U.S. patent application number 15/138816 was filed with the patent office on 2017-10-26 for hydraulic whipstock anchor.
This patent application is currently assigned to BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. The applicant listed for this patent is BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. Invention is credited to Jason L. Cullum, William A. Hered, Gregory L. Hern.
Application Number | 20170306711 15/138816 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 60088945 |
Filed Date | 2017-10-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170306711 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hern; Gregory L. ; et
al. |
October 26, 2017 |
Hydraulic Whipstock Anchor
Abstract
A whipstock anchor is hydraulically set and locked in the set
position. Release occurs with a pull induced component failure that
relieves hydraulic pressure that allows the slips to retract.
Release can occur with a remotely actuated circuit that burns a
retainer for a piston whose movement opens a vent or initiates a
chemical reaction to undermine a lock ring. Movement of a single
cone or opposed cones extends the slips. The cone angles being
different (cone angles do not have to be different, it is preferred
to have the slip angles different) adds a skew to the slips and
positions the top of the whipstock against the tubular top in a
horizontal run. A bottom cap is removable to convert to setting by
set down weight or to attach a hydraulically operated packer below
the slips. Slips can be extended with radial movement of
pistons.
Inventors: |
Hern; Gregory L.; (Porter,
TX) ; Hered; William A.; (Houston, TX) ;
Cullum; Jason L.; (League City, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED
Houston
TX
|
Family ID: |
60088945 |
Appl. No.: |
15/138816 |
Filed: |
April 26, 2016 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B 34/06 20130101;
E21B 7/061 20130101; E21B 23/01 20130101; E21B 29/06 20130101 |
International
Class: |
E21B 23/01 20060101
E21B023/01; E21B 34/06 20060101 E21B034/06; E21B 29/06 20060101
E21B029/06 |
Claims
1. An anchored borehole tool assembly, comprising: a borehole tool;
an anchor housing featuring at least one radially extendible slip
actuated by at least one piston selectively operated by hydraulic
pressure provided into said housing; said housing further
comprising a pressure retaining device to hold said at least one
slip extended by holding hydraulic pressure applied to said
housing.
2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said hydraulic pressure in
said housing is relieved with failure of a component in said
housing allowing said slip to be retracted.
3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said hydraulic pressure in
said housing is relieved with opening a vent valve in said housing
allowing said slip to be retracted.
4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said hydraulic pressure in
said housing is relieved with undermining at least one locking
member for said at least one slip in said housing allowing said
slip to be retracted.
5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein: said at least one locking
member is undermined by opening a valve to release a fluid to reach
said at least one locking member.
6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein: said valve is signaled to open
from a remote location without borehole intervention.
7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein: said valve comprises a
selectively retained piston, whereupon said remote signal a
restraint on said piston is removed such that piston movement opens
a fluid reservoir to said at least one locking member to undermine
said at least one locking member with said fluid.
8. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said piston moves axially for
radial extension of said slip.
9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein: said hydraulic pressure in
said housing is relieved with opening a vent valve in said housing
allowing said slip to be retracted.
10. The assembly of claim 9, wherein: said valve is signaled to
open from a remote location without borehole intervention.
11. The assembly of claim 10, wherein: said valve comprises a
selectively retained piston, whereupon said remote signal a
restraint on said piston is removed allowing said piston to open a
vent passage so that said at least one slip can retract into said
housing.
12. The assembly of claim 3, wherein: said valve is signaled to
open from a remote location without borehole intervention.
13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein: said valve comprises a
selectively retained piston, whereupon said remote signal a
restraint on said piston is removed allowing said piston to open a
vent passage so that said at least one slip can retract into said
housing.
14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein: said at least one piston is
spring biased to a position where said at least one slip is
retracted.
15. The assembly of claim 7, wherein: said at least one piston is
spring biased to a position where said at least one slip is
retracted.
16. The assembly of claim 11, wherein: said at least one piston is
spring biased to a position where said at least one slip is
retracted.
17. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said at least one piston is
selectively mechanically operated for extension of said at least
one slip by exposing said at least one piston with removal of a
cover on said housing.
18. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: removal of a cover on said
housing adapts said housing to accept a packer assembly for
hydraulic operation using the hydraulic pressure in said housing
that operates said at least one slip.
19. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: a mandrel is surrounded by
said at least one piston; movement of said piston relative to said
mandrel is locked with a locking member against reverse movement of
said at least one piston; said mandrel having a decreased dimension
portion that breaks or fails in response to a tensile force on said
tool transmitted to one end of said mandrel with an opposing end of
said mandrel retained by said at least one slip resisting said
tensile force through said at least one piston and said locking
member; said breaking or failing of said decreased dimension
portion of said mandrel allows a portion of said mandrel to move
away from said at least one slip for retraction of said at least
one slip.
20. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said at least one slip
comprises a plurality of pistons disposed for movement in opposite
directions toward said at least one slip with each piston locked
against reverse movement away from said at least one slip.
21. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said tool has a first
longitudinal axis and said slips have a second longitudinal axis
that is skewed with respect to said first longitudinal axis such
that extension of said at least one slip cocks an end of said tool
toward a wall of the borehole.
22. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said at least one slip
comprises a plurality of circumferentially spaced slips each of
said slips having opposed end tapers that slide on opposing ramps,
wherein said tapers have the same angle with said opposing ramps at
different angles or said tapers have the different angles with said
opposing tapers having the same angle such that extension of said
slips cocks an end of said tool toward a wall of the borehole.
23. The assembly of claim 9, wherein: said tool comprises a
whipstock; said valve is opened with intervention of a retrieval
tool for said whipstock.
24. The assembly of claim 9, wherein: said signal comprises
acoustic, electromagnetic, mud pulse or vibration.
25. An anchored borehole tool assembly, comprising: a borehole
tool; an anchor housing featuring a plurality of radially
extendible slips actuated by at least one piston selectively
operated by hydraulic pressure provided into said housing; wherein
radial extension of said slips skews the axis of at least said
borehole tool with respect to an axis of the borehole.
26. The assembly of claim 22, wherein: said slips having different
widths on opposed sides of a retainer to insure the proper
installation orientation.
27. The assembly of claim 1, wherein: said at least one slip
comprises a plurality of circumferentially spaced slips; said slips
are axially offset to skew said anchor housing upon radial
extension of said slips.
28. The assembly of claim 25, wherein: said piston moves axially
for radial extension of said slips.
29. The assembly of claim 25, wherein: a mandrel is surrounded by
said at least one piston; movement of said piston relative to said
mandrel is locked with a locking member against reverse movement of
said at least one piston; said mandrel having a decreased dimension
portion that breaks or fails in response to a tensile force on said
tool transmitted to one end of said mandrel with an opposing end of
said mandrel retained by said slips resisting said tensile force
through said at least one piston and said locking member; said
breaking or failing of said decreased dimension portion of said
mandrel allows a portion of said mandrel to move away from said
slips for retraction of said slips.
30. The assembly of claim 25, wherein: said tool has a first
longitudinal axis and said slips have a second longitudinal axis
that is skewed with respect to said first longitudinal axis such
that extension of said slips cocks an end of said tool toward a
wall of the borehole.
31. The assembly of claim 25, wherein: said slips are
circumferentially spaced such that each of said slips comprises
opposed end tapers that slide on opposing ramps, wherein said
tapers have the same angle with said opposing ramps at different
angles or said tapers have the different angles with said opposing
tapers having the same angle such that extension of said slips
cocks an end of said tool toward a wall of the borehole.
32. The assembly of claim 31, wherein: said slips having different
widths on opposed sides of a retainer to insure the proper
installation orientation.
33. The assembly of claim 28, wherein: two said radially extendable
slips are axially offset to skew said anchor housing upon radial
extension of said slips.
34. The assembly of claim 27, wherein: said piston includes ramp
surfaces that are axially offset to engaged tapered surfaces on two
said radially extendible slips to skew said anchor housing upon
radial extension of said slips.
