U.S. patent application number 15/707262 was filed with the patent office on 2018-01-04 for methods and tool for maintenance of hard surfaces, and a method for manufacturing such a tool.
This patent application is currently assigned to HTC Sweden AB. The applicant listed for this patent is HTC Sweden AB. Invention is credited to Hakan Thysell.
Application Number | 20180001433 15/707262 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37308762 |
Filed Date | 2018-01-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180001433 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Thysell; Hakan |
January 4, 2018 |
METHODS AND TOOL FOR MAINTENANCE OF HARD SURFACES, AND A METHOD FOR
MANUFACTURING SUCH A TOOL
Abstract
A method is disclosed for treating or maintaining a hard surface
comprising a stone or stone-like material, the method comprising
treatment of the surface with a flexible pad, in the presence of
abrasive particles, bonded to the pad, on a contact surface between
the pad and the hard surface, wherein the abrasive particles
comprise diamond particles, and the treatment is performed in the
absence of an effective amount of crystallization agent on the
contact surface. The treatment is performed on a substantially
regular basis, such as daily, weekly or monthly, and the treatment
is performed using a pad comprising an open, lofty, three
dimensional non-woven webs of fibers. A tool for use in the method
is also provided, as well as a floor-surfacing machine comprising
such a tool and a method for manufacturing such a tool.
Furthermore, methods for treating or maintaining hard, smooth
surfaces such as wood, polymer material, lacquer, linoleum,
gelcoat, glass and automotive enamel are disclosed.
Inventors: |
Thysell; Hakan;
(Soderkoping, SE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
HTC Sweden AB |
Soderkoping |
|
SE |
|
|
Assignee: |
HTC Sweden AB
Soderkoping
SE
|
Family ID: |
37308762 |
Appl. No.: |
15/707262 |
Filed: |
September 18, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15407694 |
Jan 17, 2017 |
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15707262 |
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13101224 |
May 5, 2011 |
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15407694 |
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12976558 |
Dec 22, 2010 |
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13101224 |
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11886546 |
Feb 18, 2009 |
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PCT/EP2005/012360 |
Nov 16, 2005 |
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12976558 |
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11079081 |
Mar 15, 2005 |
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11886546 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24B 7/186 20130101;
B24D 11/001 20130101; B24D 13/147 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B24B 7/18 20060101
B24B007/18; B24D 13/14 20060101 B24D013/14; B24D 11/00 20060101
B24D011/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 15, 2005 |
EP |
05005570.6 |
Claims
1. (canceled)
2. A method for maintaining a hard, smooth floor surface comprising
a polymer material, the method comprising: treating the hard,
smooth floor surface with a flexible pad comprising an open, lofty,
three dimensional non-woven web of fibers, in the presence of
abrasive particles, bonded to the pad, on a contact surface between
the pad and the hard, smooth floor surface, wherein the abrasive
particles comprise diamond particles of an average diameter of 0.1
to 30 .mu.m, preferably 0.1 to 15 .mu.m or 3 to 6 .mu.m, and
wherein treating the hard, smooth floor surface is performed using
said pad having: abrasive particles bonded thereto only in a
vicinity of the contact surface, the fibers of the flexible pad are
bonded to each other by a primary binder and/or via melt-bonding,
and have the abrasive particles bonded thereto by a secondary
binder, the abrasive particles are present throughout the secondary
binder, a first portion of the flexible pad has the abrasive
particles present in a first concentration, and a second portion of
the flexible pad has the particles present in a second, lower
concentration, and said second concentration is zero, such that the
second portion is free from the abrasive particles, and wherein the
flexible pad has a disc-shaped body having a thickness and a first
surface, the abrasive particles being present on said first surface
and down to a depth from said first surface, which depth is less
than said thickness, such that said first portion is at said first
surface and said second portion is at a second surface, opposite
said first surface.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the abrasive particles
comprise at least one of natural diamond particles, industrial
diamond particles and coated diamond particles.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the treating step is
performed using a pad having a density of less than 40 kg/m.sup.3,
preferably 20-35 kg/m.sup.3.
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pad, while in
contact with the hard surface, is caused to move in relation to the
hard surface.
6. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pad, while in
contact with the hard surface, is caused to rotate at a rotational
speed of 50-300 rpm, preferably of 100-1500 rpm.
7. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the hard, smooth
polymer floor surface has a hardness less than about 3 Mohs,
preferably less than about 2 Mohs and most preferably less than
about 1 Mohs.
8. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method is
performed using a scrubber/dryer combination floor surfacing
machine.
9. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the treating step is
performed in the absence of surface-improving agents on the contact
surface.
10. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the abrasive
particles comprise diamond particles of an average diameter between
0.1 and 15 .mu.m and preferably between 3 and 15 .mu.m.
11. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the treating step is
performed in the absence of liquid on the contact surface.
12. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the treating step is
performed in the presence of water on the contact surface.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of and claims
the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 to U.S. Ser. No.
15/407,694, filed Jan. 17, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S.
Ser. No. 13/101,224, filed May 5, 2011, which is a continuation
application of U.S. Ser. No. 12/976,558, filed Dec. 22, 2010, which
is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/886,546 filed Feb. 18, 2009,
the entire contents of each of which are incorporated therein by
reference. U.S. Ser. No. 11/886,546 is a National Stage of
PCT/EP2005/012360 filed Nov. 16, 2005, and claims priority to
European Application No. 05005570.6 filed Mar. 15, 2005 and U.S.
application Ser. No. 11/079,081 filed Mar. 15, 2005.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a method and a tool for
maintenance of hard surfaces, primarily concrete (cement), terrazzo
and granite floor surfaces, but also marble or limestone surfaces.
The disclosure particularly relates to a method and a tool for
maintenance which are suitable for use on a regular basis to
maintain a polished hard floor surface.
[0003] In addition, the present disclosure relates to methods for
maintenance of hard, smooth surfaces, primarily wood, linoleum,
lacquer and vinyl floor surfaces. The disclosure particularly
relates to a methods for maintenance which are suitable for use on
a daily basis to maintain a shiny, hard, smooth surface, such as a
floor surface.
