U.S. patent application number 15/161800 was filed with the patent office on 2017-11-23 for gas storage device.
This patent application is currently assigned to Twisted Sun Innovations, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Twisted Sun Innovations, Inc.. Invention is credited to Nicolas Kernene.
Application Number | 20170336029 15/161800 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59031377 |
Filed Date | 2017-11-23 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170336029 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kernene; Nicolas |
November 23, 2017 |
Gas Storage Device
Abstract
In an embodiment, the gas storage device includes a cylinder
with opposing ends. An endcap is present at each end. The cylinder
and the endcaps form an enclosure. Each endcap includes a
connector. A diaphragm is located in the enclosure. The diaphragm
includes an annular sidewall. The device includes an inner chamber
defined by an inner surface of the sidewall, and a storage space
between an interior surface of the cylinder and an outer surface of
the sidewall. A metal hydride composition is located in the storage
space.
Inventors: |
Kernene; Nicolas; (St.
Charles, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Twisted Sun Innovations, Inc. |
St. Charles |
IL |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Twisted Sun Innovations,
Inc.
St. Charles
IL
|
Family ID: |
59031377 |
Appl. No.: |
15/161800 |
Filed: |
May 23, 2016 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 60/32 20130101;
F17C 3/00 20130101; F17C 11/005 20130101; F17C 2227/0337 20130101;
B60K 2015/03164 20130101; B60K 2015/03315 20130101; Y02T 90/40
20130101; Y02E 60/50 20130101; F17C 6/00 20130101; B60K 15/03006
20130101; H01M 8/04089 20130101; F17C 2227/0302 20130101; F17C
2201/0119 20130101; H01M 2250/20 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F17C 11/00 20060101
F17C011/00; F17C 6/00 20060101 F17C006/00; F17C 3/00 20060101
F17C003/00; B60K 15/03 20060101 B60K015/03; H01M 8/04089 20060101
H01M008/04089 |
Claims
1. A gas storage device comprising: a cylinder with opposing ends
and an endcap at each end, the cylinder and the endcaps forming an
enclosure, the cylinder comprising a fluted interior surface; each
endcap comprising a connector; a diaphragm in the enclosure, the
diaphragm comprising an annular fluted sidewall; an inner chamber
defined by an inner surface of the sidewall; a storage space
between an interior surface of the cylinder and an outer surface of
the sidewall; and a metal hydride composition located in the
storage space.
2. The gas storage device of claim 1 comprising hydrogen gas in the
enclosure.
3. The gas storage device of claim 2 wherein the inner chamber
consists of hydrogen gas.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the diaphragm sidewall comprises
opposing ends; a flange located at each sidewall end; and each
flange is sandwiched between a respective cylinder end and a
respective endcap.
5. The device of claim 4 wherein an inner surface of each endcap
comprises a plurality of ports; a gasket is located between each
endcap and each cylinder end; the gasket comprising a plurality of
seats, each seat holding a semi-permeable membrane, each
semi-permeable membrane aligned with a respective endcap port; and
the ports and the semi-permeable membranes provide fluid
communication between the inner chamber and the storage space.
6. The device of claim 4 wherein an inner surface of each endcap
comprises a plurality of ports; each flange comprises a plurality
of seats, each seat holding a semi-permeable membrane, each
semi-permeable membrane aligned with a respective endcap port; and
the ports and the semi-permeable membranes provide fluid
communication between the inner chamber and the storage space.
7. The device of claim 1 comprising a semi-permeable membrane
operatively connected to each connector.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein the connectors define a central
longitudinal axis through the device.
9. (canceled)
10. The device claim 1 wherein peaks and grooves of the fluted
interior surface mate with respective peaks and grooves of the
fluted sidewall.
11. The device of claim 10 wherein the fluted interior surface of
the cylinder and the fluted sidewall of the diaphragm form a
plurality of columns in the storage space.
12. (canceled)
13. The device of claim 1 wherein the storage space-to-enclosure
volume ratio (in cc) is from 0.3 to 0.8.
14. The device of claim 1 wherein the storage space-to-inner
chamber volume ratio is from 0.5 to 1.0.
15. The device of claim 1 wherein the inner chamber-to-enclosure
volume ratio is (in cc) from 0.5 to 0.8.
16. The device of claim 1 wherein at least one endcap comprises a
vibration device.
17. A gas storage assembly comprising: a first gas storage device
and a second gas storage device, each device comprising a cylinder
with opposing ends and an endcap at each end, the cylinder and the
endcaps forming an enclosure, the cylinder comprising a fluted
interior surface; each endcap comprising a connector; a diaphragm
in the enclosure, the diaphragm comprising an annular fluted
sidewall; an inner chamber defined by an inner surface of the
sidewall; a storage space between an inner surface of the cylinder
and an outer surface of the sidewall; a metal hydride composition
located in each storage space; and a connector of the first device
attached to a connector of the second device, the attached
connectors providing fluid communication between the enclosure of
the first device and the enclosure of the second device.
18. A hydrogen charging station comprising the gas storage device
of claim 1.
19. A hydrogen charging station comprising the gas storage assembly
of claim 17.
20. A hydrogen powered vehicle comprising the gas storage device of
claim 1.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] Hydrogen gas is the object of significant research as an
alternate fuel source to fossil fuels. Hydrogen is attractive
because (i) it can be produced from many diverse energy sources,
(ii) hydrogen has a high energy content by weight (about three
times more than gasoline) and (iii) hydrogen's zero-carbon emission
footprint--the by-products of hydrogen combustion being oxygen and
water.
[0002] However, hydrogen has physical characteristics that make it
difficult to store in large quantities without taking up a
significant amount of space. Despite hydrogen's high energy content
by weight, hydrogen has a low energy content by volume. This makes
hydrogen difficult to store, particularly within the size and
weight constraints of a vehicle, for example. Another major
obstacle is hydrogen's flammability and the concomitant safe
storage thereof.
[0003] Known hydrogen storage technologies directed to high
pressure tanks with compressed hydrogen gas and/or cryogenic liquid
hydrogen storage have shortcomings because the risk of explosion
still exists. These approaches require pressurized containers that
are heavy and also require high energy input-features that detract
from commercial viability.
[0004] Metal alloy hydrogen storage is based on materials capable
of reversibly absorbing and releasing the hydrogen. Metal alloy
hydrogen storage provides high energy content by volume, reduces
the risk of explosion, and eliminates the need for high pressure
tanks and insulation devices. Metal alloy hydrogen storage,
however, struggles with low energy content by weight.
[0005] The art recognizes the need for safe, reliable, compact, and
cost-effective hydrogen storage technology. The art further
recognizes the need for continued development of metal alloy
hydrogen storage.
SUMMARY
[0006] The present disclosure provides a gas storage device. In an
embodiment, the gas storage device includes a cylinder with
opposing ends. An endcap is present at each end. The cylinder and
the endcaps form an enclosure. Each endcap includes a connector. A
diaphragm is located in the enclosure. The diaphragm includes an
annular sidewall. The device includes an inner chamber defined by
an inner surface of the sidewall, and a storage space between an
interior surface of the cylinder and an outer surface of the
sidewall. A metal hydride composition is located in the storage
space.
