U.S. patent application number 15/608460 was filed with the patent office on 2017-09-21 for method of analyzing l-tryptophan in biological samples, and kit used therein.
This patent application is currently assigned to PUBLIC UNIVERSITY CORPORATION TOYAMA PREFECTURAL U NIVERSITY. The applicant listed for this patent is Yasuhisa Asano, Masafumi Kameya, Hiroyasu Onaka. Invention is credited to Yasuhisa Asano, Masafumi Kameya, Hiroyasu Onaka.
Application Number | 20170268033 15/608460 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46798108 |
Filed Date | 2017-09-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170268033 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Asano; Yasuhisa ; et
al. |
September 21, 2017 |
Method of Analyzing L-Tryptophan in Biological Samples, and Kit
Used Therein
Abstract
Disclosed is a method for quantifying L-tryptophan involving a
step for mixing a specimen, L-tryptophan oxidase, and water, a step
for allowing the obtained reaction solution to stand a
predetermined period of time in the presence of oxygen, and a step
for measuring the reaction product resulting from action of enzymes
present in the reaction solution after allowing to stand. The
L-tryptophan oxidase has a given amino acid sequence and has
oxidase activity that generates hydrogen peroxide and ammonia by
acting on the L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water. The
oxidase activity of the L-tryptophan oxidase on the L-phenylalanine
is in the range of 0-3% of the oxidase activity thereof on the
L-tryptophan, and the L-tryptophan oxidase does not have oxidase
activity on protein-constituting amino acids other than
L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine. Also disclosed are a kit used to
quantify the L-tryptophan containing L-tryptophan oxidase, and an
enzyme sensor using the L-tryptophan oxidase. This method, kit and
enzyme sensor use an L-tryptophan-specific enzyme, so are capable
of quantifying L-tryptophan even in the presence of other amino
acids.
Inventors: |
Asano; Yasuhisa; (Toyama,
JP) ; Kameya; Masafumi; (Toyama, JP) ; Onaka;
Hiroyasu; (Toyama, JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Asano; Yasuhisa
Kameya; Masafumi
Onaka; Hiroyasu |
Toyama
Toyama
Toyama |
|
JP
JP
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
PUBLIC UNIVERSITY CORPORATION
TOYAMA PREFECTURAL U NIVERSITY
Toyama
JP
AJINOMOTO CO., INC.
Tokyo
JP
|
Family ID: |
46798108 |
Appl. No.: |
15/608460 |
Filed: |
May 30, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14016408 |
Sep 3, 2013 |
9695460 |
|
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15608460 |
|
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PCT/JP2012/055386 |
Mar 2, 2012 |
|
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14016408 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12Q 1/26 20130101; C12Y
104/03 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/26 20060101
C12Q001/26 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Mar 4, 2011 |
JP |
2011-048101 |
Claims
1. A kit for analyzing L-tryptophan comprising L-tryptophan
oxidase, wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises an amino acid
selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, (b) a variant amino acid sequence comprising
SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, but which has 1 to 50 amino acid deletions,
substitutions, and/or additions, and (c) an amino acid sequence
having 90% or greater homology with the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 1 or 2, and wherein said L-tryptophan oxidase comprises: (i)
oxidase activity on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and
water to produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, (ii) oxidase
activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of
the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and (iii) no oxidase activity
on the protein-constituting amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine.
2. The kit according to claim 1, wherein the oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan.
3. The kit according to claim 1, wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase
is in a mixture with a stabilizing agent.
4. The kit according to claim 3, wherein the stabilizing agent is
selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol,
trehalose, and combinations thereof.
5. The kit according to claim 1, further comprising a component
selected from the group consisting of: a reaction buffer, a reagent
for detecting hydrogen peroxide, an ammonia-detecting reagent, an
indole pyruvic acid-detecting reagent, and combinations
thereof.