BACKGROUND
[0004] It is known in connection with cleaning or light polishing
of floor surfaces to use a pad in the form of a three-dimensional
non-woven web. The pad is usually provided as a circular,
disc-shaped body, which is to be disconnectably mounted on a
circular carrier plate, which in use is caused to rotate in a plane
parallel with the floor surface, such that the pad, when brought
into contact with the floor surface, is slightly compressed by the
pressure arising between the floor surface and the carrier plate.
The carrier plate is usually driven by a motor and may be mounted
on a carrier frame, which may be arranged to be pushed or pulled by
a walking operator or which may be arranged as a ridable
vehicle.
[0005] Such pads are formed from fibers of an organic material,
e.g. polyamide and/or polyester, particularly polyethylene
terephtalate. In some cases the fibers also include natural fibers,
such as walnut fibers or coconut fibers.
[0006] The fibers of the pad is interconnected at their mutual
points of contact by so-called melt bonding, whereby the fibers are
subjected to heat that cause the outer part of the fibers to
slightly melt and thereby to bond to each other.
[0007] Alternatively, or additionally, the fibers may be
interconnected at their mutual points of contact by the pad being
impregnated with a polymer resin, hereinafter referred to as a
"primary binder".
[0008] Production of this type of non-woven pads is well known from
e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,537,121, U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,439, EP-A-0 397
374, GB-A-11348 526 and EP-B-0 562 919, and thus does not need to
be further elaborated on herein.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 3,537,121 discloses pads for polishing
surfaces of aluminum, plastic, wax and similar surfaces. U.S. Pat.
No. 3,537,121 also discloses production of such pads. In U.S. Pat.
No. 3,537,121 a binder mixed with abrasive particles is applied to
the pad by passing the pad between a pair of squeeze rolls, one of
which is partially immersed in a container for a mixture of binder
resin and abrasive particles, after which the pad is allowed to
cure or dry. Thus, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,537,121 a pad is provided,
which is entirely impregnated by the binder and abrasive
particles.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,439 discloses a pad for polishing floor
surfaces or aluminum. The pad consists of fibers of organic
material and constitutes a lofty open non-woven structure, and
contains a binder binding abrasive particles to the fibers. The pad
shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,493 has larger voids than that shown
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,537,121, and thereby has an improved ability to
absorb dirt, so that it can be used for a longer period. Also the
pad disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,493 is entirely impregnated by
binder and abrasive particles.
[0011] EP-A-0 397 374 discloses a pad for floor polishing machines,
which also is entirely impregnated by binder and abrasive
particles.
[0012] Pads of the above type are frequently used for so-called
"burnishing", i.e. dry polishing (often on a daily basis) of very
lightly worn surfaces at high speed (1500-3000 rpm) and relatively
low pressure, with a view to restoring a polished surface. This
type of treatment is commonly used for both vinyl and marble
floorings. Pads suitable for this purpose are available from
3M.RTM. under the designation "3M.TM. Floor Pads", and provide no
or little effect on very hard floor surfaces, such as terrazzo or
concrete, which have been subject to wear for a longer period of
time.
[0013] EP-B-0 562 919 discloses a non-woven pad of polymer fiber,
which is entirely impregnated by a binder comprising a mixture of
curable plastic resin and abrasive particles having a particle size
of 0.1-30 .mu.m. As examples of curable resins are mentioned phenol
resin, acrylic resins, melamine resin and urea resin. Diamond is
mentioned as one among several other examples of plausible abrasive
particles. However, according to EP-B-0 562 919, the pad disclosed
therein is suitable for treatment of marble floor surfaces, and
only in combination with crystallization chemicals, which means
that treatment must be made in the presence of liquid containing a
salt-forming acid.
[0014] The pad in EP-B-0 562 919 is also provided by passing a
non-woven pad through a nip between two squeeze rolls, one of which
being partially immersed in a binder/abrasive particles mixture,
such that the binder and abrasive particles, via the surface of the
cylinder is distributed in the pad.
[0015] Since the pad disclosed in EP-B-0 562 919 is to be used in
the presence of crystallization chemicals, the method described in
EP-B-0 562 919 actually constitutes a vitrification method, used
with a view to improving the stain resistance and durability of a
marble floor. This method is not suitable for daily maintenance
purposes, since it involves use of special crystallization
chemicals, including acids, which are to react with calcium present
in the floor surface to form insoluble calcium salts. Such a method
is typically used once in connection with the initial preparation
of the polished marble floor, and thereafter at intervals of 6-12
months. The method described in EP-B-0 562 919 is thus too
complicated for being used on a daily basis.
[0016] Pads of the type referred to in EP-B-0 562 919 are sold by
3M.TM. under the designations "3M.TM. 5200 Brown Stone Renew Pad"
and "3M.TM. 4000 Grey Stone Polish Pad", and are used for treating
marble in the presence of crystallization chemicals and at
relatively low speeds (below 250 rpm).
[0017] The need for crystallization chemicals, and other
surface-improving agents, makes the polishing work more
complicated, since the chemicals are to be applied to the surface,
possibly followed by removal of excess chemicals, which also
contribute to making the polishing work more time consuming.
Handling and application of the chemicals also constitute a
potential hazard to the environment in general and to the work
environment in particular.
[0018] It is also known to provide a polished stone or concrete
surface by using tools comprising grinding or polishing elements
made from a plastic resin mixed with abrasive particles, i.a.
diamond particles. Since such elements are fixedly mounted on a
usually rotating plate, they do not have the ability to compensate
for unevenness in the floor, which may lead to uneven treatment of
the floor surface, or to scratching or staining of the floor
surface in case such an element is to contact the surface at an
excess pressure. Yet another problem is that debris, such as grains
of sand, small stones or metal may get stuck in or near the
elements and cause scratching of the floor surface. Finally, this
type of tools require special machinery capable of applying a
higher pressure to the contact surface between the tool and the
floor surface.
[0019] WO03/075734 discloses a disc-shaped device for cleaning
purposes, comprising a nylon scouring material, which is arranged
on a rigid disc, whereby grinding elements containing industrial
diamonds are placed in recesses in the active scouring surface. A
disadvantage with the device disclosed in WO03/07534 is that it
does not eliminate the risk of debris getting stuck in or near the
grinding elements. Yet another disadvantage is that this tool is
complex and therefore more prone to breaking and more difficult and
expensive to manufacture.
