.M) (.mu.M)
(.mu.M) (.mu.M) (.mu.M) (.mu.M) (.mu.M) CDCA 20 30 No activity
>250 >250 No activity No activity LCA No activity 4-8 No
activity 23 No activity No activity No activity CA No activity 30
No activity No activity No activity No activity No activity UDCA
>150 No activity No activity >250 >250 No activity No
activity Compound 175 0.9 No activity 110 >250 No activity No
activity Ih3e FXR, LXR, CAR, PPAR.delta., VDR: Coactivator
Recruitment Assay; TGR-5: cAMP level on human intestinal cell line,
NCI-H716; PXR: Ligands Competition assay;
Example 15: Compound Stability
[0397] The stability of compound Ih3e was determined using methods
known in the art. Cellular fraction concentration was 1 mg/ml over
a time course of 0-15-30-60-120-240-360-1440 minutes. Positive
controls were testosterone (1000 ng/ml); 7-hydroxy coumarine (1296
ng/ml); benzoic acid (2440 ng/ml) over a time course of
0-10-20-40-60-120. The analytical method used was LC/MS separation
on C18 column by gradient polarity; acquisition performed in Single
Ion Monitoring. The results are shown below in Table 9.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 9 T1/2 (espressed in minutes) Positive
Controls Ih3e Testosterone 7-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Humer liver 725
369 8.5 236 S9 fraction Human liver 1942 8-20 -- -- Microsomes
Example 16 Release of GLP-1 Ex Vivo
[0398] FIG. 16 shows that compound Ih3e dramatically and
dose-dependently induces the release of GLP-1 ex vivo. FIG. 16
shows the impact of 1 h exposure to indicated concentration of
compound Ih3e on GLP-1 release ex vivo in ileal explants isolated
from 18-weeks HF-fed TGR5-Tg male mice (n=4). The data are
represented as mean.+-.SE: Student's unpaired t-test, (*)
P<0.05, compound Ih3e treated ileal explants vs vehicle
treated.
[0399] The following Experimental Procedures are utilized in
Examples 17-21.
Chemicals and Reagents
[0400] All biochemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
unless indicated. The DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i) sitagliptin was a kind
gift from Dr. C. Ullmer (Hoffmann-La Roche). Compound Ih3e was
synthesized as previously described (Macchiarulo et al., 2008;
Pellicciari et al., 2007).
Cell Culture
[0401] In vitro experiments were carried out in STC-1 or NCI-H716
cells treated with vehicle (DMSO) or Compound Ih3e. Compound Ih3e
was assessed for its agonistic activity on TGR5 as previously
described (Macchiarulo et al., 2008, J. Chem. Inf. Model. 48, 1792;
Pellicciari et al., 2007, J. Med. Chem. 50, 4265-4268). cAMP
production was performed as described (Sato et al., 2008, J. Med.
Chem. 51, 1831; Watanabe et al., 2006, Nature 439, 484). Cox
activity was evaluated by following the oxidation of fully reduced
cytochrome c (Sigma) at 550 nm (Feige et al., 2008b, Cell Metab. 8,
347). ATP/ADP ratio and GLP-1 release were measured according to
the manufacturers' instructions (Biovision and Millipore,
respectively). Primary brown adipocytes were prepared as previously
described (Watanabe et al., 2006, Nature 439, 484), and ileal
explants were prepared according to an established method (Cima et
al., 2004, J. Exp. Med. 200, 1635-1646).
Intracellular Calcium Quantification
[0402] NCI-H716(40,000 cells) was seeded in 96-well black plates
coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences). Seventy-two hours after
transfection, cells were washed twice in assay buffer (HBSS
1.times., 20 mM HEPES [pH 7.4]) and assayed for intracellular
calcium with Fluo-4 AM according to the manufacturer's protocol
(Invitrogen).
Biochemistry and Histochemistry
[0403] Plasma parameters and hepatic and fecal lipid content were
measured as described (Mataki et al., 2007, Mol. Cell. Biol. 27,
8330-8339). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Sirius red, and oil
red 0 staining were performed as described (Mark al., 2007, Curr.
Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29B, 24), and micrographs were
taken on wide-field microscopes (Leica) with a CCD camera. For
pancreatic sections, islets were sized and counted from four
HE-stained alternated sections spaced of 150 .mu.M using ImageJ
software (five animals per group). Immunofluorescent staining of
insulin was performed as described (Fajas et al., 2004, J. Clin.