6. A composition for analyzing L-tryptophan comprising L-tryptophan
oxidase, wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises an amino acid
sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, (b) a variant amino acid sequence
comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 but which has 1 to 50 amino acid
deletions, substitutions, and/or additions, and (c) an amino acid
sequence having 90% or greater homology with the amino acid
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and wherein said L-tryptophan
oxidase comprises (i) oxidase activity on L-tryptophan in the
presence of oxygen and water to produce hydrogen peroxide and
ammonia, (ii) oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a
range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and (iii)
no oxidase activity on the protein-constituting amino acids other
than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine.
7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the oxidase
activity on L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the
oxidase activity on L-tryptophan.
8. The composition according to claim 6, further comprising a
stabilizing agent.
9. The composition according to claim 8, wherein the stabilizing
agent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sucrose,
sorbitol, trehalose, and combinations thereof.
10. A sensor for detecting or quantifying L-tryptophan comprising
L-tryptophan oxidase and an electrode, wherein the electrode
detects hydrogen peroxide, and the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises
an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a)
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, (b) a variant amino
acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 but which has 1 to 50
amino acid deletions, substitutions, and/or additions, and (c) an
amino acid sequence having 90% or greater homology with the amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and wherein said L-tryptophan
oxidase comprises: (i) oxidase activity on L-tryptophan in the
presence of oxygen and water to produce hydrogen peroxide and
ammonia, (ii) oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a
range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and (iii)
no oxidase activity on the protein-constituting amino acids other
than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine.
11. The sensor according to claim 10, wherein the oxidase activity
on L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan.
12. The sensor according to claim 10, wherein the L-tryptophan
oxidase is mixed with a stabilizing agent.
13. The sensor according to claim 12, wherein the stabilizing agent
is at least one member selected from the group consisting of
glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol, trehalose, and combinations
thereof.
14. The sensor of claim 10, wherein the electrode is an enzymatic
hydrogen peroxide electrode or a membrane hydrogen peroxide
electrode.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Divisional of, and claims priority
under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No.
14/016,408, filed Sep. 3, 2013, which was a Continuation of, and
claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 to, International
Application No. PCT/JP2012/055386, filed Mar. 2, 2012, and claims
priority therethrough under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119 to Japanese Patent
Application No. 2011-048101, filed Mar. 4, 2011, the entireties of
which are incorporated by reference herein. Also, the Sequence
Listing filed electronically herewith is hereby incorporated by
reference (File name: 2017-05-30_T_US-502D_Seq_List; File size: 13
KB; Date recorded: May 29, 2017).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a method for analyzing
L-tryptophan employing L-tryptophan oxidase suited to measuring the
content of L-tryptophan by converting the L-tryptophan in a
biological sample into a product permitting the quantification of
L-tryptophan and detecting or quantifying the product.
[0004] Brief Description of the Related Art
[0005] The quantification of amino acid concentrations in
biological samples such as blood can be effective for detecting
various diseases. The development of such quantification methods is
highly desirable from a medical treatment perspective. Enzymatic
methods of quantifying amino acid concentrations afford great
advantages over instrumental analysis in terms of speed,
convenience, and the like. They are considered useful for the
detection of various illnesses at the actual medical treatment
site.
[0006] Known prior art relating to the enzymatic quantification of
L-tryptophan includes methods employing (i) L-tryptophan
monooxygenase (Emanuele, J. J., Heasley, C. J., and Fitzpatrick, P.
F. (1995) Arch Biochem Biophys 316, 241-248 and Simonian, A. L.,
Rainina, E. I., Fitzpatrick, P. F., and Wild, J. R. (1997) Biosens
Bioelectron 12, 363-371) and (ii) methods employing L-amino acid
oxidase (Japanese Un-examined patent publication No.