35. The assembly of claim 33, wherein: said anchor housing includes
ramp surfaces that are axially offset to engaged tapered surfaces
on two radially extendible slips to skew said anchor housing upon
radial extension of said slips.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The field of the invention is hydraulic anchor assemblies
for whipstocks in borehole use and more particularly anchors that
release in a variety of ways, or cock the whipstock or that can be
modularly built to optionally add setting capability with setting
down weight or be reconfigured to add a hydraulically actuated
sealing functionality to the anchor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Whipstocks are long tapered ramps that are secured in a
tubular string to guide a mill assembly laterally to make an exit
through the tubular wall for the start of a lateral bore. The taper
angle is gradual, in the order of about 1-3 degrees. The ramp is
typically oriented with a bottom hole assembly so that the ramp
faces the direction of the desired lateral. In some instances there
can be a need to have the lateral exit in a downward direction off
a horizontal bore. In such cases it is advantageous to ensure that
the top of the whipstock is pushed against the top of the
horizontal run so that after the window in the casing has been
milled a drilling assembly that will be deployed on a subsequent
run will pass freely through the window in the casing without
engaging the top of the whipstock.
[0003] Anchors that hydraulically extend from one side of a
whipstock lower end to skew the whipstock are described in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,843,314. A design that uses a nonparallel slip face to
the surrounding tubular for skewing the whipstock is described in
U.S. Pat. No. 8,505,651. Another way a whipstock is mounted off
center in a surrounding tubular is to use an eccentrically mounted
sealing element that is set with set down weight after an anchor is
set mechanically or hydraulically is shown in US 2015/0345241. A
non-releasing anchor that sets hydraulically and has the set
position locked with a body lock ring is shown in U.S. Pat. No.
5,154,231. A mechanically actuated whipstock anchor using relative
movement of opposed inclined surfaces is shown in U.S. Pat. No.
6,360,821.
[0004] What is needed and provided by the illustrated embodiments
of the present invention is a hydraulic whipstock anchor that holds
the set and can be released in a variety of ways. One way is to
vent trapped hydraulic pressure that holds the slips out and one
way that is done is to pull tension and fail a component that lets
the hydraulic pressure relieve so that the slips can retract.
Another way to slip release is to remotely close a circuit that
allows electrical current to heat and break a wire to release a
piston whose movement opens a vent port. Alternatively release of
the piston can allow fluids to pass through a port that undermine a
mechanical lock ring that holds the slips extended. The slips can
be wedged out radially with axial movement of a cone or by radial
piston movement with the slips on the piston ends. The anchor
design can be modular so that removal of an end cap allows
alternative slip setting by setting down weight or the ability to
add a packer component to the housing end that is actuated
hydraulically with the slips. Cocking of the whipstock top end to
an upper part of a horizontal run for a downward casing exit can be
accomplished with ramps sloped at different angles that induce a
turning moment on the slips to rotate the whipstock body.
Preferably the slips will be offset along the axis of the whipstock
to further increase the turning moment to rotate the whipstock
body. Alternatively, the slip assembly can be mounted on an axis
that skews with respect to the whipstock body to impart a turning
moment to the whipstock body for desired positioning of the top end
of the whipstock. These and other aspects of the present invention
will be more readily apparent to those skilled in the art from a
review of the description of the preferred embodiments and the
associated drawings while recognizing that the full scope of the
invention is to be determined from the appended claims.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] A whipstock anchor is hydraulically set and locked in the
set position. Release occurs with a pull induced component failure
that relieves hydraulic pressure that allows the slips to retract.
Release can occur with a remotely actuated circuit that burns a
retainer for a piston whose movement opens a vent or initiates a
chemical reaction to undermine a lock ring. Movement of a single
cone or opposed cones extends the slips. The cone angles being
different adds a skew to the slips and positions the top of the
whipstock against the tubular top in a horizontal run. A bottom cap
is removable to convert to setting by set down weight or to attach
a hydraulically operated packer below the slips. Slips can be
extended with radial movement of pistons.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] FIG. 1 is a section view of a locking anchor design with a
tensile release;
[0007] FIG. 1a is the view along line 1a-1a of FIG. 1
[0008] FIG. 1b is an enlarged view of the slips in FIG. 1 showing
the taper angle difference;
[0009] FIG. 2 is a section view of an alternative embodiment
showing a skew in the anchor body with respect to the whipstock
axis;
[0010] FIG. 2a is the view along line 2a-2a of FIG. 2
[0011] FIG. 3 is a section view of an embodiment showing opposed
cone movement for slip extension;
[0012] FIG. 3a is the view along line 3a-3a of FIG. 3;
[0013] FIG. 3b is an outside view of the slip retainer of FIG.
