U.S. patent application number 15/604888 was filed with the patent office on 2017-11-16 for biomarkers of fast progression of chronic kidney disease.
This patent application is currently assigned to Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.. Invention is credited to Melanie Broueilh, Mordi Muorah, Fabiola Terzi.
Application Number | 20170328914 15/604888 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 52002880 |
Filed Date | 2017-11-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170328914 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Broueilh; Melanie ; et
al. |
November 16, 2017 |
BIOMARKERS OF FAST PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Abstract
The present invention relates to methods for the prediction of
the progression of chronic kidney disease in a patient. More
particularly, the invention relates to the early prediction of the
fast progression of chronic kidney disease using specific biomarker
signatures in urine sample of patients.
Inventors: |
Broueilh; Melanie; (Paris,
FR) ; Muorah; Mordi; (Paris, FR) ; Terzi;
Fabiola; (Paris, FR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. |
Little Falls |
NJ |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
Little Falls
NJ
|
Family ID: |
52002880 |
Appl. No.: |
15/604888 |
Filed: |
May 25, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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PCT/EP2015/077504 |
Nov 24, 2015 |
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15604888 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 2800/56 20130101;
G01N 33/74 20130101; G01N 2800/347 20130101; G01N 2800/60 20130101;
G01N 33/6863 20130101; G01N 2800/52 20130101; G01N 2333/47
20130101; G01N 2333/495 20130101; G01N 33/6893 20130101; G01N
2333/523 20130101; G01N 2333/485 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G01N 33/68 20060101
G01N033/68; G01N 33/68 20060101 G01N033/68; G01N 33/74 20060101
G01N033/74 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Nov 25, 2014 |
EP |
14306879.9 |
Claims
1. An in vitro method for the prediction of fast progression of
chronic kidney disease in a subject, comprising the steps of
evaluating the expression of one or more biomarkers in a biological
sample obtained from said subject, wherein said one or more
biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of transforming
growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.), epidermal growth factor (EGF),
and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1).
2. The method of claim 1, comprising evaluating at least the
expressions of EGF, MCP1, and TGF-.alpha., and, optionally,
Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL).
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the evaluating step include (a)
quantifying the expression of one or more of the selected
biomarkers in a biological sample obtained from said subject to
obtain an expression value for each quantified biomarker, and (b)
comparing said expression value obtained at step (a) to a
corresponding control value, wherein an expression value of
TGF-.alpha. above a control value, and/or an expression value of
EGF below a control value and/or an expression value of MCP1 above
a control value and/or an expression value of NGAL above a control
value, indicates that the subject is at increased risk of fast
progression.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the expression of one or more
biomarkers selected from the group consisting of: Growth and
Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated
Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin C, Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP),
Fibronectin, Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM1), Osteopontin, Tissue
Inhibitor of Metalloprotease 1 (TIMP1), Uromodulin, Interleukin-6
(IL6), Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), Matrix Metallopeptidase 9
(MMP9) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is further
evaluated.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said biological sample is urine
or serum sample.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said expression is protein
expression, for example as quantified in an immunoassay.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein a subject predicted of fast
progression is a subject who is at risk of losing more than 10% of
the baseline measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) per
year.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject predicted of fast
progression is then selected for treatment with a therapeutic agent
for treating chronic kidney disease.
9. An in vitro method for monitoring the efficacy of a therapeutic
agent for treating chronic kidney disease in a subject, comprising
evaluating the expressions of biomarkers in a biological sample of
said subject, wherein said biomarkers are TGF-.alpha., EGF, and,
MCP1, and, optionally, evaluating the expression of NGAL.
10. The method of claim 9, comprising a first evaluating step prior
to treating chronic kidney disease and repeating said evaluating
step during or after said treatment step, wherein a change in the
expressions of said biomarkers is indicative of a response to said
treatment.
11. A kit for carrying out any one of the methods of claims 1-10,
said kit comprising means for quantifying protein expression of at
least the following biomarker: TGF-.alpha., EGF, and MCP1, and,
optionally, means for quantifying protein expression of NGAL.
12. The kit of claim 11, wherein said means for quantifying protein
expression include unlabelled antibodies specific of each biomarker
and, optionally, second labeled antibodies for detecting said
biomarker/unlabelled antibodies in an immunoassay.
13. The kit of claim 12, for use in an immunoassay, comprising:
antibodies specific of TGF-.alpha., antibodies specific of EGF;
and, antibodies specific of MCP1; optionally antibodies specific of
NGAL.
14. The kit of claim 13, wherein said antibodies are immobilized on
a support.
15. The kit of claim 12, wherein said antibodies are conjugated to
reporter molecule.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of International Patent
Application No. PCT/EP2015/077504, having an international filing
date of Nov. 24, 2015, the entire contents of which are
incorporated herein by reference, and which claims benefit under 35
U.S.C..sctn.119 to European Patent Application No. 14306879.9,
filed on Nov. 25, 2014.
SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which
has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created
on May 17, 2017, is named P32446-US_SequenceListing.txt and is
65,959 bytes in size.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to methods for the prediction
of the progression of chronic kidney disease in a patient. More
particularly, the invention relates to the early prediction of the
fast progression of chronic kidney disease using specific biomarker
signatures in urine sample of patients.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) currently affects about 10% of
the Western population and the incidence is thought to be
increasing worldwide. Low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is
associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular as well
as age standardized all-cause mortality..sup.1,2 This increased
risk of death arises even prior to patients reaching end stage
renal disease (ESRD).sup.1. CKD is thus a significant public health
problem. Some patients with CKD will progress rapidly on to end
stage renal disease (ESRD) and are therefore at higher risk, while
in others the CKD may remain stable or even improve..sup.3
Identifying those patients likely to progress is paramount to
stratification. Albuminuria is a good predictor of CKD
progression..sup.4 Albuminuria can however regress in spite of
on-going
[0005] There are a number of effectors which may play a role in CKD
progression and could be potential candidates as biomarker of
kidney progression.
[0006] Transforming growth factor-.beta. (TGF-.beta.).sup.6 pathway
and its downstream effector connective tissue growth factor
(CTGF).sup.7,8 are known major driving factors of matrix synthesis
and potential factor of fibrosis development. Extracellular matrix
(ECM) accumulation, which is the building block of fibrosis,
consists of molecules such as collagen III so we studied
Procollagen III amino terminal propeptide (PIIINP).sup.9,10 (an
indirect index of the amount of collagen is synthesised) as well as
fibronectin 1 (FN1).sup.11 and periostin.sup.12--two other
significant ECM molecules. As their names imply, other molecules
involved in ECM remodelling for study are matrix metalloprotease 9
(MMP9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 (TIMP1) which
respectively breakdown ECM and inhibit this break down
action.sup.13.
[0007] Inflammatory processes are thought to play important roles
in driving eventual fibrosis. From an inflammation point of view, a
number of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines may be involved:
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1).sup.14,
osteopontin.sup.15, Interleukin 18 (IL18).sup.16, IL6.sup.17, and
leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF).sup.18 and growth and
differntiaiton factor 15 (GDF15).sup.19. Growth factors such as
ligands of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) have a
role in cell growth and proliferation. Ligands such as EGF and
transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.) in the
pathophysiology may have a role in CKD.sup.20. Neutrophil
gelatinase associated lipocalin can amongst its many other roles
act downstream of the EGFR.sup.21. The vascular endothelial growth
factors A (VEGFA).sup.22 and C (VEGFC).sup.23 are growth factors
implicated in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis both of which also
have identified roles in CKD progression.
[0008] Other molecules are more specific to the kidney structure
and function and are expressed at varying levels depending on the
degree of kidney damage. Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1
(FABP1).sup.24-26 is mainly expressed in the proximal tubule.
Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM1) is also expressed on the renal
tubules but exclusively in disease state..sup.27 EGF is also
expressed in the distal tubules.sup.28. Cystatin C is a 13.4 kDa
cysteine protease inhibitor, freely filtered in the glomerulus and
reabsorbed in the tubules.sup.29 and thus elevated urinary levels
might suggest tubular damage. Uromodulin is expressed in the loop
of Henle and is secreted into the urine.sup.30.
[0009] Despite this physiopathological information, there is no
reliable biomarker signature for use in prediction of fast
progression.
[0010] In a large study by Tangri et al. involving a total of 8391
patients in CKD stages 3 to 5, a predictive model for CKD
progression using routinely measured indices such as plasma
albumin, calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, albuminuria and taking
account of age, gender and baseline estimated glomerular filgration
rate (eGFR) was shown to be predictive of CKD progressing to renal
failure33. The main outcome measure here was requirement for renal
replacement therapy.
[0011] Other groups have looked at other models to predict CKD
progression employing for the most part the less accurate eGFR
rather the measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) gold
standard. The eGFR is clearly easier and cheaper to measure but the
fact that the findings are not completely reproduced using eGFR
equation is not surprising. The inaccuracy of eGFR in the face of
mGFR has already been reported due to the lack of sensitivity of
the eGFR43. The error is further amplified when looking at
progression where two or more GFRs have to be taken into
account.
[0012] The detection of albuminuria together with the demographic
risk factors remain however the standard approach. Increasing
prediction accuracy by adding in reliable biomarkers, particularly
urinary biomarkers, would thus be useful. In particular, there is
an increasing need in the art for an in vitro early detection
method of patients at risk of fast progression of chronic kidney
disease.
[0013] The present invention thus fulfills this need as disclosing
specific combinations of urinary biomarkers associated to CKD
progression and providing novel prediction methods of CKD
progression and their kits.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0014] The present invention relates to an in vitro method for the
prediction of fast progression of chronic kidney disease in a
subject, comprising the steps of evaluating the expression of one
or more biomarkers in a biological sample obtained from said
subject, wherein said one or more biomarkers are selected from the
group consisting of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.),
epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein
1 (MCP1).
[0015] In specific embodiments, the prediction method of the
invention comprises evaluating at least the expressions of EGF,
MCP1, and TGF-.alpha., and, optionally, Neutrophil
Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL).
[0016] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiments, the evaluating step include (a) quantifying
the expression of one or more of the selected biomarkers in a
biological sample obtained from said subject to obtain an
expression value for each quantified biomarker, and (b) comparing
said expression value obtained at step (a) to a corresponding
control value, wherein an expression value of EGF below a control
value and/or an expression value of MCP1 above a control value
and/or an expression value of TGF-.alpha. above a control value,
and/or an expression value of NGAL above a control value, indicates
that the human subject is at increased risk of fast
progression.
[0017] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiments, the expression of one or more biomarkers
selected from the group consisting of: Growth and Differentiation
Factor 15 (GDF15), Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin
(NGAL), Cystatin C, Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP), Fibronectin,
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM1), Osteopontin, Tissue Inhibitor of
Mettaloprotease 1 (TIMP1), Uromodulin and Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor A (VEGFA), Interleukin-6 (IL6), Leukemia Inhibitory
Factor (LIF), Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) is further
evaluated.
[0018] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiments, said biological sample for use in the method
is urine or serum sample.
[0019] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiments, protein expression of each biomarker is
evaluated in the biological sample, for example as quantified in an
immunoassay.
[0020] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiments, said subject predicted of fast progression is
then selected for treatment with a therapeutic agent for treating
chronic kidney disease.
[0021] The invention further relates to an in vitro method for
monitoring the efficacy of a therapeutic agent for treating chronic
kidney disease in a subject, comprising evaluating the expressions
of biomarkers in a biological sample of said subject, wherein said
biomarkers are EGF, MCP1, and TGF-.alpha. and, optionally,
evaluating the expression of NGAL.
[0022] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiment, a first evaluating step prior to treating
chronic kidney disease is carried out and is then repeated during
or after said treatment step, wherein a change in the expressions
of said biomarkers is indicative of a response to said
treatment.
[0023] The invention further relates to a kit for carrying out any
one of the above methods of the invention, said kit comprising
means for quantifying protein expression of at least the following
biomarker: EGF, MCP1, and TGF-.alpha., and, optionally, means for
quantifying protein expression of NGAL.
[0024] In other specific embodiments that may be combined with the
previous embodiments, said means for quantifying protein expression
include unlabelled antibodies specific of each biomarker and,
optionaly, second labeled antibodies for detecting said
biomarker/unlabelled antibodies in an immunoassay.
[0025] For example, in a more specific embodiment, the kits of the
invention, for use in an immunoassay, comprises:
[0026] (i) antibodies specific of EGF;
[0027] (ii) antibodies specific of MCP1; and,
[0028] (iii) antibodies specific of TGF-.alpha.,
[0029] (iv) optionally antibodies specific of NGAL.
[0030] In specific embodiments, said antibodies comprised in the
kit are immobilized on a support. In other specific embodiments,
said antibodies comprised in the kit are conjugated to reporter
molecule(s).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0031] FIG. 1: Best model combining urinary biomarkers to predict
`fast progressor` status in CKD progression. (a): Forest plot
showing odds ratios, OR (95% Confidence Interval, CI) of Epidermal
Growth Factor (EGF), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP1),
Transforming Growth Factor-.alpha. (TGF-.alpha.) and albuminuria in
the model; (b): Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves
comparing the area under the curve (AUC) of the best model with the
three BMs Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Monocyte Chemoattractant
Protein (MCP1), Transforming Growth Factor-.alpha. (TGF-.alpha.)
and albuminuria to the AUC of the model without the biomarkers
(BMs) but albuminuria alone. Models were adjusted for albuminuria,
recruitment centre, history of diabetes and mean mGFR.
[0032] FIG. 2: Percent change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
per year according to measured GFR (mGFR) and estimated GFR
*(eGFR).
[0033] Squares represent patients in whom there is concordance in
rates of progression using either method: filled squares are fast
progressors (n=38) and empty squares are slow progressors (n=131).
The circles represent patients in whom there is disconcordance in
the two methods: filled circles are fast progressors by mGFR but
not eGFR (n=30) and empty circles are fast progressors by eGFR but
not mGFR (n=30). The grey line shows the line of regression
(pearson's correlation coefficient r=0.5). 5 outliers were not
represented here (>50 and <-50% change in baseline
mGFR/year). *eGFR was estimated using the modification of diet in
renal disease (MDRD) equation.
[0034] FIG. 3: Biomarker Tertiles of biomarkers in the
signature.
[0035] Percentage of fast progressors (>10% loss in measured
glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) per year) in each of the tertiles
of urinary biomarkers in Model 5. Albumin tertiles T1: <3.58;
T2: 3.58-33.02; and T3: .gtoreq.33.02 mg/mmol. Epidermal growth
factor (EGF) tertiles T1: <0.46; T2: 0.46-0.81; and T3: >0.81
.mu.g/mmol; monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1) tertiles T1:
<17.7; T2: 17.7-35.6; and T3: >32.6 ng/mmol; neutrophil
gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) tertiles T1: <0.26; T2:
0.26-0.76; and T3: >0.76 .mu.g/mmol; and transforming growth
factor-.alpha. (TGF-.alpha.) tertiles T1: <0.30; T2: 0.30-0.47;
and T3: >0.47 ng/mmol. A J-shaped distribution of tertiles can
be observed for NGAL
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0036] Methods allowing an early prediction of the likelihood of
fast progression of chronic kidney disease in patients are provided
by the present invention.
[0037] Particularly, it is provided herein prognostic methods and
kits allowing prediction of the fast progression of CKD and thus
risk of progression to end stage renal disease in patients.
[0038] According to the present invention, highly reliable sets of
urinary biological markers that are indicative of an increased risk
of fast progression of chronic kidney disease have been
identified.
[0039] Thus, an object of the present invention consists of an in
vitro method for the prediction of fast progression of chronic
kidney disease in a subject, comprising the steps of evaluating the
expression of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample
obtained from said subject, wherein said one or more biomarkers are
selected from the group consisting of epidermal growth factor
(EGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), transforming
growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.), Growth and Differentiation
Factor 15 (GDF15), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
(NGAL), Cystatin C, Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP), Fibronectin,
Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM1), Osteopontin, Tissue Inhibitor of
Mettaloprotease 1 (TIMP1), Uromodulin Interleukin-6 (IL6), Leukemia
Inhibitory Factor (LIF), Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA).
[0040] In specific embodiments, the expression of 2, 3, 4 or 5 of
said biomarkers listed above is evaluated.
[0041] Said one or more biomarkers of the prediction method
according to the invention are more particularly selected from the
group consisting of EGF, MCP1 and TGF-.alpha..
[0042] In specific embodiments, the prediction method of the
invention comprises evaluating at least the expressions of EGF,
MCP1 and TGF-.alpha. for example, their protein expression, and
optionally, of NGAL.
[0043] As it is shown in the examples below, when comparing the
expression values of candidate biomarkers in urine samples between
slow progressor and fast progressor of CKD, the inventors have
identified specific biomarkers and their combinations with
statistically different expression in fast progressor vs slow
progressor or healthy subjects, such biomarkers are called
hereafter the "predictive biomarkers" and listed in Table 1
below.