2001-069974).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In the above-cited methods employing L-tryptophan
monooxygenase, it is necessary to detect the amount of oxygen
reduction accompanying the oxidation of L-tryptophan. Thus, in
principle, a complex apparatus is required (Simonian, A. L.,
Rainina, E. I., Fitzpatrick, P. F., and Wild, J. R. (1997) Biosens
Bioelectron 12, 363-371). The above L-tryptophan monooxygenase
exhibits high relative activity of 83% to L-phenylalanine and 42%
to L-methionine for an L-tryptophan activity of 100% (Emanuele, J.
J., Heasley, C. J., and Fitzpatrick, P. F. (1995) Arch Biochem
Biophys 316, 241-248). Thus, methods employing this enzyme are not
suitable for convenient, low-cost, and highly L-tryptophan-specific
detection.
[0008] In the above methods, employing L-amino acid oxidase, known
L-amino acid oxidase generally has low substrate specificity and
employs multiple L-amino acids other than L-tryptophan as a
reaction substrate. Thus, there are no known examples of
L-tryptophan-specific detection with L-amino acid oxidase in the
presence of foreign substances. For example, multiple enzymes in
snake venom are known as L-amino acid oxidases. However, all of
these enzymes have activity for a broad range of amino acids
(Tonismagi, K., Samel, M., Trummal, K., Ronnholm, G., Siigur, J.,
Kalkkinen, N., and Siigur, E. (2006) Toxicon 48, 227-237 and Tan,
N. H., and Saifuddin, M. N. (1991) Int J Biochem 23, 323-327). In
addition to these, there are also examples of reports of L-amino
acid oxidases derived from mollusks and bacteria. However, these
are similarly known to have broad substrate specificity (Yang, H.,
Johnson, P. M., Ko, K. C., Kamio, M., Germann, M. W., Derby, C. D.,
and Tai, P. C. (2005) J Exp Biol 208, 3609-3622, Ehara, T.,
Kitajima, S., Kanzawa, N., Tamiya, T., and Tsuchiya, T. (2002) FEBS
Lett 531, 509-512, Geueke, B., and Hummel, W. (2002) Enzyme Microb
Technol 31, 77-87, and Tong, H., Chen, W., Shi, W., Qi, F., and
Dong, X. (2008) J Bacteriol 190, 4716-4721). In principle, it is
impossible to use these enzymes to quantify L-tryptophan.
[0009] As enzymes with relatively high substrate specificity for
L-tryptophan, there are examples of reports of L-amino acid
oxygenase derived from a basidiomycete, Coprinus sp. (Japanese
Un-examined patent publication No. 2001-069974). However, these
enzymes also exhibit about 7% reactivity to other types of amino
acids, such as L-phenylalanine. Accordingly, they are still
unsuited to the detection of biological samples containing large
amounts of foreign substances. The Km value of these enzymes for
L-tryptophan is 650 .mu.M, and the fact of low substrate affinity
is problematic in the accurate quantification of L-tryptophan that
is only present in concentrations on the order of several tens of
.mu.M in blood. As of the present, there are no known examples of
the actual quantification of L-tryptophan in samples using L-amino
acid oxygenase. Further, the genes of these enzymes have not yet
been identified. Their manufacture entails the long-term (about a
month) culturing of basidiomycetes and a complex purification
process. For these reasons, the quantification of L-tryptophan in
biological samples using these enzymes and practical applications
requiring large quantities of these enzymes are hard.
[0010] Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to
explore a new enzyme suitable for specifically quantifying
L-tryptophan in biological samples in which other amino acids are
also present, and to provide a new method for analyzing
L-tryptophan using this enzyme.
[0011] A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a
measuring kit that can be used when implementing the above
enzymatic analysis method. A still further aspect of the present
invention is to provide an enzyme sensor that can be used in the
above enzymatic analysis method.
[0012] The present inventors discovered an L-tryptophan oxidase
with high substrate specificity to L-tryptophan from a gene in the
bis-indole antibiotic biosynthesis pathway of a bacterium. It was
discovered that it was possible to produce detectable compounds by
reacting this enzyme with L-tryptophan contained in a biological
sample, and that this enzyme could specifically quantify
L-tryptophan in biological samples without being affected by other
amino acids also present. The present invention was devised on that
basis.