[0007] The present disclosure provides a gas storage assembly. In
an embodiment, the gas storage assembly includes a first gas
storage device and a second gas storage device. Each device
includes a cylinder with opposing ends and an endcap at each end.
The cylinder and the endcaps form an enclosure. Each endcap
includes a connector. A diaphragm is located in the enclosure. The
diaphragm includes an annular sidewall. An inner chamber is defined
by an inner surface of the sidewall, and a storage space is located
between an inner surface of the cylinder and an outer surface of
the sidewall. A metal hydride composition is located in each
storage space. A connector of the first device is attached to a
connector of the second device. The attached connectors provide
fluid communication between the enclosure of the first device and
the enclosure of the second device.
[0008] The present disclosure provides a hydrogen charging station.
The hydrogen charging station includes at least one of the present
gas storage devices.
[0009] The present disclosure provides a hydrogen powered vehicle.
The hydrogen powered vehicle includes at least one of the present
gas storage devices.
[0010] The present disclosure provides a power pack. The power pack
includes at least one of the present gas storage devices.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a gas storage device in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 1B is a side elevation view of the gas storage device
of FIG. 1.
[0013] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the gas storage
device in accordance with an embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 3 is a plan view of an inner surface of an endcap in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 3A is a sectional view of the endcap taken along line
3A-3A of FIG. 3.
[0016] FIG. 3B is a plan view of an inner surface of an endcap in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 3C is a sectional view of the endcap taken along line
3C-3C of FIG. 3B.
[0018] FIG. 3D is an exploded perspective view of two endcaps and a
tubular filter in accordance with an embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 3E is a sectional view of the endcaps and tubular
filter of FIG. 3D.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a plan view of a gasket in accordance with an
embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 4A is sectional view of the gasket taken along line
4A-4A of FIG. 4.
[0022] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a diaphragm in accordance
with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another diaphragm in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the gas storage device in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the storage device of FIG. 7
during a gas charging procedure in accordance with an embodiment of
the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 8A is a cutaway perspective view of a metal hydride
composition during the gas charging procedure of FIG. 8, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 8B is another cutaway perspective view of the metal
hydride composition during the gas charging procedure of FIG. 8, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the storage device of FIG. 7
during a gas discharging procedure in accordance with an embodiment
of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 9A is a cutaway perspective view of the metal hydride
composition during the gas discharging procedure of FIG. 9, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 9B is another cutaway perspective view of the metal
hydride composition during the gas discharging procedure of FIG. 9,
in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of two interconnected gas
storage devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 10A is a sectional view of two interconnected gas
storage devices taken along line 10A-10A of FIG. 10.
[0033] FIG. 10B is a schematic representation of the gas storage
device generating electricity, in accordance with an embodiment of
the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a hydrogen charging station
utilizing the present gas storage device in accordance with an
embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a vehicle powered by the
present gas storage device in accordance with an embodiment of the
present disclosure.
DEFINITIONS
[0036] The numerical ranges disclosed herein include all values
from, and including, the lower value and the upper value. For
ranges containing explicit values (e.g., 1, or 2, or 3 to 5, or 6,
or 7) any subrange between any two explicit values is included
(e.g., 1 to 2; 2 to 6; 5 to 7; 3 to 7; 5 to 6; etc.).
[0037] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or
customary in the art, all parts and percents are based on weight,
and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this
disclosure.
[0038] The term "composition," as used herein, refers to a mixture
of materials which comprise the composition, as well as the
reaction products and decomposition products formed from the
materials of the composition.
[0039] The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and their
derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any
additional component, step or procedure, whether or not the same is
specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all
compositions claimed through use of the term "comprising" may
include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether
polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast,
the term, "consisting essentially of" excludes from the scope of
any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure,
excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term
"consisting of" excludes any component, step or procedure not
specifically delineated or listed.
[0040] Density is measured by performing standard displacement
tests for small solids.
[0041] Volume is measured in accordance with standard calculus
integration in three axes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0042] The present disclosure provides a gas storage device. In an
embodiment, the gas storage device includes a cylinder with
opposing ends. An endcap is attached to each cylinder end. The
cylinder and the endcaps form an enclosure. Each endcap includes a
connector. A diaphragm with an annular sidewall is located in the
enclosure. The gas storage device includes an inner chamber defined
by an inner surface of the sidewall. The device also includes a
storage space between an interior surface of the cylinder and an
outer surface of the diaphragm sidewall. A metal hydride
composition is located in the storage space.
[0043] The present device stores a gas. Nonlimiting examples of
suitable gasses for storage in the present device include hydrogen,
methane, ethane, propane, butane, hythane (hydrogen/methane), and
combinations thereof.
[0044] In an embodiment, the present device stores hydrogen gas.
Although the present disclosure is directed to hydrogen gas
storage, it is understood that other gasses may be stored by way of
the present device.
[0045] 1. Cylinder
[0046] The gas storage device includes a cylinder with opposing
ends. In an embodiment, a gas storage device 10 is provided and
includes a cylinder 12 as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2. The
cylinder 12 is an annular structure, or a hollow structure. The
cylinder 12 has opposing ends. The cross-sectional shape of the
cylinder may be circular, elliptical, or polygonal. The inner
diameter of the cylinder may be uniform or the inner diameter of
the cylinder may vary along the length of the cylinder.
[0047] In an embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of the cylinder
12 is circular, or substantially circular, and the diameter of the
cylinder 12 is uniform, or otherwise constant, along its length as
shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2.
[0048] Nonlimiting examples of suitable materials for the cylinder
include metal, polymeric material, nanomaterials, and combinations
thereof. Nonlimiting examples of suitable metal for the cylinder
include aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, steel, stainless steel,
and combinations thereof. Nonlimiting examples of suitable
polymeric material for the cylinder include carbon fiber,
polyolefin, polycarbonate, acrylate, fiberglass, and Ultem, and
combinations thereof. The cylinder may be a combination of metal
and polymeric material such as a metal liner thermoset in a
polymeric resin, for example.
[0049] In an embodiment, the cylinder 12 is composed of a heat
conductive material. The heat conductive material promotes heat
dissipation (cooling) during hydrogen charging and promotes warming
during hydrogen discharge as will be described below. In this way,
the cylinder body itself functions as a heat exchanger and the
present gas storage device eliminates the need for a separate heat
exchanger and/or a separate coolant system. The structure and
composition of the cylinder 12 advantageously promotes energy
efficiency, ease-of-use, ease-of-production, and reduction in
weight for the device 10.
[0050] In an embodiment, the cylinder 12 is composed of aluminum, a
heat conductive material.
[0051] In an embodiment, the cylinder 12 is composed of stainless
steel, a heat conductive material.