3;
[0014] FIG. 3c is a detailed section view of the slips in FIG. 3
showing differing opposed taper angles;
[0015] FIG. 4 is a section view of an embodiment that releases with
a remote signal that allows a piston to move to release hydraulic
pressure;
[0016] FIG. 4a is the view along line 4a-4a of FIG. 4;
[0017] FIG. 5 is a section view of an embodiment that moves a slip
radially with a radially oriented piston and releases with a remote
signal that vents hydraulic pressure;
[0018] FIG. 5a is an outside view of the slips showing a retainer
for the moving slips;
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a modular hydraulically operated packer
that can be mounted to the slip assembly;
[0020] FIG. 7 is a section view of an anchor that is releases with
a remote signal that allows a piston to move to release an agent to
undermine a body lock ring for anchor release;
[0021] FIG. 7a is a view along line 7a-7a of FIG. 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0022] Referring to FIG. 1, a whipstock 10 has a ramp 12 and an
associated hydraulic line 14 that typically is run behind the ramp
12 to protect the line 14 from the advancing window mill that is
not shown. A check valve 16 in line 14 allows flow one way into
passage 18 to chamber 20 defined by cap 22 secured at thread 24 to
housing 26. Cone 32 is sealed with seals 28 and 30 so that built up
pressure in chamber 20 moves cone 32 in the direction of arrow 34
toward the housing 26. Two slips 36 are shown at 180 degree spacing
although different spacing and number of slips is contemplated. The
slips 36 have external carbide or hardened inserts 38 to dig into
the surrounding tubular that is not shown to support the whipstock
10. A biasing spring 40 pushes between a respective slip 36 and a
retainer 42 that limits the outward travel of each slip 36. A lock
ring 44 is moved along ratchet profile 46 as cone 32 moves in the
direction of arrow 34 to prevent reverse movement of the cone 32.
The lock ring 44 in effect maintains the set of the slips 36
against the surrounding tubular that is not shown. Preferably ramp
surfaces 48, 50, 140 and 142 have the same slope. Slip surface 144
has a slightly smaller slope than ramp surfaces 48, 50, 140 and
142, and slip surface 146 has a slightly greater slope than ramp
surfaces 48, 50, 140 and 142 to put whipstock axis 152 into a
cocked position with respect to horizontal axis 52 as schematically
illustrates in FIG. 1b. In a preferred embodiment the angle
difference on opposed slip surfaces 144 and 146 is a degree but
larger or even smaller differences are contemplated to skew the
slip orientation in opposed directions as between slips with 180
degree spacing. The desired result is a skew is imparted to the
whipstock 10 to keep its upper end (not shown) against the inside
diameter (ID) of a horizontal pipe for making a downwardly oriented
window exit. In essence the slips hardened inserts 38 are parallel
to each other but both are skewed with the whipstock axis 152 to
impart a rotational moment to whipstock 10 as indicated by arrows
54 and 56. Preferably ramps surfaces 48 and 50 will be closer to
the top of the whipstock than ramps surfaces 140 and 142 to provide
a fulcrum effect to create a greater force to keep the top of the
whipstock pushed tighter against the ID of the horizontal pipe.
Preferably the sloping surfaces 144 and 146 on the slips 36 are
parallel to their respective opposing ramp surfaces 48, 140, 50,
and 142 on cone 32 and housing 26 however, some angular difference
is also contemplated as an option. Hardened inserts 38 are imbedded
into slips 36 on either side of retainer 42. Width 148 on one side
of slip 36 is greater than width 150 on the other side of slip 36.