[0020] Hence, there is a need for an improved and simplified method
and tool for daily maintenance of hard surfaces. Preferably, the
method should be simple to use, e.g. by persons who do not have
specialist training in floor surface preparation, and the method
should be usable with conventional floor surfacing equipment, e.g.
burnishing machines, etc. Also, the tools should be easy to
manufacture, not too expensive and durable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0021] It is an object to provide an improved technique, which
wholly or partially eliminate the problems with the prior art
methods and pads. In particular, it is an object to provide a
method of treating a hard surface which is more easy to use and
which provides a comparable or better result than the prior art
methods. In particular, it is an object to provide a method that is
suitable for hard, smooth stone or stone-like surfaces.
[0022] An additional object is to provide a method of polishing,
cleaning or otherwise maintaining hard, smooth and preferably
glossy surfaces, in particular floor surfaces, with an eliminated
or reduced need for surface-improving or cleaning chemicals.
[0023] The invention is based on the idea that abrasive particles
in the form of diamond particles provide a polishing effect which
is vastly superior to that achievable with those abrasive particles
used in the examples shown in e.g. EP-B-0 562 919, and that this
polishing effect is so superior as to eliminate the need for
crystallization chemicals and other surface-improving agents.
[0024] The invention is defined by the appended independent claims.
Embodiments are set forth in the dependent claims and in the
following description and drawings.
[0025] According to a first aspect, there is provided a method for
maintaining a hard, smooth surface, the surface comprising a
material selected from a group consisting of wood, polymer
material, lacquer and linoleum, the method comprising treatment of
the surface with a flexible pad, in the presence of abrasive
particles, bonded to the pad, on a contact surface between the pad
and the hard surface. The abrasive particles comprise diamond
particles. The treatment is performed using a pad comprising an
open, lofty, three dimensional non-woven web of fibers.
[0026] The combination of a flexible pad and diamond particles
provides compensation for unevenness in the surface, and
distributes the pressure applied to the pad evenly. Also, this
combination, through the flexibility of the pad, considerably
reduces the risk of the diamonds scratching the surface.
[0027] Using diamond particles as abrasive particles when polishing
hard, smooth surfaces provides an effect equal to or better than
use of conventional abrasive particles, both in wet and dry
conditions. In particular, the use of diamonds enables the
surface-improving agent to be abolished, thereby eliminating its
handling.
[0028] The treatment may be performed substantially in the absence
of liquid on the contact surface, i.e. under substantially dry
conditions; or in the presence of water on the contact surface,
i.e. under wet conditions. In particular, the treatment may be
performed in the presence of water and a cleaning agent on the
contact surface, thereby making it combine excellently with the
daily maintenance/cleaning operations.
[0029] In one embodiment, the abrasive particles are bonded to the
pad by means of a secondary binder. Hence, no abrasives need to be
added when treating the floor. Specifically, the abrasive particles
may be bonded to the pad only in the vicinity of the contact
surface. This is advantageous, since the abrasive particles present
in the parts of the pad that are not in contact with the hard
surface do not fulfill any function and therefore can be seen as a
waste.
[0030] The treatment may be performed using a pad having diamond
particles of an average diameter of 0.1 to 30 .mu.m, preferably
between 0.1 and 15 .mu.m and most preferably between 2 and 15
.mu.m.
[0031] The treatment may be performed using a pad having diamond
particles comprising at least one of natural diamond particles,
industrial diamond particles and coated diamond particles.
[0032] The pad may have a density of less than 40 kg/m.sup.3,
preferably 20-35 kg/m.sup.3. Thus, the pad comprises a relatively
large amount of voids, into which dust, debris and particles may
migrate during the treatment. Thus, dust is to a large extent
contained in the pad rather than being distributed in the area
where the treatment is taking place, eliminating the need for
additional dust collecting equipment. Also, by allowing debris to
migrate into the pad, the risk for scratching of the surface is
reduced.
[0033] The hard, smooth surface may be a floor surface.
[0034] The pad, while in contact with the hard surface, may be
caused to move in relation to the hard surface.
[0035] The pad, while in contact with the hard surface, may be
caused to rotate at a rotational speed of 50-3000 rpm, preferably
of 100-1500 rpm.
[0036] In one embodiment, the surface may comprise a polymer
material, such as polyvinyl and the treatment may be performed
using a pad having diamond particles of an average diameter of
between 0.1 and 15 .mu.m and most preferably between 3 and 12
.mu.m.
[0037] In another embodiment, the surface comprises linoleum, and
the treatment is performed using a pad having diamond particles of
an average diameter of between 0.1 and 15 .mu.m, preferably between
3 and 12 .mu.m and most preferably between 3 and 6 .mu.m.
[0038] In yet another embodiment the treatment is performed using a
pad having diamond particles of an average diameter of between 0.1
and 15 .mu.m, preferably between 3 and 12 .mu.m and most preferably
between 3 and 6 .mu.m.
[0039] The hard, smooth surface may have a hardness less than about
3 mohs, preferably less than about 2 mohs and most preferably less
than about 1 moh.
[0040] The treatment may be performed in the absence of an
effective amount of surface-improving agents on the contact
surface.
[0041] The term "surface-improving agents" is understood to include
substances that are added when treating the surface to interact
with the surface to render the surface more glossy. As examples of
surface-improving agents can be mentioned, waxes, oils, resins,
varnish and similar products. Soap, detergents and similar products
that are added for cleaning purposes are not considered
"surface-improving agents".
[0042] The term "effective amount" is understood as an amount that
is sufficient to achieve a measurable gloss improvement as compared
to the same treatment using a liquid containing no
surface-improving agent at all.
[0043] The definition of an effective amount may vary in relation
to at what interval the treatment is being performed. Hence, for an
ad-hoc treatment, i.e. a single occasion, a much higher amount may
be needed to achieve a surface-improving effect, than if the
treatment was performed with an interval of one or a few days, or
even a week. The amount may need to be adjusted to apply to the
respective type of surface-improving agent chosen and to the type
of surface that is being treated.