[0052] The interior surface of the cylinder 12 can be smooth or
fluted. In an embodiment, the cylinder 12 has a fluted interior
surface 14 as shown in FIG. 2. The term "fluted" or "fluting," or
"fluted surface," and like terms refers to a structure embodying a
series of uniform and repeating grooves and peaks. The fluting can
be any structure and/or configuration that increases the surface
area of the interior surface 12. The low-point of the groove and/or
the high point of the peak may be pointed or may be curved. In an
embodiment, the low-point and the high-point for respective grooves
and peaks for fluted interior surface 14 are curved, each low-point
and/or high-point having a radius of curvature, Rc, from 0.1
millimeter (mm), or 0.5 mm, or 1.0 mm, or 1.5 mm, or 2.0 mm, or 4.0
mm, or 5.0 mm, or 6.0 mm, or 7.0 mm, or 8.0 mm, or 10 mm, or 20 mm,
or 50 mm, or 70 mm, or 90 mm to 100 mm, or 150 mm, or 200 mm.
[0053] In an embodiment, the Rc for the fluting is from 4.0 mm, or
6.0 mm to 7.0 mm, or 8.0 mm.
[0054] 2. Endcaps
[0055] At each end of the cylinder is a respective endcap. At least
one endcap is releasably attached to its respective cylinder end,
permitting access to the cylinder interior. In an embodiment, one
endcap is releasably attachable to one cylinder end and the other
endcap is permanently affixed to, or is otherwise integral to, the
other cylinder end. The cylinder and the endcaps form an interior
enclosure or enclosure 20 shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9.
[0056] In an embodiment, each endcap is releasably attached to a
respective cylinder end. The device 10 includes endcap 16 and an
endcap 17 as best shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2. Each endcap 16, 17
is releasably attachable to the cylinder 12 by way of attachment
members. The material of each endcap may be the same or different.
The endcap material may be the same as, or different than, the
material of the cylinder as previously disclosed.
[0057] In an embodiment, the material of each endcap and the
material of the cylinder is the same, the cylinder and each endcap
composed of a heat conductive material.
[0058] Each endcap includes a respective connector. Endcap 16
includes connector 18 and endcap 17 includes connector 19. Each
connector 18, 19 is a tubular conduit, each connector including a
two-way valve permitting through-flow fluid communication between
the enclosure and the external environment. The two-way valve
permits gas (i.e., hydrogen gas) to flow into the gas storage
device. Each two-way valve also permits hydrogen gas to flow out of
the device. A nonlimiting example of a suitable two-way valve for
each connector 18, 19 is a quick connect valve with a pullback
collar.
[0059] In an embodiment, each connector is centrally located on its
respective endcap. The connectors 18, 19 define a central
longitudinal axis L through the device 10 as shown in FIGS. 1B and
7.
[0060] In an embodiment, endcap 16 includes a pressure release
valve 23 shown in FIGS. 1A, 3, 3A-3E, 7, 8 and 10A. Pressure
release valve 23 allows for escapement of pressure to avoid unsafe
buildup of pressure within gas storage device 10 and ensures the
safe handling of metal hydride composition and pressurized
hydrogen.
[0061] In an embodiment, the pressure release valve 23 releases, or
otherwise opens, when the pressure within cylinder 12 is greater
than or equal to 3447 kiloPascals (kPa) (500 pounds per square
inch, psi).
[0062] In an embodiment, endcap 16 includes feet 25. Feet 25
protect connector 18 when the device 10 is stood upright, supported
by endcap 16. It is understood endcap 17 may have similar feet.
[0063] The exterior of each endcap may include a structure, such as
a sheath (not shown) to protect each connector 18,19. The sheath
may be integral to the endcap. Alternatively, a sheath may be
attached to each respective endcap to protect each connector
against impact, drop, or other damage.
[0064] Each endcap 16, 17 includes a respective rim located on the
interior surface of the endcap. The structure of the rim may be
smooth (non-fluted) or may be fluted. The rim provides a continuous
inner perimeter on an inner surface of the endcap.
[0065] One or both endcaps can include fluted structure, alone, or
in combination with fluted surface 14 of the cylinder 12. In an
embodiment, FIGS. 2, 3, and 3A show fluted rim 22 for endcap 16.
The structure of the fluted rim 22 may or may not match the
structure of the fluted interior surface 14. In an embodiment, the
structure of the fluted rim 22 matches the structure of the fluted
interior surface 14 of the cylinder 12. In other words, fluted rim
22 is configured to have (i) the same number of flutes, (ii) the
same low-point/high-point dimensions, and (iii) the same radius of
curvature (when grooves/peaks are curved) as the fluted interior
surface 14. It is understood that endcap 17 may have a similar rim
structure. The rim 22 supports the diaphragm within the enclosure
20 as will be described below.
[0066] Each endcap includes a plurality of ports. FIGS. 2-3 show
ports 24 for endcap 16. It is understood that endcap 17 has similar
ports. The ports 24 are arranged in a spaced-apart manner around
the perimeter defined by rim 22. The ports permit fluid
communication, or gas flow, between the inner chamber and the
storage space of device 10 as will be described below.
[0067] In an embodiment, each endcap 16, 17 is releasably
attachable to the cylinder 12. Attachment members, a nonlimiting
example of which are bolts 26, releasably attach endcaps 16,17 to
respective opposing ends of the cylinder 12 to form the enclosure
20. Suitable gaskets and/or O-rings are positioned between the
cylinder ends and each endcap interior surface to ensure an
airtight (i.e., a hydrogen gas tight) seal. When the device 10 is
in operation, the enclosure 20 is a closed volume and an airtight
volume.
[0068] 3. Diaphragm
[0069] The device includes a diaphragm. The diaphragm is a tubular
structure having an annular sidewall and opposing open ends. The
sidewall may or may not be fluted. The diaphragm may or may not
have a uniform diameter along its length. The diaphragm is made of
a flexible and resilient material. Nonlimiting examples of suitable
material for the diaphragm include polymeric material and metal.
The diaphragm may or may not be permeable to gas, such as hydrogen
gas, for example. The diaphragm is located in the enclosure, the
sidewall extending the length of the enclosure, and the diaphragm
defines an inner chamber and a storage space.
[0070] In an embodiment, the device 10 includes a diaphragm 28 with
a fluted sidewall 30 and opposing open ends as shown in FIGS. 2 and
5. The structure and/or the configuration of the fluted sidewall 30
may the same as, or different than, the structure or configuration
of the fluted interior surface 14 and/or the
structure/configuration of the fluted rim 22. In an further
embodiment, the structure of the fluted sidewall 30 matches the
structure of the fluted interior surface 14 and the structure of
the fluted rim 22. In other words, fluted sidewall 30 is configured
to have (i) the same number of flutes, (ii) the same
low-point/high-point dimensions, and (iii) the same radius of
curvature (when grooves/peaks are curved) as the fluted interior
surface 14 and the fluted rim 22.
[0071] In an embodiment, diaphragm 28 is composed of a flexible
polymeric material resistant to degradation (i.e., resistant to
hydrogen embrittlement and/or resistant to metal hydride abrasion)
and is impermeable to hydrogen gas and is impermeable to water.
