U.S. patent application number 15/634476 was filed with the patent office on 2018-01-11 for method and apparatus for transmissions via multiple beams in a wireless communication system.
The applicant listed for this patent is ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.. Invention is credited to Yu-Hsuan Guo, Richard Lee-Chee Kuo, Meng-Hui Ou.
Application Number | 20180013481 15/634476 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59315380 |
Filed Date | 2018-01-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180013481 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Guo; Yu-Hsuan ; et
al. |
January 11, 2018 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSIONS VIA MULTIPLE BEAMS IN A
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Abstract
A method for a wireless communications system is disclosed. In
one example, user equipment (UE) (e.g. a mobile phone) receives an
indication from a network (for example, by way of a transmission
and reception point (TRP)) indicating whether a first transmission
and a second transmission to the UE can be combined for decoding.
The UE also receives the first transmission via a first UE beam and
the second transmission via a second UE beam. The first
transmission and the second transmission are received concurrently.
The first and second transmissions can arrive via different serving
beams and/or different TRPs of the same cell. Based on the
indication, the UE combines the first and second transmissions for
decoding purposes.
Inventors: |
Guo; Yu-Hsuan; (Taipei City,
TW) ; Kuo; Richard Lee-Chee; (Taipei City, TW)
; Ou; Meng-Hui; (Taipei City, TW) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC. |
Taipei City |
|
TW |
|
|
Family ID: |
59315380 |
Appl. No.: |
15/634476 |
Filed: |
June 27, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62358262 |
Jul 5, 2016 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04B 7/086 20130101;
H04W 88/02 20130101; H04W 88/10 20130101; H04B 7/0408 20130101;
H04W 72/1289 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04B 7/08 20060101
H04B007/08; H04W 72/12 20090101 H04W072/12 |
Claims
1. A method for a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving an
indication about whether a first transmission and a second
transmission to the UE can be combined for decoding; receiving the
first transmission via a first UE beam; and receiving the second
transmission via a second UE beam; wherein, the first transmission
and the second transmission occur concurrently.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the first
transmission and the second transmission occur via different
serving beams for the UE.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the UE determines
whether to combine the first transmission and the second
transmission for decoding based on the indication.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first transmission and the
second transmission are performed by using the same radio
resources.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication is transferred
together with scheduling information.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the
first transmission and the second transmission include the same
content if the first transmission and the second transmission are
indicated by the same signaling carrying scheduling
information.
7. A method for a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving an
indication about whether the UE should transmit information for the
same data unit or different data units via a first transmission and
a second transmission; transmitting the first transmission via a
first UE beam; and transmitting the second transmission via a
second UE beam; wherein, the first transmission and the second
transmission occur concurrently.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: the first
transmission and the second transmission are received via different
serving beams for the UE.
9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: the UE determines
whether to transmit the information for the same data unit or
different data units via the first transmission and the second
transmission based on the indication.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first transmission and the
second transmission are performed by using the same radio
resources.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the indication is transferred
together with scheduling information.
12. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining that the
first transmission and the second transmission include the same
content if the first transmission and the second transmission are
indicated by the same signaling carrying scheduling
information.
13. A user equipment (UE), comprising: a control circuit; a
processor installed in the control circuit; and a memory installed
in the control circuit and operatively coupled to the processor,
wherein the processor is configured to execute a program code
stored in the memory to perform operations comprising: receiving an
indication about whether a first transmission and a second
transmission to the UE can be combined for decoding; receiving the
first transmission via a first UE beam; and receiving the second
transmission via a second UE beam; wherein, the first transmission
and the second transmission occur concurrently.
14. The UE of claim 13, further comprising: the first transmission
and the second transmission occur via different serving beams for
the UE.
15. The UE of claim 13, further comprising: the UE determines
whether to combine the first transmission and the second
transmission for decoding based on the indication.
16. The UE of claim 13, wherein the first transmission and the
second transmission are performed by using the same radio
resources.
17. A user equipment (UE), comprising: a control circuit; a
processor installed in the control circuit; and a memory installed
in the control circuit and operatively coupled to the processor,
wherein the processor is configured to execute a program code
stored in the memory to perform operations comprising: receiving an
indication about whether the UE should transmit information for the
same data unit or different data units via a first transmission and
a second transmission; transmitting the first transmission via a
first UE beam; and transmitting the second transmission via a
second UE beam; wherein, the first transmission and the second
transmission occur concurrently.
18. The UE of claim 17, further comprising: the first transmission
and the second transmission are received via different serving
beams for the UE.
19. The UE of claim 17, further comprising: the UE determines
whether to transmit the information for the same data unit or
different data units via the first transmission and the second
transmission based on the indication.
20. The UE of claim 17, wherein the first transmission and the
second transmission are performed by using the same radio
resources.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application Ser. No. 62/358,262, filed on Jul. 5, 2016, and
entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSIONS VIA MULTIPLE BEAMS
IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, the entirety of which is hereby
incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The subject disclosure is directed to wireless
communications, and is more particularly related to a cell (e.g. a
5G cell) in which a user equipment (UE) (e.g. a mobile phone) and
one or more transmission and reception points (TRPs) residing
within the cell communicate with each other with multiple serving
and UE beams.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a group
that is trying to investigate and develop technology components for
the next generation access technology, namely 5G. 3GPP commenced
its standardization activities vis-a-vis the 5G in March of 2015.
3GPP regularly publishes its meeting notes that describe its
proposals, reference architecture models and study items for 5G.
For example, 3GPP envisions a single cell architecture that
contains multiple TRPs (also referred to as distributed units
(DUs)) and supports intra-cell mobility of the UE as it travels
among the TRPs. This architecture presents numerous challenges to
which the inventions disclosed herein provide solutions.
SUMMARY
[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of the
specification to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of
the specification. This summary is not an extensive overview of the
specification. It is intended to neither identify key or critical
elements of the specification nor delineate any scope particular to
any embodiments of the specification, or any scope of the claims.
Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the specification
in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description
that is presented later.
[0005] As used herein, the following terms can be referred to by
the respective abbreviations: 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP); 5th generation (5G); Block Error Rate (BER); Beam Specific
Reference Signal (BRS); Base Station (BS); Cloud RAN (C-RAN);
Connected State (CONN); Channel Quality Indicator (CQI); Channel
State Information (CSI); Closed Subscriber Group (CSG); Central
Unit (CU); Downlink (DL); Distributed Unit (DU); Evolved Node B
(eNB or eNodeB); Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD); Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM); Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ); Long
Term Evolution (LTE); Medium Access Control (MAC); Multiple Input,
Multiple Output (MIMO); Network Function Virtualization (NFV); New
RAT (NR); Network (NW); Protocol Data Unit (PDU); Physical (PHY);
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN); Radio Access Technology (RAT);
Radio Frequency (RF); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Reference
Signal Receiving Power (RSRP); Reference Signal Receiving Quality
(RSRQ); Reception (Rx); Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio
(SINR); Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS); Tracking Area (TA);
Tracking Area Code (TAC); Tracking Area Identity (TAI);
Transmission Reception Point (TRP); TRP Group (TRPG); Technical
Specification (TS); Transmission Time Interval (TTI); Transmission
(Tx); User Equipment (UE); and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(UTRA).
[0006] In various non-limiting embodiments, by way of example, the
disclosed subject matter provides a method for a user equipment
(UE), in which the UE receives an indication about whether a first
transmission and a second transmission that the UE will receive (or
has already received) can be combined for decoding. The UE receives
the first transmission via a first UE beam and receives the second
transmission via a second UE beam respectively, and the two
transmissions occur concurrently.
[0007] In a further non-limiting example, the UE determines whether
to combine the first and second transmissions for decoding, based
on the indication.
[0008] In a further non-limiting example, the disclosed subject
matter provides a method for a user equipment (UE), in which the UE
receives an indication about whether the UE should transmit
information for the same data unit or information for different
data units, via a first transmission and a second transmission
respectively. The UE makes the first transmission via a first UE
beam and the second transmission via a second UE beam. The two
transmissions occur concurrently.
[0009] In a further non-limiting example, the UE determines whether
to transmit information related to the same data unit or
information related to different data units, via the first and
second transmissions respectively, based on the indication.
[0010] In a further non-limiting example, the first and second
transmissions can occur via different serving beams for the UE.
[0011] In a further non-limiting example, the first and second
transmissions can be received via different serving beams for the
UE.
[0012] In a further non-limiting example, the first and second
transmissions can be performed by using the same radio
resources.
[0013] In a further non-limiting example, the indication is
transferred together with scheduling information.
[0014] In a further non-limiting example, the UE determines that
the two transmissions contain the same content, because the
signaling carrying their respective scheduling information is the
same.
[0015] In a further non-limiting example, the UE can receive or
transmit the first transmission via a first transmission and
reception point (TRP) and receive or transmit the second
transmission via the second TRP, wherein the two TRPs reside in the
same cell.
[0016] In addition, further example implementations are directed to
systems, devices and/or other articles of manufacture that
facilitate communication between a UE and one or more TRPs residing
within the same cell, via multiple serving beams and UE beams, as
further detailed herein. Network can properly decide to schedule
concurrent transmissions via different network beams with same or
different content.