[0013] The present invention is as follows:
[0014] It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a method
for analyzing L-tryptophan in a specimen, comprising the steps
of:
[0015] (A) mixing the specimen, L-tryptophan oxidase, and water,
producing a reaction solution,
[0016] (B) allowing the reaction solution to stand for a prescribed
period in the presence of oxygen, producing at least one type of
reaction product, and either
[0017] (C) confirming the presence of the at least one type of
reaction product due to the action of the L-tryptophan oxidase
present in the reaction solution after standing for the prescribed
period, or
[0018] (D) measuring the quantity of the at least one type of the
reaction product;
[0019] wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises an amino acid
sequence selected from the group consisting of:
[0020] (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2,
[0021] (b) a variant amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or
2 but which has 1 to 50 amino acid deletions, substitutions, and/or
additions, and
[0022] (c) an amino acid sequence having 90% or greater homology
with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and
[0023] wherein said L-tryptophan oxidase comprises:
[0024] (i) oxidase activity on L-tryptophan in the presence of
oxygen and water to produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia,
[0025] (ii) oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a
range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and
[0026] (iii) no oxidase activity on the protein-constituting amino
acids other than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine.
[0027] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the method as described above, wherein the oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan.
[0028] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the method as described above, wherein, prior to step (A), the
L-tryptophan oxidase employed is stored in the presence of a
stabilizing agent.
[0029] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the method as described above, wherein the stabilizing agent is
selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol,
trehalose, can combinations thereof
[0030] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the method as described above, wherein the reaction product is
hydrogen peroxide.
[0031] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
kit for analyzing L-tryptophan comprising: [0032] L-tryptophan
oxidase,
[0033] wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises an amino acid
sequence selected from the group consisting of: [0034] (a) the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, [0035] (b) a variant
amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 but which has 1 to
50 amino acid deletions, substitutions, and/or additions, and
[0036] (c) an amino acid sequence having 90% or greater homology
with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and [0037]
wherein said L-tryptophan oxidase comprises: [0038] (i) oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water to
produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, [0039] (ii) oxidase activity
on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan, and [0040] (iii) no oxidase activity on
the protein-constituting amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine.
[0041] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the kit as described above, wherein the oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan.
[0042] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the kit as described above, wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase is in
a mixture with a stabilizing agent.
[0043] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the kit as described above, wherein the stabilizing agent is
selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol,
trehalose, and combinations thereof.
[0044] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the kit as described above, further comprising a component selected
from the group consisting of: a reaction buffer, a reagent for
detecting hydrogen peroxide, an ammonia-detecting reagent, an
indole pyruvic acid-detecting reagent, and combinations
thereof.
[0045] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
composition for analyzing L-tryptophan comprising L-tryptophan
oxidase,
[0046] wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises an amino acid
sequence selected from the group consisting of: [0047] (a) the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, [0048] (b) a variant
amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 but which has 1 to
50 amino acid deletions, substitutions, and/or additions, and
[0049] (c) an amino acid sequence having 90% or greater homology
with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and [0050]
wherein said L-tryptophan oxidase comprises: [0051] (i) oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water to
produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, [0052] (ii) oxidase activity
on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan, and [0053] (iii) no oxidase activity on
the protein-constituting amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine.
[0054] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
composition as described above, wherein the oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan.
[0055] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
composition as described above, further comprising a stabilizing
agent.
[0056] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
composition as described above, wherein the stabilizing agent is
selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol,
trehalose, and combinations thereof.