Nonlimiting examples of suitable flexible polymeric material for
the diaphragm include polypropylene (including polypropylene
plastomer), polyethylene (including high density polyethylene, low
density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, and
polyethylene elastomer), polyvinyl chloride,
polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend (PC/ABS),
polylactic acid, natural rubber, synthetic rubber,
polyphenylsulfone, and combinations thereof.
[0072] In an embodiment, the diaphragm 28 is composed of a
polyethylene elastomer with a Shore A hardness from 70, or 80 to
90.
[0073] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 7, the diaphragm 28 is located in
the enclosure 20. In an embodiment, the diaphragm 28 has a uniform
diameter along its length. The diaphragm 28 extends along the
length of the enclosure 20. At each open end of the diaphragm is a
flange 32. Each flange 32 extends radially outward to cover, or
otherwise to overlap, a portion of a respective cylinder end. The
diaphragm 28 defines an inner chamber 34 and a storage space 36.
More specifically, FIG. 7 shows the inner surface of the fluted
sidewall 30, along with the inner surfaces of the endcaps 16,17
define the inner chamber 34. The outer surface of the fluted
sidewall 30 and the fluted interior surface 14 of the cylinder 12
(along with a portion of each endcap inner surface) define the
storage space 36.
[0074] In an embodiment, the enclosure has a diameter of length A
and the diaphragm has a diameter (unflexed) of length B as shown in
FIG. 7. The length of diameter B (in centimeters, cm) is from 0.1
times (x), or 0.2.times., or 0.3.times., or 0.4.times., or
0.5.times. to 0.6.times., or 0.7.times., or 0.8.times., or
0.9.times., or 0.95.times. the length of diameter A (in
centimeters, cm).
[0075] In an embodiment, the device 10 has the following
dimensions, Dimensions A, in the table below.
TABLE-US-00001 Dimensions A diameter A (FIG. 7) 12.8 cm cylinder,
outermost diameter 15.1 cm length (endcap to endcap, outermost 17.7
cm surface)
[0076] In an embodiment, one, some, or all of the components of
Dimensions A can be reduced by an amount from 10%, or 20%, or 40%
to 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%.
[0077] In an embodiment, one, some, or all of the components of
Dimensions A can be increased by an amount from 125%, or 150%, or
200%, or 300%, to 400%, or 500%.
[0078] 4. Storage Space and Metal Hydride Composition
[0079] The device includes a metal alloy located in the storage
space. The metal alloy is a metal hydride composition.
Consequently, the device includes a metal hydride composition
located in the storage space. The metal hydride composition
contacts the inner surface of the cylinder and also contacts the
outer surface of the diaphragm. The direct contact between the
metal hydride composition and the cylinder inner surface
advantageously contributes to the heat dissipation capability of
the device--particularly during hydrogen charge.
[0080] The storage space may be partially filled (to allow for
expansion of the metal hydrides) or completely filled with the
metal hydride composition. The metal hydride typically exhibits and
expansion from 5 vol % to 10 vol % upon initial activation. Thus,
when the storage space is completely filled with metal hydride
composition, the volume of the storage space and the volume of
metal hydride composition will be used interchangeably.
[0081] In an embodiment, the device 10 includes storage space 36
with metal hydride composition 37 located therein as shown in FIGS.
2 and 7. The storage space 36 is a closed volume and provides a
donut-shaped cross-section shape for the metal hydride composition
as shown in FIG. 2.
[0082] In an embodiment, the device 10 includes one, some, or all
of the following features (unflexed diaphragm):
[0083] (i) a storage space-to-enclosure volume ratio (in cubic
centimeters, cc) from 0.3, or 0.4, or 0.5 to 0.6, or 0.7, or 0.8;
and/or
[0084] (ii) a storage space-to-inner chamber volume ratio (in cc)
from 0.5, or 0.6, or 0.7, or 0.8 to 0.9, or 1.0; and/or
[0085] (iii) an inner chamber-to-enclosure volume ratio (in cc)
from 0.5, or 0.6 to 0.7, or 0.8; and/or
[0086] (iv) a storage space surface area (cm.sup.2)-to-storage
space volume (cc) ratio from 0.4, or 0.5 to 0.6, or 0.7, or
0.8.
[0087] The form of the metal hydride composition 37 is a granular
powder. The metal hydride composition is a porous material. The
metal hydride composition may or may not include a binding agent.
In an embodiment, the metal hydride composition has a D50 particle
size from 1.0 microns, or 1.5 microns, or 2.0 microns to 2.5
microns, or 3.0 microns, or 4.0 microns, or 5.0 microns. The term
"D50," as used herein, is the median particle diameter such that
50% of the sample weight is above the stated particle diameter.
[0088] In an embodiment, the metal hydride composition has a D50
particle size from 1.5 microns to 2.0 microns.
[0089] Alternatively, the metal hydride composition is provided in
a plurality of discrete packets. The packets are composed of a gas
permeable material. The discrete packets are inserted into the
storage space 36 to fill the volume of the storage space.
[0090] In an embodiment, the metal hydride composition has the
Formula (I):
AB.sub.5+x [0091] wherein [0092] "A" is an element selected from
the rare earth metals, yttrium, mischmetal or a combination
thereof; and [0093] "B" is nickel and tin, or nickel and tin and at
least a third element selected from the elements of group IV of the
periodic table, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper,
titanium, antimony, or a combination thereof. The value of X is 0,
or is greater than 0 and less than or equal to about 2.0.
[0094] The term "mischmetal" (abbreviated Mm) is a naturally
occurring mixture of rare earth elements (also known as "raw
battery alloy"), and therefore its use is more economic than
combinations of pure elements. A typical composition of mischmetal
is approximately 21 percent La, approximately 57 percent Ce,
approximately 15 percent Nd, approximately 7 percent Pr, and
approximately 1 percent other. Weight percent is based on total
weight of the mischmetal.
[0095] 5. Gasket
[0096] In an embodiment, a gasket 38 is placed on each flange 32 to
ensure an airtight seal between the cylinder ends and the endcaps
16, 17, as shown in FIGS. 2, 4, 4A, and 7. Each gasket 38 includes
a plurality of open seats 40, each seat 40 configured to hold a
respective semi-permeable barrier as shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 4A.
In an embodiment, gasket 38 includes a fluted inner ring 42 that
matches, or otherwise mates with, the fluted rim 22 of each
respective endcap 16, 17. The seats 40 are arranged in a
spaced-apart manner around the perimeter of the fluted inner ring
42. The seats 40 are spaced and configured to align with respective
ports 24 of the endcap.
[0097] The semi-permeable barrier is composed of a material that is
permeable to gas (i.e., hydrogen gas) and impermeable to the metal
hydride composition. Nonlimiting examples of suitable material for
the semi-permeable barrier include porous ceramic material, fiber,
airstone material, fine ceramic/glass bead blend, fine metal filter
(1.0, or 1.5, or 2.0, or 3.0 to 4.0, or 5.0 micron pore size), and
combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the semi-permeable barrier
is a disc 44a of a porous ceramic material. The porous ceramic
material is permeable to hydrogen gas and impermeable to the metal
hydride composition 37.