[0017] These and other features of the disclosed subject matter are
described in more detail below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The devices, components, systems, and methods of the
disclosed subject matter are further described with reference to
the accompanying drawings in which:
[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates the beam concept in 5G, where each TRP is
generating multiple narrow beams, for example, as part of beam
sweeping;
[0020] FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary radio network architectures
that the 3GPP desires to support with NR including, for example,
stand-alone, co-sited with LTE and centralized baseband
architectures.
[0021] FIG. 3 illustrates more exemplary radio network
architectures that the 3GPP desires to support with NR including,
for example, centralized with low performance transport and shared
RAN;
[0022] FIG. 4 illustrates various example deployment scenarios for
arrangement of cells having single TRP;
[0023] FIG. 5 illustrates various example deployment scenarios for
arrangement of cells having multiple TRP;
[0024] FIG. 6 illustrates an example 5G cell;
[0025] FIG. 7 illustrates side-by-side comparison between an
example 4G cell and an example 5G cell;
[0026] FIG. 8 illustrates an example high frequency HF-NR system
that facilitates gain compensation by beamforming;
[0027] FIG. 9 illustrates an example HF-NR system that facilitates
weakened interference by beamforming;
[0028] FIG. 10 illustrates an example methodology for UL
transmission from a UE to a network;
[0029] FIG. 11 illustrates an example methodology for DL
transmission from a network to a UE;
[0030] FIG. 12 illustrates an example methodology for performing
multiple concurrent DL transmissions from a network to a UE;
[0031] FIG. 13 illustrates an example methodology for performing
multiple concurrent UL transmissions from a UE to a network;
[0032] FIG. 14 illustrates example beam mapping between a network
and a UE;
[0033] FIG. 15 illustrates and example multiple access wireless
communication system in which various embodiments directed to
concurrent UL transmissions and concurrent DL transmissions can be
implemented;
[0034] FIG. 16 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an example
MIMO system depicting an example embodiment of a transmitter system
(also referred to herein as an access network) and a receiver
system (also referred to herein as an access terminal (AT) or user
equipment (UE)), suitable for incorporation of various aspects
directed to various networks, TRPs and UEs described herein;
[0035] FIG. 17 depicts an example non-limiting device or system
suitable for performing various aspects of the disclosed subject
matter;
[0036] FIG. 18 depicts a simplified functional block diagram of an
example non-limiting communication device suitable for
incorporation of various aspects of the subject disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 19 depicts a simplified block diagram of example
program code shown in FIGS. 10-13, suitable for incorporation of
various aspects of the subject disclosure; and
[0038] FIG. 20 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example mobile
device (e.g. a mobile handset, user device, user equipment, or
access terminal) that can facilitate various non-limiting aspects
of the disclosed subject matter in accordance with the embodiments
described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] The 5G technology aims to support the following three
families of usage scenarios, and specifically to satisfy both
urgent market needs and more long-term requirements set forth by
the ITU-R IMT-2020: (i) eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband), (ii) mMTC
(massive Machine Type Communications) and (iii) URLLC
(Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications). An objective of
3GPP's 5G study item on new radio access technology is to identify
and develop technology components for new radio systems that can
operate in any spectrum band ranging from low frequencies to at
least 100 GHz. However, radio systems that try to support high
carrier frequencies (e.g. up to 100 GHz) will encounter a number of
challenges in the area of radio propagation. For example, with
increasing carrier frequency, the path loss would also
increase.
[0040] According to R2-162366 (3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Meeting #93bis), in
lower frequency bands (e.g. in current Long Term Evolution (LTE)
bands <6 GHz), the required cell coverage is provided by forming
a wide sector beam for transmitting downlink common channels.
However, utilizing wide sector beam on higher frequencies
(>>6 GHz) is problematic in that the cell coverage is reduced
for the same antenna gain. Thus, in order to provide the required
cell coverage on higher frequency bands, higher antenna gain is
needed to compensate for the increased path loss. To increase the
antenna gain over a wide sector beam, larger antenna arrays, where
the number of antenna elements range from tens to hundreds, are
used to form high gain beams. As a consequence, the high gain beams
are formed narrower than a typical wide sector beam, and so
multiple high gain beams are needed for transmitting downlink
common channels to cover the required cell area. The number of
concurrent high gain beams that an access point is able to form is
limited by the cost and complexity of the utilized transceiver
architecture. In practice, for higher frequencies, the number of
concurrent high gain beams is much less than the total number of
beams required to cover the cell area. In other words, the access
point is able to cover only a portion of the cell area by using a
subset of beams at any given time.
[0041] According to R2-163716 (3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Meeting #94),
beamforming is a signal processing technique used in antenna arrays
for directional signal transmission/reception. In beamforming, a
beam is be formed by combining elements in a phased array of
antennas in such a way that signals at particular angles experience
constructive interference while others experience destructive
interference. Different beams are formed simultaneously using
multiple arrays of antennas. According to R2-162709 (3GPP TSG RAN
WG2 Meeting #93bis) and as shown in FIG. 1, the 5G cell 100
includes an evolved Node B (eNB) 110 communicably coupled to
multiple transmission/reception points (TRPs) 120, 124 and 128,
which can be either centralized or distributed. Each TRP 120, 124
or 128 can and is shown to form multiple beams. The number of beams
formed by the TRP 120, 124 or 128 and the number of simultaneous
beams in the time/frequency domain depend on the number of antenna
array elements and the radio frequency RF being utilized by the TRP
120, 124 or 128.
[0042] Potential mobility types for the new radio access technology
(NR) include intra-TRP mobility, inter-TRP mobility and inter-NR
eNB mobility. According to R2-162762 (TSG RAN WG2 Meeting #93bis),
the reliability of a system purely relying on beamforming and
operating at higher frequencies is subject to challenges. A reason
being that the coverage of such a system is more sensitive to both
time and space variations. As a consequence, the signal to
interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of its link (which is narrower
than LTE) can drop much quicker than in the case of LTE.
[0043] In the 5G systems, fairly regular grid-of-beams coverage
patterns with tens or hundreds of candidates for serving beams per
node can be created, by using antenna arrays having hundreds of
elements at access nodes. However, the coverage area of an
individual serving beam from such an array would be small, down to
the order of some tens of meters in width. As a consequence,
channel quality degradation outside a currently-in-use serving
beam's area would happen quicker than in the case of wide area
coverage (e.g. as provided by LTE).
[0044] According to R3-160947 (3GPP TR 38.801 V0.1.0 (2016-04)),
the scenarios illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 show exemplary radio
network architectures that the 3GPP desires to support with the NR.
FIG. 2 illustrates three example network architectures 210, 230 and
250. In the network architecture 210, the core network 212 is shown
communicably coupled to two NR base stations 214 and 216.
[0045] In the network architecture 230, the core network 232 is
communicably coupled to Sites A 234 and Site B 236, wherein those
sites support both NR and LTE functionality. In network
architecture 250, the core network 252 is communicably coupled to a
central baseband unit 254, which serves as the central unit of the
architecture 252 and performs centralized radio access network
(RAN) processing. The central baseband unit 254, in turn, is
communicably coupled to the lower layers of the NR base stations
256, 258 and 260 by way of high performance transport links.
[0046] FIG. 3 illustrates two more example radio network
architectures 310 and 340 that the 3GPP desires to support with NR.
In architecture 310, the core network 312 is communicably coupled
to the central unit 314 that includes the upper layers of the NR
base station. The central unit 314, in turn, is communicably
coupled to the lower layers of the NR base stations 316, 318 and
320 via low performance transport links. In architecture 340, each
core network operator 342, 344 and 346 is communicably coupled to
both the NR base stations 348 and 350.
[0047] According to R2-164306 (3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 #94), the 3GPP
desires to study the deployments of cell layouts for standalone NR
in macro cells, heterogeneous cells and small cells. According to
3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 #94 meeting minutes for the May 23-26, 2016
meeting, one NR eNB corresponds to one or many TRPs. Typically,
network controlled mobility involves two levels. In one level, the
mobility control is driven by the RRC at the cell level. In the
other level, there is zero or minimum involvement by the RRC (e.g.
at MAC/PHY layers). According to R2-162210 (3GPP TSG-RAN WG2
Meeting #93bis), 3GPP desires to keep the principle of 2-level
mobility handling in NR. One level would include cell level
mobility and the other level would include beam level mobility
management. Regarding cell level mobility, the cell selection or
reselection occurs when the UE (or mobile device) is in IDLE state
and the handover occurs when the UE or mobile device is in
connected (CONN) state. The mobility control is driven by the RRC
in the CONN state. Regarding beam level management, layer 1 (L1 or
physical layer) handles appropriate selection of the TRP to be used
by a UE (or a mobile device) and also handles the optimal beam
direction.
[0048] 5G systems are expected to rely heavily on "beam based
mobility" to handle UE mobility, in addition to relying on the
conventional handover based UE mobility. Technologies like MIMO,
fronthauling, C-RAN and NFV will allow the coverage area controlled
by a single 5G node to grow, thus increasing the possible
applications for beam level management and reducing the need for
cell level mobility. All mobility within the coverage area of one
5G node could be handled based on beam level management. In that
scenario, handovers would only occur in case of UE mobility from
the coverage area of one 5G node to the coverage area of another 5G
node.
[0049] FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 7 show some examples of cell design in 5G
NR. FIG. 4 shows an example deployment with a single-TRP cell. The
deployment 400 includes numerous cells having a single TRP, for
example cell 410 includes TRP 412 and cell 420 includes TRP 422.