Invest. 113, 1288). Additionally, pancreatic islets were isolated
by collagenase digestion of pancreas from HF-fed TGR5-Tg mice
according to online-available procedures (for example, see JOVE
(Journal of Visualized Experiments website)). Insulin was extracted
after O/N incubation at -20.degree. C. in acid ethanol and measured
by ELISA on PBS-diluted samples according to the manufacturer's
instructions (Mercodia). GLP-1 release was measured in vitro, ex
vivo, and in vivo according to methods known in the art.
Oxygen Consumption Measurement
[0404] Cellular oxygen consumption was measured using a Seahorse
Bioscience XF24 analyzer with ten biological replicates per
condition (Feige et al., 2008b, Cell Metab. 8, 347).
Animal Experiments
[0405] Animals were housed and bred according to standardized
procedures (Argmann and Auwerx, 2006b). Age-matched male mice were
used for all experiments. Genetically engineered mouse models
(GEMMs), i.e., TGR5-Tg and TGR5.sup.-/- mice, were generated as
described in the Supplemental Data. DIO in the GEMMs or C57BL/6J
mice (Charles River) was induced by feeding 8-week-old mice with a
HF diet (60% cal/fat, D12492; Research Diets) for at least 8 weeks,
as mentioned in the text and figure legends. In the dietary
intervention experiments, Compound Ih3e was mixed with diet (Feige
et al., 2008a, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29B, 25)
at the dose sufficient to reach an in vivo dose of 30 mg/kg/d.
Mouse phenotyping experiments were performed according to EMPRESS
protocols (see, for example, Empress (European Mouse Phenotyping
Resource of Standardised Screening) website) and were aimed to
assess food and water intake, body composition (Argmann et al.,
2006a, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 23), energy
expenditure (Argmann et al., 2006a, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol.
Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 23), glucose and lipid homeostasis (Argmann
et al., 2006b, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 22);
Heikkinen et al., 2007, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Chapter 29, Unit 29B,
23; Mataki et al., 2007, Mol. Cell Biol. 27, 8330), and plasma
biochemistry (Argmann and Auwerx, 2006a, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol.
Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 22). Tissues and blood were collected and
processed for histopathology, blood chemistry, and gene expression
according to standardized procedures (Argmann and Auwerx, 2006a;
Feige et al., 2008b; Mark et al., 2007; Watanabe et al., 2006).
Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies were performed as
described (Feige et al., 2008b), with minor modifications including
a change in the initial insulin bolus (30 mU/kg) and insulin
infusion rate (10 mU/min/kg). Plasma GLP-1 levels were measured by
ELISA (Millipore) on blood collected by retro-orbital puncture.
Experiments with db/db mice (Charles River) were performed in
14-week-old animals fed a CD without or with compound Ih3e (30
mg/kg/d) for 6 weeks (Feige et al., 2008a).
Gene Expression Profiling
[0406] Gene expression profiling was performed by real-time
quantitative PCR (Feige et al., 2008b; Watanabe et al., 2006).
Primer sequences used have been previously published, except those
used for the Kir6.2 gene: R-5' AGATGCTAAACTTGGGCTTG (SEQ ID NO. 1),
F-5' TAAAGTGCCCACACCACTC (SEQ ID NO. 2).
Statistics
[0407] Statistical analyses were performed by using the unpaired
Student's t test. Data are expressed as mean.+-.SEM, and P values
smaller than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Example 17 TGR5 mRNA Expression
[0408] A link between BAs and energy expenditure in vivo (Watanabe
et al., 2006, Nature, 439, 484-489) has been previously
established, thus it was speculated that activation of TGR5
signaling could impact mitochondrial activity in a more general
fashion. To find initial support for this hypothesis, TGR5 mRNA
expression was analyzed via the GeneNetwork liver mRNA database in
the BxD genetic reference population as found on the GeneNetwork
University of Tennessee website. A wide range of variation in TGR5
mRNA expression was evident among the different BxD mouse strains.
Interestingly, TGR5 mRNA expression was highly significantly
correlated with the expression of several genes encoding for
subunits of complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, such
as cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) (e.g., CoxVI1a; FIG. 17A) and ATP
synthase (Atp6v0b, ATPase H.sup.+ transporting V0 subunit B;
Atpaf2, ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2;
Atp1 a3, ATPase Na.sup.+/K+ transporting alpha 3 polypeptide;
Atp6v1 b2, ATPase H.sup.+ transporting V1 subunit B isoform 2).