[0044] According to another aspect, there is provided a method for
maintaining a hard, smooth surface, the surface comprising a
material selected from a group consisting of a gelcoat, glass and
automotive enamel, the method comprising treatment of the surface
with a flexible pad, in the presence of abrasive particles, bonded
to the pad, on a contact surface between the pad and the hard
surface. The abrasive particles comprises diamond particles. The
treatment is performed in the absence of an effective amount of
surface-improving agents on the contact surface, and the treatment
is performed using a pad comprising an open, lofty, three
dimensional non-woven web of fibers.
[0045] Furthermore, there is provided a method for treating or
maintaining a hard surface comprising a stone or stone-like
material, the method comprising treatment of the surface with a
flexible pad, in the presence of abrasive particles, bonded to the
pad, on a contact surface between the pad and the hard surface,
wherein the abrasive particles comprise diamond particles, and the
treatment is performed in the absence of an effective amount of
crystallization agent on the contact surface.
[0046] The term "diamond" is understood to include natural diamond
as well as synthetic diamond, and diamond particles being coated
with any suitable coating, e.g. silver.
[0047] The term "effective amount" is understood as an amount that
is sufficient to achieve a measurable gloss improvement as compared
to the same treatment using a liquid containing no crystallization
agent at all. Amounts known to be effective are about 1-2 liters of
crystallization agent (comprising 2-30% by weight of e.g. magnesium
hexafluorosilicate) per 50 m.sup.2 of floor surface for a single
treatment operation. Hence, amounts known to be effective on an
ad-hoc basis range from about 0.4 g of magnesium hexafluorosilicate
per m.sup.2 floor surface. However, diluted crystallization agent,
e.g. at a ratio of 1:100 is also known to be effective when used
repeatedly, e.g. in connection with daily or weekly maintenance.
Hence, amounts known to be effective for maintenance on a regular
basis range from about 0.004 g of magnesium hexafluorosilicate per
m.sup.2 floor surface. It is understood that there are other types
of crystallization agents, e.g. zinc hexafluorosilicate,
hydrofluoric acid and oxalic acid. The values given above may thus
need to be adjusted to apply to the respective type of
crystallization agent chosen.
[0048] The combination of a flexible pad and diamond particles
provides compensation for unevenness in the surface, and
distributes the pressure applied to the pad evenly. Also, this
combination, through the flexibility of the pad, considerably
reduces the risk of the diamonds scratching the surface.
[0049] Using diamond particles as abrasive particles when polishing
hard stone surfaces provides an effect equal to or better than use
of conventional abrasive particles, both in wet and dry conditions.
In particular, the use of diamonds enables the crystallization
agent to be abolished, thereby eliminating its handling.
[0050] The treatment may be performed substantially in the absence
of liquid on the contact surface, i.e. during substantially dry
conditions; or in the presence of water on the contact surface,
i.e. during wet conditions. In particular, the treatment may be
performed in the presence of water and a cleaning agent on the
contact surface, thereby making it combine excellently with the
daily maintenance/cleaning operations.
[0051] In one embodiment, the abrasive particles are bonded to the
pad by means of a secondary binder. Hence, no abrasives need to be
added when treating the floor. Specifically, the abrasive particles
may be bonded to the pad only in the vicinity of the contact
surface. This is advantageous, since the abrasive particles present
in the parts of the pad that are not in contact with the hard
surface do not fulfill any function and therefore can be seen as a
waste.
[0052] The abrasive particles may have an average diameter of 0.1
to 30 .mu.m, preferably between 0.1 and 15 .mu.m and most
preferably between 10 and 15 .mu.m.
[0053] The abrasive particles may comprise at least one of natural
diamond particles, industrial diamond particles and coated diamond
particles.
[0054] The treatment may be performed using a pad having diamond
particles of an average diameter of 0.1 to 30 .mu.m, preferably
between 0.1 and 15 .mu.m and most preferably between 5 and 15
.mu.m.
[0055] In one embodiment, the pad that is used comprises an open,
lofty, three dimensional non-woven web of fibers. Such webs are
available at a relatively low cost and in standard sized adapted
for the existing surfacing machines.
[0056] The pad may have a density of less than 40 kg/m.sup.3,
preferably 20-35 kg/m.sup.3. Thus, the pad comprises a relatively
large amount of voids, into which dust, debris and particles may
migrate during the treatment. Thus, dust is to a large extent
contained in the pad rather than being distributed in the area
where the treatment is taking place, eliminating the need for
additional dust collecting equipment. Also, by allowing debris to
migrate into the pad, the risk for scratching of the surface is
reduced.
[0057] The method is particularly suitable for use on a floor
surface.
[0058] The method is particularly applicable where the surface is a
stone or stone-like material having a hardness of about 5 moh or
more, preferably 6-7 moh. Examples of such surfaces are concrete,
terrazzo, granite etc.
[0059] The pad, while in contact with the hard surface, may be
caused to rotate at a rotational speed of 50-3000 rpm, preferably
of 100-1500 rpm.
[0060] The treatment may be performed on a substantially regular
basis, such as daily, weekly or monthly.
[0061] Furthermore, there is provided a tool for treating a hard
surface, the tool comprising a flexible pad having an active
treatment surface presenting abrasive particles bonded to the pad.
The pad presents a first portion wherein said abrasive particles
are present in a first concentration, and a second portion having a
second, lower concentration of said abrasive particles, said
abrasive particles comprising diamond particles.
[0062] In one embodiment, the second portion is substantially free
from diamond particles.
[0063] Since the abrasive particles present in the parts of the pad
that are not in contact with the hard surface do not fulfill any
function, pads according to this disclosure can be manufactured at
a lower cost.
[0064] The flexibility of the pad eliminates or reduces the harmful
effects that diamond abrasive particles could otherwise have on the
hard surface. Hence, the tool may be used for any hard surface,
such as surfaces of wood, laminate, marble, granite, concrete,
terrazzo, etc. However, the tool is particularly effective for hard
stone or stone-like surfaces, such as granite, concrete, terrazzo,
etc.