[0057] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
sensor for detecting or quantifying L-tryptophan comprising
L-tryptophan oxidase and an electrode, wherein the electrode
detects hydrogen peroxide, and the L-tryptophan oxidase comprises
an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
[0058] (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, [0059] (b)
a variant amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 but
which has 1 to 50 amino acid deletions, substitutions, and/or
additions, and [0060] (c) an amino acid sequence having 90% or
greater homology with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2,
and [0061] wherein said L-tryptophan oxidase comprises: [0062] (i)
oxidase activity on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and
water to produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, [0063] (ii) oxidase
activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of
the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and [0064] (iii) no oxidase
activity on the protein-constituting amino acids other than
L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine.
[0065] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the sensor as described above, wherein the oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falls within a range of 0 to 1% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan.
[0066] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the sensor as described above, wherein the L-tryptophan oxidase is
mixed with a stabilizing agent.
[0067] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the sensor as described above, wherein the stabilizing agent is
selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol,
trehalose, and combinations thereof.
[0068] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide
the sensor as described above, wherein the electrode is an
enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrode or a membrane hydrogen
peroxide electrode.
[0069] The present invention permits rapid and convenient
L-tryptophan-specific detection, even in samples containing large
amounts of impurities such as other amino acids, by employing a
tryptophan oxidase that is specific to L-tryptophan. In particular,
the present invention is effective on biological samples such as
plasma, blood serum, and urine, and quantification of L-tryptophan
is possible by fluorescence methods and color-forming methods such
as coupling with enzymes such as peroxidase, and an electrode-type
enzyme sensor is provided as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0070] FIG. 1 shows StaO activity at various L-tryptophan
concentrations.
[0071] FIG. 2 shows the change over time in the absorbance of an
L-tryptophan calibration curve generating sample with StaO.
[0072] FIG. 3 shows L-tryptophan calibration curve generated with
samples employing StaO.
[0073] FIG. 4 shows the change over time in absorbance in samples
used to generate L-tryptophan calibration curve with VioA.
[0074] FIG. 5 shows an L-tryptophan calibration curve generated
with samples employing VioA.
[0075] FIG. 6 shows the results of L-tryptophan quantification in
human plasma samples by instrumental analysis or with L-tryptophan
oxidase.
[0076] FIG. 7 shows the change over time in StaO residual activity
in the presence of various glycerol concentrations.
[0077] FIG. 8 shows the change over time in VioA residual activity
in the presence of various glycerol concentrations.
[0078] FIG. 9 shows the residual activity following overnight
storage of VioA at 4.degree. C. and -80.degree. C. with and without
the presence of 10% glycerol.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0079] <The Method for Analyzing L-Tryptophan>
[0080] The method for analyzing L-tryptophan includes the steps of:
(A) mixing a specimen, L-tryptophan oxidase, and water; (B)
allowing the reaction solution obtained from said mixing to stand
for a prescribed period in the presence of oxygen; and (C)
confirming the presence of at least one type of reaction product
due to the action of the enzyme present in the reaction solution
after standing or measuring the quantity of at least one type of
the reaction product. Through these steps, it is possible to
confirm or quantify the presence of L-tryptophan in the
specimen.
[0081] The specimen can be any biological sample potentially
containing L-tryptophan. The biological sample can be suitably
selected in view of what the product is that is produced by causing
L-tryptophan oxidase to act on the biological sample and that is
confirmed or quantified to confirm the presence of L-tryptophan, or
measure the content thereof, in the biological sample. For example,
when employing a color-forming agent or a fluorescent agent to
confirm or quantify the product, a colorless aqueous solution is
exemplary. Examples are blood serum and plasma.
[0082] The L-tryptophan oxidase can have an amino acid sequence of
any one of (1) to (3) below
[0083] (1) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 in the
Sequence Listing;
[0084] (2) an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 in the
Sequence Listing with 1 to 50 amino acid deletions, substitutions,
and/or additions, or
[0085] (3) an amino acid sequence having 90% or greater homology
with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 in the Sequence
Listing.
[0086] The L-tryptophan oxidase can have an oxidase activity which
acts on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water to produce
hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, or can have an oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan. Also, the L-tryptophan oxidase can have
no oxidase activity on the protein-constituting amino acids other
than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine.