Some cells are clustered together and others are isolated. FIG. 5
shows an example deployment with multiple-TRP cells. The deployment
500 includes a cell 510 having multiple TRPs 512, 514 and 516. The
deployment 500 also includes a cell 520 having TRPs 522 and 524.
FIG. 6 shows an example deployment 600 having one 5G cell 610
comprising a 5G node 630 and multiple TRPs 612, 614 and 616. FIG. 7
shows a comparison between a LTE cell 710 and a 5G NR cell 750. The
LTE cell 710 includes an eNB 712 communicably coupled to multiple
cells 714 and 716. Cell 714 is shown to include TRP 720 and cell
716 is shown to include TRP 722. The NR cell 750 includes a
centralized unit 752 communicably coupled to a single-cell 756. The
single-cell 756 includes multiple distributed units (DU) 762 and
764. It will be understood that apart from performing a handover
based on Radio Research Management (RRM) measurement, 3GPP desires
that a 5G UE should be able to adapt the serving beam to maintain
5G connectivity even in case of beam quality fluctuation and/or UE
intra-cell mobility. However, in order to do that, 5G Node-B and UE
must be able to track and change the serving beam properly
(referred to as beam tracking hereafter).
[0050] Some terminology and assumptions are specified in the
following and may be used hereafter. The term base station (BS), as
used in the subject disclosure, refers to a network central unit in
the NR that is used to control one or multiple TRPs associated with
one or multiple cells. Communication between BS and TRP(s) can
occur via a fronthaul connection. A BS could also be referred to as
central unit (CU), eNB, or Node B. A TRP, as used herein, is a
transmission and reception point that provides network coverage and
directly communicates with UEs. A TRP could also be referred to as
a distributed unit (DU). A cell, as used herein, is composed of one
or multiple associated TRPs, i.e. the coverage of the cell is a
superset of the coverage of all the individual TRP(s) associated
with the cell. One cell is controlled by one BS. A cell can also be
referred to as a TRP group (TRPG). A serving beam, as used herein,
for a UE is a beam generated by a network, for example, by a TRP of
the network, which is used to communicate with the UE, for example,
for transmission and/or reception.
[0051] Beam sweeping is used to cover all possible directions for
transmission and/or reception. For beam sweeping, numerous beams
are required. As it is not possible to generate all these beams
concurrently, beam sweeping means generation of a subset of these
beams in one time interval and generation of different subsets of
beam(s) in other time interval(s). Stated differently, beam
sweeping means changing beams in time domain, such that all
possible directions are covered after several time intervals. Beam
sweeping number refers to the necessary number of time interval(s)
needed to sweep beams in all possible directions once for
transmission and/or reception. The control/instruction signaling
related to beam sweeping would include a "beam sweeping number".
The beam sweeping number indicates the number of times during a
predetermined time period that various different subsets of beams
must be generated to cover the desired area.
[0052] On the network side, a NR using beamforming could be
standalone, meaning that the UE can directly camp on or connect to
NR. Also, a NR using beamforming and a NR not using beamforming can
coexist, for example, in different cells. A TRP can apply
beamforming to both data and control signaling transmissions and
receptions, if possible and beneficial. The number of beams
generated concurrently by a TRP depends on the TRP's capability.
For example, the maximum number of beams generated concurrently by
different TRPs in the same cell may be the same and those in
different cells may be different. Beam sweeping is necessary, e.g.
for the control signaling to be provided in every direction. In
various embodiments, downlink timing of TRPs in the same cell are
synchronized and the RRC layer of the network side is located in
the BS. The TRP should support both UEs with UE beamforming and UEs
without UE beamforming, meaning that the TRP should support UEs of
different capabilities and support UE designs based on different UE
releases.
[0053] On the UE side, a UE may perform beamforming for reception
and/or transmission, if possible and beneficial. The number of
beams generated concurrently by a UE would depend on the UE's
capability, for example, depending on whether generating more than
one beam is possible for the UE. Beam(s) generated by a UE are
typically wider than beam(s) generated by an eNB. Beam sweeping for
transmission and/or reception is generally not necessary for user
data but could be necessary for other signaling, for example, to
perform a measurement. It is to be appreciated that not every UE
supports UE beamforming, for example, due to UE capability or
because UE beamforming was not supported by NR's first few
release(s). One UE can to be served by multiple beams from one or
multiple TRPs of the same cell. Same or different DL (or UL) data
could be transmitted on the same radio resource via different
serving beams for diversity or throughput gain. There are at least
two UE (RRC) states: connected state (or called active state) and
non-connected state (or called inactive state or idle state).
[0054] According to R2-162251 (3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Meeting #92bis),
beamforming can be performed on both eNB and UE sides. FIG. 8
illustrates the concept of gain compensation by beamforming in a
high frequency (HF) NR system. In the example cell 800, beamforming
is performed by both the eNB 810 and the UE 820. In one practical
example, 3GGP expects the beamforming antenna gain at the eNB 810
to be about 15 to 30 dBi and the expected beamforming antenna gain
at the UE 820 to be about 3 to 20 dBi.
[0055] From SINR perspective, FIG. 9 illustrates a cell 900 in
which interference is weakened because of beamforming. Sharp
beamforming reduces interference power at the serving eNB 910 from
neighboring interferers eNB A 930 and eNB B 940, for example,
during a downlink operation. Interference power from UEs connected
to neighboring eNBs 930, 940 is also reduced because of
beamforming. It is to be understood and appreciated that in a TX
beamforming case, effective interference will be caused only by
other TXs whose current beam(s) are also pointed in the direction
of the RX. Effective interference means that the interference power
is higher than the effective noise power. In a RX beamforming case,
effective interference will be caused only by other TXs whose
beam(s) are pointed in the same direction as the UE's 950 current
RX beam direction.
[0056] According to an aspect of the subject disclosure, when the
UE is in a connected state, for example, a connected state in which
there has not been any data communication between the network and
the UE for a certain period of time, the UE can initiate an UL
transmission. For example, the UE can initiate an UL transmission
upon arrival of new data at the UE that the UE wants to send to the
network. For example, the user of the UE may input a text or voice
message into the UE, and the UE wants to send that message to the
network.
[0057] FIG. 10 illustrates an example methodology for a UL data
transmission from the UE to the network. At Step 1002 of the flow
diagram 1000, the UE determines that it has UL data available for
transmission to the network but has no UL resources that can be
used to perform the transmission. To obtain those resources, at
Step 1004, the UE sends (or transmits) a scheduling request to the
network and requests UL resources. In various embodiments, the UL
timing of the UE may or may not be synchronized with the
network/cell when the UE transmits the request. The UE may transmit
the scheduling request by beamforming. In various embodiments, the
UE may or may not use beam sweeping to transmit the request.
[0058] At Step 1006, the network performs UL resource scheduling.
The UE's scheduling request is received by one or more TRPs of the
network. In one embodiment, a TRP that receives the request
schedules proper UL resources for the UE to perform UL
transmission. In another embodiment, the TRP schedules the proper
UL resources in coordination with the network's base station (BS).
In yet another embodiment, the TRP sends the UE's request to the BS
and the BS schedules the proper UL resources and communicates that
information to the TRP. The TRP, in turn, provides the scheduling
information about UL resources to the UE. The UL timing of the UE
can be adjusted together with the UL resource scheduling. The TRP
provides the UL resource scheduling information by beamforming.
[0059] At Step 1008, the UE performs UL data transmission. After
the UE receives UL resource scheduling, the UE uses the UL
resources to transmit pending UL data. The UE may use UE
beamforming for UL transmission. The TRP uses beamforming to
receive the UL transmission from the UE. Other information, for
example, CSI, buffer status report (BSR), power headroom report
(PHR), may be transmitted with the UL data to the TRP or BS. At
Step 1010, the network, meaning the BS or the TRP, provides hybrid
automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback to the UE to indicate
whether the UL transmission was successfully received. The UE may
have to perform retransmission if network fails to receive the UL
transmission.
[0060] According to an aspect of the subject disclosure, when the
UE is in a connected state, for example, a connected state in which
no data communication has occurred between the network and the UE
for a certain period of time, the BS (meaning the network side) can
initiate a DL transmission to the UE upon new data arrival at the
network. For example, the network may receive a text or voice
message intended for the user of the UE that it wants to send to
the UE.
[0061] FIG. 11 illustrates an example methodology for a DL data
transmission from the network to the UE. At Step 1102 of the flow
diagram 1100, the network prepares for the DL transmission to the
UE. Specifically, when network has DL data to be transmitted to the
UE, the network determines the proper TRP(s) and the beam(s) to
reach the UE. In various embodiments, beam tracking (or beam
finding) may be used. Also, the UL timing of the UE must be
synchronized with the network/cell before performing the DL
transmission. The DL data arrival may be achieved via random access
(RA) procedure. At Step 1104, the network, by way of the BS or the
TRP, selects the proper DL resources for transmission of DL data
and informs the UE, via a DL assignment, to expect and receive the
DL data. At Step 1106, the transmission of DL assignment and DL
data occurs. The DL assignment and DL data are provided by
beamforming in beam(s) that can reach the UE. UE beamforming may be
used for DL reception. DL assignment may be determined by TRP or
BS. At Step 1108, the UE provides HARQ feedback to the network to
indicate whether the DL transmission was successfully received. The
network may need to perform retransmission if the UE fails to
receive the DL transmission.