Certain Definitions
[0044] The term "patient" or "subject" which is used herein
interchangeably refers to a human being, including for example a
man or a woman that has or is suspected to have a chronic kidney
disease or is at an early stage of CKD, or a subject at risk in
developing chronic kidney disease considering the demographic risk
factors of CKD.
[0045] The term "chronic kidney disease" or "CKD" is used herein
interchangeably to refer to a condition defined as abnormalities of
kidney structure or function, present for more than 3 months, with
implications for health which can occur abruptly, and either
resolve or become chronic (Clinical Practice Guideline for the
Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Guidelines
(KDIGO 2012). CKD is a general term for heterogeneous disorders
affecting kidney structure and function with variable clinical
presentation, in part related to cause, severity and the rate of
progression (Kidney International Supplements (2013) 3, vii). In
particular, definition and identification of CKD may be defined
with the following criteria: [0046] 1. For individuals at higher
risk of progression, and/or where measurement will impact
therapeutic decisions [0047] 2. Recognize that small fluctuations
in GFR are common and are not necessarily indicative of
progression. [0048] 3. Define CKD progression based on one of more
of the following (Not Graded): [0049] a. Decline in GFR category
(Z90 [G1], 60-89 [G2], 45-59[G3a], 30-44[G3b], 15-29 [G4], o15 [G5]
ml/min/1.73 m2). A certain drop in eGFR is defined as a drop in GFR
category accompanied by a 50% or greater drop in eGFR from baseline
or End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD, eGFR<15 ml/min/1.73 m2, Renal
Replacement Therapy or death or composite of the above parameters.
[0050] b. Rapid progression is defined as a sustained decline in
eGFR of more than -3.3% per year. [0051] c. The confidence in
assessing progression is increased with increasing number of serum
creatinine measurements and duration of follow-up
[0052] The term "biological sample" is intended to refer to
biological fluids and isolates thereof isolated from a subject. It
can include without limitation, blood sample, e.g., whole blood,
plasma and serum sample, saliva or urine sample. In a particular
embodiment, a biological sample is urine sample.
[0053] The term "prognosis" is used herein to refer to the
prediction of the outcome of the patient as to whether their GFR
falls at fast or slow rate.
[0054] As used herein, the term "prediction of fast progression"
does not necessarily consist of an absolute response. It may allow
to determine the probability (risk) of fast progression of chronic
kidney disease in a subject, or, it may consist of a response
allowing to determine an increased risk of fast progression in a
subject compared to the average risk of fast progression of CKD in
a population, rather than giving a precise probability for the
risk.
[0055] In other words, a patient who is predicted to be a fast
progressor according to the methods of the invention is a subject
at increased risk of being a fast progressor. In certain
embodiments, the prediction is expressed as a statistical value,
including a P value, as calculated from the expression values
obtained for each of the one or more biomarkers that have been
evaluated.
[0056] The term "fast progression" particularly refers to an
evolution of CKD as measured by the loss of more than 10% of the
baseline measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) per year in a
subject suffering from CKD also called herein "fast progressor".
Fast progressors are more likely to progress onto end stage renal
disease (ESRD), which stage is associated with a significant
morbidity and mortality risk. Accordingly, in a specific embodiment
of the methods of the invention, a subject predicted of fast
progression, is a subject predicted to lose more than 10% of the
baseline measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) per year, for
example as measured from an initial measurement until a subsequent
time around a year later.
[0057] On the contrary, a "slow progressor" is a subject that is
losing less than 10% of the baseline measured glomerular filtration
rate (mGFR) per year.
[0058] As used herein, the term "early prediction" refers to a
prediction carried out in a subject at an early stage of CKD, for
example at stage 1 or 2, with GFR>60 ml/mn/1,73 m2 33, stage 3
or which even who has not yet been diagnosed as having CKD, for
example according to albuminuria, proteinuria or creatinine
concentration conventional diagnostic methods. The prognosis
methods of the invention are particularly appropriate for early
prediction of fast progression of CKD in a subject.
[0059] As used herein, the term "biological marker" or "biomarker"
refers to an indicator of e.g. a pathological state of a patient,
which can be detected in a biological sample of the patient.
Biomarkers, include, but are not limited to, DNA, RNA, protein,
carbohydrate, or glycolipid-based molecular markers.
[0060] The term "protein" is used interchangeably with the term
"polypeptide" and in its broadest sense refers to a compound of two
or more subunit amino acids. The subunits can be linked by peptide
bonds.
[0061] The term "kit" as used herein refers to a collection of the
aforementioned components which may be provided separately or
within a single container. The container also comprises
instructions for carrying out the method of the present disclosure.
These instructions may be in the form of a manual or may be
provided by a computer program code which is capable of carrying
out the comparisons referred to in the methods of the present
disclosure and to establish a diagnosis accordingly when
implemented on a computer or a data processing device. The computer
program code may be provided on a data storage medium or device
such as an optical storage medium (e.g., a Compact Disc) or
directly on a computer or data processing device.
The predictive biomarkers for use in the methods of the
invention
[0062] The predictive biomarkers are described hereafter by their
acronyms, full name and UniprotKB/Swissprote nomenclature and SEQ
ID NOs.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 List of predictive biomarkers
UniprotKB/Swiss- SEQ ID Biomarker Full name Prot.sup.1 NO: EGF
Epidermal Growth Factor P01133 1 GDF15 Growth and Differentiation
Factor 15 Q99988 2 TGF-.alpha. Transforming Growth Factor alpha
P01135 3 MCP1 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 P13500 4 FABP1
Fatty Acid Binding Protein P07148 5 Cystatin C Cystatin C P01034 6
Fibronectin Fibronectin P02751 7 KIM1 Kidney Injury Molecule 1
Q96D42 8 NGAL Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated P80188 9 Lipocalin
TIMP1 Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotease 1 P01033 10 Uromodulin
Uromodulin P07911 11 VEGF-A Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
P15692 12 Osteopontin Osteopontin P10451 13 IL6 Interleukin 6
P05231 14 LIF Leukemia Inhibitory Factor P15018 15 MMP9 Matrix
Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) P14780 16
.sup.1http://www.uniprot.org/
[0063] In the present invention, when referring to the biomarkers,
it particularly refers to the protein of said biomarker and/or its
post-translational modifications.
[0064] The protein sequences of the corresponding biomarkers can be
found at http://www.uniprot.org according to the corresponding
references as shown in Table 1, or SEQ ID NOs 1-16. Of course, any
natural variations of said protein sequences are included in the
definition of said biomarkers for use in the present invention.
Quantifying the expression of a predictive biomarker
[0065] The prediction method of the invention comprises a step of
evaluating the expression of one or more of the predictive
biomarkers in a biological sample.
[0066] As used herein, the term "evaluating" typically include the
steps of (a) quantifying the expression of each of the selected
predictive biomarkers in a biological sample obtained from said
subject to obtain expression values, and (b) comparing the obtained
expression values of said predictive biomarkers to corresponding
control values, wherein differences in the expression values
compared to the respective control values is indicative that the
subject is at increased risk of fast progression.
[0067] Expression of the biomarkers can be quantified by
determining gene or protein expression of the predictive biomarkers
in the biological sample of a subject, for example serum or urine
sample. The quantification may be relative (by comparing the amount
of a biomarker to a control with known amount of biomarker for
example and detecting "higher" or "lower" amount compared to that
control) or more precise, at least to determine the specific amount
relative to a known control amount.
[0068] In one specific embodiment, the expression of the biomarkers
can be quantified by examining protein expression of at least one
or more of the predictive biomarkers in the biological sample, for
example urine sample, of a subject. In specific embodiments, the
protein expressions of at least EGF, MCP1 and TGF-.alpha. and
optionally, NGAL are quantified in the biological sample of a
subject, for example urine sample.
[0069] Various methods are known in the art for detecting protein
expression levels in such biological samples, including various
immunoassays methods. They include but are not limited to
radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assays),
"sandwich" immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, in situ
immunoassays (using e.g., colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope
labels), western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation assays,
immunofluorescent assays, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry,
confocal microscopy, enzymatic assays, surface plasmon resonance
and PAGE-SDS.
[0070] Determining the protein level involves for example measuring
the amount of any immunospecific binding that occurs between an
antibody that selectively recognizes and binds to the polypeptide
of the biomarker in a sample obtained from a patient. These assays
may also include direct binding of labelled antibody to a target
biomarker.
[0071] Sandwich assays are among the most useful and commonly used
assays. A number of variations of the sandwich assay technique
exist, and all are intended to be encompassed by the present
invention. Briefly, in a typical forward assay, an unlabeled
antibody is immobilized on a solid substrate, and the sample to be
tested brought into contact with the bound molecule. After a
suitable period of incubation, for a period of time sufficient to
allow formation of an antibody-antigen complex, a second antibody
specific to the antigen, but labeled with a reporter molecule
capable of producing a detectable signal is then added and
incubated, allowing time sufficient for the formation of another
complex of antibody-antigen-labeled antibody. Any unreacted
material is washed away, and the presence of the antigen is
determined by observation of a signal produced by the reporter
molecule. The results may either be qualitative, by simple
observation of the visible signal, or may be quantitated by
comparing with a control sample containing known amounts of
biomarker.
[0072] Variations on the forward assay include a simultaneous
assay, in which both sample and labeled antibody are added
simultaneously to the bound antibody. These techniques are well
known to those skilled in the art, including any minor variations
as will be readily apparent. In a typical forward sandwich assay, a
first antibody having specificity for the biomarker is either
covalently or passively bound to a solid surface.
[0073] The binding processes are well-known in the art and
generally consist of cross-linking covalently binding or physically
adsorbing, the polymer-antibody complex is washed in preparation
for the test sample. An aliquot of the sample to be tested is then
added to the solid phase complex and incubated for a period of time
sufficient (e.g. 2-40 minutes or overnight if more convenient) and
under suitable conditions (e.g. from room temperature to 40[deg.]C.
such as between 25[deg.] C. and 32[deg.] C. inclusive) to allow
binding of any subunit present in the antibody. Following the
incubation period, the antibody subunit solid phase is washed and
dried and incubated with a second antibody specific for a portion
of the biomarker. The second antibody is linked to a reporter
molecule which is used to indicate the binding of the second
antibody to the molecular marker.
[0074] An alternative method involves immobilizing the predictive
biomarkers in the sample and then exposing the immobilized
biomarkers to specific antibody which may or may not be labeled
with a reporter molecule. Depending on the amount of biomarker
target and the strength of the reporter molecule signal, a bound
biomarker target may be detectable by direct labelling with the
antibody. Alternatively, a second labeled antibody, specific to the
first antibody is exposed to the target-first antibody complex to
form a target-first antibody-second antibody tertiary complex. The
complex is detected by the signal emitted by the reporter
molecule.
[0075] By "reporter molecule", as used in the present
specification, is meant a molecule which, by its chemical nature,
provides an analytically identifiable signal which allows the
detection of antigen-bound antibody. The most commonly used
reporter molecules in this type of assay are either enzymes,
fluorophores or radionuclide containing molecules (i.e.
radioisotopes) and chemiluminescent molecules.
[0076] In the case of an enzyme immunoassay or ELISA assay, an
enzyme may typically be conjugated to the second antibody,
generally by means of glutaraldehyde or periodate. As will be
readily recognized, however, a wide variety of different
conjugation techniques exist, which are readily available to the
skilled artisan. Commonly used enzymes include horseradish
peroxidase, glucose oxidase, -galactosidase and alkaline
phosphatase, amongst others. The substrates to be used with the
specific enzymes are generally chosen for the production, upon
hydrolysis by the corresponding enzyme, of a detectable color
change. Examples of suitable enzymes include alkaline phosphatase
and peroxidase. It is also possible to employ fluorogenic
substrates, which yield a fluorescent product rather than the
chromogenic substrates noted above. In all cases, the
enzyme-labeled antibody is added to the first antibody-molecular
marker complex, allowed to bind, and then the excess reagent is
washed away. A solution containing the appropriate substrate is
then added to the complex of antibody-antigen-antibody. The
substrate will react with the enzyme linked to the second antibody,
giving a qualitative visual signal, which may be further
quantitated, usually spectrophotometrically, to give an indication
of the amount of biomarker which was present in the sample.
[0077] Alternately, fluorescent compounds, such as fluorescein and
rhodamine, may be chemically coupled to antibodies without altering
their binding capacity. When activated by illumination with light
of a particular wavelength, the fluorochrome-labeled antibody
adsorbs the light energy, inducing a state to excitability in the
molecule, followed by emission of the light at a characteristic
color visually detectable with a light microscope. As in the EIA,
the fluorescent labeled antibody is allowed to bind to the first
antibody-molecular marker complex. After washing off the unbound
reagent, the remaining tertiary complex is then exposed to the
light of the appropriate wavelength, the fluorescence observed
indicates the presence of the molecular marker of interest.
Immunofluorescence and EIA techniques are both very well
established in the art. However, other reporter molecules, such as
radioisotope, chemiluminescent or bioluminescent molecules, may
also be employed.
[0078] In specific embodiment of the prediction method of the
invention, the quantifying step thus allows to obtain an
"expression value" for each biomarker tested in the biological
sample, for use in the comparing step.
[0079] For ease of use in the comparing step, said expression value
may consist of a normalized (relative) value which is obtained
after comparison of the absolute expression level value with a
reference value, said reference value consisting for example of the
expression level value of reference proteins in the biological
sample.
[0080] For example, in a specific embodiment, creatinine level may
be used for adjusting the expression values to normalized
expression values. Usually, creatinine can be determined by
enzymatic or colorimetric test systems in urine.
Comparing expression value of each biomarker to corresponding
control values
[0081] The methods of the invention is based on quantifying the
expression of one or more predictive biomarkers in a biological
sample of a subject, as described above, and comparing each
expression value of said biomarkers to corresponding control
values.
[0082] The term "comparing" as used herein refers to a comparison
of corresponding parameters or values, e.g. an absolute level value
is compared to an absolute control level value which a
concentration is compared to a control concentration and normalised
value is compared to corresponding control normalised value.
[0083] As used herein, the term "control values" refers to
expression values of the biomarkers in control subject or a group
of control subjects, which allows assessing whether an individual
is predicted of CKD fast progression.
[0084] According to some embodiments, the control value is
determined based on biomarker expression from a control subject or
a group of control subjects which has been characterized as fast
progressor, slow progressor or as healthy subject.
[0085] The control value applicable for a specific subject may vary
depending on various physiological parameters such as age, gender,
or subpopulation, as well as on the test format, the sample and the
ligand used for the quantification of the biomarker referred to
herein. These factors and ways to take them into account when
determining the control values are generally known in the field. In
some embodiments, control values can be calculated for a cohort of
subjects as specified in the Examples, based on the average or mean
or median values for a biomarker by applying standard statistical
methods.
[0086] Accordingly a control value to be used for the
aforementioned method of the present invention (i.e. a threshold
which allows for identifying an individual at higher risk of fast
progression) may be the mean/median expression value (or normalized
(relative) mean/median value) of a biomarker protein expression as
quantified in a group of control subjects.
[0087] Examples of such normalized median values for each
predictive biomarkers in men and women are given in the Examples
below at Table 3 (the values have been adjusted to normalized value
with urine creatinine concentration).
[0088] Said control value can also be determined by routine
experimentation depending on the quantification methods and the
predictive biomarkers that will be used for the methods of the
invention.
[0089] For example, said control value corresponds to the
expression (optionally normalized) mean/median value observed for
slow progressor group of patients, and a patient is predicted to be
a fast progressor when the expression (optionally normalized) value
is statistically different from the control value, for example
increased as compared to the control value, or decreased as
compared to a control value.
[0090] Alternatively, said control value corresponds to the
expression level value observed for fast progressor patients, and a
patient is predicted to be a fast progressor when the expression
level value is statistically not different from the control
value.
[0091] For example, in a specific prediction method of the
invention, the evaluating step include (a) quantifying the
expression of one or more of the selected biomarkers in a
biological sample obtained from said subject to obtain an
expression value for each biomarker, and (b) comparing said
expression value of each biomarker obtained at step (a) to a
corresponding control value, wherein an expression value of EGF
below a control value and/or an expression value of MCP1 above a
control value and/or an expression value of TGF-.alpha. above a
control value, and/or an expression value of NGAL above a control
value, indicates that the subject is at increased risk of fast
progression of CKD.
[0092] The comparison referred to in step (b) of the methods of the
invention may be carried out manually or computer assisted.
[0093] For a computer-assisted comparison, the expression values
may be compared to control values which are stored in a database by
a computer program. The computer program may further evaluate the
result of the comparison, i.e. automatically provide the desired
assessment in a suitable output format.
[0094] As it is shown in the examples and more specifically in
Table 5 of the Examples below, a combination of 2, 3, 4, or 5 of
the predictive biomarkers according to the invention can be
statistically relevant for predicting fast progression of CKD for a
patient.