[0065] In one embodiment, the pad consists of a disc-shaped body
having a thickness and a first surface, wherein said abrasive
particles are present on said first surface and down to a depth
from said first surface, which depth is less than said thickness,
such that said first portion is at said first surface and said
second portion is at a second surface, opposite said first surface.
By leaving the second surface free from abrasive material and
binder, the attachment of the pad to a Velcro hook connector on a
carrier plate is facilitated.
[0066] In a second embodiment, the pad consists of a disc-shaped
body having a thickness and a first surface, wherein said abrasive
particles are present over less than the entire first surface, such
that said first and second portions are situated adjacent each
other at said first surface. This second embodiment facilitates
migration of dust and debris into the pad.
[0067] In one embodiment, the pad comprises an open, lofty, three
dimensional non-woven web, including a plurality of fibers, which
are adhered to each other at their points of mutual contact.
[0068] The abrasive particles may be bonded to the fibers of the
pad by a secondary binder. Hence, the bonding of the fibers of the
pad does not in any way need to be negatively affected by the fact
that the abrasive particles are only present at the contact
surface.
[0069] As non-limiting examples, the secondary binder may be
selected from a group consisting of phenol resin, melamine resin,
urea resin and epoxy resin.
[0070] In one embodiment, the secondary binder forms a plurality of
distinct droplets having a maximum diameter which is smaller than
an average length between two points of mutual contact of a fiber.
Thus, the fibers are not entirely coated by the binder resin,
facilitating further the migration of dust and debris into the
pad.
[0071] The abrasive particles may comprise diamond particles having
an average diameter of 0.1 to 30 .mu.m, preferably between 0.1 and
15 .mu.m and most preferably between 5 and 15 .mu.m.
[0072] The pad may further comprise second abrasive particles
selected from a group consisting of graphite, tin oxide, silicon
carbide and aluminum oxide.
[0073] The pad is preferably provided in the shape of a circular
disc having a diameter between 30 and 100 cm and an uncompressed
thickness between 1 and 5 cm.
[0074] Furthermore, there is provided a method for manufacturing a
pad for treating a hard surface. The method comprises: providing a
pad, and applying, on a first surface of the pad, a mixture of a
binder and abrasive particles including diamond, such that said pad
presents a first portion wherein said abrasive particles are
present in a first concentration and a second portion, having a
second, lower concentration of said abrasive particles. In one
embodiment, the second portion is substantially free from said
abrasive particles. The abrasive particles may be provided to the
first surface by spraying, rolling or dipping.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0075] FIGS. 1a-1b show a pad according to a first embodiment.
[0076] FIGS. 2a-2b show a pad according to a second embodiment.
[0077] FIGS. 3a-3b show enlarged photographs of a pad according to
the present disclosure, before and after the binder and abrasive
particles have been applied.
[0078] FIGS. 4a-4b show a diagram of a pad according to the first
embodiment, and an enlargement of a portion of the pad.
[0079] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a floor surfacing machine on
which a pad according to the disclosure is mounted.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0080] The description will first focus on a tool suitable for use
in the method for maintenance of hard surfaces, subsequently on the
method for manufacturing the tool, and finally on the use of the
tool for maintenance of a hard surface.
[0081] Referring to FIG. 1a, there is shown a pad 1 made up from an
open, lofty three dimensional non-woven web of fibers 2. A first
surface of the pad 1 has a portion P1 presenting abrasive particles
bonded to the web by means of a secondary binder, i.e. a binder
having as a main purpose to bond fibers to the web. The pad 1 is
circular in shape.
[0082] Referring to FIG. 2b, a cross section along the line S1-S2
in FIG. 1a is shown. As is indicated in FIG. 1b, the portion P1
presenting the abrasive particles is present at the first surface A
and to a depth D, which is less than the thickness T of the pad 1.
Hence, at the second surface B there is a portion P2, which is
substantially free from the abrasive particles and the secondary
binder.
[0083] When referring to "portions", it is to be understood as a
portions of the macrostructure of the pad 1 and not portions of the
individual fibers.
[0084] Referring to FIGS. 2a and 2b, there is shown a similar pad
1, the difference being that there is a portion P2' also at the
first surface A, which portion P2' is substantially free from the
abrasive particles and the secondary binder.
[0085] In both embodiments, the abrasive particles are present
throughout the secondary binder, and the fibers are bonded to each
other by a primary binder and/or by being melt-bonded.
[0086] A description of the preparation of a pad 1 according to the
embodiment discussed with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b will now be
given.
[0087] As a starting material, circular, disc shaped
Glit/Microtron.RTM. Tan Floor Polishing Pad having a diameter of 20
inches (51 cm), a thickness of 28 mm and a weight of 157 grams was
used. Such pads are available from Glit/Microtron, Wrens, Ga., USA.
The starting density of the pad was thereby 27 kg/m.sup.3. FIG. 3a
is a microscope photograph showing the pad prior to application of
the polymer resin/abrasive particles.
[0088] From FIG. 3a, it can be seen that the fibers constituting
the pad are held together at their points 10 of mutual contact by a
primary polymer resin. The pad is flexible and resilient and
comprises polyester and nylon fibers.
[0089] A homogenous polymer resin mixture was prepared, consisting
of 200 g PA resin 52-68 phenol resin (available from Perstorp AB,
Perstorp, Sweden), 100 g of T-ROD.RTM. ethanol (available from
Alfort & Cronholm AB, Bromma, Sweden) and 20 g of LANDS LS600F
4-8 .mu.m diamond particles (available from Lands Superabrasives,
Co., New York, N.Y., USA). Just before application of the mixture,
60 g of 65% p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTS) was added as a
hardener.
[0090] The resin mixture was sprayed onto a first one A of the
surfaces of the polishing pad, using a standard-type compressed air
spray gun (normally used for spraying paint).
[0091] The pad with the uncured resin thereafter weighed 173 grams.
Subsequently, the pad was placed in a hot air oven at approximately
120.degree. C. for approximately 20 minutes.