[0062] According to an aspect of the subject disclosure, a UE is
simultaneously (or concurrently or in parallel) served/serviced by
multiple serving beams from one or multiple TRPs of the same cell.
According to another aspect of the subject disclosure, the network
and the UE make determinations, depending on the scenario, about
carrying same or different content by DL or UL transmissions on the
same radio resources via different network beams. These scenarios
and determination methodologies are discussed below. Factors (or
means) for determining whether to carry same or different content
by the transmissions via different network beams are also provided
below. One factor includes assistance information from the UE,
which are taken into account. According to another aspect of the
invention, the UE may be able to determine whether transmissions
contain same or different content. The methodology that the UE can
use to make that determination is discussed below.
[0063] If a UE uses only one UE beam to receive or send multiple
transmissions on the same radio resources via different network
beams, the same content should be carried by the multiple
transmissions to avoid interference. If the UE uses different UE
beams to receive or send the multiple transmissions, same or
different content could be carried by the multiple transmissions.
Examples of these schemes are now illustrated with reference to
FIG. 14. In an example, network beams 3, 4, and 5 can be used to
serve the UE 1420, and the UE 1420 can use UE beams `a` and `b` to
receive or send the transmissions from/to the network beams 3, 4
and 5. When network beams 3 and 4 are simultaneously used for DL or
UL transmissions on the same radio resources, because the UE uses a
single UE beam (i.e. beam `b`) to receive or send the
transmissions, content carried by the transmissions must be the
same (and cannot be different). When network beams 2 and 4 are
simultaneously used for DL or UL transmissions on the same radio
resources, because the UE 1420 can use different UE beams to
receive or send the transmissions (i.e. beam `a` and `b`), content
carried by the transmissions could be the same or different.
[0064] According to an aspect of the subject disclosure,
determining which and how many UE beam(s) to use for reception or
transmission is an important factor in deciding whether to carry
same or different content in the transmissions via different
network beams. As downlink assignments and uplink scheduling are
determined by the network, it is useful for the network, for
example, BS or TRP(s) of the network, to be aware of information
about the UE beams, explicitly or implicitly. Several alternative
approaches, techniques and methodologies are discussed below, by
which the network can gather information about UE beams.
[0065] In one example implementation, the network can derive the
information about UE beams by measuring UE beam specific signaling
from the UE. For example, the network can take measurements of the
UL reference signaling. In this implementation, the network must
have the capability to differentiate between different UE beams,
and particularly differentiate between the measurements taken by
the network for different UE beams. For example, the
differentiation can be based on identities of UE beams. For another
example, the differentiation can be based on per UE beam specific
configuration. For example, different UE beams can be configured
with different time frequency resources used to transmit the UE
beam specific signaling. Then, the network can differentiate
between (measurements of) different UE beams based on when and/or
where the UE beam specific signaling is received. The time
frequency resource for each UE beam to transmit the signaling is
configured by network, and thus the network can use the
configuration information to associate the time frequency
information with a particular UE beam.
[0066] In another example implementation, the UE provides
assistance information to the network, which assists the network
with identifying and differentiating between the various UE beams.
The assistance information can be related to mapping between
network beam(s) and UE beam(s). For example, with reference to FIG.
14, {a: 2} and/or {b: 3, 4}, meaning that UE beam `a` is paired
with network/serving beam 2 and UE beam `b` is paired with two
network beams 3 and 4. The mapping between a network beam and a UE
beam represents that transmission from the network beam can be
received by the UE by using the UE beam, and likewise or
alternatively, the transmission from the UE beam can be received by
the network using the network beam. For example, referring again to
FIG. 14, {a: 2} means that transmission/reception via network beam
2 can be received/transmitted via UE beam `a`.
[0067] Alternatively or additionally, the assistance information
provided by the UE can identify the network beams that cannot have
DL or UL transmissions with different content, for example, beams 3
and 4 in FIG. 14. Alternatively or additionally, the assistance
information can be related to measured result(s) for each UE
beam-to-network beam pair, for example, with reference to FIG. 14
{a: 2=xx} and/or {b: 3=yy, 4=zz} (xx, yy, and zz are measured
results).
[0068] The assistance information can be provided by physical
signaling, MAC control signaling, or RRC signaling. The assistance
information associated with different UE beams can be provided by
the UE to the network separately or together. Likewise, the
assistance information associated with different TRPs can be
provided by the UE to the network separately or together.
Assistance information can also include association between network
beam(s) and TRP(s).
[0069] In an example, information about the qualified network
beam(s) is included in the assistance information. A beam can be
considered (or determined) to be qualified if its measured result
is larger than a predetermined threshold value. In this example,
information about a beam that is not qualified may not be included
in the assistance information. Whether a beam is qualified for a
particular UE can be based on comparing the measured result of the
beam and an associated threshold. For example, the beam is
considered qualified if the measured result of the beam is better
than the associated threshold. The threshold can be predefined,
configured by network, and/or provided in system information.
[0070] The assistance information can be provided by the UE
periodically, on request by network, and/or in response to the
change of assistance information. The UE may be able to
differentiate different beams generated by network, for example,
based on beam identity and/or TRP identity. To provide the
assistance information, a scheduling request from the UE to the
network may be required in order to acquire radio resources to
transmit the assistance information.
[0071] The network beam(s) can be (used as) serving beam(s) for the
UE. The network beam(s) can be indicated to the UE via sending
configuration information to the UE. The UE can recognize the
network beam(s) by measurement, by monitoring a signal of the
network, and/or by receiving configuration information from the
network. Per UE beam specific configuration information can be used
to differentiate or indicate a UE beam.
[0072] The network can decide whether to carry same or different
content in its DL transmissions, based on its selected serving
beam(s) and at least some of above information about the UE beams.
The network can decide to indicate to the UE whether to carry same
or different content in the UL transmissions based on its selected
serving beam(s) and at least some or above information about the UE
beams. The network can also take channel condition(s) and/or amount
of buffered data for transmission into account in making those
decisions.
[0073] Furthermore, because a serving beam change or a UE beam
change can occur dynamically, for DL transmissions, the network
must be able to dynamically decide whether to carry same or
different content in the DL transmissions and indicate information
to the UE about whether the content is the same or different. For
UL transmissions, the network must be able to dynamically decide
and indicate information to the UE about whether to carry same or
different content in the UL transmissions. The network can indicate
the above information to the UE separately or together with
scheduling information. In one example, the information can be
implicitly indicated by format of the scheduling information. For
example, a first format is used to indicate concurrent
transmissions with the same content, and a second format is used to
indicate concurrent transmissions with different content.
[0074] In another example, the information can explicitly indicate
whether the transmission is associated with other transmission(s),
for example, based on the serving beam or UE beam's identity. For
example, referring to FIG. 14, scheduling information on beam 4
could indicate "beam 2" which means that content of transmission on
beam 2 is the same as that on beam 4. For another example, the
scheduling information on beam 4 could indicate "UE beam a" which
means that content of transmission to be received by UE beam a is
the same as that on UE beam b. In yet another example, the
information can explicitly indicate whether the associated
transmission could be combined with other transmission(s) scheduled
by scheduling information, where the indication is the same value
or information, for example, a 1-bit indication. For example, if
serving beams 2, 3, and 4 are used for transmissions with the same
content, the indication for transmissions associated with serving
beam 2, 3, and 4 are set to the same value. If serving beams 2 and
4 are used for transmissions with different content, the indication
for transmissions associated with serving beams 2 and 4 are set to
different values.
[0075] Concurrent transmissions can mean transmissions on the same
radio resource(s) via different serving beams for the UE, or
transmissions on the same radio resource(s) in the same time
interval via different serving beams for the UE. Alternatively,
concurrent transmissions can mean transmissions on the same radio
resource(s) via different network beams controlled by the same
network node, or transmissions on the same radio resource(s) in the
same time interval via different network beams controlled by the
same network node. Different serving beams can be utilized by
different TRPs. The time interval can be TTI, subframe, or symbol.
The radio resource can be the time/frequency resource. The serving
beam can be a network beam that serves a UE, a network beam that
can serve a UE, or a network beam that is used to communicate with
a UE, for example, for transmission and/or reception. The network
beam can be a beam generated by a network node, for example, a TRP.
The transmissions could be DL transmissions or UL transmissions.
Transmissions with the same content can mean transmissions that are
okay to be combined for decoding. Decoding refers to converting
from one form to another. For example, data is often encoded before
transmission, for example, to reduce the requited bandwidth and
provide for an efficient transmission. Typically, all data from the
same data unit is encoded in the same specialized format, and
therefore all data from the same data unit is also decoded by using
the same scheme or sequence. Thus, data subunits of a data unit are
referred herein to as having the same content. An example of such a
data unit is the MAC PDU, meaning that the UE can combine multiple
data transmissions associated with the same MAC PDU for decoding
purposes, and treat those transmissions have having the same
content.
[0076] FIG. 12 illustrates an example methodology for the subject
disclosure, in which the UE receives two concurrent DL
transmissions from the network. At Step 1202 of the flow diagram
1200, the UE receives an indication from the network. The
indication indicates whether a first transmission and a second
transmission, which the UE will receive or has already received,
can be combined by the UE for decoding purposes. At Step 1204, the
UE receives the first DL transmission via a first UE beam. At Step
1206, the UE receives the second DL transmission via a second UE
beam. In other words, the UE uses different UE beams to receive the
first transmission and the second transmission. In one embodiment,
the first transmission and the second transmission are received
concurrently by the UE. In one embodiment, the first transmission
and the second transmission are transmitted concurrently by the
network. At Step 1208, the UE determines whether to combine the
first transmission and the second transmission for decoding, based
on the indication.