[0095] Any combination of two, three, four, five or more of the
predictive biomarkers of the invention is encompassed by the
methods of the invention.
[0096] The comparing step may not necessarily include a separate
comparison of the expression values of each biomarker with their
corresponding control values. In specific embodiments, a
multi-biomarker score value can be obtained by combining together
the expression values or their normalized values and compared to a
corresponding multibiomarker score control value.
[0097] In a particular embodiment, the expression values are
obtained at least for the three following biomarkers in a patient:
epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
(MCP1), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.) and,
optionally, of NGAL.
[0098] To improve statistical prediction of the methods according
to the invention, one can further include the albuminuria,
proteinuria, plasma or serum creatinine concentration and/or
demographic risk factors for chronic kidney disease
progression.
[0099] As used herein, said demographic risk factors include age,
body mass index, mean arterial pressure, gender, Black/African
ethnicity, diabetes, history of cardiovascular diseases, smoker,
satus, the non-use of angiotensin pathway blockade, history of
urinary infections, haematuria, familial history of kidney
disease.
[0100] In a specific embodiment, the invention relates to a method
for the prediction of fast progression of chronic kidney disease in
a subject, comprising evaluating at least the expressions of EGF,
MCP1 and TGF-.alpha., and, optionally, NGAL, and wherein
albuminuria or proteinuria is further determined from said subject.
Albuminuria or proteinuria may be determined from the same
biological sample or in a different biological sample according to
well known methods in the art.
[0101] In specific embodiments, the prediction methods include
evaluating the expressions of at least epidermal growth factor
(EGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and transforming
growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.) and at least one or more of the
following biomarkers: GDF15, FABP1, Cystatin C, Fibronectin, KIM1,
NGAL, TIMP1, Uromodulin, Osteopontin, IL6, MMP9, LIF and
VEGF-A.
[0102] In specific embodiments, the prediction methods include
evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific biomarker
combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha. and MCP1.
[0103] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha., MCP1 and NGAL.
[0104] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha., MCP1 and NGAL.
[0105] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha., MCP1, and FABP1.
[0106] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha., MCP1 and Cystatin C.
[0107] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha., MCP1 and
Fibronectin.
[0108] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha., MCP1 and KIM1.
[0109] In other specific embodiments, the prediction methods
include evaluating the expression in urine sample of the specific
biomarker combination of EGF, TGF-.alpha. and TIMP1.
[0110] In other specific embodiments combined with the above
specific embodiments, the prediction methods also include
evaluating albumin in urine sample, either together with the other
predictive biomarkers (from the same biological sample) or
separately (from different sample).
Assaying for biomarker expression and the treatment for CKD
[0111] The invention further relates to patient stratification
methods. In particular, patient identified at increased risk of
fast progression of CKD may be selected according to the methods of
the invention for a therapeutic treatment of CKD. Accordingly, the
invention further includes a method comprising [0112] (i)
identifying whether a patient is at increased risk of fast
progression of CKD according to the above defined prediction
methods, and, [0113] (ii) treating said fast progressor patient
identified at step (i) with a suitable therapeutic agent for
treating CKD.
[0114] As used herein, the term "treating" or "treatment" refers to
measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen)
the targeted pathologic condition or disorder or slow down or
relieve one or more of the symptoms of the disorder. In a specific
embodiment, a subject is "successfully treated" for chronic kidney
disease if, after receiving a therapeutic agent, the patient shows
observable and/or measurable decrease or change from baseline in
and/or measurable rate of change from baseline over time (e.g. over
3 months [12 weeks], or 6 months [24 weeks], or 9 months [36
weeks], or 12 months [1 year, 52 weeks] in one or more of the
following: mGFR, percentage loss of mGFR in 1 year, eGFR,
percentage of loss in eGFR.
[0115] Therapeutic agents for treating fast progressors of chronic
kidney disease according to the above methods, may include without
limitation (i) an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)
such as, Captopril (Capoten), Zofenopril, Enalapril
(Vasotec/Renitec), Ramipril
(Altace/Prilace/Ramace/Ramiwin/Triatec/Tritace), Quinapril
(Accupril), Perindopril (Coversyl/Aceon/Perindo), Lisinopril
(Listril/Lopril/Novatec/Prinivil/Zestril), Benazepril (Lotensin),
Imidapril (Tanatril), Trandolapril (Mavik/Odrik/Gopten), Cilazapril
(Inhibace) and Phosphonate-containing agents such as Fosinopril
(Fositen/Monopril) or (ii) an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
such as Losartan (Cozaar), Candesartan (atacand), valsartan
(Diovan), Irbesartan (Avapro), Telmisartan (Micardis), Eprosartan
(Teveten), Olmesartan (Benicar/Olmetes) and Azilsartan
(edarbi).
[0116] Administration of a suitable therapeutic agent for treating
chronic kidney disease to said patient can be effected in one dose,
continuously or intermittently throughout the course of
treatment.
[0117] Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage
of administration of a treatment are well known to those of skill
in the art and will vary with the composition used for therapy, the
purpose of the therapy, and the subject being treated. Single or
multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and
pattern being selected by the treating physician. Suitable dosage
formulations and methods of administering the agents may be
empirically adjusted.
[0118] If a patient is predicted to be a slow progressor,
alternative therapies may be preferred. Prior to administering
suitable therapeutic agents, further diagnosis methods may be
applied to further validate the risk of fast progression in said
patient.
[0119] Another aspect of the invention relates to an in vitro
method for monitoring the efficacy of a treatment for treating
chronic kidney disease in a patient, comprising evaluating
expression of one or more of the predictive biomarkers as defined
in Table 1 above.
[0120] In particular, said predictive biomarkers which can be used
in the monitoring methods of the invention are selected from the
group consisting of epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte
chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor
alpha (TGF-.alpha.), and, optionally, NGAL.
[0121] In such monitoring methods, the evaluating step is carried
out essentially the same as described above for the prediction
method of the invention, except that the subject is a subject in
need of a treatment for CKD, and the predictive biomarkers are now
used as surrogate markers, i.e. as predictors of the disease stage
or of mGFR parameter. The evaluating step can be performed for
example prior to treatment, and during or at the end of the
treatment and evolution/change of expression levels of each
biomarker is indicative of a good or poor response to the
treatment.
[0122] Such methods can be used for example to monitor the efficacy
of regulatory approved treatments of CKD in patients, and/or adjust
dosage or length of the treatment. Alternatively, such methods can
be used to monitor the efficacy of candidate treatments in clinical
studies.
Kits of the invention
[0123] The invention further relates to kits for the prediction or
monitoring methods of the invention.
[0124] In particular, one object of the invention consists of a kit
for the prediction of fast progression of chronic kidney disease in
a subject (e.g. in a biological sample, more particularly in a
urine sample of the subject), said kit comprising means for
quantifying protein expression of at least the following
biomarkers: epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemoattractant
protein 1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor alpha
(TGF-.alpha.).
[0125] Another object of the present invention consists of a kit
for monitoring the efficacy of a treatment for treating chronic
kidney disease, said monitoring kit comprising means for
quantifying protein expression of at least the following predictive
biomarkers: epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemoattractant
protein 1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor alpha
(TGF-.alpha.).
[0126] In certain embodiments of said kits, they comprise means for
detecting and/or quantifying 2, 3, or all of the following
predictive biomarkers: EGF, MCP1, TGF-.alpha. and NGAL.
[0127] The monitoring or prediction kit of the invention may thus
include a plurality of reagents, each of which is capable of
binding specifically with a protein of one of the predictive
biomarkers. Suitable reagents for binding specifically with a
protein biomarker include, without limitation, antibodies.
[0128] As used herein the term "antibody" is used in a broader
sense and includes whole antibodies and any antigen binding
fragments or derivatives (i.e., "antigen-binding portion"). It may
specifically cover monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies,
multi-specific antibodies, single chains thereof. Antigen binding
fragments also include, Fab, Fab', (Fab')2 and their derivatives
including a combination of VH and VL fragments, or Fv antibodies,
Fv being the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete
antigen-recognition and--binding site. It further includes,
chimeric, humanized or human antibodies.
[0129] A naturally occurring "antibody" is a glycoprotein
comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains
inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised
of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a
heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is
comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is
comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as
VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant
region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be
further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed
complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with
regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from
amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1,
CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy
and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an
antigen.
[0130] An "isolated antibody", as used herein, refers to an
antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having
different antigenic specificities. Moreover, an isolated antibody
may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or
chemicals.
[0131] The terms "monoclonal antibody" and "monoclonal antibody
composition" as used herein refer to a preparation of antibody
molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody
composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for
a particular epitope.
[0132] The term "recombinant human antibody", as used herein,
includes all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created
or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies isolated from
an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal
for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom,
antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the
human antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, antibodies isolated from
a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and antibodies
prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that
involve splicing of all or a portion of a human immunoglobulin
gene, sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human
antibodies have variable regions in which the framework and CDR
regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies
can be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal
transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic
mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL
regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while
derived from and related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may
not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire
in vivo.
[0133] As used herein, "isotype" refers to the antibody class
(e.g., IgM, IgE, IgG such as IgG1 or IgG4) that is provided by the
heavy chain constant region genes.
[0134] The phrases "an antibody recognizing an antigen" and "an
antibody specific for an antigen" and "an antibody reacting
specifically to an antigen" are used interchangeably herein with
the term "an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen".
[0135] As used herein, an antibody or a protein that "specifically
binds to a protein biomarker" is intended to refer to an antibody
or protein that binds to said protein biomarker with a KD of 100 nM
or less, 10 nM or less, 1 nM or less, 100 pM or less, or 10 pM or
less.
[0136] The term "Kassoc" or "Ka", as used herein, is intended to
refer to the association rate of a particular antibody-antigen
interaction, whereas the term "Kdis" or "Kd," as used herein, is
intended to refer to the dissociation rate of a particular
antibody-antigen interaction.
[0137] The term "KD", as used herein, is intended to refer to the
dissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of Kd to Ka
(i.e. Kd/Ka) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M). KD
values for antibodies can be determined using methods well
established in the art. A method for determining the KD of an
antibody is by using surface plasmon resonance, or using a
biosensor system such as a Biacore.RTM. system.
[0138] The prediction or monitoring kit of the invention may
further include antibodies for detecting or quantifying capture
antibodies in an immunoassay.
[0139] For example, the monitoring or prediction kit of the
invention may include second antibodies for detecting or
quantifying biomarker protein/antibodies complex in an immunoassay.
Accordingly, the monitoring or prediction kit comprises [0140] (i)
a set of unlabeled antibodies which, each, bind to one or more
predictive biomarkers particularly selected from the group
consisting of: epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte
chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor
alpha (TGF-.alpha.), and/or [0141] (ii) a set of labelled
antibodies which, each, bind to one or more predictive biomarkers
particularly selected from the group consisting of: epidermal
growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and
transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.), [0142]
Alternatively, the kit may comprise: [0143] (i) a first set of
unlabeled antibodies which, each, bind to one or more predictive
biomarkers particularly selected from the group consisting of:
epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
(MCP1), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-.alpha.), [0144]
(ii) a second set of labelled antibodies which bind to said first
set of labelled antibodies to form a biomarker/first
antibody/second antibody complex.
[0145] The labelled antibody as used in the kits of the invention
may typically comprise an antibody conjugated to a reporter
molecule. In specific embodiments of the kits as above defined, the
labelled antibody is an antibody conjugated to an enzyme, for
example an enzyme for ELISA assay, such as horseradish peroxidase,
glucose oxidase, -galactosidase, and alkaline phosphatase, amongst
others. The kit may further include corresponding substrates for
such enzymes.
[0146] Alternatively, the labelled antibody is an antibody
conjugated with fluorescent compounds, for example, fluorescin or
rhodamine.
[0147] The kits as defined above may further include antibodies
(unlabelled and/or labelled) which bind to NGAL.
[0148] Optionally, said monitoring or prediction kit of the
invention may further comprise means for detecting and/or
quantifying one or more reference (control) marker, e.g. markers
corresponding to ubiquitously expressed proteins, or other
biomarker of CKD, such as creatinine or albumin.
[0149] In a specific embodiment, the kit of the invention, for use
in an immunoassay, comprises at least: [0150] (i) antibodies
specific of epidermal growth factor (EGF); [0151] (ii) antibodies
specific of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1); and, [0152]
(iii) antibodies specific of transforming growth factor alpha
(TGF-.alpha.).
[0153] Said antibodies for use in the kits of the invention may be
immobilized on a support, for example a glass or a polymer, more
particularly, polymers selected among cellulose, polyacrylamide,
nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene. The solid
supports may be in the form of tubes, beads, discs of microplates,
or any other surface suitable for conducting an immunoassay.
[0154] The prediction kit and the monitoring kit of the invention
may optionally comprise additional components useful for performing
the methods of the invention. By way of example, the kits may
comprise fluids (e.g. buffers) suitable for binding an antibody
with a protein with which it specifically binds, one or more sample
compartments, washing the reactants to remove unspecific binding,
and instructional materials which describe performance of the
prediction or monitoring methods of the invention and the like.
[0155] Another aspect of the invention provides for a device
adapted for carrying out the prediction or monitoring methods of
the invention, said device comprising: [0156] a) an analyzing unit
comprising a combination of detection means which specifically bind
to the biomarkers (e.g. antibodies as described above in the kits),
the analyzing unit being adapted for contacting, in vitro, the
sample from the subject with the detection agent; [0157] b) an
evaluation unit including a computing device having a database and
a computer-implemented algorithm on the database, the
computer-implemented algorithm when executed by the computing
device determines an amount of one or more of the predictive
biomarkers in the sample, e.g., urine sample, from the subject, and
compares the determined amount of said one or more predictive
biomarker with corresponding control values and provides a
prediction of fast progression if the amount of said one or more
predictive biomarker is significantly different, for example
significantly greater or lower than a control value.
[0158] In one specific embodiment, the database further includes
the control values for each of the predictive biomarkers.
EXAMPLES
Methods
[0159] NephroTest cohort protocol
[0160] Patients were recruited from the NephroTest cohort that
includes 1825 patients with mGFRs with plasma and/or urine samples
to date since its commencement in 2000. The NephroTest cohort
consists of patients from three large nephrology centres in Paris:
Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Hopital Bichat and Hopital
Tenon. Inclusion criteria to the cohort were consenting adult
patients with any stage of CKD. Exclusion criteria were patients
already on any form of renal replacement therapy and pregnant
patients. The urine collection biobank in the protocol commenced in
2009. We analysed data from 229 patients in whom there were stored
urine collections and 2 or more concurrent mGFRs over time in order
to assess disease progression. The median follow-up time for these
patients in the cohort from the time of the first urine collection
was 21.6 (IQR, 13.6-24.7) months, and 57 of these patients had up
to 3 sequential mGFRs from time of first urine collection. First
urine collection from these 229 patients was analysed. The clinical
and biological data collected from patients is as previously
described.sup.31.
[0161] The NephroTest cohort study is approved and sponsored by the
French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM). All
patients provided written informed consent for long-term handling
of frozen biological samples and of pre-specified clinical and
biologic data for research use. The study was conducted in
accordance with good clinical practice guidelines.
Technical Methods (urinary biomarkers measurements)
[0162] Urine was collected and stored at -80.degree. C. after a
maximal 4 hour period at 4.degree. C. Urine supernatant was stored
after initial centrifugation at 1000 g for 10 minutes in a tube
containing antiprotease (cOmplete; Protease Inhibitor Cocktail
Tablets, Roche applied Science).
[0163] The biomarkers ELISA kits used were R&D systems for
cystatin C, epidermal growth factor (EGF), growth and
differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), interleukin 6 (IL6), monocyte
chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9),
osteopontin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM1), tissue inhibitor of
metalloprotease 1 (TIMP1), Transforming growth factor alpha
(TGF-.alpha.), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA);
eBioscience for Fibronectin and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF);
Bioporto for neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocain (NGAL); CMIc
for fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1), and MdBiproduct for
uromodulin. All ELISA kits were formally validated following
rigorous criteria prior to utilisation [unpublished data].
[0164] Urine creatinine was measured in the biochemistry laboratory
at Hopital Necker Enfants-Malades using the enzymatic method
standardised for isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). Urinary
protein and albumin were measured the standard methods in the
hospital laboratory.
Measurement and definition of CKD progression
[0165] As reported elsewhere, all patients in NephroTest cohort had
GFRs measured by chromium-51 labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetic
(EDTA) acid clearance..sup.31 Individual slopes in mL/min/year were
estimated using ordinary linear regression. We then calculated
relative mGFR slopes in % per year and categorized patients into
two groups of rate of decline in baseline mGFR: .ltoreq.10 vs.
>10% per year. Estimated GFRs (eGFRs) were also calculated using
the Modification of the in Renal Disease formula.sup.32 and then
the values obtained were unadjusted for body surface area (BSA) to
allow for a direct comparison of the eGFR with the corresponding
mGFR values.