Consistent with this observation, treatment of STC-1 cells with
compound Ih3e resulted in a cAMP-dependent increase in Cox activity
(FIG. 17B), which was associated with an increase in cellular
oxygen consumption (FIG. 17C) and a rise in the ATP/ADP ratio (FIG.
17D). This result was confirmed in the human enteroendocrine cell
line NCI-H716, in which compound Ih3e treatment increased ATP
production in a cAMP-dependent manner. Interestingly, TGR5
expression was also strongly correlated with that of Kir6.2, a
component of the ATP-dependent potassium channel (K.sub.ATP) (FIG.
17E). These correlations were further corroborated by TGR5 RNA
interference in STC-1 cells, which resulted in a concomitant drop
in the expression of CoxIV and Kir6.2 mRNAs (FIG. 17F).
Example 18. Activation of TGR5 Signaling Pathway Increases
Intracellular Calcium Levels and Stimulates GLP-1 Release in
Enteroendocrine L Cells
[0409] In pancreatic .beta. cells, it is well established that an
increase in the ATP/ADP ratio derived from glucose metabolism
closes the K.sub.ATP channels, resulting in depolarization of the
plasma membrane. This membrane depolarization in turn opens
calcium-gated voltage channels (Ca.sub.v), causing calcium influx.
The resultant increase in intracellular calcium then triggers the
direct interaction between exocytotic proteins situated in the
insulin-containing granule membrane and those located in the plasma
membrane (Yang and Berggren, 2006, Endocr. Rev. 27, 621-676),
leading to the subsequent release of insulin (Nichols, 2006,
Nature, 440, 470-476). Recent findings support the hypothesis that
K.sub.ATP and Ca.sub.v channels also play a pivotal role in GLP-1
release from enteroendocrine L cells (Reimann and Gribble, 2002,
Diabetes 51, 2757-2763; Reimann et al., 2008, Cell Metab. 8,
532-539). Fascinatingly, in the BxD reference population, we also
found that TGR5 expression correlated with the expression of
Ca.sub.v2.2 (FIG. 18A), whose expression was previously described
in enteroendocrine cells (Reimann et al., 2005, J. Physiol. 563,
161-175) and which participates in calcium-stimulated insulin
release in pancreatic 3 cells (Yang and Berggren, 2006, Endocr.
Rev. 27, 621-676). Along with this, compound Ih3e robustly
increased calcium influx in the human enteroendocrine cell line
NCI-H716, an effect that was potentiated by TGR5 overexpression
and, by contrast, blunted by TGR5 RNA interference (FIGS. 18B and
18C) or by the addition of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-1
2330A (MDL) (FIG. 18D). In addition, the presence of glucose
enhanced the TGR5-dependent increase in intracellular calcium (FIG.
18E). This effect was correlated with a rise in GLP-1 release from
the NCI-H716 cells (FIG. 18F), which was inhibited by
MDL-12-330A.
[0410] The TGR5-mediated GLP-1 release triggered by compound Ih3e
was further confirmed in the mouse enteroendocrine STC-1 cells in
which the impact of compound Ih3e on GLP-1 release was enhanced by
TGR5 overexpression, while being prevented either by RNA
interference (FIG. 18G) or by MDL-12-330A, further underscoring the
cAMP dependence of TGR5-mediated GLP-1 release (FIG. 18H). Taken
together, these data demonstrate that TGR5 regulates a key pathway
governing the release of GLP-1 from enteroendocrine L cells.