[0077] FIG. 13 illustrates an example methodology for the subject
disclosure, in which the UE transmits two concurrent UL
transmissions to the network. At Step 1302 of the flow diagram
1300, the UE receives an indication from the network about whether
to transmit information related to the same data unit or different
data units, via a first transmission and a second transmission
respectively. At Step 1304, the UE sends the first transmission via
a first UE beam. At Step 1306, the UE sends the second transmission
via a second UE beam. In other words, the UE uses different UE
beams to transmit the first transmission and the second
transmission. The content of the first and second transmissions is
according to the indication. The UE decides to transmit same or
different data unit via the first transmission and the second
transmission based on the indication. In one embodiment, the UE
sends the first transmission and the second transmission
concurrently. The two transmissions can include content from the
same data unit or different data units, based on the indication. At
Step 1308, the network determines whether the concurrent
transmissions contain same or different content based on the
serving beams and/or UE beams used for the transmissions or based
on the indication.
[0078] The methodologies discussed above with reference to FIGS. 12
and 13 enable a network to properly schedule concurrent
transmissions with same or different content, via different network
beams. In one embodiment, a network node can provide an indication
to an UE about whether a first transmission and a second
transmission to the UE can be combined for decoding, wherein the
first transmission via a first UE beam and the second transmission
via a second UE beam occur concurrently. In one embodiment, a
network node can provide an indication to an UE about whether a
first transmission via a first UE beam and a second transmission
via a second UE beam to be transmitted by the UE should include
same or different content, wherein the first transmission and the
second transmission are to occur concurrently. In one example
implementation, the network node provides the indication based on
assistance information related to network beam or serving beams for
a UE, wherein the assistance information is provided by the UE.
[0079] In one example implementation, the UE provides assistance
information related to a network beam associated with the UE to a
network node (e.g. a TRP). In another example, the UE provides
assistance information related to a UE beam associated with the UE
to a network node (e.g. a TRP). In one example, the assistance
information provided by the UE to the network comprises at least
information related to mapping between network beams, e.g. serving
beam(s), and UE beam(s). The mapping identifies or represents the
UE beam(s) that will receive DL transmission from the network
beam(s), e.g. serving beam(s). The mapping can identify the network
beam(s), e.g. serving beam(s), that will receive UL transmission
from the UE beam(s). The assistance information can include at
least information related to which network beam(s), e.g. serving
beam(s), cannot be used to send transmissions with different
content. The assistance information can include at least
information related to measured result(s) for each UE beam (e.g. UE
beam-to-network beam pair). In one example implementation, the
assistance information can be provided by physical layer signaling.
In one example implementation, the assistance information is
provided by MAC control signaling. In one example implementation,
the assistance information is provided by RRC signaling. In one
embodiment, the assistance information associated with different UE
beams is provided separately. Alternatively, the assistance
information associated with different UE beams is provided
together. In one embodiment, the assistance information associated
with different TRPs is provided separately. Alternatively, the
assistance information associated with different TRPs is provided
together.
[0080] In one embodiment, the assistance information identifies
network beam(s) or serving beam(s) as qualified, e.g. if their
respective measured results are larger than their respective
threshold(s). In one embodiment, the assistance information does
not identify network beam(s) or serving beam(s) as qualified, or
identifies them as not qualifies, e.g. if their respective measured
results are not larger than their respective threshold(s). In one
embodiment, whether a beam is qualified is based on at least
measured result of the beam and an associated threshold. In one
embodiment, the threshold is predefined. In one embodiment, the
threshold is configured by the network. In one embodiment, the
threshold is provided in system information.
[0081] In one embodiment, the assistance information is provided
periodically. In one embodiment, the assistance information is
provided upon request by the network. In one embodiment, the
assistance information is provided in response to a change in
assistance information. In one embodiment, the calculated measured
result is an average of measured results for best N beams of the
TRP. In one embodiment, the UE differentiates between different
beams generated by a network based on beam identity and/or TRP
identity. In one embodiment, the scheduling request is used by the
UE to acquire radio resource(s) to transmit the assistance
information. In one embodiment, at least a UE beam specific
configuration is used to differentiate or indicate a UE beam. In
one embodiment, the UE beam specific configuration comprises at
least UE beam identity. In one embodiment, the UE beam specific
configuration comprises at least time frequency resource for each
UE beam.
[0082] In one embodiment, the two transmissions can be made via two
different serving beams (assigned by the networks) for the UE. The
serving beams are communicably coupled to their corresponding UE
beams. In one embodiment, the first transmission and the second
transmission occur via different TRPs of the same cell. In one
embodiment, the first transmission and the second transmission
occur on the same (time/frequency) radio resources. In one
embodiment, the indication is transmitted by the network together
with scheduling information. In another embodiment, the indication
is transmitted separately from the scheduling information. In one
embodiment, the first transmission and the second transmission
include the same content if the two transmissions are indicated by
the same signaling carrying the scheduling information.
[0083] In one example, the first transmission and the second
transmission occur via different network beams controlled by a
network node (e.g. a BS or TRP). In one example, transmissions
occurring concurrently means the transmissions occur on the same
radio resource, for example, the same time/frequency resource, via
different serving beams for the UE. In another example,
transmission occurring concurrently means the transmissions occur
on the same radio resource, for example, the same time/frequency
resource, via different network beams controlled by the same
network node. In another example, transmission occurring
concurrently means the transmissions occur on the same radio
resource in the same time interval, for example, TTI, subframe, or
symbol, via different serving beams for the UE. In another example,
transmission occurring concurrently means the transmissions occur
on the same radio resource in the same time interval, for example,
TTI, subframe, or symbol, via different network beams controlled by
the same network node.
[0084] In one example, an indication received from the network
indicates whether the first transmission and the second
transmission would contain the same or different content. In one
implementation, transmissions with the same content can be combined
for decoding. In one implementation, transmissions with the same
content form the same data unit, e.g. MAC PDU. In one
implementation, the UE decides whether it is receiving one or
multiple data units from the network, via the first transmission
and the second transmission, based on the indication. In one
implementation, the UE decides whether to transmit one or multiple
data unit to the network, via the first transmission and the second
transmission, based on the indication.
[0085] In one embodiment, the network node determines the content
of concurrent transmissions to the UE based on at least selected
serving beam(s). In one embodiment, the network node determines the
content of concurrent transmissions to the UE based on at least
channel condition of the UE. In one embodiment, the network node
determines the content of concurrent transmissions to the UE based
on at least the amount of buffered data for transmission of the UE.
In one embodiment, the indication is indicated by format of the
scheduling information. In one embodiment, the indication indicates
whether a transmission is associated with other transmission(s). In
one embodiment, the indication indicates that the serving beam(s)
are to be used for transmission(s) with the same content.
Alternatively or additionally, the indication indicates that the UE
beam(s) are to be used for transmission(s) with the same content.
In one embodiment, the indication indicates whether the first
transmission could be combined with the second transmission. In one
embodiment, the first transmission and the second transmission
include different content if they are indicated by different
signaling carrying scheduling information.
[0086] In one embodiment, the network node is a central unit (CU).
In one embodiment, the network node is a distributed unit (DU). In
one embodiment, the network node is a transmission/reception point
(TRP). In one embodiment, the network node is a base station (BS).
In one embodiment, the network node is a 5G node. In one
embodiment, the UE is in connected mode. In another embodiment, the
network beams or serving beams for the UE are generated by
different TRPs. Alternatively, the network beams or serving beams
for the UE are generated by one TRP. In one embodiment, the
transmission(s) are DL transmission(s) to the UE. In one
embodiment, the transmission(s) are UL transmission(s) from the UE.
In one embodiment, the first transmission and the second
transmission occur within the same cell. In one embodiment, the
first transmission and the second transmission occur via the same
TRP. In one embodiment, the network beams/serving beams belong to a
same cell. In one embodiment, the network beams/serving beams are
generated by a same TRP. Alternatively, the network beams/serving
beams are generated by different TRPs of the same cell.
[0087] Based on above methods and/or embodiment, the network can
properly decide to schedule concurrent transmissions via different
network beams with same or different content.
[0088] FIG. 14 illustrates beam mapping between a network and a UE.
In the cell deployment 1400, the network 1410 is shown to have
generated five candidate serving beams 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The UE
1420 is shown to have generated two UE beams a and b. The network
1410 and the UE 1420 perform beam mapping and select the proper
serving beams and UE beams for communicating with each other. In
one embodiment, one pair of beams, including a serving beam and a
UE beam, is used to facilitate communication between the
network/TRP 1410 and the UE 1420. In another embodiment, multiple
pairs of serving and UE beams can be used to facilitate
communication between the network/TRP 1410 and the UE 1420
concurrently. In yet another embodiment, one or both of the other
TRPs 1430 and 1440, which also reside in the cell 1400, also
communicate with the UE 1420 concurrently with the communication
between the TRP 1410 and the UE 1420. Thus, in various embodiments,
the UE 1420 can communicate with two or more TRPs 1410, 1430 and
1440 simultaneously and in parallel, by using multiple serving and
UE beams. Also, as shown in FIG. 14, one UE beam b overlaps with
and can be paired with two serving beams 3 and 4. UE beam b is
wider than each of the serving beams 3 and 4.