Statistical analysis
[0166] Clinical and laboratory data are expressed as percentages,
means (.+-.standard deviation, SD) or median (interquartile range,
IQR), as appropriate. Biomarkers, albuminuria and proteinuria to
creatinine ratios, have skewed distributions and thus were
subsequently logarithmically transformed. NGAL and cystatin C
required two sequential logarithmic transformations to approach a
normal distribution. Log-transformed values were then standardized
to a mean of 0 and SD of 1, using gender specific means and SDs
i.e. (measured value-mean) divided by the SD, to account for
gender-related differences.
[0167] We compared baseline clinical and laboratory data and CKD
risk factors between slow and fast progressors (using the cut off
of 10% decline per year in mGFR). Continuous variables were
compared with the Wilcoxon test and categorical variables with the
chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. Gender differences regarding
biomarkers and mGFR slopes were similarly tested. Association
between biomarkers and concurrently mGFR at first visit and between
biomarkers and % change in mGFR were first assessed using Pearsons
correlation. Logistic regression was then used to estimate the
crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of fast progression for each of
the biomarkers. OR were sequentially adjusted for mean mGFR over
time and baseline covariates: age, gender, black African origin,
BMI, mean blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, history of
cardiovascular disease, smoking, renin angiotensin aldosterone
system (RAAS) blockade such as angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment,
and finally for albuminuria. The mean mGFR instead of the baseline
mGFR was used as a covariate in the analysis to reduce the
phenomenon of `regression to the mean`.sup.3.
[0168] In order to determine the best combination of biomarkers to
predict CKD progression, several models of logistic regression
combining biomarkers and albuminuria were built a priori
principally from pathophysiological hypotheses. Biomarkers
associated individually with CKD progression were favoured in the
model but we avoided adding together biomarkers correlating with
each other or with albuminuria at more than 0.55 (Pearson
correlation). These models were additionally adjusted for mean GFR
and other significantly associated factors such as centre of
recruitment and diabetes to limit the number of covariates. The six
models constructed as such, were compared to a nested minimal model
with only albuminuria and the same adjustment covariates but
without the biomarkers. We calculated the area under the receiver
operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), the likelihood ratio
test (LRT), the scale brier score (SBS), and the integrated
discrimination index (IDI) to assess performance of theses
predictive models for CKD progression. The improvement in the
predictive value was estimated by comparing AUC of these models
with the minimal reference model.
[0169] Statistical analyses were performed with SAS 9.2 (SAS
Institute Inc., Cary, N.C. USA), R 2.3 (R Foundation for
Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2014) and prism graphpad
5.0 for the animal data.
RESULTS
[0170] Patient characterisation and CKD progression
[0171] We analysed in 229 patients with repeated mGFRs and
concurrent urine collections. There were 152 (66.4%) men and the
mean age at baseline (i.e. at the time at which first urine
collection was performed) was 60.8.+-.13.3 years. The median
baseline mGFR was 38.3 (IQR, 26.4-49.6) ml/min. The median mGFR at
last visit after a median follow up time of 21.6 (IQR, 13.6-24.7)
months was 34.7 (IQR, 24.7-47.5) ml/min. The change in mGFR was
-1.46 (IQR, -4.28, 1.08) ml/min/year equivalent to -4.0 (IQR, -12,
2.7) % per year from baseline (negative values represent a loss).
68 (30%) patients were defined as `fast progressors` (loss of
greater than 10% in their mGFR per year). The baseline
characteristics in the slow and fast progressors are shown in Table
2. Albuminuria was significantly higher in fast progressors and
diabetes was more frequent. Although a majority of the patients
(89%) were on ACEI or ARB treatment, a higher proportion of the
fast-progressors were on treatment (96% vs. 86%, p<0.04). Median
mGFR during follow-up was as expected, lower in fast than in slow
progressors (median IQR: 29.3(20.0, 37.5) vs. 40.9(30.1, 52.3)
ml/min, p<0.0001), and the baseline mGFR was slightly lower in
the fast progressors (p=0.06). Importantly, the number of mGFR
measurements used to estimate progression rate was not
significantly different between the two groups (more than 2 visits
for 47% vs. 38%, p=0.2).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Baseline characteristics of NephroTest
patients. Slow Fast p- All progressors Progressors value N 229 161
68 Age, years 60.8 .+-. 13.3 60.3 .+-. 13.3 62.0 .+-. 13.4 0.4 Men
66% (152) 66% (106) 68% (46) 0.8 Black African 10% (23) 12% (19) 6%
(4) 0.2 Diabetes 25% (57) 21% (34) 34% (23) 0.04 Follow up (months)
.sup. 21.5 (13.4, 24.6) .sup. 23.0 (14.3, 24.9) .sup. 17.6 (12.8,
24.1) 0.07 First mGFR (mls/min) .sup. 38.3 (26.3, 49.6) .sup. 39.9
(28.9, 50.4) .sup. 34.9 (24.4, 44.0) 0.06 Mean Blood Pressure 92
.+-. 13 92 .+-. 12 92 .+-. 14 0.9 Elevated blood pressure 26% (57)
24% (38) 28% (19) 0.5 (>140/90) ACEI or ARB 89% (202) 86% (137)
96% (65) 0.04 Body Mass Index, kg/m.sup.2 27.2 .+-. 5.9 27.0 .+-.
5.8 27.7 .+-. 6.1 0.3 History of Cardiovascular 17% (38) 16% (25)
19% (13) 0.5 Event Previous/Current smokers 38% (87)/ 35% (57)/ 44%
(30)/ 0.4 10% (22) 11% (17) 7% (5) Type of Nephropathy PKD 7% (16)
4% (7) 13% (9) 0.2 Diabetic nephropathy 8% (19) 7% (12) 10% (7)
Glomerular disease 16% (37) 16% (26) 16% (11) Vascular 25% (57) 26%
(42) 22% (15) Chronic Interstitial Disease 17% (39) 19% (30) 13%
(9) Unknown 27% (61) 27% (44) 25% (17) Proteinuria (mg/mmol) .sup.
0.2 (0.1, 0.5) .sup. 0.1 (0.1, 0.4) .sup. 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.0002
Albuminuria (mg/mmol) .sup. 77 (17,291) .sup. 52 (12,228) .sup. 189
(40,485) 0.0001 ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB:
angiotensin receptor blocker; mGFR: measured glomerular filtration
rate by chromium labelled EDTA; PKD: polycystic kidney disease.
Data are expressed as mean .+-. standard deviation (SD), median
(interquartile range (IQR)) or percent % (number of patients
(n))
Biomarker characterization and gender distribution
[0172] In biomarkers, TIMP1, VEGFA, KIM1, and osteopontin, where
only less than 5% of the patients had values falling below the
lower limit of detection (LLD), half of the value for the LLD was
imputed for each patient (no more than 5 values were imputed in
each case). In biomarkers (proteinuria, albuminuria, and FABP1)
were 5 to 10% of the patients were affected, a random value between
0 and 1 multiplied by the LLD value was imputed. Finally, the
biomarkers MMP9, IL6, and LIF, where more than 20% of the patients
had values below the LLD, were described but not included in our
subsequent analysis.
[0173] The biomarker distributions in the cohort are detailed in
Table 3. The distributions varied by gender in five of the
biomarkers (MMP9 and LIF not included). We found at baseline
significantly higher levels of NGAL, TGF-.alpha., and uromodulin in
women. Conversely, we also observed higher levels of TIMP1 and
VEGFA in men. There was no difference in baseline mGFR normalised
for body surface area (BSA) between men and women (36.8 vs. 34.6
mls/min/1.73m.sup.2, p=0.3). The proportion of `fast progressor`
men was not significantly different from the `slow progressor` men
(68% vs. 66%, p=0.8, Table 1).
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Distribution of urinary biomarkers by gender
All Men Women N median [IQR] median [IQR] median [IQR] P-value
Cystatin C, ng/mmol 229 4.99 [3.28-17.22] 4.94 [3.17-17.71] 5.31
[3.45-14.2] 0.5 EGF, .mu.g/mmol 229 0.60 [0.38-0.93] 0.56
[0.37-0.86] 0.64 [0.40-1.18] 0.06 FABP1, .mu.g/mmol 216 1.58
[0.59-5.12] 1.79 [0.58-5.57] 1.43 [0.66-3.75] 0.6 Fibronectin, 229
61.0 [44.7-92.3] 59.5 [42.4-91.8] 65.7 [48.5-92.2] 0.2 .mu.g/mmol
GDF15, .mu.g/mmol 229 0.75 [0.49-1.16] 0.79 [0.53-1.19] 0.62
[0.44-1.12] 0.09 IL6, ng/mmol 176 0.43 [0.17-0.82] 0.39 [0.16-0.84]
0.48 [0.17-0.81] 0.5 KIM1, .mu.g/mmol 222 0.07 [0.04-0.12] 0.07
[0.04-0.12] 0.07 [0.04-0.12] 0.5 LIF, ng/mmol 154 2.64 [1.62-4.55]
2.41 [1.48-3.82] 3.47 [2.01-5.47] 0.02 MCP1, ng/mmol 229 24.0
[15.5-39.4] 22.3 [15.3-40.1] 26.3 [15.9-38.1] 0.5 MMP9, .mu.g/mmol
168 0.05 [0.01-0.26] 0.03 [0.01-0.08] 0.26 [0.05-0.90] <0.0001
NGAL, .mu.g/mmol 229 4.12 [2.19-10.81] 2.98 [1.79-7.12] 8.00
[3.28-18.34] <0.0001 Osteopontin, 227 76.0 [45.8-107.1] 74.7
[46.0-106] 77.1 [36.7-109] 0.99 .mu.g/mmol TIMP1, .mu.g/mmol 228
0.24 [0.13-0.47] 0.31 [0.18-0.56] 0.14 [0.08-0.25] <0.0001
TGF-.alpha., ng/mmol 229 0.38 [0.26-0.54] 0.33 [0.24-0.48] 0.44
[0.34-0.55] 0.0003 Uromodulin, 227 1.58 [0.81-2.97] 1.39
[0.74-2.91] 2.09 [1.21-2.98] 0.02 mg/mmol VEGFA, ng/mmol 227 10.2
[6.1-16.5] 11.5 [6.8-19.4] 8.7 [4.3-11.2] <0.0001
[0174] Values given are adjusted for urine creatinine
concentration.
[0175] N, number of patients; IQR, Interquartile range; min:
minimum value recorded; max: maximum value recorded; EGF, Epidermal
Growth Factor; FABP1, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1; GDF15, Growth
Differentiation Factor 15; IL6, Interleukin 6; KIM 1, Kidney Injury
Molecule 1; LIF, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; MMP9, Matrix
Metalloprotease 9; MCP1, Monocyte Chernoattractant Protein 1; NGAL,
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin; TMP 1; Tissue Inhibitor
of Metalloprotease 1; TGF-.alpha., Transforming Growth Factor
alpha; VEGFA Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A.
Individual biomarker association with CKD progression
[0176] We observed no correlation between the baseline mGFR and the
percent change in progression (r=-0.06, p=0.4). We then studied the
association between urinary protein levels and the risk of being a
`fast progressor`. We initially studied each of the biomarkers
individually and then subsequently sequentially adjusted each
biomarker for known important risk factors for CKD progression
including albuminuria in a multivariable logistic regression
analysis (Table 4). The risk of being in a `fast progressor` status
was, as expected, increased by albuminuria and/or proteinuria. It
was also increased by elevations in levels of cystatin C, FABP1,
fibronectin, GDF15, KIM1, MCP1, NGAL, TIMP1, TGF-.alpha. and VEGFA.
The risk was however reduced by increases in EGF. When traditional
risk factors for CKD progression were added to the regression
model, the risks were attenuated and there was further attenuation
by adjusting for albuminuria (Table 4). Fibronectin, MCP1, TIMP1
and TGF-.alpha. however remained significantly associated with the
risk after taking into account the role of all these factors.
Interestingly, the effect size on progression was higher with
TGF-.alpha. (OR 2.34) than with albuminuria (OR 1.72).
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 biomarker correlation with risk of `fast
progressor` (fall in mGFR >10% per year) status. +mean mGFR +
Biomarker *covariates +albumin OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Protein 2.15(1.52, 3.03) 1.87(1.24, 2.83) Albumin 2.08(1.48, 2.91)
1.72(1.14, 2.58) Cystatin C 1.92(1.40, 2.65) 1.72(1.13, 2.60)
1.44(0.91, 2.28) EGF 0.62(0.46, 0.84) 0.87(0.54, 1.38) 0.96(0.59,
1.56) FABP 1.87(1.37, 2.54) 1.53(1.06, 2.22) 1.29(0.85, 1.96)
Fibronectin 1.59(1.18, 2.15) 1.60(1.13, 2.25) 1.48(1.04, 2.11)
GDF15 1.60(1.17, 2.19) 1.53(1.05, 2.22) 1.40(0.95, 2.04) KIM1
1.70(1.16, 2.51) 1.54(1.01, 2.33) 1.35(0.89, 2.06) MCP1 2.10(1.51,
2.93) 2.09(1.45, 3.01) 1.95(1.35, 2.82) NGAL 1.50(1.12, 2.00)
1.38(0.98, 1.95) 1.25(0.87, 1.79) Osteopontin 1.09(0.80, 1.48)
1.14(0.80, 1.62) 1.10(0.79, 1.54) TIMP1 2.02(1.45, 2.83) 1.91(1.31,
2.78) 1.72(1.15, 2.55) TGF-.alpha. 2.08(1.48, 2.92) 2.34(1.57,
3.48) 2.36(1.57, 3.54) Uromodulin 1.26(0.94, 1.69) 1.29(0.91, 1.83)
1.29(0.90, 1.84) VEGFA 1.82(1.31, 2.53) 1.62(1.08, 2.41) 1.46(0.97,
2.20) Abbreviations: mGFR, measured glomerular filtration rate; OR,
odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; EGF, Epidermal Growth Factor;
FABP1, Fatty Acid Binding Protein; GDF15, Growth and
Differentiation Factor 15; KIM1, Kidney Injury Molecule 1; MCP1,
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1; NGAL, Neutrophil Gelatinase
Associated Lipocalin; TIMP1, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotease 1,
TGF-.alpha., Transforming Growth Factor alpha, VEGFA, Vascular
Endothelial Growth Factor A. OR presented are per gender-specific
standard deviation (SD) unit increase (after log-transformation).
*covariates: age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, gender,
Black/ African ethnicity, diabetes, history of cardiovascular
disease, smoker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or
angiotensin receptor blocker, and recruitment centre
Combining urinary biomarkers to predict CKD progression
[0177] Six different models combining 4 to 6 biomarkers were
compared against the reference model with albuminuria (Table
5).
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Biomarker combinations giving 6 different
models associated with risk of fast progression: *odds ratio (95%
CI) of `fast progressor` status (mGFR decline >10% per year).
Model 0 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Albumin 1.8
1.7 1.76 1.55 1.49 1.68 1.6 (1.23-2.62) (1.06-2.72) (1.08-2.86)
(1.00-2.41) (0.96-2.30) (1.07-2.65) (1.03-2.49) EGF 0.54 0.55 0.59
0.59 0.51 0.67 (0.32-0.94) (0.33-0.95) (0.35-0.99) (0.35-1.01)
(0.29-0.88) (0.40-1.10) GDF15 0.94 0.94 0.85 0.82 0.99 1.00
(0.59-1.48) (0.60-1.48) (0.56-1.30) (0.54-1.24) (0.63-1.54)
(0.67-1.49) TGF-.alpha. 2.53 2.53 2.4 2.39 2.9 2.15 (1.58-4.04)
(1.59-4.03) (1.52-3.80) (1.53-3.74) (1.76-4.75) (1.39-3.32) MCP1
1.96 2.07 1.99 1.83 2.22 (1.31-2.94) (1.36-3.14) (1.32-2.99)
(1.19-2.81) (1.45-3.40) FABP1 0.73 (0.43-1.24) Cystatin C 0.68
(0.39-1.20) Fibronectin 0.91 (0.58-1.38) KIM1 1.20 (0.77-1.86) NGAL
0.54 (0.32-0.91) TIMP1 0.98 1.18 (0.95-1.01) (0.74-1.90) LRT (df)
Ref 33.9 (5) 34.6 (6) 32.8 (5) 33.3 (5) 38.3 (5) 21.6 (4) p-value
<0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0002 AUC
0.769 0.838 0.842 0.838 0.839 0.849 0.807 SBS 0.18 0.31 0.32 0.31
0.31 0.33 0.26 IDI/rIDI Ref 13.3/74.1 13.5/75.5 12.8/71.7 12.8/71.8
15.2/84.2 8.1/45.5 Abbreviations: CI, confindence interval; SD,
standard deviation; EGF, Epidermal Growth Factor; GDF15, Growth and
Differentiation Factor 15; TGF-.alpha., Transforming Growth Factor
alpha; MCP1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1; FABP1, Fatty Acid
Binding Protein; KIM1, Kidney Injury Molecule 1; NGAL, Neutrophil
Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin; TIMP1, Tissue Inhibitor of
Metalloprotease 1; LRT, likelihood ratio test; df, degrees of
freedom; Ref, reference model; AUC, area under the curve; SBS,
scale Brier score; IDI, integrated discrimination index; rIDI,
relative IDI. *odds ratios presented are per gender-specific SD
unit increase (after log-transformation). Models were adjusted for
mean mGFR across visits, diabetes and recruitment centre.