Example 19. TGR5 Overexpression Modulates GLP-1 Secretion In
Vivo
[0411] To further evaluate the metabolic role of enhanced TGR5
signaling, we assessed the impact of transgenic overexpression of
TGR5 in vivo in the context of DIO in mice. TGR5 transgenic mice
(TGR5-Tg) were generated by oocyte injection of the bacterial
artificial chromosome (BAC) RP23-278N1. By quantitative real-time
PCR, TGR5-Tg mice were shown to have integrated six copies of the
RP23-278N1 1 BAC clone, leading to a robust TGR5 mRNA expression,
restricted to most tissues that express TGR5 normally. Glucose
tolerance was markedly improved in TGR5-Tg mice challenged for 10
weeks with a high-fat (HF) diet compared to control HF-fed
litter-mates (FIG. 19A), whereas no difference was noticed in mice
on chow diet (CD) (data not shown). In contrast to our
expectations, no differences were observed in body weight gain
between wild-type and TGR5-Tg mice on CD or HF diet, demonstrating
that improvement of glucose tolerance in TGR5-Tg mice could not be
attributed to the confounding effects of weight loss. The absence
of weight gain in TGR5-Tg mice, in the wake of an increase in
energy expenditure, was explained by a reduction of locomotor
activity. Since GLP-1 receptor knockout mice display a marked
hyperactivity (Hansotia et al., 2007, J. Clin. Invest. 117,
143-152), we administered the GLP-1 receptor agonist Ex-4 to
wild-type mice in order to assess whether the decrease in locomotor
activity in TGR5-Tg mice could be linked to GLP-1 secretion. Ex-4
efficiently and dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity in
mice. Interestingly, at 1 nmol/Kg, we noticed a significant
decrease in locomotor activity while the mice were still eating
properly.
[0412] Interestingly, and according to our expectations, glucose
tolerance in TGR5-Tg mice was associated with a robust GLP-1
secretion and insulin release in response to an oral glucose load
(FIG. 19B). The significance of the enhanced GLP-1 secretion was
underscored by the fact that measurements of plasma GLP-1 levels
were performed without preliminary oral administration of a
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor to the mice. This enhanced
GLP-1 release in TGR5-Tg mice helps to explain the decreased
locomotor activity in these mice. To further investigate the impact
of TGR5 overexpression on GLP-1 secretion, the HF-fed mice were
subsequently challenged with a test meal to stimulate BA release
from the gallbladder. Interestingly, the impact of TGR5
overexpression on insulin and GLP-1 secretion was more pronounced
postprandially than after simple glucose challenge (FIG. 19C). It
is speculated that these effects are due to the increased BA flux
triggered by the test meal as compared to the glucose challenge. In
line with this hypothesis, the treatment of ileal explants from
TGR5-Tg and control mice with lithocholic acid (LCA) confirmed that
BAs provide an excellent signal to induce GLP-1 release in the
context of high TGR5 expression (FIG. 19D). These data are
furthermore in accordance with results obtained in
mTGR5-transfected STC-1 cells in which GLP-1 release was also
boosted by increased expression of TGR5 (FIG. 19G). We speculate
that in the context of wild-type ileal explants, the quick
degradation of GLP-1 by DPP4 enzyme might mask the moderate
increase in GLP-1 release triggered by LCA.
[0413] The impact of GLP-1 on pancreatic function has been
extensively documented during the last decade and ranges from
insulin-secretagogue effects to the promotion of pancreatic islet
survival and proliferation (Drucker, 2006, Cell Metab. 3, 153-165).
In this context, immunofluorescent staining of insulin on
pancreatic sections revealed that, in contrast to hypertrophic
islets with low insulin content, as observed in HF-fed control
mice, islets of HF-fed TGR5-Tg mice were not hypertrophic and
stained more intensively for insulin (FIG. 19E). In line with these
data, counting and sizing of pancreatic islets confirmed that TGR5
expression results in the maintenance of a normal islet
distribution profile (FIG. 19F), likely due to enhanced plasma
GLP-1 levels. In addition, the insulin content of isolated
pancreatic islets was significantly higher in HF-fed TGR5-Tg mice
than in controls (FIG. 19G).
[0414] To further establish a role of TGR5 signaling in the
maintenance of glucose homeostasis, we assessed the glucose
tolerance of germline TGR5-deficient mice (TGR5.sup.-/-), generated
by breeding mice in which the TGR5 allele was floxed with CMV-Cre
transgenic mice. In direct contrast with what was observed in
TGR5-Tg mice, glucose tolerance was impaired in TGR5.sup.-/- mice
challenged with a HF-diet for 8 weeks (FIG. 19H), whereas no
difference was observed in CD-fed mice (data not shown). GLP-1
secretion was then tested by challenging TGR5.sup.+/+ and
TGR5.sup.-/- mice with an oral glucose load 30 min after the
administration of saline or compound Ih3e alone, or in combination
with the DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i), sitagliptin. Preadministration of
compound Ih3e moderately increased GLP-1 release after a glucose
challenge in TGR5.sup.+/+ mice (FIG. 19I). This effect was,
however, markedly more pronounced when DPP4i was coadministered as
a consequence of its ability to prolong the half-life of plasma
GLP-1 (Drucker and Nauck, 2006, Lancet, 368, 1696-1705) (FIG. 19I).