[0092] The pad has now assumed the appearance that can be seen from
FIG. 3b, which is a microscope photograph. Globules or droplets 11
of the resin/particle mixture are formed along each fiber, also
between the fibers' points of mutual contact. The droplets are so
distributed that the fibers to which they are adhered are not
entirely covered. A more clear illustration of this is found in
FIGS. 4a-4b, which show a pad as described above with reference to
FIGS. 1a-1b, and an enlargement of a portion of that pad (FIG. 4b),
wherein droplets 11 of binder/particle mixture are attached to the
fibers.
[0093] In order to evaluate the performance of the pad produced as
described above, comparative tests were carried out in order to
evaluate two different 20 inch (51 cm) pads, prepared as described
above: a first one, referred to as "yellow", having 7-12 .mu.m
silver coated diamond particles, and a second one, referred to as
"green", having 3-6 .mu.m normal diamond particles. As a reference,
two different commercially available pads were used: a 20 inch (51
cm) 3M.TM. 5200 Brown Stone Renew Pad and a 20 inch (51 cm) 3M.TM.
4000 Grey Stone Polish Pad were used, both available from 3M, St.
Paul, Minn., USA.
[0094] The tests were made on two different surface types: Kolm{dot
over (a)}rden marble (marble from the Kolmarden area outside
Norrkoping, Sweden) and K40 concrete. Each test was carried out on
a surface of about 1 m.sup.2, using a Coor & Kleever
Crystallizer 1250KG floor surfacing machine (available from Coor
& Kleever, S.A., Barcelona, Spain) having a single carrier
plate adapted for receiving a 20 inch floor pad and rotating at
about 175 rpm. The test included polishing the surface for about 1
minute/m.sup.2. The surface gloss was measured at several spots on
the area before and after each treatment using a Sanwal/Cenma
IG-310 Glosschecker. The gloss value in the tables below constitute
the average value for each area. High gloss is rated 80-90.degree..
Semi gloss is rated 50-75.degree.. Satin is rated 30-45.degree..
Rubbed effect is rated 20-25.degree.. Flat sheen is rated
5-15.degree..
[0095] Each surface was tested both dry and using water as a
lubricant. Additionally, the concrete surface was tested using Coor
Rosa/K-2 crystallizer (available from Coor & Kleever S.A.,
Barcelona, Spain) as lubricant, i.e. the crystallization chemical
mentioned in EP-B-0 562 919 as comprising magnesium
hexafluourosilicate as crystallization agent.
[0096] When testing the 3M.TM. pads, each surface portion was first
treated with the brown pad and subsequently with the gray pad.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Tests performed with water as lubricant on
Kolmarden marble Pad Brown Gray Green Initial gloss 17 17 10 Liquid
Water Water Water Final gloss 17 35 30
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Tests performed without lubricant on
Kolmarden marble Pad Brown Gray Green Initial gloss 20 25 28 Liquid
No No No Final gloss 25 30 50
[0097] From tables 1 and 2, it can be concluded that on marble,
which is a relatively soft stone having a hardness of about 3-5
moh, and using water as a lubricant, the 3M.TM. pad combination
(brown and gray) provide a slightly better effect, although both
the gray and the green pads achieved values falling within the
"satin" range. However, during dry conditions, the green pad
achieved a remarkable improvement, reaching the semi-gloss
range.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Tests performed with water as lubricant on
K40 concrete Pad Brown Gray Yellow Green Initial gloss 30 29 24 35
Liquid Water Water Water Water Final gloss 29 29 35 46
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Tests performed without lubricant on K40
concrete Pad Brown Gray Yellow Green Initial gloss 29 34 30 48
Liquid No No No No Final gloss 34 35 48 58
[0098] From Tables 3 and 4, it is noted that in wet conditions and
on K40 concrete, having a hardness of about 6-7 moh, the
combination of brown and gray pads did not provide any measurable
improvement at all, whereas the combination of yellow and green
pads provided a distinct improvement. In dry conditions, a small
improvement was noted for the surface treated with the combination
of brown and gray pads, whereas a major improvement was noted for
the surface treated by the combination of yellow and green
pads.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Tests performed with Coor Rosa/K-2
crystallizer as lubricant on K40 concrete Pad Gray Green Initial
gloss 41 35 Liquid VMC-Pink VMC-Pink Final gloss 45 51
[0099] From table 5, it is noted that some effect is achievable
with a gray pad using Coor Rosa/K-2 crystallizer as lubricant on
K40 concrete, and that a somewhat better effect is achievable with
the green pad using Coor Rosa/K-2 crystallizer as lubricant.
[0100] All in all, it is concluded that the pad according to the
present disclosure provides a noticeable improvement as compared
with the prior art. The improvement is particularly noticeable
during dry conditions and on concrete.
[0101] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a floor surfacing machine 20
on which a pad 1 according to the present disclosure is mounted so
as to define a contact surface 9 with the hard surface 8, which in
this example is a floor surface. The pad 1 is mounted on a driven,
rotatable carrier plate 4, which is typically journalled in
bearings and thus rotatable relative to a machine body 5, on which
a motor unit 6 is arranged. In this embodiment, the machine has a
handle 7, and is thus adapted for being held/pushed/pulled by a
walking operator. It is recognized that in other embodiments the
floor surfacing machine 20 may be e.g. a ridable vehicle fitted
with a carrier plate 4 that is adapted for receiving the pad 1.
[0102] The pad 1 and method described above can be used for
everyday cleaning/maintenance of polished hard surfaces, such as
stone, concrete or terrazzo floor surfaces using a floor surfacing
machine such as a scrubber/dryer combination machine, e.g. the
Nilfisk CR1300; a single disc floor maintenance machines (low speed
or high speed), e.g. the Nilfisk 510B or 545; a burnisher, e.g. the
Nilfisk SDH5120, BHS5120 or BHS7014, all of which are available
from Nilfisk-Advance, Stockholm, Sweden.
[0103] The treatment of the floor surface is typically performed by
causing the pad, when in contact with the floor surface, to rotate
in a plane parallel with the floor surface. Typical rotational
speeds are from 50 rpm to 3000 rpm. However, lower or higher
rotational speeds are not excluded.