[0178] Models were based on having biomarker reflecting different
pathophysiological process and interbiomaker correlation within
each model of <0.55. These models were adjusted only for mean
mGFR and for significantly associated factors i.e. diabetes and the
(NephroTest) recruitment centre. All models with biomarkers
performed better than the reference model without the biomarkers
(Table 5, likelihood ratio test), but the model containing EGF,
GDF15, MCP1, NGAL, and TGF-.alpha. (model 5) was the best model
according to all the performance criteria employed. In particular,
biomarkers in model 5 significantly increased the area under the
curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
from 0.77 to 0.85 (p=0.006) from the reference model (with albumin
and without other biomarkers). Supporting these results, we also
carried out a step-wise regression analysis with no a priori
hypothesis as to functional role of biomarkers or interbiomarker
correlations and interestingly obtained exactly the same
combination of biomarkers.
[0179] Because GDF15 was not found to be associated with
progression in the model (OR 0.99 (0.63-1.54)), we tested and
observed that when removed from the model, performance criteria of
this new model were unaffected (data not shown). Surprisingly, we
also observed that NGAL similar to EGF in our model appeared to
confer a protective effect (Table 5). This appeared contrary to its
individual effect on disease progression where it was associated
with an increased risk of being a `fast progressor`. Analysing NGAL
in tertiles instead of continuously revealed its complex
relationship with progression (J-shaped pattern) after adjustment
for other biomarkers (FIG. 3). For these reasons, model 5 could be
simplified by removing GDF15 and NGAL and we provide a final model
predicting fast progression with EGF, MCP1 and TGF-.alpha. in
addition to albuminuria with a c-statistic of 0.84 still superior
to that of albumin and the other risk factors (see FIG. 1).
Comparing mGFR and eGFR
[0180] Using eGFR instead of mGFR to define CKD progression in our
final model gave us different results. Only TGF-.alpha. and albumin
remained significantly associated with progression in simplified
model 5, OR (95%CI) of 1.51(1.07-2.12) and 1.55(1.05-2.27))
respectively but neither EGF nor MCP1, 0.72(0.45-1.15) and
1.21(0.86-1.69) respectively. As expected, correlation between eGFR
and mGFR was high (r=0.87) and GFR was overestimated with the
formula compared to the gold standard (median bias IQR 2.60 (1.46,
3.76)). Proportion of fast progressors (GFR decline >10%/year)
remained the same (29.69%) using either mGFR or eGFR. However, we
observed that of the 68 `fast progressors` in the cohort defined by
mGFR only 38 (56%) were correctly classified as being `fast
progressors` by using eGFRs giving eGFR quite a low sensitivity for
identifying `fast progressors` (FIG. 2).
Discussion
[0181] We did not find an improvement in predictability in our
cohort using this model since our outcome measures were different.
It would be interesting however to see if the prediction could be
ameliorated with the addition of this new biomarker signature.
[0182] It is acknowledge that RAAS blockade slows down CKD
progression. The observation here that more of the fast-progressors
were on ACEI and ARB drugs most likely reflects the clinicians'
response to the higher levels of albuminuria in the `fast
progressor` group than a contrary effect of the RAAS blockade in
this group42.
[0183] This is particularly evident from our results comparing the
two techniques as we show here demonstrating the much reduced
sensitivity of the eGFR in detecting disease progression. In the
context of a discovery observational study such as this one, the
well-characterised patient cohort with rigorously mGFRs has been
very useful. Having very accurate mGFRs here enabled us correctly
classify our patients in their true progressor statuses and as a
consequence we could correlate this accurately with the variations
in biomarkers in a relatively small cohort and still draw valid
significant findings which have not been possible with the less
accurate eGFR in which greater numbers of patients would be
required.
[0184] Since the progress of CKD is a complex pathophysiological
process involving many pathways, the need for a combination of
several biomarkers (as opposed to a unique biomarker) may be
required to make accurate predictions. Although this cohort is
relatively small cohort and most of the patients had only two mGFRs
over the follow-up period, it has several advantages. The use of
the mGFR has already been discussed but in addition this was also
an ethnically diverse cohort and contained a good representation of
the various pathologies, which account for CKD in registries. We
managed to narrow down the number of biomarkers in our final model
owing to a degree of redundancy.
[0185] In conclusion, we propose TGF-.alpha., EGF, and MCP1
together with albumin and demographic risk factors as a new
molecular signature of CKD progression to be potentially used early
in the disease process.
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Sequence CWU 1
1
1611207PRTHomo sapiens 1Met Leu Leu Thr Leu Ile Ile Leu Leu Pro Val
Val Ser Lys Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Phe Val Ser Leu Ser Ala Pro Gln His
Trp Ser Cys Pro Glu Gly Thr 20 25 30 Leu Ala Gly Asn Gly Asn Ser
Thr Cys Val Gly Pro Ala Pro Phe Leu 35 40 45 Ile Phe Ser His Gly
Asn Ser Ile Phe Arg Ile Asp Thr Glu Gly Thr 50 55 60 Asn Tyr Glu
Gln Leu Val Val Asp Ala Gly Val Ser Val Ile Met Asp 65 70 75 80 Phe
His Tyr Asn Glu Lys Arg Ile Tyr Trp Val Asp Leu Glu Arg Gln 85 90
95 Leu Leu Gln Arg Val Phe Leu Asn Gly Ser Arg Gln Glu Arg Val Cys
100 105 110 Asn Ile Glu Lys Asn Val Ser Gly Met Ala Ile Asn Trp Ile
Asn Glu 115 120 125 Glu Val Ile Trp Ser Asn Gln Gln Glu Gly Ile Ile
Thr Val Thr Asp 130 135 140 Met Lys Gly Asn Asn Ser His Ile Leu Leu
Ser Ala Leu Lys Tyr Pro 145 150 155 160 Ala Asn Val Ala Val Asp Pro
Val Glu Arg Phe Ile Phe Trp Ser Ser 165 170 175 Glu Val Ala Gly Ser
Leu Tyr Arg Ala Asp Leu Asp Gly Val Gly Val 180 185 190 Lys Ala Leu
Leu Glu Thr Ser Glu Lys Ile Thr Ala Val Ser Leu Asp 195 200 205 Val
Leu Asp Lys Arg Leu Phe Trp Ile Gln Tyr Asn Arg Glu Gly Ser 210 215
220 Asn Ser Leu Ile Cys Ser Cys Asp Tyr Asp Gly Gly Ser Val His Ile
225 230 235 240 Ser Lys His Pro Thr Gln His Asn Leu Phe Ala Met Ser
Leu Phe Gly 245 250 255 Asp Arg Ile Phe Tyr Ser Thr Trp Lys Met Lys
Thr Ile Trp Ile Ala 260 265 270 Asn Lys His Thr Gly Lys Asp Met Val
Arg Ile Asn Leu His Ser Ser 275 280 285 Phe Val Pro Leu Gly Glu Leu
Lys Val Val His Pro Leu Ala Gln Pro 290 295 300 Lys Ala Glu Asp Asp
Thr Trp Glu Pro Glu Gln Lys Leu Cys Lys Leu 305 310 315 320 Arg Lys
Gly Asn Cys Ser Ser Thr Val Cys Gly Gln Asp Leu Gln Ser 325 330 335
His Leu Cys Met Cys Ala Glu Gly Tyr Ala Leu Ser Arg Asp Arg Lys 340
345 350 Tyr Cys Glu Asp Val Asn Glu Cys Ala Phe Trp Asn His Gly Cys
Thr 355 360 365 Leu Gly Cys Lys Asn Thr Pro Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Cys Thr
Cys Pro Val 370 375 380 Gly Phe Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Gly Lys Arg Cys
His Gln Leu Val Ser 385 390 395 400 Cys Pro Arg Asn Val Ser Glu Cys
Ser His Asp Cys Val Leu Thr Ser 405 410 415 Glu Gly Pro Leu Cys Phe
Cys Pro Glu Gly Ser Val Leu Glu Arg Asp 420 425 430 Gly Lys Thr Cys
Ser Gly Cys Ser Ser Pro Asp Asn Gly Gly Cys Ser 435 440 445 Gln Leu
Cys Val Pro Leu Ser Pro Val Ser Trp Glu Cys Asp Cys Phe 450 455 460
Pro Gly Tyr Asp Leu Gln Leu Asp Glu Lys Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly 465
470 475 480 Pro Gln Pro Phe Leu Leu Phe Ala Asn Ser Gln Asp Ile Arg
His Met 485 490 495 His Phe Asp Gly Thr Asp Tyr Gly Thr Leu Leu Ser
Gln Gln Met Gly 500 505 510 Met Val Tyr Ala Leu Asp His Asp Pro Val
Glu Asn Lys Ile Tyr Phe 515 520 525 Ala His Thr Ala Leu Lys Trp Ile
Glu Arg Ala Asn Met Asp Gly Ser 530 535 540 Gln Arg Glu Arg Leu Ile
Glu Glu Gly Val Asp Val Pro Glu Gly Leu 545 550 555 560 Ala Val Asp
Trp Ile Gly Arg Arg Phe Tyr Trp Thr Asp Arg Gly Lys 565 570 575 Ser
Leu Ile Gly Arg Ser Asp Leu Asn Gly Lys Arg Ser Lys Ile Ile 580 585
590 Thr Lys Glu Asn Ile Ser Gln Pro Arg Gly Ile Ala Val His Pro Met
595 600 605 Ala Lys Arg Leu Phe Trp Thr Asp Thr Gly Ile Asn Pro Arg
Ile Glu 610 615 620 Ser Ser Ser Leu Gln Gly Leu Gly Arg Leu Val Ile
Ala Ser Ser Asp 625 630 635 640 Leu Ile Trp Pro Ser Gly Ile Thr Ile
Asp Phe Leu Thr Asp Lys Leu 645 650 655 Tyr Trp Cys Asp Ala Lys Gln
Ser Val Ile Glu Met Ala Asn Leu Asp 660 665 670 Gly Ser Lys Arg Arg
Arg Leu Thr Gln Asn Asp Val Gly His Pro Phe 675 680 685 Ala Val Ala
Val Phe Glu Asp Tyr Val Trp Phe Ser Asp Trp Ala Met 690 695 700 Pro
Ser Val Met Arg Val Asn Lys Arg Thr Gly Lys Asp Arg Val Arg 705 710
715 720 Leu Gln Gly Ser Met Leu Lys Pro Ser Ser Leu Val Val Val His
Pro 725 730 735 Leu Ala Lys Pro Gly Ala Asp Pro Cys Leu Tyr Gln Asn
Gly Gly Cys 740 745 750 Glu His Ile Cys Lys Lys Arg Leu Gly Thr Ala
Trp Cys Ser Cys Arg 755 760 765 Glu Gly Phe Met Lys Ala Ser Asp Gly
Lys Thr Cys Leu Ala Leu Asp 770 775 780 Gly His Gln Leu Leu Ala Gly
Gly Glu Val Asp Leu Lys Asn Gln Val 785 790 795 800 Thr Pro Leu Asp
Ile Leu Ser Lys Thr Arg Val Ser Glu Asp Asn Ile 805 810 815 Thr Glu
Ser Gln His Met Leu Val Ala Glu Ile Met Val Ser Asp Gln 820 825 830
Asp Asp Cys Ala Pro Val Gly Cys Ser Met Tyr Ala Arg Cys Ile Ser 835
840 845 Glu Gly Glu Asp Ala Thr Cys Gln Cys Leu Lys Gly Phe Ala Gly
Asp 850 855 860 Gly Lys Leu Cys Ser Asp Ile Asp Glu Cys Glu Met Gly
Val Pro Val 865 870 875 880 Cys Pro Pro Ala Ser Ser Lys Cys Ile Asn
Thr Glu Gly Gly Tyr Val 885 890 895 Cys Arg Cys Ser Glu Gly Tyr Gln
Gly Asp Gly Ile His Cys Leu Asp 900 905 910 Ile Asp Glu Cys Gln Leu
Gly Glu His Ser Cys Gly Glu Asn Ala Ser 915 920 925 Cys Thr Asn Thr
Glu Gly Gly Tyr Thr Cys Met Cys Ala Gly Arg Leu 930 935 940 Ser Glu
Pro Gly Leu Ile Cys Pro Asp Ser Thr Pro Pro Pro His Leu 945 950 955
960 Arg Glu Asp Asp His His Tyr Ser Val Arg Asn Ser Asp Ser Glu Cys
965 970 975 Pro Leu Ser His Asp Gly Tyr Cys Leu His Asp Gly Val Cys
Met Tyr 980 985 990 Ile Glu Ala Leu Asp Lys Tyr Ala Cys Asn Cys Val
Val Gly Tyr Ile 995 1000 1005 Gly Glu Arg Cys Gln Tyr Arg Asp Leu
Lys Trp Trp Glu Leu Arg 1010 1015 1020 His Ala Gly His Gly Gln Gln
Gln Lys Val Ile Val Val Ala Val 1025 1030 1035 Cys Val Val Val Leu
Val Met Leu Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu Trp Gly 1040 1045 1050 Ala His Tyr
Tyr Arg Thr Gln Lys Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Pro Lys 1055 1060 1065 Asn
Pro Tyr Glu Glu Ser Ser Arg Asp Val Arg Ser Arg Arg Pro 1070 1075
1080 Ala Asp Thr Glu Asp Gly Met Ser Ser Cys Pro Gln Pro Trp Phe