In contrast, the effects of compound Ih3e on plasma GLP-1 levels
were blunted in TGR5.sup.-/- mice (FIG. 19J). Together, these data
underscore the critical role of TGR5 signaling in the control of
GLP-1 release and further demonstrate the specificity of the
semisynthetic agonist compound Ih3e in vivo.
Example 20. The TGR5 Agonist Compound Ih3e Increases Energy
Expenditure and Reduces Hepatic Steatosis and Obesity Upond
High-Fat Feeding
[0415] In view of the improved glucose and insulin profile in
TGR5-Tg mice, we next assessed the therapeutic potential of
compound Ih3e admixed at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day (mkd) with the diet
in an intervention study in C57BL/6J mice in which diabesity was
induced by HF feeding for 14 weeks. As expected, the HPLC profile
of plasma BAs confirmed the presence of compound Ih3e in the
treated mice only (FIG. 20A). The plasma levels of compound Ih3e
were within the range of those of CA and 3-muricholic acid. It is
noteworthy that compound Ih3e treatment affected neither plasma BA
composition nor the expression profile of the enzymes involved in
BA synthesis, whose expression is mainly under the control of
nuclear receptors. The complete absence of changes in the
expression level of classical target genes of FXR in the liver,
such as cholesterol 7.alpha.-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and bile salt
export pump (BSEP) (Thomas et al., 2008, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery
7, 678-693), further confirmed the specificity of compound Ih3e
toward TGR5.
[0416] After 10 weeks of treatment with compound Ih3e, a
significant attenuation of body weight gain of about 15%, in
association with a sharp reduction in fat mass, was observed in
HF-fed Ih3e-treated mice relative to HF-fed controls (FIGS. 20B and
20C). The increase in liver and fat pad mass was also attenuated in
HF-fed Ih3e-treated mice (FIG. 20D). As noticed in our previous
study with CA (Watanabe et al., 2006, Nature, 439, 484-489), the
decrease in BAT mass was related to a diminution of white adipose
tissue (WAT) in the interscapular region (FIG. 20D and data not
shown). The metabolic changes between control HF-fed and
Ih3e-treated HF-fed mice were not caused by a reduced calorie
intake (FIG. 20E) or fecal energy loss, but rather were the
consequence of enhanced energy expenditure, as indicated by the
measurement of O.sub.2 consumption and CO.sub.2 production during
indirect calorimetry (FIG. 20F). During the dark period, the
respiratory quotient of Ih3e-treated mice was significantly
reduced, consistent with increased fat burning (FIG. 20F). Gene
expression profiling of BAT confirmed that activation of the TGR5
signaling pathway triggers the increase of several mitochondrial
genes involved in energy expenditure along with an induction of
type 2 deiodinase gene expression (FIG. 20G). The activation of the
mitochondrial respiratory chain by compound Ih3e was further
evidenced by measuring O.sub.2 consumption in primary brown
adipocytes isolated from C57BL/6J mice treated for 12 hr with
compound Ih3e. Addition of the uncoupling agent,
carbonylcyanide-ptrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), boosted
basal O.sub.2 consumption in all conditions but was significantly
more pronounced in those treated with compound Ih3e (FIG. 20H). In
addition to the enhanced energy expenditure, liver function was
also improved, as evidenced by the reduction in liver steatosis,
which was assessed by oil red 0 staining (FIG. 20I) and biochemical
quantification of liver lipid content (FIG. 20J). Moreover, plasma
levels of liver enzymes were markedly reduced compared to HF-fed
controls, correlating with the absence of liver fibrosis in liver
sections of Ih3e-treated mice stained with Sirius red (FIGS. 20I
and 20K). The improvement in liver function was also reflected by
the significant drop in plasma triglycerides and nonesterified
fatty acids (NEFAs) in HF-fed mice treated with compound Ih3e (FIG.
20L).