[0098] In an embodiment, each endcap 16,17 is subsequently placed
on a respective gasket 38. Each endcap 16,17 is positioned so that
each port 24 is aligned with a respective seat/disc 40, 44a. The
diaphragm 28 is impermeable to the metal hydride composition 37.
Each seat/disc 40, 44a, and port 24 provides fluid communication
between the storage space 36 and the inner chamber 34 while
simultaneously retaining the metal hydride composition 37 within
the storage space 36. Hydrogen gas flows freely between the storage
space 36 and the inner chamber 34 vis-a-vis the ports/seat/disc
arrangement. The metal hydride composition 37 is blocked from
leaving the storage space 36. In this way, the device 10 prevents
(vis-a-vis the port/seat/disc configuration), passage of metal
hydride particles from the storage space into the inner chamber and
simultaneously permits flow of hydrogen between the storage space
and the inner chamber.
[0099] Placement of each endcap onto its respective cylinder end
brings each endcap rim 22 into friction fit with the inner surface
of the diaphragm sidewall 30. Securement of the endcaps 16,17 to
the cylinder 12 sandwiches the gasket 38 and sandwiches the flange
32 between the endcap interior and the cylinder end. At the same
time, the endcap rim 22 abuts the inner sidewall surface to provide
rigid support to the diaphragm ends. In this way, the diaphragm 28
is securely positioned within the enclosure 20 to define, or
otherwise to form, two discrete areas (the inner chamber 34 and the
storage space 36) within the enclosure 20. Moving from the exterior
to the interior of the device, FIG. 7 shows the following
configuration: endcap(17)/O-ring(O)/gasket(38)/flange(32)/cylinder
end.
[0100] In an embodiment, a semi-permeable membrane, such as disc
44b of porous ceramic material is operatively connected to each
connector 18, 19 and operatively connected to the pressure release
valve 23 as shown in FIGS. 3, 3A, and 7. The disc 44b permits
hydrogen flow into/out of the device 10 and prevents metal hydride
composition flow from device 10.
[0101] In an embodiment, the device 10 includes diaphragm 128 as
shown in FIG. 6.
[0102] Diaphragm 128 includes fluted sidewall 130 and opposing open
ends. The structure of the fluted sidewall 130 may match, or may
not match, the structure of the fluted interior surface 14 as
discussed above. At each open end of the diaphragm 130 is a flange
132. The flange 132 includes a plurality of open seats 140. Each
seat 140 is configured to hold, or otherwise to retain, a
semi-permeable barrier, such as disc 144a of porous ceramic
material. The diaphragm 130 with discs 144a integrated in the
flange may be used as a replacement for, or otherwise may
eliminate, the use of gasket 38 in the device 10.
[0103] 6. Gas Charge
[0104] FIGS. 8, 8A, and 8B depict gas charging of the device 10.
Hydrogen gas introduced through one or both connectors is absorbed
and adsorbed by the metal hydride composition. The combined
absorption and adsorption of hydrogen atoms by the metal hydride
composition is hereafter referred to as "hydrogen capacity."
Hydrogen gas under pressure is introduced into the inner chamber by
way of a connector, such as male connector 19 shown by arrows C in
FIG. 8. The pressurized hydrogen gas flows through the connector
and flows through the disc 44b of porous ceramic material
(semi-permeable membrane) and into the inner chamber 34. From the
inner chamber 34, gas flows through ports 24, through the discs 44a
and into the storage space 36.
[0105] In an embodiment, hydrogen gas is introduced into the device
10 at a pressure (psi in parentheses) from 55 kPa (8), or 69 kPa
(10), or 138 kPa (20), or 172 kPa (25), or 207 kPa (30), or 241 kPa
(35), 276 kPa (40), or 345 kPa (50), or 689 kPa (100), or 1388 kPa
(200) to 2086 kPa (300), or 2413 kPa (350), or 2758 kPa (400).
[0106] In an embodiment, hydrogen gas is introduced into the device
10 at a pressure (psi in parentheses) from 345 kPa (50), or 1387
kPa (200) to 2086 (300), or 2758 (400).
[0107] The diaphragm is made from a flexible and resilient
material. The diaphragm is able to expand radially inward as the
metal hydride composition loads, or otherwise saturates, with
hydrogen gas. The diaphragm is flexible, permitting contraction
radially outward as hydrogen is discharged from the device.
[0108] The metal hydride composition 37 expands volumetrically as
hydrogen charging proceeds. The diaphragm is a resilient flexible
material permitting flex, or expansion of, the storage space 36
during hydrogen charge. The expansion pressure, shown by arrows D
in FIG. 8, imparted by the expanding bed of metal hydride
composition 37 impinges upon the fluted sidewall 30 of diaphragm
28, flexing the sidewall inward. Each diaphragm end is securely
fastened by way of the "sandwich" configuration between the endcaps
and the cylinder ends as previously disclosed. The diaphragm ends
are held in place, permitting the fluted sidewall 30 (made of
resilient and flexible material) to flex radially inward, and as
hydrogen capacity increases, the diaphragm 28 simultaneously
maintains a barrier between the storage space 36 and the inner
chamber 34.
[0109] FIG. 8A shows the hydrogen gas migrating into the metal
hydride composition 37 for adsorption/absorption therein. The peaks
of the fluted sidewall 30 may mate with, or may be offset with, the
peaks of the fluted interior surface 14. In either configuration
(mated or offset), the fluted sidewall 30 and the cylinder fluted
interior surface 14 form a plurality of parallel columns 46, in the
storage space 36. Each column 46 is circular, or substantially
circular, in cross-sectional shape. Bounded by no particular
theory, Applicant discovered the fluting improves hydrogen gas
charging of the device 10. The fluting works synergistically to
form a series of parallel, or substantially parallel, cylindrical
columns 46 within the storage space 36. The cylindrical
cross-sectional shape of the columns 46 directs, or otherwise
guides, the hydrogen gas in a helical flowpath E, in FIG. 8A.
[0110] In an embodiment, the diaphragm 28 is installed into the
enclosure 20 so that the grooves and peaks of the fluted sidewall
30 mate, or otherwise align with, the respective grooves and peaks
of the fluted interior surface 14 to form columns 46.