1085 1090 1095 Val Val Ile Lys Glu His Gln Asp Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly
Gln Pro 1100 1105 1110 Val Ala Gly Glu Asp Gly Gln Ala Ala Asp Gly
Ser Met Gln Pro 1115 1120 1125 Thr Ser Trp Arg Gln Glu Pro Gln Leu
Cys Gly Met Gly Thr Glu 1130 1135 1140 Gln Gly Cys Trp Ile Pro Val
Ser Ser Asp Lys Gly Ser Cys Pro 1145 1150 1155 Gln Val Met Glu Arg
Ser Phe His Met Pro Ser Tyr Gly Thr Gln 1160 1165 1170 Thr Leu Glu
Gly Gly Val Glu Lys Pro His Ser Leu Leu Ser Ala 1175 1180 1185 Asn
Pro Leu Trp Gln Gln Arg Ala Leu Asp Pro Pro His Gln Met 1190 1195
1200 Glu Leu Thr Gln 1205 2308PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Pro Gly Gln Glu
Leu Arg Thr Val Asn Gly Ser Gln Met Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Val Leu Leu
Val Leu Ser Trp Leu Pro His Gly Gly Ala Leu Ser Leu 20 25 30 Ala
Glu Ala Ser Arg Ala Ser Phe Pro Gly Pro Ser Glu Leu His Ser 35 40
45 Glu Asp Ser Arg Phe Arg Glu Leu Arg Lys Arg Tyr Glu Asp Leu Leu
50 55 60 Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asn Gln Ser Trp Glu Asp Ser Asn Thr
Asp Leu 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Ala Pro Ala Val Arg Ile Leu Thr Pro Glu
Val Arg Leu Gly 85 90 95 Ser Gly Gly His Leu His Leu Arg Ile Ser
Arg Ala Ala Leu Pro Glu 100 105 110 Gly Leu Pro Glu Ala Ser Arg Leu
His Arg Ala Leu Phe Arg Leu Ser 115 120 125 Pro Thr Ala Ser Arg Ser
Trp Asp Val Thr Arg Pro Leu Arg Arg Gln 130 135 140 Leu Ser Leu Ala
Arg Pro Gln Ala Pro Ala Leu His Leu Arg Leu Ser 145 150 155 160 Pro
Pro Pro Ser Gln Ser Asp Gln Leu Leu Ala Glu Ser Ser Ser Ala 165 170
175 Arg Pro Gln Leu Glu Leu His Leu Arg Pro Gln Ala Ala Arg Gly Arg
180 185 190 Arg Arg Ala Arg Ala Arg Asn Gly Asp His Cys Pro Leu Gly
Pro Gly 195 200 205 Arg Cys Cys Arg Leu His Thr Val Arg Ala Ser Leu
Glu Asp Leu Gly 210 215 220 Trp Ala Asp Trp Val Leu Ser Pro Arg Glu
Val Gln Val Thr Met Cys 225 230 235 240 Ile Gly Ala Cys Pro Ser Gln
Phe Arg Ala Ala Asn Met His Ala Gln 245 250 255 Ile Lys Thr Ser Leu
His Arg Leu Lys Pro Asp Thr Val Pro Ala Pro 260 265 270 Cys Cys Val
Pro Ala Ser Tyr Asn Pro Met Val Leu Ile Gln Lys Thr 275 280 285 Asp
Thr Gly Val Ser Leu Gln Thr Tyr Asp Asp Leu Leu Ala Lys Asp 290 295
300 Cys His Cys Ile 305 3160PRTHomo sapiens 3Met Val Pro Ser Ala
Gly Gln Leu Ala Leu Phe Ala Leu Gly Ile Val 1 5 10 15 Leu Ala Ala
Cys Gln Ala Leu Glu Asn Ser Thr Ser Pro Leu Ser Ala 20 25 30 Asp
Pro Pro Val Ala Ala Ala Val Val Ser His Phe Asn Asp Cys Pro 35 40
45 Asp Ser His Thr Gln Phe Cys Phe His Gly Thr Cys Arg Phe Leu Val
50 55 60 Gln Glu Asp Lys Pro Ala Cys Val Cys His Ser Gly Tyr Val
Gly Ala 65 70 75 80 Arg Cys Glu His Ala Asp Leu Leu Ala Val Val Ala
Ala Ser Gln Lys 85 90 95 Lys Gln Ala Ile Thr Ala Leu Val Val Val
Ser Ile Val Ala Leu Ala 100 105 110 Val Leu Ile Ile Thr Cys Val Leu
Ile His Cys Cys Gln Val Arg Lys 115 120 125 His Cys Glu Trp Cys Arg
Ala Leu Ile Cys Arg His Glu Lys Pro Ser 130 135 140 Ala Leu Leu Lys
Gly Arg Thr Ala Cys Cys His Ser Glu Thr Val Val 145 150 155 160
499PRTHomo sapiens 4Met Lys Val Ser Ala Ala Leu Leu Cys Leu Leu Leu
Ile Ala Ala Thr 1 5 10 15 Phe Ile Pro Gln Gly Leu Ala Gln Pro Asp
Ala Ile Asn Ala Pro Val 20 25 30 Thr Cys Cys Tyr Asn Phe Thr Asn
Arg Lys Ile Ser Val Gln Arg Leu 35 40 45 Ala Ser Tyr Arg Arg Ile
Thr Ser Ser Lys Cys Pro Lys Glu Ala Val 50 55 60 Ile Phe Lys Thr
Ile Val Ala Lys Glu Ile Cys Ala Asp Pro Lys Gln 65 70 75 80 Lys Trp
Val Gln Asp Ser Met Asp His Leu Asp Lys Gln Thr Gln Thr 85 90 95
Pro Lys Thr 5127PRTHomo sapiens 5Met Ser Phe Ser Gly Lys Tyr Gln
Leu Gln Ser Gln Glu Asn Phe Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Phe Met Lys Ala Ile
Gly Leu Pro Glu Glu Leu Ile Gln Lys Gly 20 25 30 Lys Asp Ile Lys
Gly Val Ser Glu Ile Val Gln Asn Gly Lys His Phe 35 40 45 Lys Phe
Thr Ile Thr Ala Gly Ser Lys Val Ile Gln Asn Glu Phe Thr 50 55 60
Val Gly Glu Glu Cys Glu Leu Glu Thr Met Thr Gly Glu Lys Val Lys 65
70 75 80 Thr Val Val Gln Leu Glu Gly Asp Asn Lys Leu Val Thr Thr
Phe Lys 85 90 95 Asn Ile Lys Ser Val Thr Glu Leu Asn Gly Asp Ile
Ile Thr Asn Thr 100 105 110 Met Thr Leu Gly Asp Ile Val Phe Lys Arg
Ile Ser Lys Arg Ile 115 120 125 6146PRTHomo sapiens 6Met Ala Gly
Pro Leu Arg Ala Pro Leu Leu Leu Leu Ala Ile Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Val
Ala Leu Ala Val Ser Pro Ala Ala Gly Ser Ser Pro Gly Lys Pro 20 25
30 Pro Arg Leu Val Gly Gly Pro Met Asp Ala Ser Val Glu Glu Glu Gly
35 40 45 Val Arg Arg Ala Leu Asp Phe Ala Val Gly Glu Tyr Asn Lys
Ala Ser 50 55 60 Asn Asp Met Tyr His Ser Arg Ala Leu Gln Val Val
Arg Ala Arg Lys 65 70 75 80 Gln Ile Val Ala Gly Val Asn Tyr Phe Leu
Asp Val Glu Leu Gly Arg 85 90 95 Thr Thr Cys Thr Lys Thr Gln Pro
Asn Leu Asp Asn Cys Pro Phe His 100 105 110 Asp Gln Pro His Leu Lys
Arg Lys Ala Phe Cys Ser Phe Gln Ile Tyr 115 120 125 Ala Val Pro Trp
Gln Gly Thr Met Thr Leu Ser Lys Ser Thr Cys Gln 130 135 140 Asp Ala
145 72386PRTHomo sapiens 7Met Leu Arg Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly Leu Leu
Leu Leu Ala Val Gln Cys 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Thr Ala Val Pro Ser Thr
Gly Ala Ser Lys Ser Lys Arg Gln 20 25 30 Ala Gln Gln Met Val Gln
Pro Gln Ser Pro Val Ala Val Ser Gln Ser 35 40 45 Lys Pro Gly Cys
Tyr Asp Asn Gly Lys His Tyr Gln Ile Asn Gln Gln 50 55 60 Trp Glu
Arg Thr Tyr Leu Gly Asn Ala Leu Val Cys Thr Cys Tyr Gly 65 70 75 80
Gly Ser Arg Gly Phe Asn Cys Glu Ser Lys Pro Glu Ala Glu Glu Thr 85
90 95 Cys Phe Asp Lys Tyr Thr Gly Asn Thr Tyr Arg Val Gly Asp Thr
Tyr 100 105 110 Glu Arg Pro Lys Asp Ser Met Ile Trp Asp Cys Thr Cys
Ile Gly Ala 115 120 125 Gly Arg Gly Arg Ile Ser Cys Thr Ile Ala Asn
Arg Cys His Glu Gly 130 135 140 Gly Gln Ser Tyr Lys Ile Gly Asp Thr
Trp Arg Arg Pro His Glu Thr 145 150 155 160 Gly Gly Tyr Met Leu Glu
Cys Val Cys Leu Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Glu 165 170 175 Trp Thr Cys Lys
Pro Ile Ala Glu Lys Cys Phe Asp His Ala Ala Gly 180 185 190 Thr Ser
Tyr Val Val Gly Glu Thr Trp Glu Lys Pro Tyr Gln Gly Trp 195 200 205
Met Met Val Asp Cys Thr Cys Leu Gly Glu Gly Ser Gly Arg Ile Thr 210
215 220 Cys Thr Ser Arg Asn Arg Cys Asn
Asp Gln Asp Thr Arg Thr Ser Tyr 225 230 235 240 Arg Ile Gly Asp Thr
Trp Ser Lys Lys Asp Asn Arg Gly Asn Leu Leu 245 250 255 Gln Cys Ile
Cys Thr Gly Asn Gly Arg Gly Glu Trp Lys Cys Glu Arg 260 265 270 His
Thr Ser Val Gln Thr Thr Ser Ser Gly Ser Gly Pro Phe Thr Asp 275 280
285 Val Arg Ala Ala Val Tyr Gln Pro Gln Pro His Pro Gln Pro Pro Pro
290 295 300 Tyr Gly His Cys Val Thr Asp Ser Gly Val Val Tyr Ser Val
Gly Met 305 310 315 320 Gln Trp Leu Lys Thr Gln Gly Asn Lys Gln Met
Leu Cys Thr Cys Leu 325 330 335 Gly Asn Gly Val Ser Cys Gln Glu Thr
Ala Val Thr Gln Thr Tyr Gly 340 345 350 Gly Asn Ser Asn Gly Glu Pro
Cys Val Leu Pro Phe Thr Tyr Asn Gly 355 360 365 Arg Thr Phe Tyr Ser
Cys Thr Thr Glu Gly Arg Gln Asp Gly His Leu 370 375 380 Trp Cys Ser
Thr Thr Ser Asn Tyr Glu Gln Asp Gln Lys Tyr Ser Phe 385 390 395 400
Cys Thr Asp His Thr Val Leu Val Gln Thr Arg Gly Gly Asn Ser Asn 405
410 415 Gly Ala Leu Cys His Phe Pro Phe Leu Tyr Asn Asn His Asn Tyr
Thr 420 425 430 Asp Cys Thr Ser Glu Gly Arg Arg Asp Asn Met Lys Trp
Cys Gly Thr 435 440 445 Thr Gln Asn Tyr Asp Ala Asp Gln Lys Phe Gly
Phe Cys Pro Met Ala 450 455 460 Ala His Glu Glu Ile Cys Thr Thr Asn
Glu Gly Val Met Tyr Arg Ile 465 470 475 480 Gly Asp Gln Trp Asp Lys
Gln His Asp Met Gly His Met Met Arg Cys 485 490 495 Thr Cys Val Gly
Asn Gly Arg Gly Glu Trp Thr Cys Ile Ala Tyr Ser 500 505 510 Gln Leu
Arg Asp Gln Cys Ile Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Tyr Asn Val Asn 515 520 525
Asp Thr Phe His Lys Arg His Glu Glu Gly His Met Leu Asn Cys Thr 530
535 540 Cys Phe Gly Gln Gly Arg Gly Arg Trp Lys Cys Asp Pro Val Asp
Gln 545 550 555 560 Cys Gln Asp Ser Glu Thr Gly Thr Phe Tyr Gln Ile
Gly Asp Ser Trp 565 570 575 Glu Lys Tyr Val His Gly Val Arg Tyr Gln
Cys Tyr Cys Tyr Gly Arg 580 585 590 Gly Ile Gly Glu Trp His Cys Gln
Pro Leu Gln Thr Tyr Pro Ser Ser 595 600 605 Ser Gly Pro Val Glu Val
Phe Ile Thr Glu Thr Pro Ser Gln Pro Asn 610 615 620 Ser His Pro Ile
Gln Trp Asn Ala Pro Gln Pro Ser His Ile Ser Lys 625 630 635 640 Tyr
Ile Leu Arg Trp Arg Pro Lys Asn Ser Val Gly Arg Trp Lys Glu 645 650
655 Ala Thr Ile Pro Gly His Leu Asn Ser Tyr Thr Ile Lys Gly Leu Lys
660 665 670 Pro Gly Val Val Tyr Glu Gly Gln Leu Ile Ser Ile Gln Gln
Tyr Gly 675 680 685 His Gln Glu Val Thr Arg Phe Asp Phe Thr Thr Thr
Ser Thr Ser Thr 690 695 700 Pro Val Thr Ser Asn Thr Val Thr Gly Glu
Thr Thr Pro Phe Ser Pro 705 710 715 720 Leu Val Ala Thr Ser Glu Ser
Val Thr Glu Ile Thr Ala Ser Ser Phe 725 730 735 Val Val Ser Trp Val
Ser Ala Ser Asp Thr Val Ser Gly Phe Arg Val 740 745 750 Glu Tyr Glu
Leu Ser Glu Glu Gly Asp Glu Pro Gln Tyr Leu Asp Leu 755 760 765 Pro
Ser Thr Ala Thr Ser Val Asn Ile Pro Asp Leu Leu Pro Gly Arg 770 775
780 Lys Tyr Ile Val Asn Val Tyr Gln Ile Ser Glu Asp Gly Glu Gln Ser
785 790 795 800 Leu Ile Leu Ser Thr Ser Gln Thr Thr Ala Pro Asp Ala
Pro Pro Asp 805 810 815 Thr Thr Val Asp Gln Val Asp Asp Thr Ser Ile
Val Val Arg Trp Ser 820 825 830 Arg Pro Gln Ala Pro Ile Thr Gly Tyr
Arg Ile Val Tyr Ser Pro Ser 835 840 845 Val Glu Gly Ser Ser Thr Glu
Leu Asn Leu Pro Glu Thr Ala Asn Ser 850 855 860 Val Thr Leu Ser Asp
Leu Gln Pro Gly Val Gln Tyr Asn Ile Thr Ile 865 870 875 880 Tyr Ala
Val Glu Glu Asn Gln Glu Ser Thr Pro Val Val Ile Gln Gln 885 890 895
Glu Thr Thr Gly Thr Pro Arg Ser Asp Thr Val Pro Ser Pro Arg Asp 900
905 910 Leu Gln Phe Val Glu Val Thr Asp Val Lys Val Thr Ile Met Trp
Thr 915 920 925 Pro Pro Glu Ser Ala Val Thr Gly Tyr Arg Val Asp Val
Ile Pro Val 930 935 940 Asn Leu Pro Gly Glu His Gly Gln Arg Leu Pro
Ile Ser Arg Asn Thr 945 950 955 960 Phe Ala Glu Val Thr Gly Leu Ser
Pro Gly Val Thr Tyr Tyr Phe Lys 965 970 975 Val Phe Ala Val Ser His
Gly Arg Glu Ser Lys Pro Leu Thr Ala Gln 980 985 990 Gln Thr Thr Lys
Leu Asp Ala Pro Thr Asn Leu Gln Phe Val Asn Glu 995 1000 1005 Thr
Asp Ser Thr Val Leu Val Arg Trp Thr Pro Pro Arg Ala Gln 1010 1015
1020 Ile Thr Gly Tyr Arg Leu Thr Val Gly Leu Thr Arg Arg Gly Gln
1025 1030 1035 Pro Arg Gln Tyr Asn Val Gly Pro Ser Val Ser Lys Tyr
Pro Leu 1040 1045 1050 Arg Asn Leu Gln Pro Ala Ser Glu Tyr Thr Val
Ser Leu Val Ala 1055 1060 1065 Ile Lys Gly Asn Gln Glu Ser Pro Lys
Ala Thr Gly Val Phe Thr 1070 1075 1080 Thr Leu Gln Pro Gly Ser Ser
Ile Pro Pro Tyr Asn Thr Glu Val 1085 1090 1095 Thr Glu Thr Thr Ile
Val Ile Thr Trp Thr Pro Ala Pro Arg Ile 1100 1105 1110 Gly Phe Lys
Leu Gly Val Arg Pro Ser Gln Gly Gly Glu Ala Pro 1115 1120 1125 Arg
Glu Val Thr Ser Asp Ser Gly Ser Ile Val Val Ser Gly Leu 1130 1135
1140 Thr Pro Gly Val Glu Tyr Val Tyr Thr Ile Gln Val Leu Arg Asp
1145 1150 1155 Gly Gln Glu Arg Asp Ala Pro Ile Val Asn Lys Val Val
Thr Pro 1160 1165 1170 Leu Ser Pro Pro Thr Asn Leu His Leu Glu Ala
Asn Pro Asp Thr 1175 1180 1185 Gly Val Leu Thr Val Ser Trp Glu Arg