Having different widths on either side of slip 36 makes it possible
to use identical slips at 180 degree spacing in housing 26 and have
them installed in the proper orientation. Retainers 42 cannot be
installed if slips 36 are installed in housing 26 incorrectly.
Whipstock axis 152 will also be rotated if the slope of slip
surfaces 144 and 146 are identical and housing ramp angle 48 is
larger than ramp angle 140 and cone ramp angle 50 is smaller than
ramp angle 142. Mandrel 58 has a necked down portion 60 so that
when a tensile force is exerted on the whipstock 10 with slips 36
extended to the surrounding tubular the cone 32 and lock ring 44
retain the lower end of the mandrel 58 because the slips 36 bite
into the surrounding tubular. The tensile force on mandrel 58
increases until a tensile failure occurs at necked down portion 60.
As the mandrel 58 breaks at 60 the pressure in chamber 20
dissipates and the housing 26 has the ability to move up and away
from the set slips 36 so they are no longer wedged against the
surrounding tubular. The cone 32 is retained by cap 22 after the
tensile failure at 60. It should be noted if the hydraulic system
is filled with incompressible fluid the check valve 16 can hold the
pressure against the set slips 36 using cone 32, however, the body
lock ring 44 insures that the slips 36 cannot back away from the
surrounding tubular after the set.
[0023] FIG. 2 is somewhat different than FIG. 1 in that a single
radially moving slip 36 is used and is opposed by segment 62 with
hardened or carbide inserts 64. Cone 32 is modified to have a taper
only under the single slip 36 whose extension brings the inserts 64
to the surrounding tubular wall. In this version the hardened
inserts 38 in slip 36 are parallel to hardened inserts 64 in
segment 62, but are at a small angle with respect to whipstock axis
152 of the whipstock 10 such that extension of slip 36 until
inserts 64 reach the surrounding tubular 180 degrees away will wind
up pushing the top end of the whipstock against the surrounding
pipe to keep it out of the way of the advancing window mill.
Housing 26 is conically shaped below arrows 66 to provide clearance
when the bottom of the whipstock 10 is rotated toward the tubing
wall. The skew in FIG. 2 can be further enhanced with the orienting
of the one slip 36 akin to the manner previously described in the
discussion of FIG. 1b.
[0024] FIG. 3 is the same as FIG. 1 with the exception that there
are opposed pistons that move on opposite sides of the slips 36.
Mandrel 58 that was threaded to housing 26 in FIG. 1 is now
slidably mounted after breaking shear pin 68. A lock ring 70 only
allows mandrel 58 to move in the direction of arrow 72 with its
final position locked in with lock ring 70. As before cone 32 moves
in an opposite direction toward slips 36 and its set position is
locked with lock ring 44. Pin 74 extends from housing 26 into slot
76 in mandrel 58 to prevent relative rotation between the two. As
before release occurs with a tensile failure at decked down portion
60 in response to a tensile force on whipstock 10.
[0025] In FIG. 4 the arrangement of the gripping is the same as
FIG. 2 in that there is a slip 36 located 180 degrees opposite a
segment 62 with hardened or carbide inserts 64. As before pressure
in line 14 goes through check valve 16 and against piston 80 that
has a peripheral seal 82. Spring 84 pushes piston 80 away from slip
36 until the spring force is overcome with pressure in line 14.
Piston 80 has a through bore 78 blocked by plug 86 that has a seal
88. A battery and signal receiver 90 gets a remote signal to close
a circuit which then heats a wire 92 operatively connected to
retainer 94 to defeat it which constitutes the trigger so that plug
86 can move and take seal 88 past vent passage 96 to relieve the
pressure above piston 80 which in essence allows spring 84 to push
piston 80 away from slip 36 to allow removal of the whipstock 10
without well intervention which means avoiding sticking tools in
the borehole to accomplish the task. Again in this version the
hardened inserts 38 in slip 36 are parallel to hardened inserts 64
in segment 62, but are at a small angle with respect to whipstock
axis 152 of the whipstock 10 such that extension of slip 36 until
inserts 64 reach the surrounding tubular 180 degrees away will wind
up pushing the top end of the whipstock against the surrounding
pipe to keep it out of the way of the advancing window mill.