[0089] Various embodiments of the subject disclosure described
herein can be applied to or implemented in exemplary wireless
communication systems and devices described below. In addition,
various embodiments of the subject disclosure are described mainly
in the context of the 3GPP architecture reference model. However,
it is understood that with the disclosed information, one skilled
in the art could easily adapt for use and implement aspects of the
subject disclosure in a 3GPP2 network architecture as well as in
other network architectures, as further described herein.
[0090] The exemplary wireless communication systems and devices
described below employ a wireless communication system, supporting
a broadcast service. Wireless communication systems are widely
deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice,
data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division
multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA),
orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), 3GPP LTE
(Long Term Evolution) wireless access, 3GPP LTE-A (Long Term
Evolution Advanced) wireless access, 3GPP2 UMB (Ultra Mobile
Broadband), WiMax, 3GPP NR (New Radio) wireless access for 5G, or
some other modulation techniques.
[0091] FIG. 15 is a block diagram representing an exemplary
non-limiting multiple access wireless communication system 1500 in
which various embodiments described herein can be implemented. An
access network 1502 (AN) includes multiple antenna groups, one
group including antennas 1504 and 1506, another group including
antennas 1508 and 1510, and an additional group including antennas
1512 and 1514. In FIG. 15, only two antennas are shown for each
antenna group, however, more or fewer antennas may be utilized for
each antenna group. Access terminal 1516 (AT) is in communication
with antennas 1512 and 1514, where antennas 1512 and 1514 transmit
information to access terminal 1516 over forward link 1518 and
receive information from access terminal 1516 over reverse link
1520. Access terminal (AT) 1522 is in communication with antennas
1506 and 1508, where antennas 1506 and 1508 transmit information to
access terminal (AT) 1522 over forward link 1524 and receive
information from access terminal (AT) 1522 over reverse link 1526.
In a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) system, communication links
1518, 1520, 1524 and 1526 may use different frequency for
communication. For example, forward link 1518 may use a different
frequency than that used by reverse link 1520.
[0092] Each group of antennas and/or the area in which they are
designed to communicate is often referred to as a sector of the
access network. In non-limiting aspects, antenna groups each can be
designed to communicate to access terminals in a sector of the
areas covered by access network 1502.
[0093] In communication over forward links 1518 and 1524, the
transmitting antennas of access network 1502 may utilize
beamforming in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of
forward links for the different access terminals 1516 and 1522.
Also, an access network using beamforming to transmit to access
terminals scattered randomly through its coverage normally causes
less interference to access terminals in neighboring cells than an
access network transmitting through a single antenna to all its
access terminals.
[0094] An access network (AN) may be a fixed station or base
station used for communicating with the terminals and may also be
referred to as an access point, a Node B, a base station, an
enhanced base station, an eNodeB, or some other terminology. An
access terminal (AT) may also be called user equipment (UE), a
communication device, a wireless communication device, a mobile
device, a mobile communication device, a terminal, an access
terminal or some other terminology.
[0095] FIG. 16 is a simplified block diagram of an exemplary
non-limiting MIMO system 1600 depicting an exemplary embodiment of
a transmitter system 1602 (also referred to herein as the access
network) and a receiver system 1604 (also referred to herein as an
access terminal (AT) or user equipment (UE)).
[0096] In a non-limiting aspect, each data stream can be
transmitted over a respective transmit antenna. Exemplary TX data
processor 1606 can format, code, and interleave the traffic data
for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected
for that data stream to provide coded data.
[0097] The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with
pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a
known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be
used at the receiver system 1604 to estimate the channel response.
The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream is then
modulated (e.g., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation
scheme (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase
shift keying (QPSK), M-ary or higher-order PSK (M-PSK), or M-ary
quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), etc.) selected for that
data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding,
and modulation for each data stream may be determined by
instructions performed by processor 1608.
[0098] The modulation symbols for all data streams are then
provided to a TX MIMO processor 1610, which may further process the
modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX MIMO processor 1610 then
provides multiple (NT) modulation symbol streams to NT transmitters
(TMTR) 1612a through 1612t. In certain embodiments, TX MIMO
processor 1610 applies beamforming weights to the symbols of the
data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being
transmitted.
[0099] Each transmitter 1612 receives and processes a respective
symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further
conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts, etc.) the
analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for
transmission over the MIMO channel. NT modulated signals from
transmitters 1612a through 1612t are then transmitted from NT
antennas 1614a through 1614t, respectively.
[0100] At receiver system 1604, the transmitted modulated signals
are received by multiple (NR) antennas 1616a through 1616r and the
received signal from each antenna 1616 is provided to a respective
receiver (RCVR) 1618a through 1618r. Each receiver 1618 conditions
(e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts, etc.) a respective
received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide
samples, and further processes the samples to provide a
corresponding "received" symbol stream.
[0101] A RX data processor 1620 then receives and processes the NR
received symbol streams from NR receivers 1618 based on a
particular receiver processing technique to provide NT "detected"
symbol streams. The RX data processor 1620 then demodulates,
deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover
the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by RX data
processor 1620 is complementary to that performed by TX MIMO
processor 1610 and TX data processor 1606 at transmitter system
1602.
[0102] A processor 1622 periodically determines which pre-coding
matrix to use, for example, as further described herein. Processor
1622 formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index
portion and a rank value portion.
[0103] The reverse link message may comprise various types of
information regarding the communication link and/or the received
data stream. The reverse link message is then processed by a TX
data processor 1624, which also receives traffic data for a number
of data streams from a data source 1626, modulated by a modulator
1628, conditioned by transmitters 1618a through 1618r, and
transmitted back to transmitter system 1602.
[0104] At transmitter system 1602, the modulated signals from
receiver system 1604 are received by antennas 1614, conditioned by
receivers 1612, demodulated by a demodulator 1630, and processed by
a RX data processor 1632 to extract the reserve link message
transmitted by the receiver system 1604. Processor 1608 then
determines which pre-coding matrix to use for determining the
beamforming weights then processes the extracted message.
[0105] Memory 1634 may be used to temporarily store some
buffered/computational data from 1630 or 1632 through Processor
1608, store some buffed data from data source 1636, or store some
specific program codes, for example, as further described herein,
for example, regarding FIGS. 10-13. Likewise, memory 1638 may be
used to temporarily store some buffered/computational data from RX
data processor 1620 through processor 1622, store some buffed data
from data source 1626, or store some specific program codes, for
example, as further described herein, for example, regarding FIGS.
10-13.
[0106] In view of the example embodiments described supra, devices
and systems that can be implemented in accordance with the
disclosed subject matter will be better appreciated with reference
to the diagrams of FIGS. 10-13. While for purposes of simplicity of
explanation, the example devices and systems are shown and
described as a collection of blocks, it is to be understood and
appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the
order, arrangement, and/or number of the blocks, as some blocks may
occur in different orders, arrangements, and/or combined and/or
distributed with other blocks or functionality associated therewith
from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all
illustrated blocks may be required to implement the example devices
and systems described hereinafter. Additionally, it should be
further understood that the example devices and systems and/or
functionality disclosed hereinafter and throughout this
specification are capable of being stored on an article of
manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such
methods to computers, for example, as further described herein. The
terms computer readable medium, article of manufacture, and the
like, as used herein, are intended to encompass a computer program
product accessible from any computer-readable device or media such
as a tangible computer readable storage medium.
[0107] It can be understood that various techniques described
herein may be implemented in connection with hardware or software
or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. As used herein,
the terms "device," "component," "system" and the like are likewise
intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a
combination of hardware and software, software, or software in
execution. For example, a "device," "component," subcomponent,
"system" portions thereof, and so on, may be, but is not limited to
being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an
executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By
way of illustration, both an application running on computer and
the computer can be a component. One or more components may reside
within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be
localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more
computers.
[0108] It can be further understood that while a brief overview of
example systems, methods, scenarios, and/or devices has been
provided, the disclosed subject matter is not so limited. Thus, it
can be further understood that various modifications, alterations,
addition, and/or deletions can be made without departing from the
scope of the embodiments as described herein. Accordingly, similar
non-limiting implementations can be used or modifications and
additions can be made to the described embodiments for performing
the same or equivalent function of the corresponding embodiments
without deviating therefrom.
[0109] FIG. 17 illustrates an example non-limiting device or system
1700 suitable for performing various aspects of the disclosed
subject matter. The device or system 1700 can be a stand-alone
device or a portion thereof, a specially programmed computing
device or a portion thereof (e.g., a memory retaining instructions
for performing the techniques as described herein coupled to a
processor), and/or a composite device or system comprising one or
more cooperating components distributed among several devices, as
further described herein. As an example, example non-limiting
device or system 1700 can comprise example any of the devices
and/or systems illustrated in FIGS. 1-16, as described above, or as
further described below regarding FIGS. 18-20, for example, or
portions thereof. For example, FIG. 17 depicts an example device
1700, which can be the UE device 1516 or 1522. In another
non-limiting example, FIG. 17 depicts an example device 1700, which
can an access network 1420 or 1502, eNB 110 or a TRP 120, 124 or
128. The device 1700 can be configured to perform concurrent UL
transmissions and concurrent DL transmissions as illustrated in
FIGS. 10-13 and related description. The device or system 1700 can
comprise a memory 1702 that retains computer-executable
instructions on a tangible computer readable storage medium and
those instructions can be executed by the processor 1704. By way of
the example, the UE 1700 can receive indications from one or more
TRPs and send assistance information to the TRPs. The UE 1700 can
map its UE beams to serving beams, and facilitate concurrent
transmissions of same or different content, based on the indication
received from the network/TRP(s).