[0104] As is clear from the above, a first embodiment of the pad
according to the present disclosure comprises an open, lofty, three
dimensional non-woven web, including a plurality of fibers, which
are adhered to each other at their points of mutual contact by
means of a primary binder, and in which abrasive particles are
mixed with a secondary binder and applied only to a first surface
of the pad, such that the pad is only partially impregnated by the
binder/particle mixture. Alternatively, or additionally, the fibers
may be melt-bonded to each other.
[0105] In a second embodiment of the pad, binder/particle mixture
is only applied to parts of said first surface. This can be
achieved by masking those parts of the surface to which the
binder/particle mixture should not be applied.
[0106] In a third embodiment, the pad is entirely impregnated with
the binder/particle mixture, e.g. by using such squeeze rollers as
are described in EP-B-0 562 919. In a variant of this embodiment, a
relatively thin impregnated woven or non-woven pad is attached to a
thicker carrier pad in order to provide the flexibility. According
to variants of this embodiment, a substantially two-dimensional
woven or non-woven web is attached to a thicker carrier pad.
[0107] In a fourth embodiment, a three dimensionally woven or
knitted pad may be used, whereby the binder/particle mixture is
applied as described above.
[0108] In a fifth embodiment, the abrasive particles are present in
the material of the pad. In a first alternative, the pad is a
non-woven fiber pad substantially as described above, with the
diamond particles included in the fiber material. In a second
alternative, the pad is a polymer foam pad with the diamond
particles included in the foamed polymer material.
[0109] In a sixth embodiment, the pad is a polymer foam pad, to a
surface of which a binder/particle mixture is applied as described
above.
[0110] The present disclosure is not limited to the use of phenol
resin. Other examples of suitable resins are melamine, urea, epoxy
and polyester resins.
[0111] Furthermore, the hardener may be selected from any hardener
suitable for the type of resin selected. Also it is possible not to
include the hardener, e.g. by allowing the pad to cure at a higher
temperature and/or for a longer period of time.
[0112] Also, the solvent (ethanol was used in the example) is
provided merely to reduce the viscosity of the mixture and thereby
to facilitate spraying thereof. Any suitable solvent may be used,
and the solvent may also be excluded, provided that the method of
application so allows.
[0113] The abrasive particles preferably include diamond. However,
floor treatment pads may be produced according to the principles
set forth above using other types of abrasive particles, or
combinations thereof, as well, e.g. those mentioned in EP-B-0 562
919. In particular silver coated diamond particles have proven to
provide good results as well. Naturally, the diamond particles may
be combined with other types of abrasive particles.
[0114] It is understood that the pad 1 having secondary binder and
abrasive particles as described above may be attached to a disc or
plate having an arbitrary connector for being connected to a
carrier plate of the surfacing machine, or that the pad may be
directly connectable to the surfacing machine by means of a
Velcro-type hook arrangement provided on the carrier plate, the
hooks of which engage the fibers of the pad 1. Hence, the
maintenance tool may be composed of the pad with the primary
binder, the secondary binder and the abrasive particles, possibly
with the addition of dyes or printed areas providing information on
the type of pad, manufacturer, trademark etc.
[0115] Alternatively, or additionally, the pad may be provided with
a backing layer.
[0116] Further tests were performed using applicant's yellow and
green pads, described above, as well another pad, referred to as
"white", having 15-30 .mu.m diamond particles, but otherwise
corresponding to the yellow and green pads described above. As a
reference, a 3M.RTM. 5100 Red Buffer Pad, available from 3M, St.
Paul, Minn., USA, was used.
[0117] In a first additional test, the applicant's pads were tested
on an oiled oak parquet surface. Gloss values of the floor was
measured, before and after treatment, at five spaced apart points
using the gloss meter referred to above, whereby an average gloss
value was calculated after processing with each pad type. The
results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 dry polishing of oiled oak parquet Pad 3M
.RTM. red White Yellow Green Initial gloss 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Liquid
No No No No Final gloss 20.2 17.0 26.0 31.4
[0118] From Table 6, it can be seen that a gloss improvement from a
silk matt surface (6.0) is achievable, in particular when using the
yellow and white pads, which both provide a very shiny surface. The
white pad provided a shiny surface, whereas the 3M.RTM. red pad
provided a shiny, though somewhat blotchy surface. It was noticed
that the white, yellow and green pads provided a very clean
floor.
[0119] In a second additional test, the applicant's pads were
tested for wet polishing of an oiled oak parquet surface. Gloss
values of the floor was measured, before and after treatment, at
five spaced apart points using the gloss meter referred to above,
whereby an average gloss value was calculated after processing with
each pad type. The results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 dry polishing of oiled oak parquet Pad White
Yellow Green Green Initial gloss 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 Liquid Water Water
Water No Final gloss 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.8
[0120] From Table 7, it can be seen that starting from a silk matt
surface, the white and yellow pads provided an entirely matt
surface, with some grinding residue being noticeable in the water.
The green pad, on the other hand provided a matt, entirely smooth
surface. Dry polishing with the green pad provided a shiny and
clean surface, entirely free from oil film. It was noticed that the
white, yellow and green pads provided a very clean floor. It was
also noted that dry polishing of the flooring using the white,
yellow or green pads subsequent to the wet polishing, provided
gloss values similar to those of Table 6.
[0121] Hence, it is concluded that the pad disclosed herein may be
used for grinding and/or polishing wood surfaces, such as wood
floor surfaces, deck surfaces (on e.g. patios or boats), wall
surfaces, interior moldings, doors, baseboards etc.
[0122] In a third additional test, the applicant's pads were tested
for dry polishing of an Amtico.RTM. vinyl tile flooring, available
from Amtico International, Coventry, UK, processed with flooring
wax to a shiny finish. Initially, the surface had multiple scuff
marks. Gloss values of the floor was measured, before and after
treatment, at five spaced apart points using the gloss meter
referred to above, whereby an average gloss value was calculated
after processing with each pad type. The results are shown in Table
8.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 dry polishing of Amtico .RTM. vinyl flooring
Pad Gloss Comment None 24.8 Shiny surface, multiple scuff marks 3M
.RTM. red 24.8 Shiny surface, scuff marks remaining White 16.4
Clean, matt surface, no scuff marks Yellow 19.4 Clean surface, no
scuff marks Green 24.4 Very shiny, clean surface
[0123] From Table 8 it is noted that the 3M.RTM. red pad, while
maintaining the shiny floor surface, did not remove all scuff
marks. The white pad removed the scuff marks, at a loss in
shininess. With the yellow pad, a more shiny surface was
obtainable, with all scuff marks being removed. The green pad
provided a surface having practically the same shine as the initial
surface, although the scuff marks were entirely removed. It was
noticed that the white, yellow and green pads provided a very clean
floor.