Surface 98 is stationary as the slip 36 is guided at end 100 by a
rail or dovetail. In this design the line 14 pressure held by check
valve 16 holds the set position of the slip 36.
[0026] The signal can be sent without well intervention in a
variety of known ways such as acoustic, electromagnetic, mud pulse
or vibration. A fixed lug retrieval tool that engages the whipstock
for whipstock retrieval could mechanically close a circuit that
would initiate opening of the trigger. The fixed lug retrieval tool
could include a magnet that activates a sensor in the whipstock.
Using the fixed lug retrieval tool to initiate pressure release
could include running a wire from the whipstock to the battery.
That is, a sensor is optional in the anchor. Closing the circuit to
active the pressure release could be controlled from the whipstock
instead of at the anchor.
[0027] FIG. 5 uses line 14 and check valve 16 to feed pressure to
radially extend pistons 110 that each have hardened or carbide
inserts 112. Located 180 degrees opposite are fixed inserts 114,
that are parallel to hardened inserts 112, but at an angle with
respect to whipstock axis 152. There are return springs 116 on each
piston 110. The release system in FIG. 5 works the same way as in
FIG. 4 in response to a remote signal to vent pressure and allow
return springs 116 to retract the pistons 110. As with FIG. 4 the
applied line 14 pressure trapped by the check valve 16 holds the
set position. Any different amount of pistons 110 can be used and
some can be articulated in a 180 degree opposed orientation. As
before a retainer 42 limits the extension of the pistons when there
is no surrounding tubular present.
[0028] FIG. 6 is intended to show that cap 22 of FIG. 1 can be
removed at thread 24. When that happens cone 32 can be converted to
set down weight operation against hole bottom. Alternatively, a
packer module 120 can be attached at thread 24 to in essence
recreate chamber 20 for operation of cone 32 as in FIG. 1 but to
also extend a passage for hydraulic pressure to port 122 to drive
piston 124 against seal assembly 126 and against fixed surface 128
so that slips 36 can be extended as well as a seal assembly 126. A
lock ring 130 holds the set of the seal assembly 126. As before a
tensile force on the whipstock 10 creates a tensile failure at
necked down portion 60 to allow release of at least the slips
36.
[0029] FIG. 7 has a slightly different release system that acts to
undermine the lock ring 44. The layout is similar to FIG. 4 with
the difference being that actuation of plug 86 by system 90 based
on a remote signal moves seal 88 past passage 96 to allow fluid in
chamber 130 to reach lock ring 44 and undermine it with chemical
attack or an equivalent way.
[0030] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various
design alternatives presented show a whipstock anchor that can be
hydraulically set and can hold the set position with a check valve
on the hydraulic line. Alternatively a lock ring can hold the set
position and release occurs when a tensile force results in tensile
failure of a mandrel to release the hydraulic pressure.
Alternatively a release of hydraulic pressure can be remotely
actuated with release of a retained plug whose movement vents
hydraulic pressure or disables or undermines a lock ring
chemically. A single piston can extend a slip with movement against
a fixed surface or two pistons can be pushed in opposed directions.
Movable slips can be oriented in opposition to each other or a
movable slip can be opposite a fixed slip with inserts. Cocking of
the whipstock can be accomplished by skewing the housing for the
slips with respect to a whipstock axis or skewing the slip axis
relative to an aligned whipstock and anchor housing axis. The
designs feature simplicity in a hydraulically set anchor for a
packer with a resultant economy in manufacturing. A removable cap
can be used for hydraulic operation of a piston and with the cap
removed for operating the piston with set down weight. A seal
module can be secured in place of the end cap to allow setting a
packer with the anchor and to release the anchor and the seal
assembly when necked down portion 60 is broken.
[0031] The above description is illustrative of the preferred
embodiment and many modifications may be made by those skilled in
the art without departing from the invention whose scope is to be
determined from the literal and equivalent scope of the claims
below:
* * * * *