[0111] The fluting increases surface area contact between the gas
and the metal hydride composition and simultaneously helically
percolates the gas increasing contact time and increasing surface
area contact. This advantageously increases hydrogen adsorption and
absorption onto/into the individual particles of the metal hydride
composition. In particular, the helical flowpath E enables the
hydrogen gas to gradually percolate through particle bed of the
metal hydride composition 37. The helical flowpath E (i) keeps the
metal hydride particles in motion to decrease hydrogen
adsorption/absorption time, (ii) prevents clumping or agglomeration
of the metal hydride composition, (iii) increases the distance each
hydrogen molecule travels through the particle bed of metal hydride
composition 37, (iv) improves the mobility of the hydrogen
molecules through the metal hydride composition, and (v) a
combination of (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv). The configuration of
each column 46 also increases the contact volume interface between
a given hydrogen molecule and the particles of metal hydride
composition. Applicant discovered that the fluting (fluted interior
surface 14 and fluted sidewall 30) leads to (vi) a faster rate of
hydrogen adsorption/absorption, (vii) an increase in hydrogen
adsorption/absorption volume, (viii) increased surface area for
improved cooling during gas charging, and (ix) increased surface
area for improved heating during gas discharge.
[0112] In an embodiment, the device 10 has a hydrogen capacity from
60 grams per liter (g/L), or 70 g/L, or 80 g/L, or 90 g/L, or 100
g/L, or 130 g/L, or 150 g/L, or 170 g/L, or 190 g/L to 200 g/L, or
230 g/L, or 250 g/L.
[0113] Hydrogen charging of the metal hydride composition is an
exothermic reaction. The heat generated from the charging is
dissipated through the cylinder 12 as shown by arrows F of FIG. 8B.
Applicant discovered that placement of the metal hydride
composition in direct contact with the fluted interior surface
promotes heat dissipation through the cylinder. Bounded by no
particular theory, it is believed that the fluted interior surface
14 of the cylinder 12 increases the surface area thereby increasing
the heat dissipation capacity of the cylinder. In this way, the
present device 10 avoids, or otherwise eliminates, the need for a
coolant system because the cylinder body itself functions as a heat
exchanger. Thus, in an embodiment, the present device 10 is void
of, or is otherwise free of, a coolant system.
[0114] The metal hydride composition 37 can store from 2%, or 5%,
or 7% to 10%, or 15% or 20% of its own weight in hydrogen at room
temperature. By way of example, if the storage space 36 contains 1
kg of metal hydride composition, the metal hydride composition can
contain from 20 g to 200 g of hydrogen.
[0115] 7. Vibration device
[0116] The process of charging the device 10 with gas may also
include one, some, or all of the following techniques: vibrational
loading of hydrogen gas into the device, and/or percussive loading
of hydrogen gas into the device.
[0117] In an embodiment, pressurized hydrogen gas is introduced
into the device 10. The hydrogen gas is introduced through
connector 18 and/or connector 19 into the enclosure 20 at a
pressure (psi in parentheses) from 55 kPa (8), or 69 kPa (10), or
138 kPa (20), or 172 kPa (25), or 207 kPa (30), or 241 kPa (35),
276 kPa (40), or 345 kPa (50), or 689 kPa (100), or 1388 kPa (200)
to 2086 kPa (3000, or 2413 kPa (350), or 2758 kPa (400).
[0118] In an embodiment, a vibration device imparts a vibrational
force to the pressurized hydrogen gas and to the metal hydride
composition during gas charging. A "vibration device," as used
herein, is a device that provides periodic back-and-forth, or
oscillating motion, to a structure. Nonlimiting examples of
suitable vibration devices include solenoid, microdrive, vibration
motor, linear resonant actuator, piezoelectric drive, vibration
platform, and any combination thereof. Bounded by no particular
theory, Applicant discovered that applying a vibration force upon
the device 10 during gas charging improves and promotes the
hydrogen capacity of the metal hydride composition. Resonation of
the metal hydride composition by way of percussive force and/or
vibrational force yields a super-saturation of hydrogen solubility
in the metal hydride composition, and in nickel/tin-based metal
hydride compositions in particular.
[0119] In an embodiment, the vibration device is an internal
component of the device 10. The device 10 includes an endcap 116 as
shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C. Endcap 116 includes a connector, 118
(with disc 144b of porous ceramic material), a rim 122, and ports
124 as previously disclosed. The endcap 116 includes a structure
126 configured to house a vibration device, such as a solenoid, for
example. The vibration device imparts a vibrational force and/or a
percussive force on the hydrogen gas and the metal hydride
composition during gas charging. In a further embodiment, the
vibration device frequency is adjusted to vibrate at the resonance
frequency of the metal hydride composition. Although FIGS. 3B and
3C depict endcap 116, it is understood that the device 10 may
include another endcap 117 (not shown) with structure to house a
vibration device.
[0120] In an embodiment, the vibration device is a component that
is external to the device 10. The vibration device can be coupled
to, or otherwise operatively connected to, the exterior of the
device 10. The vibration device imparts a vibrational force and/or
a percussive force upon the hydrogen gas and the metal hydride
composition as described above. A nonlimiting example of an
exterior vibration device is a vibration platform (not shown) upon
which the device 10 is placed during the introduction of the
pressurized hydrogen gas into the device.
[0121] Regardless whether the vibration device is internal or
external to the device 10, the vibrational and/or the percussive
force during hydrogen charging imparts a resonation of the metal
hydride composition which expands the interstitial spaces of the
metal hydride lattice structure to super-saturate hydrogen
solubility within the metal hydride composition.
[0122] The charged device 10 provides one, some, or all of the
following properties:
[0123] (i) solid-storage hydrogen storage that is non-explosive;
and/or
[0124] (ii) completely reversible system (charge/discharge);
and/or
[0125] (iii) no memory effect, dischargeable at 100% where power
retrieval and energy storage are uncoupled: and/or
[0126] (iv) years of maintenance-free operation; and/or
[0127] (v) no loss of hydrogen capacity; and/or
[0128] (vi) an internal pressure (psi in parentheses) from greater
than 0 (>0), or 34 kPa (5), or 207 kPa (30), or 276 kPa (40), or
345 kPa (50), or 689 kPa (100) to 1388 kPa (200), or 2086 kPa
(300), or 2758 kPa (400).
[0129] 8. Gas Discharge
[0130] Once charged, device 10 is ready to deliver hydrogen gas.
One or both connectors can be connected to a gas outlet. Referring
to FIGS. 9, 9A, and 9B, connector 18 is connected to a gas outlet.
It is understood that connector 19 can be connected to a gas outlet
in a similar manner. When the gas outlet is opened, hydrogen gas,
shown by outward flow of gas, arrows G, flows from storage chamber
36, through discs 44a, through ports 24, through the inner chamber
34 through connector 18, and out of the device 10. When the gas
outlet is opened, the flexed sidewall of the diaphragm 28 contracts
(outward) towards its rest position and impinges upon the bed of
metal hydride composition 37, as shown by arrows H. The force
imparted by the contracting sidewall of the diaphragm 28 continues
the pressurized flow of hydrogen gas from the metal hydride
composition 37, through discs 44a, through ports 24, into the inner
chamber 34, and out of connector 18.