[0110] FIG. 18 depicts a simplified functional block diagram of an
exemplary non-limiting communication device 1800, such as a UE
device (e.g., UE device configured to perform beam management
comprising AT 1516, AT 1522, receiver system 1604, or portions
thereof, and/or as further described herein regarding FIGS. 12-18,
etc.), a base station (e.g., a base station such as an access
network 1502, a transmitter system 1502, and/or portions thereof,
configured for beam handling, etc.), etc., suitable for
incorporation of various aspects of the subject disclosure. As
shown in FIG. 16, exemplary communication device 1600 in a wireless
communication system can be utilized for realizing the UEs (or ATs)
1516 and 1522 in FIG. 15, for example, and the wireless
communications system such as described above regarding FIG. 15, as
a further example, can be the LTE system, the NR system, etc.
Exemplary communication device 1800 can comprise an input device
1802, an output device 1804, a control circuit 1806, a central
processing unit (CPU) 1808, a memory 1810, a program code 1812, and
a transceiver 1814. Exemplary control circuit 1806 can execute the
program code 1812 in the memory 1810 through the CPU 1808, thereby
controlling an operation of the communications device 1800.
Exemplary communications device 1800 can receive signals input by a
user through the input device 1802, such as a keyboard or keypad,
and can output images and sounds through the output device 1804,
such as a monitor or speaker. Exemplary transceiver 1814 can be
used to receive and transmit wireless signals, delivering received
signals to the control circuit 1806, and outputting signals
generated by the control circuit 1806 wirelessly, for example, as
described above regarding FIG. 15.
[0111] Accordingly, further non-limiting embodiments as described
herein can comprise a UE device (e.g., UE device configured for
beam handling and comprising AT 1516, AT 1522, receiver system
1604, or portions thereof, and/or as further described herein
regarding FIGS. 10-20, etc.) that can comprise one or more of a
exemplary control circuit 1806, a processor (e.g., CPU 1808, etc.)
installed in the control circuit (e.g., control circuit 1806), a
memory (e.g., memory 1810) installed in the control circuit (e.g.,
control circuit 1806) and coupled to the processor (e.g., CPU 1808,
etc.), wherein the processor (e.g., CPU 1808, etc.) is configured
to execute a program code (e.g., program code 1812) stored in the
memory (e.g., memory 1810) to perform method steps and/or provide
functionality as described herein. As a non-limiting example,
exemplary program code (e.g., program code 1812) can comprise
computer-executable instructions as described above regarding FIG.
17, portions thereof, and/or complementary or supplementary
instructions thereto, in addition to computer-executable
instructions configured to achieve functionalities as described
herein, regarding FIGS. 1-20, and/or any combinations thereof.
[0112] FIG. 19 depicts a simplified block diagram 1900 of exemplary
program code 1812 shown in FIG. 18, suitable for incorporation of
various aspects of the subject disclosure. In this embodiment,
exemplary program code 1912 can comprise an application layer 1902,
a Layer 3 portion 1904, and a Layer 2 portion 1906, and can be
coupled to a Layer 1 portion 1908. The Layer 3 portion 1904
generally performs radio resource control. The Layer 2 portion 1906
generally performs link control. The Layer 1 portion 1908 generally
performs physical connections. For LTE, LTE-A, or NR system, the
Layer 2 portion 1906 may include a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer
and a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The Layer 3 portion 1904
may include a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. In addition, as
further described above, exemplary program code (e.g., program code
1912) can comprise computer-executable instructions as described
above regarding FIG. 17, portions thereof, and/or complementary or
supplementary instructions thereto, in addition to
computer-executable instructions configured to achieve
functionalities as described herein, regarding FIGS. 1-20, and/or
any combinations thereof.
[0113] FIG. 20 depicts a schematic diagram of an example mobile
device 2000 (e.g., a mobile handset, UE, AT, etc.) that can
facilitate various non-limiting aspects of the disclosed subject
matter in accordance with the embodiments described herein.
Although mobile handset 2000 is illustrated herein, it will be
understood that other devices can be any of a number of other a
mobile devices, for instance, and that the mobile handset 2000 is
merely illustrated to provide context for the embodiments of the
subject matter described herein. The following discussion is
intended to provide a brief, general description of an example of a
suitable environment 2000 in which the various embodiments can be
implemented. While the description includes a general context of
computer-executable instructions embodied on a tangible computer
readable storage medium, those skilled in the art will recognize
that the subject matter also can be implemented in combination with
other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and
software.
[0114] Generally, applications (e.g., program modules) can include
routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform
particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the methods
described herein can be practiced with other system configurations,
including single-processor or multiprocessor systems,
minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers,
hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable
consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be
operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.
[0115] A computing device can typically include a variety of
computer readable media. Computer readable media can comprise any
available media that can be accessed by the computer and includes
both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable
media. By way of example and not limitation, computer readable
media can comprise tangible computer readable storage and/or
communication media. Tangible computer readable storage can include
volatile and/or non-volatile media, removable and/or non-removable
media implemented in any method or technology for storage of
information, such as computer readable instructions, data
structures, program modules, or other data. Tangible computer
readable storage can include, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM,
EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD ROM, digital
video disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,
magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage
devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired
information and which can be accessed by the computer.
[0116] Communication media, as contrasted with tangible computer
readable storage, typically embodies computer readable
instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a
modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport
mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term
"modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its
characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode
information in the signal, for example, as further described
herein. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media
includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired
connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and
other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should
also be included within the scope of computer readable
communications media as distinguishable from computer-readable
storage media.
[0117] The handset 2000 can include a processor 2002 for
controlling and processing all onboard operations and functions. A
memory 2004 interfaces to the processor 2002 for storage of data
and one or more applications 2006 (e.g., communications
applications such as browsers, apps, etc.). Other applications can
support operation of communications and/or financial communications
protocols. The applications 2006 can be stored in the memory 2004
and/or in a firmware 2008, and executed by the processor 2002 from
either or both the memory 2004 or/and the firmware 2008. The
firmware 2008 can also store startup code for execution in
initializing the handset 2000. A communications component 2010
interfaces to the processor 2002 to facilitate wired/wireless
communication with external systems, e.g., cellular networks, VoIP
networks, and so on. Here, the communications component 2010 can
also include a suitable cellular transceiver 2011 (e.g., a GSM
transceiver, a CDMA transceiver, an LTE transceiver, etc.) and/or
an unlicensed transceiver 2013 (e.g., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi.TM.),
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax.RTM.)) for
corresponding signal communications, and the like. The handset 2000
can be a device such as a cellular telephone, a personal digital
assistant (PDA) with mobile communications capabilities, and
messaging-centric devices. The communications component 2010 also
facilitates communications reception from terrestrial radio
networks (e.g., broadcast), digital satellite radio networks, and
Internet-based radio services networks, and so on.
[0118] The handset 2000 includes a display 2012 for displaying
text, images, video, telephony functions (e.g., a Caller ID
function, etc.), setup functions, and for user input. For example,
the display 2012 can also be referred to as a "screen" that can
accommodate the presentation of multimedia content (e.g., music
metadata, messages, wallpaper, graphics, etc.). The display 2012
can also display videos and can facilitate the generation, editing
and sharing of video quotes. A serial I/O interface 2014 is
provided in communication with the processor 2002 to facilitate
wired and/or wireless serial communications (e.g., Universal Serial
Bus (USB), and/or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) 1494) through a hardwire connection, and other serial input
devices (e.g., a keyboard, keypad, and mouse). This supports
updating and troubleshooting the handset 2000, for example. Audio
capabilities are provided with an audio I/O component 2016, which
can include a speaker for the output of audio signals related to,
for example, indication that the user pressed the proper key or key
combination to initiate the user feedback signal. The audio I/O
component 2016 also facilitates the input of audio signals through
a microphone to record data and/or telephony voice data, and for
inputting voice signals for telephone conversations.
[0119] The handset 2000 can include a slot interface 2018 for
accommodating a SIC (Subscriber Identity Component) in the form
factor of a card Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) or universal SIM
2020, and interfacing the SIM card 2020 with the processor 2002.
However, it is to be appreciated that the SIM card 2020 can be
manufactured into the handset 2000, and updated by downloading data
and software.
[0120] The handset 2000 can process Internet Protocol (IP) data
traffic through the communication component 2010 to accommodate IP
traffic from an IP network such as, for example, the Internet, a
corporate intranet, a home network, a person area network, a
cellular network, etc., through an internet service provider (ISP)
or broadband cable provider. Thus, VoIP traffic can be utilized by
the handset 2000 and IP-based multimedia content can be received in
either an encoded or a decoded format.
[0121] A video processing component 2022 (e.g., a camera and/or
associated hardware, software, etc.) can be provided for decoding
encoded multimedia content. The video processing component 2022 can
aid in facilitating the generation and/or sharing of video. The
handset 2000 also includes a power source 2024 in the form of
batteries and/or an alternating current (AC) power subsystem, which
power source 2024 can interface to an external power system or
charging equipment (not shown) by a power input/output (I/O)
component 2026.