[0124] In a fourth additional test, the applicant's pads were
tested for wet polishing of the Amtico.RTM. vinyl tile flooring,
processed with flooring wax to a shiny finish. Initially, the
surface had multiple scuff marks. Gloss values of the floor was
measured, before and after treatment, at five spaced apart points
using the gloss meter referred to above, whereby an average gloss
value was calculated after processing with each pad type. For
reference, dry polishing using the green pad was performed. The
results are shown in Table 9.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 wet polishing of Amtico .RTM. vinyl flooring
Pad Liquid Gloss Comment None None 24.0 Shiny surface, multiple
scuff marks 3M .RTM. red Water 24.8 Shiny surface, some scuff marks
remaining White Water 15.2 Clean, matt surface, no scuff marks
Yellow Water 19.0 Clean surface, somewhat more shiny Green Water
20.4 Clean surface Green None 26.8 Very shiny, clean surface
[0125] From Table 9, it is noted that the 3M.RTM. red pad once more
failed to remove all scuff marks from the floor surface, although
providing a shiny surface. The white pad provided a clean, matt
surface, whereas the yellow pad provided a clean, slightly more
shiny surface. The result from the green pad, when used for wet
polishing was moderately better than that of the yellow pad. Once
more, the green pad when used in dry conditions provided a very
shiny, clean surface. It was noticed that the white, yellow and
green pads provided a very clean floor.
[0126] In a fifth additional test, the applicant's pads were tested
for dry polishing of a linoleum floor surface. The initial surface
had been treated with flooring wax. Gloss values of the floor was
measured, before and after treatment, at five spaced apart points
using the gloss meter referred to above, whereby an average gloss
value was calculated after processing with each pad type. The
results are shown in Table 10.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 dry polishing of linoleum surface Pad
Liquid Gloss Comment None None 19.0 3M .RTM. red None 21.0 No
noticeable change White None 12.8 The surface is matted Yellow None
21.5 The surface is perceived as more shiny than reference Green
None 26.3 Very shiny and clean surface
[0127] From Table 10, it is noted that whereas the white pad
provides a matter surface, the 3M.RTM. red pad only provides a
slight improvement, whereas the surface processed with the yellow
pad is perceived as more shiny than the reference surface. The
green pad provides a very shiny and clean surface. It was noticed
that the white, yellow and green pads provided a very clean
floor.
[0128] In a sixth additional test, the applicant's pads were tested
for wet polishing of a linoleum floor surface. The initial surface
had been treated with flooring wax. Gloss values of the floor was
measured, before and after treatment, at five spaced apart points
using the gloss meter referred to above, whereby an average gloss
value was calculated after processing with each pad type. The
results are shown in Table 11.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 wet polishing of linoleum surface Pad
Liquid Gloss Comment None Water 19.0 3M .RTM. red Water 7.3 Very
matt surface after scouring White Water 3.5 The polished surface
removed by scouring Yellow Water 7.0 The polished surface removed
by scouring, matt finish maintained Green Water 9.8 Somewhat more
shiny than after yellow pad, matt finish
[0129] From Table 11, it is noted that the 3M.RTM. red pad provides
a very matt surface, while the white pad provides a matt surface,
and completely removes the polished surface. The yellow pad
provides a matt finish, while removing the polished surface. The
green pad provides a slightly more shiny finish as compared with
the yellow pad. It was noticed that the white, yellow and green
pads provided a very clean floor. It was also noted that dry
polishing of the flooring using the white, yellow or green pads
subsequent to the wet polishing, provided gloss values similar to
those of Table 10.
[0130] Hence, the pad may be used for grinding and/or polishing
linoleum and plastic floors, e.g. floors having a surface
comprising vinyl, polyurethane, epoxy, acrylic or other plastic
material. In particular, the pad is suitable for dry polishing of
such surfaces.
[0131] In a seventh additional test, the applicant's pads were
tested for dry polishing of a lacquered parquet floor surface. In
this test, an additional pad, termed "Orange" and having diamond
particles of 2-4 micron was used. Gloss values of the floor was
measured, before and after treatment, at five spaced apart points
using the gloss meter referred to above. The results are shown in
Table 12.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 polishing of lacquered parquet surface Pad
Green Orange Orange Initial gloss 40 40 47-50 Liquid None None None
Final gloss 47-51 58-60 56-59
[0132] From Table 12, it is noted that the pads can be used for
cleaning/polishing lacquered surfaces as well. Using the orange pad
provides an additional gloss increase, regardless of whether it is
performed on a surface having an initial gloss value of 40 or of
47-50.
[0133] Hence, it is concluded that the pad disclosed herein may be
used for grinding and/or polishing lacquered surfaces, e.g.
lacquered wood surfaces, such as wood parquet floor and other
lacquered surfaces (on e.g. patios or boats), wall surfaces,
interior moldings, doors, baseboards etc.
[0134] According to another embodiment, the pad may be used for
polishing polymer surfaces, e.g. so-called "gelcoat" surfaces, that
are found on fiber-reinforced plastic structures, such as boats
etc., and which typically comprise resin and optionally
pigments.
[0135] According to yet another embodiment, the pad may be used for
grinding and/or polishing glass surfaces, such as e.g. automobile
windows/windscreens, in order to remove small scratches etc.
[0136] According to yet another embodiment, the pad may be used for
grinding and/or polishing automobile bodies, and even for polishing
painted surfaces on automobile bodies, i.e. automotive enamel.
[0137] Whereas the methods disclosed herein are suitable for
regular treatment or maintenance, they can also be used for ad hoc
polishing or grinding treatment.
* * * * *