[0131] Bounded by no particular theory, it is believed that the
reciprocating fluting structure between the fluted interior surface
14 and the fluted sidewall 30 and resultant columns 46 cause the
hydrogen gas to exit the metal hydride composition 37 in a helical
flowpath I as shown in FIG. 9A. The helical flowpath I of the
hydrogen molecules promote full dissociation of hydrogen from the
lattice structure of the metal hydride composition. The helical
flowpath I keeps the particles of the metal hydride composition
motile and free from clumping/agglomeration. The increased surface
area provided by the fluted structures (cylinder interior surface,
diaphragm sidewall, endcaps) promotes desorption by enabling the
device 10 to transfer ambient external heat into the cylinder
interior.
[0132] Hydrogen discharge from the device 10 is an endothermic
reaction. The body of the cylinder 12 functions as a heat exchanger
to transfer heat from the ambient environment into the enclosure 20
as shown by arrows J in FIG. 9B. In an embodiment, the metal
hydride composition has a endothermic hydrogen release enthalpy in
the range from 20-30 kilo joules (kj)/(mol H.sub.2).
[0133] The diaphragm has several functions. First, the diaphragm 28
is a barrier between the storage space 36 and the inner chamber 34.
The diaphragm 28 prevents metal hydride composition 37 in the
storage space 36 from entering the inner chamber 34. Second, the
diaphragm contributes to hydrogen loading. As the metal hydride
composition becomes saturated, or super-saturated, with hydrogen
molecules, the volume of the metal hydride composition increases
flexing the fluted sidewall 30 radially inward. Third, the
diaphragm contributes to hydrogen discharge. As previously,
mentioned, the diaphragm imparts a positive pressure on the
saturated metal hydride composition 37 in the storage space 36.
[0134] In an embodiment, a semi-permeable material extends through
the enclosure of the device and between the connectors. The
semi-permeable material may be any semi-permeable material
disclosed above that permits hydrogen flow while preventing flow of
the particles of the metal hydride composition. FIG. 3C shows an
exploded view of endcap 116 and endcap 117, each endcap 116,117
having structure 126. Structure 126 is capable of being configured
to house a vibration device, as disclosed above. A tubular filter
60 extends through the structure 126 of each endcap 116, 117. The
tubular filter 60 is composed of a semi-permeable material such as
a metal filter material having a pore size from 1 micron to 2
microns. The tubular filter 60 is permeable to hydrogen gas and
impermeable to the metal hydride particles. O-rings 62 are located
at each end of the tubular filter 60 to provide an airtight seal
between the tubular filter 60 and each endcap 116, 117. The O-rings
62 compressively hold the tubular filter 60 in place when the
endcaps 116, 177 and secured to the cylinder 12. As shown in FIG.
3E, the tubular structure 60 extends from connector 119 through
endcap 117, through endcap 116, and to connector 118. Tubular
filter 60 prevents egress of metal hydride particles from the
device 10. Endcap 116 includes pressure release valve 123 and disc
144b of ceramic material. It is understood that tubular filter 60
can be used with other endcap structures, such as endcaps without
structure 126, as shown in FIG. 10A.
[0135] 9. Interconnect
[0136] Referring to FIGS. 10 and 10A, two or more devices 10 may be
interconnected. Interconnection may occur during (i) gas charge,
(ii) gas discharge, and (iii) both (i) and (ii). In an embodiment,
female connector 18 of device 10b is attached to male connector 19
connector of device 10a in male-female connection, placing the
enclosure 20 of the device 10b into fluid communication with the
enclosure 20 of device 10a.
[0137] Although FIGS. 10, 10A show two devices connected together,
its understood that 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or
10, or 50, or 100, or 1000 devices or more may be
interconnected.
[0138] FIGS. 10, 10A show the devices interconnected in series. A
single line of interconnected devices ("in series" interconnect, as
shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B) increases the run time of the devices
but does not increase the hydrogen flow rate. Interconnected
devices 10a and 10b advantageously increase the hydrogen run time
compared to the device 10a or device 10b alone.
[0139] The devices may also be interconnected in parallel. Multiple
devices that are interconnected "in parallel" increases the
hydrogen flow rate, and provides the ability to deliver more
hydrogen per minute (liters H.sub.2/min).
[0140] The devices may also be interconnected both in series and in
parallel. Multiple lines (in series interconnect of devices) are
interconnected in parallel to (i) increase the hydrogen delivery
run time and (ii) also to increase the hydrogen flow rate.
[0141] In an embodiment, a manifold 200 supports the interconnected
devices 10a/10b and provides a platform and structure for
delivering hydrogen gas from 1, or 2, or more devices. The manifold
200 includes tubing 202 for connecting to a connector of a gas
storage device to a control unit 210. The control unit 210 includes
suitable flow regulators and valves to deliver the hydrogen at
pressure suitable for the end application. In an embodiment, the
control unit 210 includes a fuel cell to convert the hydrogen gas
into electricity and power an electrical load, represented by light
212.
[0142] The size and capacity of the present gas storage device may
be scaled for the target application. FIG. 10B shows interconnected
devices 300a, 300b, 300c, 300d. The devices 300a-d are constructed
at a volume to provide hydrogen gas for conversion into electricity
energy with sufficient kilowatt/hours (kW/h) for powering the
electrical load of a dwelling such as building 302, of FIG. 10B. As
such, the present gas storage device may be configured in a modular
manner.
[0143] The present device 10 may also be scaled to a smaller volume
suitable to power consumer electronic devices such as computers,
cameras, and the like. The cooling effect (endothermic reaction)
that occurs during hydrogen discharge of the device 10 may be used
to cool other components of the consumer electronic device by
placing the device 10 proximate to components that generate
heat.
[0144] 10. Hydrogen Charging Station
[0145] In an embodiment, the present gas storage device is a
component of a hydrogen charging station as shown in FIG. 11. A
"hydrogen charging station," is an assembly that stores hydrogen,
and enables delivery of the hydrogen for filling hydrogen powered
vehicles. A hydrogen charging station can be located along a road
(similar to, or as part of, a conventional gas station), (ii) at an
industrial site, and (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii). A
"hydrogen powered vehicle" is a vehicle that uses hydrogen gas as
an energy source. Hydrogen gas as an energy source in a vehicle can
be in the form of (i) the combustion of hydrogen gas in an
combustion engine or the like, (ii) conversion of hydrogen gas into
electricity by way of a fuel cell (also known as a "hydrogen fuel
cell vehicle"), and (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii).
Nonlimiting examples of vehicles that can be powered by hydrogen,
and thus can be a hydrogen powered vehicle include cars, trucks,
motorcycles, scooters, forklifts, wheelchairs, trains, aircraft,
boats, drones, helicopters, rockets, missiles, spacecraft, ships,
submarines, torpedoes, and any combination thereof.
[0146] In an embodiment, a hydrogen charging station 400 is
provided and includes a high pressure tank 402, a pressure
converter unit 404, and one or more gas storage devices 410. The
gas storage devices 410 may be any gas storage device as previously
disclosed herein. The gas storage devices 410 are interconnected as
previously disclosed above. In an embodiment, the gas storage
devices 410 are interconnected both in series and in parallel as
shown in FIG. 11. Piping 412 places the gas storage devices 410 in
fluid communication with the converter unit 404. Piping 412 also
places the converter unit 404 in fluid communication with high
pressure tank 402.