Example 21. The TGR5 Agonist Compound Ih3e Improves Insulin
Sensitivity in Obese Mice
[0417] The ability of compound Ih3e to improve glucose homeostasis
was determined. In both DIO and db/db mice, an environmental and
genetic model of diabesity, respectively, treatment with compound
Ih3e (30 mkd) admixed with the diet robustly improved glucose
tolerance after an oral challenge with glucose (FIGS. 21A and 21C),
along with an improvement of the glucose-stimulated insulin
secretion profile (FIGS. 21B and 21D, lower panel). This feature is
consistent with a GLP-1-mediated improvement in pancreatic
function. Furthermore, fasting glucose and insulin levels were
decreased in both DIO and db/db mice that were treated with
compound Ih3e (FIGS. 21B and 21D, top panel). To further
characterize the impact of compound Ih3e on glucose homeostasis and
insulin sensitivity, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp
was performed on these DIO mice. Consistent with the improved
glucose tolerance, the glucose infusion rate required to maintain
euglycemia in DIO mice treated with compound Ih3e was virtually
identical to that observed in CD-fed control mice (FIG. 21E). While
insulin-resistant HF-fed mice showed an increased endogenous
production of hepatic glucose, together with a reduction of both
glucose disposal rate and the suppression of glucose production by
insulin, compound Ih3e treatment of HF-fed mice normalized these
parameters to the values observed in CD-fed mice (FIG. 21E).
Measurement of insulin-stimulated .sup.14C-deoxyglucose uptake
during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp indicated that
the improvement in glucose homeostasis by compound Ih3e could be
mainly attributed to reduced insulin resistance in liver and muscle
(FIG. 21F). These effects correlated with normalization in the
expression of key genes involved in hepatic glucose homeostasis
(FIG. 21G).
[0418] To address the specificity of compound Ih3e with regard to
TGR5 in vivo, the impact of 4 weeks' treatment with compound Ih3e
at 30 mkd on glucose tolerance was compared in TGR5' and TGR5/mice,
primed by HF feeding for 9 weeks. Even over this short time period,
compound Ih3e significantly improved glucose tolerance in
TGR5.sup.+/+ fed a HF diet (FIG. 6A), along with a normalization of
insulin secretion during oral glucose challenge (FIG. 6B). These
effects were blunted in TGR5.sup.-/- mice, thereby providing
further arguments to support the specificity of compound Ih3e for
TGR5 (FIGS. 22A and 22B).
Example 22. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism in Bile-Fistula Rat
After IV Administration for Compounds Ih3e and Ii3e
[0419] The difference between the two pure diastereoisomers, Ih3e
and Ii3e, is that the C-23 methyl group is oriented differently,
thus generating the 23S and 23R forms. This structure modification
could in part modify the physicochemical properties, metabolism and
pharmacokinetics of the two compounds. The introduction of a C-23
methyl group in the side chain differently oriented produced two
isomers where also the carboxy group is differently oriented and
its reactivity in the amidation process or in the deconjugation of
the amidated form can be different among the two diastereoisomers.
The different carboxy group orientation is also responsible for a
different hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the two molecules
which could result in different biological properties and
metabolism. In order to clarify this point the two pure isomers
were administered by femoral infusion (i.v.) to a bile fistula rat
model at a single dose of 1 .mu.mol/min/kg bw for 1 hour and bile
samples were collected for 3 hours. The effect on bile flow, on
biliary secretion of the parent compound and of the main metabolite
were also evaluated.
Bile Flow. Choleretic Effect
Methods
[0420] This study was performed by administration of the two
compounds via femoral infusion (iv); 6 rats (body weight 267.+-.12
g) were treated with each diastereoisomer at a dose of 1
.mu.mol/min/kg. Femoral infusion started after 75 minutes of
steady-state and continued for 60 minutes. Bile samples were
collected every 15 minutes for 2 hours. In addition, 3 rats were
treated with 3% BSA saline solution under the same conditions for
times and sampling (femoral control rats).
Results
[0421] The bile flow during iv infusion of the control 3% BSA
saline vehicle maintained a value ranging from 40 to 60
.mu.L/min/kg for the entire period of the experiments. The iv
infusion of compound Ih3e significantly increased the bile flow
rate and this phenomenon started 15 minutes after the beginning of
the infusion period and continued for at least 2 hours after the
end of the infusion period (FIG. 23). The iv infusion of compound
Ii3e also increased the bile flow rate but this effect is
significantly lower than that observed for the isomer compound Ih3e
(FIG. 23).
Pharmacokinetics (Biliary Secretion) of the Administered Isomers
after iv Infusion
[0422] Bile samples collected at different times during the iv
experiments were analyzed to determine the biliary secretions of
the administered isomers and their main metabolites recovered in
bile.