[0087] VioA is an enzyme that has the amino acid sequence given in
SEQ ID NO: 1 in the Sequence Listing, that has oxidase activity of
acting on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water to
produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan, and that has no oxidase activity on the
protein-constituting amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine. VioA can be derived from Chromobacterium
violaceum. VioA has been identified as an enzyme catalyzing part of
the biosynthesis pathway of the antibiotic violacein that is
produced by this bacterium and is reported to have L-tryptophan
oxidation activity (Balibar, C. J., and Walsh, C. T. (2006)
Biochemistry 45, 15444-15457). However, the enzymatic properties,
such as the substrate specificity of the enzyme, have not yet been
examined. Accordingly, the fact that VioA has oxidase activity of
acting on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water to
produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, has oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan, and has no oxidase activity on
protein-constituting amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine are clarified for the first time as described
herein. Furthermore, there has never been any report of the use of
VioA to quantify L-tryptophan.
[0088] StaO is an enzyme that has the amino acid sequence given in
SEQ ID NO: 2 in the Sequence Listing, that has oxidase activity of
acting on L-tryptophan in the presence of oxygen and water to
produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, that has oxidase activity on
L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan, and that has no oxidase activity on the
protein-constituting amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine. StaO can be derived from Streptomyces sp.
TA-A0724. The gene encoding StaO was discovered in the biosynthesis
gene cluster of staurosporine, an antibiotic produced by the above
bacterium (Onaka, H., Taniguchi, S., Igarashi, Y., and Furumai, T.
(2002) J Antibiot 55, 1063-1071). This gene has no significant
homology with the VioA gene, nor is there any example of biological
analysis of the genetic product. Thus, the properties of the
genetic product were unknown. Accordingly, the fact that StaO has
oxidase activity of acting on L-tryptophan in the presence of
oxygen and water to produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, has
oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to
3% of the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and has no oxidase
activity on the protein-constituting amino acids other than
L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine are clarified for the first time
as described herein.
[0089] The phrase "oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine" and the
"oxidase activity on L-tryptophan" in the phrase "oxidase activity
on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of the oxidase
activity on L-tryptophan" can mean the relative activity achieved
when L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan are employed, respectively,
as the protein-constituting amino acid in the test method of "4.
The substrate specificity on amino acids of L-tryptophan oxidase"
in the Examples. The detection limits for all of the activity
values obtained for the test method of "4. The substrate
specificity on amino acids of L-tryptophan oxidase" are 0.5%. From
the perspective of enhancing analysis precision, the oxidase
activity on L-phenylalanine of the L-tryptophan oxidase can fall
within a range of 0 to 2% of the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan,
or within a range of 0 to 1.5%, or in another example, within a
range of 0 to 1%.
[0090] Furthermore, the "oxidase activity on amino acids other than
L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine" in "has no oxidase activity on
amino acids other than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine" can mean
the relative activity achieved when employing amino acids other
than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine as protein-constituting amino
acids in the test method of "4. The substrate specificity on amino
acids of L-tryptophan oxidase" in the Examples. Furthermore, the
term "has no oxidase activity" or "no oxidase activity" can mean
that the relative activity is 1% or less, or not exhibiting a
relative activity exceeding the detection limit (0.5%).
[0091] The facts of having oxidase activity of acting on
L-tryptophan to produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, an oxidase
activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to 3% of
the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and having no oxidase
activity on the protein-constituting amino acids other than
L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine can be confirmed by use in
analysis methods (quantification methods) described in the various
Examples. The protein-constituting amino acids can refer to
L-tyrosine, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic
acid, L-glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-leucine,
L-methionine, L-asparagine, L-proline, L-glutamine, L-arginine,
L-serine, L-threonine, and L-valine.