[0147] The hydrogen gas is stored in the gas storage devices 410 at
low pressure. "Low pressure" is from 34 kPa (5 psi) to 2758 kPa
(400 psi). Upon activation, the pressure converter unit 404 draws
low pressure hydrogen from the gas storage devices 410, and
pressurizes, or otherwise converts the low pressure hydrogen to
high pressure hydrogen. "High pressure" is from 55,159 kPa (8,000
psi) to 110,316 kPa (16,000 psi). Nonlimiting examples of suitable
technologies for the pressure converter unit 404 includes a turbo
inflator, a Venturi tube device, a procharger, and any combination
thereof.
[0148] The pressure converter unit 404 delivers the high pressure
hydrogen to the high pressure tank 402. Once filled with high
pressure hydrogen, a hose 414 is used to fill a hydrogen powered
vehicle, such as hydrogen powered car 416 as shown in FIG. 11. The
hose 414 delivers high pressure hydrogen to the vehicle high
pressure tank 418.
[0149] In an embodiment, the pressure converter unit 404 draws low
pressure hydrogen from the gas storage devices 410 and rapidly
converts the low pressure hydrogen to high pressure hydrogen. The
devices 410 interconnected in series and in parallel provide a
large amount of hydrogen gas to pressure converter unit 404 for
rapid conversion to high pressure hydrogen. The pressure converter
unit 404 converts and delivers high pressure hydrogen to the high
pressure tank 402 in a duration from 10 seconds, or 20 seconds, or
30 seconds to 60 seconds, or 120 seconds, or 240 seconds, or 360
seconds, 480 seconds, or 600 seconds.
[0150] One, some, or all of the components of the hydrogen charge
station 400 may be above ground or may be underground. In an
embodiment, the high pressure tank 402 is above ground and the
pressure converter unit 404 and the gas storage devices 410 are
underground. The gas storage devices 410 may be charged by way of
inlet 420.
[0151] Once filling is complete, the hydrogen charge station 400
switches to dwell mode. In dwell mode, any remaining high pressure
hydrogen in the high pressure tank 402 is either vented or drawn
into the pressure converter unit 404 which re-charges the gas
storage devices 410 with the unused high pressure hydrogen. In this
way, the high pressure tank 402 holds high pressure hydrogen only
during active filling of a hydrogen powered vehicle, thereby
reducing the risk of explosion of the high pressure tank 402.
[0152] 11. Hydrogen Powered Vehicle
[0153] The present disclosure provides a hydrogen powered vehicle
wherein the present gas storage device provides power to the
hydrogen powered vehicle. In other words, the present gas storage
device is a component of a vehicle. The vehicle powered by the
present gas storage device can be any hydrogen powered vehicle as
disclosed above. The power provided to the vehicle by the present
gas storage device can be (i) hydrogen combustion, (ii) electrical
power (via a hydrogen fuel cell) and (iii) and a combination of (i)
and (ii).
[0154] In an embodiment, the present gas storage device is used to
power a combustion engine 500 as shown in FIG. 12. Suitable tubing
502 connects one or more of the present gas storage devices 510 to
the combustion engine 500. The hydrogen gas discharged from gas
storage devices 510 is burned directly in the combustion engine
500. Tubing 502 can also deliver the hydrogen gas from the gas
storage devices 510 to a fuel cell 504 to generate electricity. The
combustion engine can be a piston engine, a gas turbine, a jet
engine, a rocket engine, and any combination thereof.
[0155] In an embodiment, the combustion engine is a component of a
hydrogen powered vehicle, such as a hydrogen powered automobile 550
shown in FIG. 12. One or more devices 510 are interconnected in
series and/or in parallel. The devices 510 each has an energy
density per unit mass suitable to power the vehicle. This
combination of properties makes the present hydrogen gas storage
device well-suited for vehicle applications where volume density is
a primary concern.
[0156] When one or more of the devices 510 is depleted, it is
exchanged, or otherwise replaced with, a fully charged device
510a.
[0157] 12. Power Pack
[0158] The present disclosure provides power pack. In an
embodiment, the power pack includes one or more of the present gas
storage devices operatively connected to a fuel cell. The power
pack also includes connectors (such as wires, for example) to
operatively connect the power pack to an electrical load. In this
way, the power pack is an electrical generator and can be adapted
to power myriad electrical loads.
[0159] The size, shape, and power output (i.e., number of gas
storage devices) of the power pack can be tailored to accommodate
the target application. Nonlimiting examples of electrical loads
that can be powered by the power pack include dwellings, buildings,
consumer appliances, consumer electronics, lighting units, heating
units, vehicles, and any combination thereof.
[0160] In an embodiment, the power pack is portable. The power pack
can include a housing with a handle, enabling a person to
hand-carry the power pack.
[0161] In an embodiment, the power pack is rechargable. Replacing
or exchanging (or swapping) a power pack's depleted gas storage
device(s) with a charged, or fully charged, gas storage devices
recharges the power pack and enables the power pack to provide
additional electrical power. Exchange of gas storage devices can
occur while the power pack is delivering electricity thereby
enabling the power pack to provide continuous electrical power.
[0162] In an embodiment, the power pack is installed into a
vehicle. The vehicle may be a conventional vehicle. Once configured
with the power pack the vehicle becomes a hydrogen powered vehicle.
The power pack may be the primary power source or the power pack
may be an auxiliary power source for the vehicle.
[0163] The present power pack finds particular application to the
traction market (from forklifts to wheelchairs). The present power
pack can be installed in conventional wheelchairs and/or in
forklifts to provide primary electric power or auxiliary electric
power.
[0164] The power pack finds particular application to the electric
vehicle market where range anxiety is a concern. In an embodiment,
the power pack is installed in an electric car (such as in the
trunk, for example) and operatively connected to the electric car's
power system. When the main battery of the electric car is depleted
or otherwise reaches a pre-determined depletion threshold, the
power system switches to the power pack and draws auxiliary
electrical power from the fuel cell, the fuel cell fed hydrogen gas
from the gas storage device. The power system signals the operator
(via dashboard signal, for example) that the vehicle is operating
on auxiliary power.
[0165] In an embodiment, the power pack provides the electric car
with sufficient auxiliary electrical power to travel a distance
from 5 kilometers (km), or 10 km, or 20 km, or 30 km or 40 km, to
50 km, or 60 km, or 70 km, or 80 km, or 90 km, or 100 km, or 125,
or 150 km. The power pack in the electric car provides emergency or
back up electrical power. In this way, the power pack can reduce,
or eliminate, range anxiety for operators of electric vehicles by
providing auxiliary electric power upon depletion of the vehicle's
battery. Once depleted, the gas storage device(s) are exchanged
with charged, or fully charged, gas storage devices.
[0166] It is specifically intended that the present disclosure not
be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein,
but include modified forms of those embodiments including portions
of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different
embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims.
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