Materials
[0423] Pure crystalline powder of each compound was obtained from
R. Pellicciari's laboratory at the University of Perugia. Stock
solutions were prepared in methanol at 1 mmol/L and working
solutions were prepared by diluting appropriate volumes of the
primary solution. Methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC-grade
purity. Ammonia was 30% pure and acetic acid was 99.8% pure. All
reagents were obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents. HPLC-grade water
was prepared by a Milli-Q system.
Sample Preparation
[0424] Rat bile samples were brought to room temperature, briefly
stirred, and diluted 1:100 or 1:200 v/v with 15 mM ammonium acetate
buffer (pH=5.0): acetonitrile (70:30, v/v). The final solution was
transferred in an autosampler vial and 10 .mu.L was injected onto
the chromatographic column. When samples were found out of
linearity range, they were diluted and reanalyzed.
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method
[0425] Rat bile samples were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using the
ESI source in negative ionization mode. For liquid chromatography a
Waters Alliance 2695 separation module coupled with autosampler was
used. The autosampler was maintained at 7.degree. C. Separation was
performed on a Synergi Hydro-RP C18 column (150.times.2.0 mm i.d.,
4 .mu.m particle size), protected by a SecurityGuard ODS
4.times.2.0 mm i.d. precolumn, both supplied from Phenomenex. The
analyte was eluted using 15 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH=5.0) as
mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Mobile phase B
was increased from 30% to 64% in 10 minutes, then to 100% in 10
minutes, and held constant for 10 minutes. Flow rate was 150
.mu.L/min and the column was maintained at 45.degree. C. The column
effluent was introduced into the ESI source connected to a triple
quadruple MS (Quattro-LC, Micromass) operating in multiple reaction
monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. Nitrogen was used as nebulizer
gas at 100 L/h flow rate and as desolvation gas at 930 L/h. The ion
source block and desolvation temperatures were set respectively to
80.degree. C. and 180.degree. C. Capillary voltage was 3.0 kV.
MassLynx software version 4.0 was used for data acquisition and
processing. In addition, using mass spectrometry both in single MS
and tandem MS/MS configurations, experiments were performed to
identify metabolites.
Quantification
[0426] A 5-point calibration curve was prepared daily and injected
in duplicate. Calibration samples were obtained in the 0.1-20
.mu.mol/L concentration range prepared in the mobile phase. Linear
calibration curve parameters were obtained from the plot of the
analyte peak area versus analyte concentration using a least
squares regression analysis (weight=1/.times.2). Correlation
coefficients were .gtoreq.0.994. The taurine conjugated metabolites
of compounds Ih3e and Ii3e were also estimated even if standards
were not available to us. A corrective factor, to take into account
the different responses in ES-MS/MS between free and taurine
conjugated species, previously estimated was applied to the area
values obtained from HPLC-MRM dataset chromatograms. Finally,
calibration curves obtained for the free BA were used to estimate
taurine conjugated metabolites.
Results-Biliary Secretion-Compound Ih3e
[0427] The biliary secretion of compound Ih3e after iv
administration was efficient and the compound was recovered in bile
at a relatively high percentage of the administered dose. The
kinetic profile indicates that compound Ih3e was efficiently taken
up by the liver and secreted in bile mainly unmodified and also, to
a lesser extent conjugated with taurine (FIG. 24); other minor
metabolites including glucuronides have been identified in bile in
trace amounts (FIGS. 26 and 27).
[0428] The presence of the methyl group in the C-23 position
hinders the physiological conjugation process with taurine and
glycine which is relevant for efficient secretion of almost all
naturally occurring carboxylated BA; this is crucial for
dihydroxy-BA and to a lesser extent for trihydroxy-BA. The extent
of its recovery in bile is also related to the administered dose
like it has been observed for cholic acid (Roda A. et al.
Hepatology. 8,1571-6,1988).
[0429] Taking into account the compound Ih3e physicochemical
properties, we expected that this compound would be absorbed by a
passive diffusion mechanism (Log P=1.44) and an active mechanism
did not seem to be involved. The presence of three hydroxyl groups
allows the molecule to be efficiently taken up by the liver and
secreted into bile. The 6-ethyl group prevents also the intestinal
bacteria 7-dehydroxylation as shown in the previous report.