[0122] The handset 1800 can also include a video component 2030 for
processing video content received and, for recording and
transmitting video content. For example, the video component 2030
can facilitate the generation, editing and sharing of video. A
location-tracking component 2032 facilitates geographically
locating the handset 2000. A user input component 2034 facilitates
the user inputting data and/or making selections as previously
described. The user input component 2034 can also facilitate
selecting perspective recipients for fund transfer, entering
amounts requested to be transferred, indicating account
restrictions and/or limitations, as well as composing messages and
other user input tasks as required by the context. The user input
component 2034 can include such conventional input device
technologies such as a keypad, keyboard, mouse, stylus pen, and/or
touch screen, for example.
[0123] Referring again to the applications 2006, a hysteresis
component 1836 facilitates the analysis and processing of
hysteresis data, which is utilized to determine when to associate
with an access point. A software trigger component 2038 can be
provided that facilitates triggering of the hysteresis component
2038 when a WiFi.TM. transceiver 1813 detects the beacon of the
access point. A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) client 2040
enables the handset 2000 to support SIP protocols and register the
subscriber with the SIP registrar server. The applications 1806 can
also include a communications application or client 2046 that,
among other possibilities, can facilitate user interface component
functionality as described above.
[0124] Various aspects of the disclosure have been described above.
It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in
a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function,
or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on
the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that
an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any
other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined
in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a
method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth
herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a
method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or
structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or
more of the aspects set forth herein. As an example of some of the
above concepts, in some aspects concurrent channels may be
established based on pulse repetition frequencies. In some aspects
concurrent channels may be established based on pulse position or
offsets. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established
based on time hopping sequences. In some aspects concurrent
channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies,
pulse positions or offsets, and time hopping sequences.
[0125] Those of skill in the art would understand that information
and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different
technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions,
commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may
be referenced throughout the above description may be represented
by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or
particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination
thereof.
[0126] Those of skill would further appreciate that the various
illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits,
and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects
disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a
digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination
of the two, which may be designed using source coding or some other
technique), various forms of program or design code incorporating
instructions (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as
"software" or a "software module"), or combinations of both. To
clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and
software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules,
circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of
their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as
hardware or software depends upon the particular application and
design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans
may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each
particular application, but such implementation decisions should
not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the
present disclosure.
[0127] In addition, the various illustrative logical blocks,
modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects
disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an
integrated circuit ("IC"), an access terminal, or an access point.
The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal
processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),
a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions
that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general
purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative,
the processor may be any conventional processor, controller,
microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be
implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a
combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a
DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0128] It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of
steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach.
Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific
order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged
while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The
accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in
a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific
order or hierarchy presented.
[0129] The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection
with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in
hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a
combination of the two. A software module (e.g., including
executable instructions and related data) and other data may reside
in a data memory such as RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory,
EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable
disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable storage
medium known in the art. A sample storage medium may be coupled to
a machine such as, for example, a computer/processor (which may be
referred to herein, for convenience, as a "processor") such that
the processor can read information (e.g., code or program code)
from and write information to the storage medium. A sample storage
medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the
storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in user
equipment. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium
may reside as discrete components in user equipment. Moreover, in
some aspects any suitable computer-program product may comprise a
computer-readable medium comprising codes relating to one or more
of the aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects a computer
program product may comprise packaging materials.
[0130] While the various embodiments of the subject disclosure have
been described in connection with various non-limiting aspects, it
will be understood that the embodiments of the subject disclosure
may be capable of further modifications. This application is
intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptation of the subject
disclosure following, in general, the principles of the subject
disclosure, and including such departures from the present
disclosure as come within the known and customary practice within
the art to which the subject disclosure pertains.
[0131] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common
within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion
set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to
integrate such described devices and/or processes into systems.
That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes
described herein can be integrated into a system via a reasonable
amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will
recognize that a typical system can include one or more of a system
unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and
non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital
signal processors, computational entities such as operating
systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications
programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or
screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control
device (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity;
control devices for moving and/or adjusting parameters). A typical
system can be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially
available components, such as those typically found in data
computing/communication and/or network computing/communication
systems.
[0132] Various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter
sometimes illustrate different components contained within, or
connected with, other components. It is to be understood that such
depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that, in fact,
many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same
and/or equivalent functionality. In a conceptual sense, any
arrangement of components to achieve the same and/or equivalent
functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired
functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein
combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as
"associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is
achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediary components.
Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as
being "operably connected," "operably coupled," "communicatively
connected," and/or "communicatively coupled," to each other to
achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable
of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably
couplable" or "communicatively couplable" to each other to achieve
the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable
or communicatively couplable can include, but are not limited to,
physically mateable and/or physically interacting components,
wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components,
and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable
components.
[0133] With respect to substantially any plural and/or singular
terms used herein, those having skill in the art can translate from
the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural
as can be appropriate to the context and/or application. The
various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth
herein for the sake of clarity, without limitation.
[0134] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in
general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims
(e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as
"open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as
"including but not limited to," the term "having" should be
interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be
interpreted as "includes, but is not limited to," etc.). It will be
further understood by those skilled in the art that, if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an
intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence
of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an
aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain
usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more"
to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases
should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim
recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limit any
particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to
embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same
claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least
one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or
"an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or
more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used
to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited,
those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should
be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare
recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at
least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in
those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A,
B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended
in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the
convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C"
would include, but not be limited to, systems that have A alone, B
alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C
together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances
where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc."
is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense
one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g.,
"a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not
be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B
together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C
together, etc.). It will be further understood by those skilled in
the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase
presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the
description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to
contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either
of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will
be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and
B."
[0135] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are
described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will
recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of
any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush
group.
[0136] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and
all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description,
all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible
sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges thereof. Any listed range
can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling
the same range being broken down into at least equal halves,
thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example,
each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower
third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be
understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to",
"at least", and the like include the number recited and refer to
ranges which can be subsequently broken down into sub-ranges as
discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in
the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for
example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or
3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups
having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
[0137] From the foregoing, it will be noted that various
embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been described
herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications
may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the
subject disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed
herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and
spirit being indicated by the appended claims.
[0138] In addition, the words "example" and "non-limiting" are used
herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration.
For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter disclosed herein is
not limited by such examples. Moreover, any aspect or design
described herein as "an example," "an illustration," "example"
and/or "non-limiting" is not necessarily to be construed as
preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, nor is it
meant to preclude equivalent example structures and techniques
known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, to the
extent that the terms "includes," "has," "contains," and other
similar words are used in either the detailed description or the
claims, for the avoidance of doubt, such terms are intended to be
inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as an open
transition word without precluding any additional or other
elements, as described above.
[0139] As mentioned, the various techniques described herein can be
implemented in connection with hardware or software or, where
appropriate, with a combination of both. As used herein, the terms
"component," "system" and the like are likewise intended to refer
to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of
hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For
example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process
running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a
thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of
illustration, both an application running on computer and the
computer can be a component. In addition, one or more components
can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a
component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed
between two or more computers.
[0140] Systems described herein can be described with respect to
interaction between several components. It can be understood that
such systems and components can include those components or
specified sub-components, some of the specified components or
sub-components, or portions thereof, and/or additional components,
and various permutations and combinations of the foregoing.
Sub-components can also be implemented as components
communicatively coupled to other components rather than included
within parent components (hierarchical). Additionally, it should be
noted that one or more components can be combined into a single
component providing aggregate functionality or divided into several
separate sub-components, and that any one or more middle component
layers, such as a management layer, can be provided to
communicatively couple to such sub-components in order to provide
integrated functionality, as mentioned. Any components described
herein can also interact with one or more other components not
specifically described herein but generally known by those of skill
in the art.
[0141] As mentioned, in view of the example systems described
herein, methods that can be implemented in accordance with the
described subject matter can be better appreciated with reference
to the flowcharts of the various figures and vice versa. While for
purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methods can be shown and
described as a series of blocks, it is to be understood and
appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the
order of the blocks, as some blocks can occur in different orders
and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and
described herein. Where non-sequential, or branched, flow is
illustrated via flowchart, it can be understood that various other
branches, flow paths, and orders of the blocks, can be implemented
which achieve the same or a similar result. Moreover, not all
illustrated blocks can be required to implement the methods
described hereinafter.
[0142] While the disclosed subject matter has been described in
connection with the disclosed embodiments and the various figures,
it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used
or modifications and additions may be made to the described
embodiments for performing the same function of the disclosed
subject matter without deviating therefrom. Still further, multiple
processing chips or multiple devices can share the performance of
one or more functions described herein, and similarly, storage can
be effected across a plurality of devices. In other instances,
variations of process parameters (e.g., configuration, number of
components, aggregation of components, process step timing and
order, addition and/or deletion of process steps, addition of
preprocessing and/or post-processing steps, etc.) can be made to
further optimize the provided structures, devices and methods, as
shown and described herein. In any event, the systems, structures
and/or devices, as well as the associated methods described herein
have many applications in various aspects of the disclosed subject
matter, and so on. Accordingly, the subject disclosure should not
be limited to any single embodiment, but rather should be construed
in breadth, spirit and scope in accordance with the appended
claims.
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