[0092] The range of "1 to 50" in the phrase "1 to 50 amino acid
deletions, substitutions, and/or additions" can mean an enzyme in
the form of a protein having such changes and the like which, in
the presence of oxygen and water, has an oxidase activity of acting
on L-tryptophan to produce hydrogen peroxide and ammonia; an
oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0 to
3% the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and no oxidase activity on
amino acids other than L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine. From the
perspective of a high ratio of the protein having oxidase activity,
the above range of "1 to 50", can be, for example, 1 to 40, 1 to
30, 1 to 20, 1 to 10, 1 to 7, 1 to 5, or, about 1 to 3.
[0093] The homology in the phrase "an amino acid sequence having
90% or greater homology with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
1 or 2" is not specifically limited so long as the protein having
the above amino acid sequence homology is an enzyme that has an
oxidase activity of acting on L-tryptophan to produce hydrogen
peroxide and ammonia in the presence of oxygen and water, that has
an oxidase activity on L-phenylalanine falling within a range of 0
to 3% of the oxidase activity on L-tryptophan, and that has no
oxidase activity on the amino acids other than L-tryptophan and
L-phenylalanine. The homology of the amino acid sequence is not
specifically limited other than that it be 90% or greater. However,
it can be 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98%, or,
99% or greater.
[0094] The L-tryptophan oxidase can mean an enzyme, irrespective of
the specific species from which it is manufactured, derived or
purified, that produces hydrogen peroxide while specifically and
oxidatively deaminating the amino group of L-tryptophan.
[0095] So long as the L-tryptophan oxidase has the same activity,
it can include proteins and enzymes separated from the natural
world, derived from living organisms, that are obtained by
expressing the gene that encodes the enzyme in E. coli, or some
other host in the form of a living organism.
[0096] As an example of a method of production by heterogeneous
expression, the corresponding gene from genomic DNA that has been
extracted from a biological species having the same activity is
amplified by PCR, incorporated into pET, pUC, or the like to build
a plasmid vector, and used to transform a host bacterium such as
BL21 or JM109. The transformant is then cultured. Known methods
other than this method can also be suitably employed.
[0097] The method of obtaining the L-tryptophan oxidase is not
specifically limited; a protein synthesized by chemical synthesis
and a recombinant protein fabricated by gene recombination
technology are included. When fabricating a recombinant protein,
the gene (DNA) coding for the corresponding protein can be obtained
by a method set forth further below. By incorporating this DNA into
a suitable expression system, it is possible to produce the above
L-tryptophan oxidase.
[0098] The L-tryptophan oxidase can be prepared by a production
method such as loading a gene coding for the above L-tryptophan
oxidase onto a vector, transforming a host cell with the vector,
culturing the host cell that has been transformed to accumulate the
protein coding for the gene within the culture product, and
collecting the accumulated protein.
[0099] The method of obtaining the gene coding for the L-tryptophan
oxidase is not specifically limited. For example, the gene coding
for the L-tryptophan oxidase can be fabricated by any method known
to a person having ordinary skill in the art, such as chemical
synthesis, genetic engineering methods, mutation induction, or the
like based on information in the form of the amino acid sequence of
SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 or the base sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 3 or
4.
[0100] For example, the gene can be obtained by the method of
bringing the DNA having the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4 in
the Sequence Listing into contact with a reagent serving as a
mutagen, the method of irradiation with UV radiation, and the
method of genetic engineering. The site-specific mutation induction
method, a method of genetic engineering, is a useful method in
which a specific mutation is introduced at a specific position. The
gene can be obtained by any known method.
[0101] Based on the information on the amino acid sequence given by
SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 or the base sequence given by SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4
in the Sequence Listing, suitable probes or primers can be prepared
and then used to screen genome libraries of Chromobacterium
violaceum NBRC 12614 or Streptomyces sp. TA-A0724 to isolate the
gene. A genome library can be prepared by the usual methods from
Chromobacterium violaceum NBRC 12614 or Streptomyces sp.
TA-A0724.