Results-Biliary Secretion-Compound Ii3e
[0430] The biliary secretion of compound Ii3e after iv infusion is
reported in FIG. 25. The kinetic profile indicates that the
compound is metabolized by the liver more extensively than compound
Ih3e. The parent compound is secreted in bile as such and to a less
extent as taurine conjugate. In respect to its diastereoisomer
compound Ih3e, the percentage of conjugation is higher and the
maximum secretion rate of the unconjugared form is lower. This
suggests that the C-23(R) isomer presents a side chain geometry and
orientation more suitable for the amidation process in respect to
the isomer (S) which is secreted as unconjugated form at higher
percentage. The conjugation with taurine contributes to improve
compound Ii3e recovery in bile which is approx. 70-80% of the
administered dose. Other minor metabolites including glucuronides
have been identified in bile in trace amount.
Hepatic Metabolism
Methods
[0431] Using data obtained from previous experiments as well as
structural and physicochemical properties of the studied analogues,
a preliminary screen was carried out to search for possible
metabolites.
Compound Ih3e
[0432] This molecule was mainly secreted as parent compound
(unmodified) and was only slightly metabolized by the liver. The
main metabolite was the taurine conjugated species and, at very low
levels, the mono-glucuronide species was detected (FIG. 26-27). The
presence of the methyl group in C-23 position hinders the
conjugation process with taurine and glycine which is required for
an efficient secretion of almost all naturally occurring
carboxylated BAs; this is crucial for dihydroxy BA and to a lesser
extent for trihydroxy BA since they are already quite polar.
Formation of glucuronides could become relevant if administered at
higher doses.
Compound Ii3e
[0433] This molecule was mainly secreted as parent compound
(unmodified) and was also metabolized by the liver to form the
taurine conjugated specie and, at very low levels, the
mono-glucuronide specie. (FIG. 27).
[0434] The presence of the methyl group in C-23 position hinders
the conjugation process with taurine and glycine which is required
for an efficient secretion of almost all naturally occurring
carboxylated BAs; this is crucial for dihydroxy BA and to a lesser
extent for trihydroxy BA, since they are already quite polar.
Formation of glucuronides could become relevant if the molecule is
administered at higher doses.
[0435] Compound Ii3e is secreted in bile in higher percentage than
the diastereoisomer compound Ih3e as taurine conjugated form,
20-30% vs 5-10% and this accounts for the different side chain
geometry and to a slightly higher lipophilicity of compound
Ii3e.
[0436] Compound Ih3e is moderately hydrophilic and has a mild
detergency. Its hepatic uptake seems efficient. The biliary
secretion is also efficient considering that the compound is
secreted mainly unmodified and, to a limited extent, conjugated
with taurine. The intestinal absorption occurs via passive
mechanism like naturally occurring unconjugated BA and the kinetics
is similar to that of cholic acid slightly lower that dihydroxy
bile acids (Aldini R. et al. Steroids 61, 590-7, 1996).
[0437] Compound Ih3e does not require extensive hepatic metabolism
at the administered dose to be secreted into bile. The presence of
the methyl group in the C-23 (S) position prevents extensive
conjugation with taurine and the molecule can be efficiently
secreted unmodified. An increased hepatic residence time of the
molecule results from a ductular absorption since this molecule
undergoes to a cholehepatic shunt pathway, which is responsible for
its potent choleretic effect.
[0438] Compound Ii3e is the diastereoisomer of compound Ih3e.
Compound Ii3e is characterized by a slightly lower hydrophilicity
as a result of the different side chain geometry. Therefore, the
C-23 carboxy group is differently oriented and this accounts for
the different hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the molecule. As a
consequence of its higher lipophilicity the molecule requires a
more extensive conjugation with taurine in respect to compound
Ih3e. The side chain geometry of the last compound probably
produces a BA with a lower substrate specificity toward the enzyme
responsible for the conjugation mediated by CoA activation process.
The final result is that compound Ii3e is secreted in bile in a
higher conjugated percentage than compound Ih3e.
Other Embodiments
[0439] While the invention has been described in conjunction with
the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is
intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention,
which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other
aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the
following claims. It will be understood by those skilled in the art
that various changes in form and details may be made therein
without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by
the appended claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
2120DNAArtificial sequenceChemically synthesized primer 1agatgctaaa
cttgggcttg 20219DNAArtificial sequenceChemically synthesized primer
2taaagtgccc acaccactc 19
* * * * *