Ser Thr Thr Pro Asp Ile 1190 1195 1200 Thr Gly Tyr Arg Ile Thr Thr
Thr Pro Thr Asn Gly Gln Gln Gly 1205 1210 1215 Asn Ser Leu Glu Glu
Val Val His Ala Asp Gln Ser Ser Cys Thr 1220 1225 1230 Phe Asp Asn
Leu Ser Pro Gly Leu Glu Tyr Asn Val Ser Val Tyr 1235 1240 1245 Thr
Val Lys Asp Asp Lys Glu Ser Val Pro Ile Ser Asp Thr Ile 1250 1255
1260 Ile Pro Ala Val Pro Pro Pro Thr Asp Leu Arg Phe Thr Asn Ile
1265 1270 1275 Gly Pro Asp Thr Met Arg Val Thr Trp Ala Pro Pro Pro
Ser Ile 1280 1285 1290 Asp Leu Thr Asn Phe Leu Val Arg Tyr Ser Pro
Val Lys Asn Glu 1295 1300 1305 Glu Asp Val Ala Glu Leu Ser Ile Ser
Pro Ser Asp Asn Ala Val 1310 1315 1320 Val Leu Thr Asn Leu Leu Pro
Gly Thr Glu Tyr Val Val Ser Val 1325 1330 1335 Ser Ser Val Tyr Glu
Gln His Glu Ser Thr Pro Leu Arg Gly Arg 1340 1345 1350 Gln Lys Thr
Gly Leu Asp Ser Pro Thr Gly Ile Asp Phe Ser Asp 1355 1360 1365 Ile
Thr Ala Asn Ser Phe Thr Val His Trp Ile Ala Pro Arg Ala 1370 1375
1380 Thr Ile Thr Gly Tyr Arg Ile Arg His His Pro Glu His Phe Ser
1385 1390 1395 Gly Arg Pro Arg Glu Asp Arg Val Pro His Ser Arg Asn
Ser Ile 1400 1405 1410 Thr Leu Thr Asn Leu Thr Pro Gly Thr Glu Tyr
Val Val Ser Ile 1415 1420 1425 Val Ala Leu Asn Gly Arg Glu Glu Ser
Pro Leu Leu Ile Gly Gln 1430 1435 1440 Gln Ser Thr Val Ser Asp Val
Pro Arg Asp Leu Glu Val Val Ala 1445 1450 1455 Ala Thr Pro Thr Ser
Leu Leu Ile Ser Trp Asp Ala Pro Ala Val 1460 1465 1470 Thr Val Arg
Tyr Tyr Arg Ile Thr Tyr Gly Glu Thr Gly Gly Asn 1475 1480 1485 Ser
Pro Val Gln Glu Phe Thr Val Pro Gly Ser Lys Ser Thr Ala 1490 1495
1500 Thr Ile Ser Gly Leu Lys Pro Gly Val Asp Tyr Thr Ile Thr Val
1505 1510 1515 Tyr Ala Val Thr Gly Arg Gly Asp Ser Pro Ala Ser Ser
Lys Pro 1520 1525 1530 Ile Ser Ile Asn Tyr Arg Thr Glu Ile Asp Lys
Pro Ser Gln Met 1535 1540 1545 Gln Val Thr Asp Val Gln Asp Asn Ser
Ile Ser Val Lys Trp Leu 1550 1555 1560 Pro Ser Ser Ser Pro Val Thr
Gly Tyr Arg Val Thr Thr Thr Pro 1565 1570 1575 Lys Asn Gly Pro Gly
Pro Thr Lys Thr Lys Thr Ala Gly Pro Asp 1580 1585 1590 Gln Thr Glu
Met Thr Ile Glu Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Val Glu Tyr 1595 1600 1605 Val
Val Ser Val Tyr Ala Gln Asn Pro Ser Gly Glu Ser Gln Pro 1610 1615
1620 Leu Val Gln Thr Ala Val Thr Asn Ile Asp Arg Pro Lys Gly Leu
1625 1630 1635 Ala Phe Thr Asp Val Asp Val Asp Ser Ile Lys Ile Ala
Trp Glu 1640 1645 1650 Ser Pro Gln Gly Gln Val Ser Arg Tyr Arg Val
Thr Tyr Ser Ser 1655 1660 1665 Pro Glu Asp Gly Ile His Glu Leu Phe
Pro Ala Pro Asp Gly Glu 1670 1675 1680 Glu Asp Thr Ala Glu Leu Gln
Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly Ser Glu Tyr 1685 1690 1695 Thr Val Ser Val Val
Ala Leu His Asp Asp Met Glu Ser Gln Pro 1700 1705 1710 Leu Ile Gly
Thr Gln Ser Thr Ala Ile Pro Ala Pro Thr Asp Leu 1715 1720 1725 Lys
Phe Thr Gln Val Thr Pro Thr Ser Leu Ser Ala Gln Trp Thr 1730 1735
1740 Pro Pro Asn Val Gln Leu Thr Gly Tyr Arg Val Arg Val Thr Pro
1745 1750 1755 Lys Glu Lys Thr Gly Pro Met Lys Glu Ile Asn Leu Ala
Pro Asp 1760 1765 1770 Ser Ser Ser Val Val Val Ser Gly Leu Met Val
Ala Thr Lys Tyr 1775 1780 1785 Glu Val Ser Val Tyr Ala Leu Lys Asp
Thr Leu Thr Ser Arg Pro 1790 1795 1800 Ala Gln Gly Val Val Thr Thr
Leu Glu Asn Val Ser Pro Pro Arg 1805 1810 1815 Arg Ala Arg Val Thr
Asp Ala Thr Glu Thr Thr Ile Thr Ile Ser 1820 1825 1830 Trp Arg Thr
Lys Thr Glu Thr Ile Thr Gly Phe Gln Val Asp Ala 1835 1840 1845 Val
Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Thr Pro Ile Gln Arg Thr Ile Lys Pro 1850 1855
1860 Asp Val Arg Ser Tyr Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Gln Pro Gly Thr Asp
1865 1870 1875 Tyr Lys Ile Tyr Leu Tyr Thr Leu Asn Asp Asn Ala Arg
Ser Ser 1880 1885 1890 Pro Val Val Ile Asp Ala Ser Thr Ala Ile Asp
Ala Pro Ser Asn 1895 1900 1905 Leu Arg Phe Leu Ala Thr Thr Pro Asn
Ser Leu Leu Val Ser Trp 1910 1915 1920 Gln Pro Pro Arg Ala Arg Ile
Thr Gly Tyr Ile Ile Lys Tyr Glu 1925 1930 1935 Lys Pro Gly Ser Pro
Pro Arg Glu Val Val Pro Arg Pro Arg Pro 1940 1945 1950 Gly Val Thr
Glu Ala Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Glu Pro Gly Thr Glu 1955 1960 1965 Tyr
Thr Ile Tyr Val Ile Ala Leu Lys Asn Asn Gln Lys Ser Glu 1970 1975
1980 Pro Leu Ile Gly Arg Lys Lys Thr Asp Glu Leu Pro Gln Leu Val
1985 1990 1995 Thr Leu Pro His Pro Asn Leu His Gly Pro Glu Ile Leu
Asp Val 2000 2005 2010 Pro Ser Thr Val Gln Lys Thr Pro Phe Val Thr
His Pro Gly Tyr 2015 2020 2025 Asp Thr Gly Asn Gly Ile Gln Leu Pro
Gly Thr Ser Gly Gln Gln 2030 2035 2040 Pro Ser Val Gly Gln Gln Met
Ile Phe Glu Glu His Gly Phe Arg 2045 2050 2055 Arg Thr Thr Pro Pro
Thr Thr Ala Thr Pro Ile Arg His Arg Pro 2060 2065 2070 Arg Pro Tyr
Pro Pro Asn Val Gly Glu Glu Ile Gln Ile Gly His 2075 2080 2085 Ile
Pro Arg Glu Asp Val Asp Tyr His Leu Tyr Pro His Gly Pro 2090 2095
2100 Gly Leu Asn Pro Asn Ala Ser Thr Gly Gln Glu Ala Leu Ser Gln
2105 2110 2115 Thr Thr Ile Ser Trp Ala Pro Phe Gln Asp Thr Ser Glu
Tyr Ile 2120 2125 2130 Ile Ser Cys His Pro Val Gly Thr Asp Glu Glu
Pro Leu Gln Phe 2135 2140 2145 Arg Val Pro Gly Thr Ser Thr Ser Ala
Thr Leu Thr Gly Leu Thr 2150 2155 2160 Arg Gly Ala Thr Tyr Asn Val
Ile Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asp Gln 2165 2170 2175 Gln Arg His Lys Val
Arg Glu Glu Val Val Thr Val Gly Asn Ser 2180 2185 2190 Val Asn Glu
Gly Leu Asn Gln Pro Thr Asp Asp Ser Cys Phe Asp 2195 2200 2205 Pro
Tyr Thr Val Ser His Tyr Ala Val Gly Asp Glu Trp Glu Arg 2210 2215
2220 Met Ser Glu Ser Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Cys Gln Cys Leu Gly Phe
2225 2230 2235 Gly Ser Gly His Phe Arg Cys Asp Ser Ser Arg Trp Cys
His Asp 2240 2245 2250 Asn Gly Val Asn Tyr Lys Ile Gly Glu Lys Trp
Asp Arg Gln Gly 2255 2260 2265 Glu Asn Gly Gln Met Met Ser Cys Thr
Cys Leu Gly Asn Gly Lys 2270 2275 2280 Gly Glu Phe Lys Cys Asp Pro
His Glu Ala Thr Cys Tyr Asp Asp 2285 2290 2295 Gly Lys Thr Tyr His
Val Gly Glu Gln Trp Gln Lys Glu Tyr Leu 2300 2305 2310 Gly Ala Ile
Cys Ser Cys Thr Cys Phe Gly Gly Gln Arg Gly Trp 2315 2320 2325 Arg
Cys Asp Asn Cys Arg Arg Pro Gly Gly Glu Pro Ser Pro Glu 2330 2335
2340 Gly Thr Thr Gly Gln Ser Tyr Asn Gln Tyr Ser Gln Arg Tyr His
2345 2350 2355 Gln Arg Thr Asn Thr Asn Val Asn Cys Pro Ile Glu Cys
Phe Met 2360 2365 2370 Pro Leu Asp Val Gln Ala Asp Arg Glu Asp Ser
Arg Glu 2375 2380 2385 8359PRTHomo sapiens 8Met His Pro Gln Val Val
Ile Leu Ser Leu Ile Leu His Leu Ala Asp 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Ala Gly
Ser Val Lys Val Gly Gly Glu Ala Gly Pro Ser Val 20 25 30 Thr Leu
Pro Cys His Tyr Ser Gly Ala Val Thr Ser Met Cys Trp Asn 35 40 45
Arg Gly Ser Cys Ser Leu Phe Thr Cys Gln Asn Gly Ile Val Trp Thr 50
55 60 Asn Gly Thr His Val Thr Tyr Arg Lys Asp Thr Arg Tyr Lys Leu
Leu 65 70
75 80 Gly Asp Leu Ser Arg Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Thr Ile Glu Asn Thr
Ala 85 90 95 Val Ser Asp Ser Gly Val Tyr Cys Cys Arg Val Glu His
Arg Gly Trp 100 105 110 Phe Asn Asp Met Lys Ile Thr Val Ser Leu Glu
Ile Val Pro Pro Lys 115 120 125 Val Thr Thr Thr Pro Ile Val Thr Thr
Val Pro Thr Val Thr Thr Val 130 135 140 Arg Thr Ser Thr Thr Val Pro
Thr Thr Thr Thr Val Pro Thr Thr Thr 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Thr Thr
Met Ser Ile Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Val Leu Thr Thr 165 170 175 Met Thr
Val Ser Thr Thr Thr Ser Val Pro Thr Thr Thr Ser Ile Pro 180 185 190
Thr Thr Thr Ser Val Pro Val Thr Thr Thr Val Ser Thr Phe Val Pro 195
200 205 Pro Met Pro Leu Pro Arg Gln Asn His Glu Pro Val Ala Thr Ser
Pro 210 215 220 Ser Ser Pro Gln Pro Ala Glu Thr His Pro Thr Thr Leu
Gln Gly Ala 225 230 235 240 Ile Arg Arg Glu Pro Thr Ser Ser Pro Leu
Tyr Ser Tyr Thr Thr Asp 245 250 255 Gly Asn Asp Thr Val Thr Glu Ser
Ser Asp Gly Leu Trp Asn Asn Asn 260 265 270 Gln Thr Gln Leu Phe Leu
Glu His Ser Leu Leu Thr Ala Asn Thr Thr 275 280 285 Lys Gly Ile Tyr
Ala Gly Val Cys Ile Ser Val Leu Val Leu Leu Ala 290 295 300 Leu Leu
Gly Val Ile Ile Ala Lys Lys Tyr Phe Phe Lys Lys Glu Val 305 310 315
320 Gln Gln Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ser Ser Leu Gln Ile Lys Ala Leu Gln
325 330 335 Asn Ala Val Glu Lys Glu Val Gln Ala Glu Asp Asn Ile Tyr
Ile Glu 340 345 350 Asn Ser Leu Tyr Ala Thr Asp 355 9198PRTHomo
sapiens 9Met Pro Leu Gly Leu Leu Trp Leu Gly Leu Ala Leu Leu Gly
Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 His Ala Gln Ala Gln Asp Ser Thr Ser Asp Leu Ile
Pro Ala Pro Pro 20 25 30 Leu Ser Lys Val Pro Leu Gln Gln Asn Phe
Gln Asp Asn Gln Phe Gln 35 40 45 Gly Lys Trp Tyr Val Val Gly Leu
Ala Gly Asn Ala Ile Leu Arg Glu 50 55 60 Asp Lys Asp Pro Gln Lys
Met Tyr Ala Thr Ile Tyr Glu Leu Lys Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Lys Ser Tyr
Asn Val Thr Ser Val Leu Phe Arg Lys Lys Lys Cys 85 90 95 Asp Tyr
Trp Ile Arg Thr Phe Val Pro Gly Cys Gln Pro Gly Glu Phe 100 105 110
Thr Leu Gly Asn Ile Lys Ser Tyr Pro Gly Leu Thr Ser Tyr Leu Val 115
120 125 Arg Val Val Ser Thr Asn Tyr Asn Gln His Ala Met Val Phe Phe
Lys 130 135 140 Lys Val Ser Gln Asn Arg Glu Tyr Phe Lys Ile Thr Leu
Tyr Gly Arg 145 150 155 160 Thr Lys Glu Leu Thr Ser Glu Leu Lys Glu
Asn Phe Ile Arg Phe Ser 165 170 175 Lys Ser Leu Gly Leu Pro Glu Asn
His Ile Val Phe Pro Val Pro Ile 180 185 190 Asp Gln Cys Ile Asp Gly
195 10207PRTHomo sapiens 10Met Ala Pro Phe Glu Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly
Ile Leu Leu Leu Leu Trp 1 5 10 15 Leu Ile Ala Pro Ser Arg Ala Cys
Thr Cys Val Pro Pro His Pro Gln 20 25 30 Thr Ala Phe Cys Asn Ser
Asp Leu Val Ile Arg Ala Lys Phe Val Gly 35 40 45 Thr Pro Glu Val
Asn Gln Thr Thr Leu Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Glu Ile Lys 50 55 60 Met Thr
Lys Met Tyr Lys Gly Phe Gln Ala Leu Gly Asp Ala Ala Asp 65 70 75 80
Ile Arg Phe Val Tyr Thr Pro Ala Met Glu Ser Val Cys Gly Tyr Phe 85
90 95 His Arg Ser His Asn Arg Ser Glu Glu Phe Leu Ile Ala Gly Lys
Leu 100 105 110 Gln Asp Gly Leu Leu His Ile Thr Thr Cys Ser Phe Val
Ala Pro Trp 115 120 125 Asn Ser Leu Ser Leu Ala Gln Arg Arg Gly Phe
Thr Lys Thr Tyr Thr 130 135 140 Val Gly Cys Glu Glu Cys Thr Val Phe
Pro Cys Leu Ser Ile Pro Cys 145 150 155 160 Lys Leu Gln Ser Gly Thr
His Cys Leu Trp Thr Asp Gln Leu Leu Gln 165 170 175 Gly Ser Glu Lys
Gly Phe Gln Ser Arg His Leu Ala Cys Leu Pro Arg 180 185 190 Glu Pro
Gly Leu Cys Thr Trp Gln Ser Leu Arg Ser Gln Ile Ala 195 200 205
11640PRTHomo sapiens 11Met Gly Gln Pro Ser Leu Thr Trp Met Leu Met
Val Val Val Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Trp Phe Ile Thr Thr Ala Ala Thr Asp
Thr Ser Glu Ala Arg Trp Cys 20 25 30 Ser Glu Cys His Ser Asn Ala
Thr Cys Thr Glu Asp Glu Ala Val Thr 35 40 45 Thr Cys Thr Cys Gln
Glu Gly Phe Thr Gly Asp Gly Leu Thr Cys Val 50 55 60 Asp Leu Asp
Glu Cys Ala Ile Pro Gly Ala His Asn Cys Ser Ala Asn 65 70 75 80 Ser
Ser Cys Val Asn Thr Pro Gly Ser Phe Ser Cys Val Cys Pro Glu 85 90
95 Gly Phe Arg Leu Ser Pro Gly Leu Gly Cys Thr Asp Val Asp Glu Cys
100 105 110 Ala Glu Pro Gly Leu Ser His Cys His Ala Leu Ala Thr Cys
Val Asn 115 120 125 Val Val Gly Ser Tyr Leu Cys Val Cys Pro Ala Gly
Tyr Arg Gly Asp 130 135 140 Gly Trp His Cys Glu Cys Ser Pro Gly Ser
Cys Gly Pro Gly Leu Asp 145 150 155 160 Cys Val Pro Glu Gly Asp Ala
Leu Val Cys Ala Asp Pro Cys Gln Ala 165 170 175 His Arg Thr Leu Asp
Glu Tyr Trp Arg Ser Thr Glu Tyr Gly Glu Gly 180 185 190 Tyr Ala Cys
Asp Thr Asp Leu Arg Gly Trp Tyr Arg Phe Val Gly Gln 195 200 205 Gly
Gly Ala Arg Met Ala Glu Thr Cys Val Pro Val Leu Arg Cys Asn 210 215
220 Thr Ala Ala Pro Met Trp Leu Asn Gly Thr His Pro Ser Ser Asp Glu
225 230 235 240 Gly Ile Val Ser Arg Lys Ala Cys Ala His Trp Ser Gly
His Cys Cys 245 250 255 Leu Trp Asp Ala Ser Val Gln Val Lys Ala Cys
Ala Gly Gly Tyr Tyr 260 265 270 Val Tyr Asn Leu Thr Ala Pro Pro Glu
Cys His Leu Ala Tyr Cys Thr 275 280 285 Asp Pro Ser Ser Val Glu Gly
Thr Cys Glu Glu Cys Ser Ile Asp Glu 290 295 300 Asp Cys Lys Ser Asn
Asn Gly Arg Trp His Cys Gln Cys Lys Gln Asp 305 310 315 320 Phe Asn
Ile Thr Asp Ile Ser Leu Leu Glu His Arg Leu Glu Cys Gly 325 330 335
Ala Asn Asp Met Lys Val Ser Leu Gly Lys Cys Gln Leu Lys Ser Leu 340
345 350 Gly Phe Asp Lys Val Phe Met Tyr Leu Ser Asp Ser Arg Cys Ser
Gly 355 360 365 Phe Asn Asp Arg Asp Asn Arg Asp Trp Val Ser Val Val
Thr Pro Ala 370 375 380 Arg Asp Gly Pro Cys Gly Thr Val Leu Thr Arg
Asn Glu Thr His Ala 385 390 395 400 Thr Tyr Ser Asn Thr Leu Tyr Leu
Ala Asp Glu Ile Ile Ile Arg Asp 405 410 415 Leu Asn Ile Lys Ile Asn
Phe Ala Cys Ser Tyr Pro Leu Asp Met Lys 420 425 430 Val Ser Leu Lys
Thr Ala Leu Gln Pro Met Val Ser Ala Leu Asn Ile 435 440 445 Arg Val
Gly Gly Thr Gly Met Phe Thr Val Arg Met Ala Leu Phe Gln 450 455 460
Thr Pro Ser Tyr Thr Gln Pro Tyr Gln Gly Ser Ser Val Thr Leu Ser 465
470 475 480 Thr Glu Ala Phe Leu Tyr Val Gly Thr Met Leu Asp Gly Gly
Asp Leu 485 490 495 Ser Arg Phe Ala Leu Leu Met Thr Asn Cys Tyr Ala
Thr Pro Ser Ser 500 505 510 Asn Ala Thr Asp Pro Leu Lys Tyr Phe Ile
Ile Gln Asp Arg Cys Pro 515 520 525 His Thr Arg Asp Ser Thr Ile Gln
Val Val Glu Asn Gly Glu Ser Ser 530 535 540 Gln Gly Arg Phe Ser Val
Gln Met Phe Arg Phe Ala Gly Asn Tyr Asp 545 550 555 560 Leu Val Tyr
Leu His Cys Glu Val Tyr Leu Cys Asp Thr Met Asn Glu 565 570 575 Lys
Cys Lys Pro Thr Cys Ser Gly Thr Arg Phe Arg Ser Gly Ser Val 580 585
590 Ile Asp Gln Ser Arg Val Leu Asn Leu Gly Pro Ile Thr Arg Lys Gly
595 600 605 Val Gln Ala Thr Val Ser Arg Ala Phe Ser Ser Leu Gly Leu
Leu Lys 610 615 620 Val Trp Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Ser Ala Thr Leu Thr
Leu Thr Phe Gln 625 630 635 640 12232PRTHomo sapiens 12Met Asn Phe
Leu Leu Ser Trp Val His Trp Ser Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Tyr
Leu His His Ala Lys Trp Ser Gln Ala Ala Pro Met Ala Glu Gly 20 25
30 Gly Gly Gln Asn His His Glu Val Val Lys Phe Met Asp Val Tyr Gln
35 40 45 Arg Ser Tyr Cys His Pro Ile Glu Thr Leu Val Asp Ile Phe
Gln Glu 50 55 60 Tyr Pro Asp Glu Ile Glu Tyr Ile Phe Lys Pro Ser
Cys Val Pro Leu 65 70 75 80 Met Arg Cys Gly Gly Cys Cys Asn Asp Glu
Gly Leu Glu Cys Val Pro 85 90 95 Thr Glu Glu Ser Asn Ile Thr Met
Gln Ile Met Arg Ile Lys Pro His 100 105 110 Gln Gly Gln His Ile Gly
Glu Met Ser Phe Leu Gln His Asn Lys Cys 115 120 125 Glu Cys Arg Pro
Lys Lys Asp Arg Ala Arg Gln Glu Lys Lys Ser Val 130 135 140 Arg Gly
Lys Gly Lys Gly Gln Lys Arg Lys Arg Lys Lys Ser Arg Tyr 145 150 155
160 Lys Ser Trp Ser Val Tyr Val Gly Ala Arg Cys Cys Leu Met Pro Trp
165 170 175 Ser Leu Pro Gly Pro His Pro Cys Gly Pro Cys Ser Glu Arg
Arg Lys 180 185 190 His Leu Phe Val Gln Asp Pro Gln Thr Cys Lys Cys
Ser Cys Lys Asn 195 200 205 Thr Asp Ser Arg Cys Lys Ala Arg Gln Leu
Glu Leu Asn Glu Arg Thr 210 215 220 Cys Arg Cys Asp Lys Pro Arg Arg
225 230 13314PRTHomo sapiens 13Met Arg Ile Ala Val Ile Cys Phe Cys
Leu Leu Gly Ile Thr Cys Ala 1 5 10 15 Ile Pro Val Lys Gln Ala Asp
Ser Gly Ser Ser Glu Glu Lys Gln Leu 20 25 30 Tyr Asn Lys Tyr Pro
Asp Ala Val Ala Thr Trp Leu Asn Pro Asp Pro 35 40 45 Ser Gln Lys
Gln Asn Leu Leu Ala Pro Gln Asn Ala Val Ser Ser Glu 50 55 60 Glu
Thr Asn Asp Phe Lys Gln Glu Thr Leu Pro Ser Lys Ser Asn Glu 65 70
75 80 Ser His Asp His Met Asp Asp Met Asp Asp Glu Asp Asp Asp Asp
His 85 90 95 Val Asp Ser Gln Asp Ser Ile Asp Ser Asn Asp Ser Asp
Asp Val Asp 100 105 110 Asp Thr Asp Asp Ser His Gln Ser Asp Glu Ser
His His Ser Asp Glu 115 120 125 Ser Asp Glu Leu Val Thr Asp Phe Pro
Thr Asp Leu Pro Ala Thr Glu 130 135 140 Val Phe Thr Pro Val Val Pro
Thr Val Asp Thr Tyr Asp Gly Arg Gly 145 150 155 160 Asp Ser Val Val
Tyr Gly Leu Arg Ser Lys Ser Lys Lys Phe Arg Arg 165 170 175 Pro Asp
Ile Gln Tyr Pro Asp Ala Thr Asp Glu Asp Ile Thr Ser His 180 185 190
Met Glu Ser Glu Glu Leu Asn Gly Ala Tyr Lys Ala Ile Pro Val Ala 195
200 205 Gln Asp Leu Asn Ala Pro Ser Asp Trp Asp Ser Arg Gly Lys Asp
Ser 210 215 220 Tyr Glu Thr Ser Gln Leu Asp Asp Gln Ser Ala Glu Thr
His Ser His 225 230 235 240 Lys Gln Ser Arg Leu Tyr Lys Arg Lys Ala
Asn Asp Glu Ser Asn Glu 245 250 255 His Ser Asp Val Ile Asp Ser Gln
Glu Leu Ser Lys Val Ser Arg Glu 260 265 270 Phe His Ser His Glu Phe
His Ser His Glu Asp Met Leu Val Val Asp 275 280 285 Pro Lys Ser Lys
Glu Glu Asp Lys His Leu Lys Phe Arg Ile Ser His 290 295 300 Glu Leu
Asp Ser Ala Ser Ser Glu Val Asn 305 310 14212PRTHomo sapiens 14Met
Asn Ser Phe Ser Thr Ser Ala Phe Gly Pro Val Ala Phe Ser Leu 1 5 10
15 Gly Leu Leu Leu Val Leu Pro Ala Ala Phe Pro Ala Pro Val Pro Pro
20 25 30 Gly Glu Asp Ser Lys Asp Val Ala Ala Pro His Arg Gln Pro
Leu Thr 35 40 45 Ser Ser Glu Arg Ile Asp Lys Gln Ile Arg Tyr Ile
Leu Asp Gly Ile 50 55 60 Ser Ala Leu Arg Lys Glu Thr Cys Asn Lys
Ser Asn Met Cys Glu Ser 65 70 75 80 Ser Lys Glu Ala Leu Ala Glu Asn
Asn Leu Asn Leu Pro Lys Met Ala 85 90 95 Glu Lys Asp Gly Cys Phe
Gln Ser Gly Phe Asn Glu Glu Thr Cys Leu 100 105 110 Val Lys Ile Ile
Thr Gly Leu Leu Glu Phe Glu Val Tyr Leu Glu Tyr 115 120 125 Leu Gln
Asn Arg Phe Glu Ser Ser Glu Glu Gln Ala Arg Ala Val Gln 130 135 140
Met Ser Thr Lys Val Leu Ile Gln Phe Leu Gln Lys Lys Ala Lys Asn 145
150 155 160 Leu Asp Ala Ile Thr Thr Pro Asp Pro Thr Thr Asn Ala Ser
Leu Leu 165 170 175 Thr Lys Leu Gln Ala Gln Asn Gln Trp Leu Gln Asp
Met Thr Thr His 180 185 190 Leu Ile Leu Arg Ser Phe Lys Glu Phe Leu
Gln Ser Ser Leu Arg Ala 195 200 205 Leu Arg Gln Met 210
15202PRTHomo sapiens 15Met Lys Val Leu Ala Ala Gly Val Val Pro Leu
Leu Leu Val Leu His 1 5 10 15 Trp Lys His Gly Ala Gly Ser Pro Leu
Pro Ile Thr Pro Val Asn Ala 20 25 30 Thr Cys Ala Ile Arg His Pro
Cys His Asn Asn Leu Met Asn Gln Ile 35 40 45 Arg Ser Gln Leu Ala
Gln Leu Asn Gly Ser Ala Asn Ala Leu Phe Ile 50 55 60 Leu Tyr Tyr
Thr Ala Gln Gly Glu Pro Phe Pro Asn Asn Leu Asp Lys 65 70 75 80 Leu
Cys Gly Pro Asn Val Thr Asp Phe Pro Pro Phe His Ala Asn Gly 85 90
95 Thr Glu Lys Ala Lys Leu Val Glu Leu Tyr Arg Ile Val Val Tyr Leu
100 105 110 Gly Thr Ser Leu Gly Asn Ile Thr Arg Asp Gln Lys Ile Leu
Asn Pro 115 120 125 Ser Ala Leu Ser Leu His Ser Lys Leu Asn Ala Thr
Ala Asp Ile Leu 130 135 140 Arg Gly Leu Leu Ser Asn Val Leu Cys Arg
Leu Cys Ser Lys Tyr His 145 150 155 160 Val Gly His Val Asp Val Thr
Tyr Gly Pro Asp Thr Ser Gly Lys Asp 165 170 175 Val Phe Gln Lys Lys
Lys Leu Gly Cys Gln Leu Leu Gly Lys Tyr Lys 180 185 190 Gln Ile Ile
Ala Val Leu Ala Gln Ala Phe 195 200
16707PRTHomo sapiens 16Met Ser Leu Trp Gln Pro Leu Val Leu Val Leu
Leu Val Leu Gly Cys 1 5 10 15 Cys Phe Ala Ala Pro Arg Gln Arg Gln
Ser Thr Leu Val Leu Phe Pro 20 25 30 Gly Asp Leu Arg Thr Asn Leu
Thr Asp Arg Gln Leu Ala Glu Glu Tyr 35 40 45 Leu Tyr Arg Tyr Gly
Tyr Thr Arg Val Ala Glu Met Arg Gly Glu Ser 50 55 60 Lys Ser Leu
Gly Pro Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Gln Lys Gln Leu Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Pro
Glu Thr Gly Glu Leu Asp Ser Ala Thr Leu Lys Ala Met Arg Thr 85 90
95 Pro Arg Cys Gly Val Pro Asp Leu Gly Arg Phe Gln Thr Phe Glu Gly
100 105 110 Asp Leu Lys Trp His His His Asn Ile Thr Tyr Trp Ile Gln
Asn Tyr 115 120 125 Ser Glu Asp Leu Pro Arg Ala Val Ile Asp Asp Ala
Phe Ala Arg Ala 130 135 140 Phe Ala Leu Trp Ser Ala Val Thr Pro Leu
Thr Phe Thr Arg Val Tyr 145 150 155 160 Ser Arg Asp Ala Asp Ile Val
Ile Gln Phe Gly Val Ala Glu His Gly 165 170 175 Asp Gly Tyr Pro Phe
Asp Gly Lys Asp Gly Leu Leu Ala His Ala Phe 180 185 190 Pro Pro Gly
Pro Gly Ile Gln Gly Asp Ala His Phe Asp Asp Asp Glu 195 200 205 Leu
Trp Ser Leu Gly Lys Gly Val Val Val Pro Thr Arg Phe Gly Asn 210 215
220 Ala Asp Gly Ala Ala Cys His Phe Pro Phe Ile Phe Glu Gly Arg Ser
225 230 235 240 Tyr Ser Ala Cys Thr Thr Asp Gly Arg Ser Asp Gly Leu
Pro Trp Cys 245 250 255 Ser Thr Thr Ala Asn Tyr Asp Thr Asp Asp Arg
Phe Gly Phe Cys Pro 260 265 270 Ser Glu Arg Leu Tyr Thr Gln Asp Gly
Asn Ala Asp Gly Lys Pro Cys 275 280 285 Gln Phe Pro Phe Ile Phe Gln
Gly Gln Ser Tyr Ser Ala Cys Thr Thr 290 295 300 Asp Gly Arg Ser Asp
Gly Tyr Arg Trp Cys Ala Thr Thr Ala Asn Tyr 305 310 315 320 Asp Arg
Asp Lys Leu Phe Gly Phe Cys Pro Thr Arg Ala Asp Ser Thr 325 330 335
Val Met Gly Gly Asn Ser Ala Gly Glu Leu Cys Val Phe Pro Phe Thr 340
345 350 Phe Leu Gly Lys Glu Tyr Ser Thr Cys Thr Ser Glu Gly Arg Gly
Asp 355 360 365 Gly Arg Leu Trp Cys Ala Thr Thr Ser Asn Phe Asp Ser
Asp Lys Lys 370 375 380 Trp Gly Phe Cys Pro Asp Gln Gly Tyr Ser Leu
Phe Leu Val Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 His Glu Phe Gly His Ala Leu Gly
Leu Asp His Ser Ser Val Pro Glu 405 410 415 Ala Leu Met Tyr Pro Met
Tyr Arg Phe Thr Glu Gly Pro Pro Leu His 420 425 430 Lys Asp Asp Val
Asn Gly Ile Arg His Leu Tyr Gly Pro Arg Pro Glu 435 440 445 Pro Glu
Pro Arg Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Pro Gln Pro Thr Ala Pro 450 455 460
Pro Thr Val Cys Pro Thr Gly Pro Pro Thr Val His Pro Ser Glu Arg 465
470 475 480 Pro Thr Ala Gly Pro Thr Gly Pro Pro Ser Ala Gly Pro Thr
Gly Pro 485 490 495 Pro Thr Ala Gly Pro Ser Thr Ala Thr Thr Val Pro
Leu Ser Pro Val 500 505 510 Asp Asp Ala Cys Asn Val Asn Ile Phe Asp
Ala Ile Ala Glu Ile Gly 515 520 525 Asn Gln Leu Tyr Leu Phe Lys Asp
Gly Lys Tyr Trp Arg Phe Ser Glu 530 535 540 Gly Arg Gly Ser Arg Pro
Gln Gly Pro Phe Leu Ile Ala Asp Lys Trp 545 550 555 560 Pro Ala Leu
Pro Arg Lys Leu Asp Ser Val Phe Glu Glu Arg Leu Ser 565 570 575 Lys
Lys Leu Phe Phe Phe Ser Gly Arg Gln Val Trp Val Tyr Thr Gly 580 585
590 Ala Ser Val Leu Gly Pro Arg Arg Leu Asp Lys Leu Gly Leu Gly Ala
595 600 605 Asp Val Ala Gln Val Thr Gly Ala Leu Arg Ser Gly Arg Gly
Lys Met 610 615 620 Leu Leu Phe Ser Gly Arg Arg Leu Trp Arg Phe Asp
Val Lys Ala Gln 625 630 635 640 Met Val Asp Pro Arg Ser Ala Ser Glu
Val Asp Arg Met Phe Pro Gly 645 650 655 Val Pro Leu Asp Thr His Asp
Val Phe Gln Tyr Arg Glu Lys Ala Tyr 660 665 670 Phe Cys Gln Asp Arg
Phe Tyr Trp Arg Val Ser Ser Arg Ser Glu Leu 675 680 685 Asn Gln Val
Asp Gln Val Gly Tyr Val Thr Tyr Asp Ile Leu Gln Cys 690 695 700 Pro
Glu Asp 705
* * * * *
References