[0102] The gene coding for the L-tryptophan oxidase can be obtained
by the PCR method. PCR is conducted using a pair of primers
designed to amplify the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4 using a
genome library of Chromobacterium violaceum NBRC 12614 or
Streptomyces sp. TA-A0724 as template. The PCR reaction conditions
can be suitably established. For example, 30 cycles of a reaction
cycle consisting of 30 seconds at 94.degree. C. (denaturation), 30
second to 1 minute at 55.degree. C. (annealing), and 2 minutes at
72.degree. C. (elongation) can be conducted, after which a reaction
can be conducted for 7 minutes at 72.degree. C. Next, the amplified
DNA fragment can be cloned into a suitable vector permitting
amplification in a host such as E. coli.
[0103] Operations such as preparing the above probes or primers,
constructing a genome library, screening a genome library, and
cloning the target gene can be suitably carried out based on
methods known to persons having ordinary skill in the art.
[0104] The above L-tryptophan oxidase gene can be inserted into a
suitable vector for use. The type of vector is not specifically
limited. For example, it can be an autonomously replicated vector
(such as a plasmid), or one that is incorporated into the genome of
a host cell during the course of introduction into the host cell,
and replicated along with the chromosome into which it has been
incorporated. The vector can be an expression vector. In an
expression vector, the gene can be functionally linked to the
elements required for transcription (such as promoters). A promoter
is a DNA sequence that exhibits transcription activity in a host
cell and can be suitably selected based on the type of host
cell.
[0105] Examples of promoters that can function in bacteria cells
are the Geobacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene,
Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene, Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens BAN amylase gene, and Bacillus subtilis alkaline
protease gene, as well as Bacillus pumilus xylosidase gene
promoters, phage lambda PR and PL promoters, and E. coli lac, trp,
and tac promoters.
[0106] Examples of promoters that can function in mammalian cells
are the SV40 promoter, MT-1 (metallothionein gene) promoter, and
adenovirus 2 major late promoter. Examples of promoters that can
function in insect cells are the polyhedrin promoter, P10 promoter,
Autographa californica polyhedrosis basic protein promoter,
Baculovirus immediate early gene 1 promoter, and the Baculovirus
39K delayed-early gene promoter. Examples of promoters that can
function in yeast host cells are promoters derived from yeast
glycolytic system cells, alcohol dehydrogenase gene promoters, TPI1
promoter, and ADH2-4c promoter. Examples of promoters that function
in filamentous cells are ADH3 promoter and tpiA promoter.
[0107] As needed, the L-tryptophan oxidase gene can be functionally
joined to a suitable terminator. The recombinant vector containing
the L-tryptophan oxidase gene can also include elements such as
polyadenylation signals (such as those derived from SV40 or the
adenovirus 5E1b region) and transcription enhancer series (such as
the SV40 enhancer). The recombinant vector containing the
L-tryptophan oxidase gene can further include a DNA sequence
permitting replication of the vector in a host cell, one example of
which is the SV40 replication origin (when the host cell is a
mammalian cell).
[0108] The recombinant vector containing the L-tryptophan oxidase
gene can further include selection markers. Examples of selection
markers are genes for which complements are lacking in the host
cell, such as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and the
Schizosaccaromyces pombe TPI gene, and genes conferring resistance
to drugs such as ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline,
chloramphenicol, neomycin, and hygromycin. The methods used to
splice the L-tryptophan oxidase gene, promoter, and, if necessary,
terminator and/or secretion signal sequences and insert them into a
suitable vector are known to persons having ordinary skill in the
art.
[0109] The recombinant vector containing the L-tryptophan oxidase
gene can be introduced into a suitable host to prepare a
transformant. The host cell into which the recombinant vector
containing the L-tryptophan oxidase gene is inserted can be any
cell that is capable of expressing the L-tryptophan oxidase gene.
Examples include bacteria, yeast, fungus, and higher eukaryotic
cells.
[0110] Examples of bacterial cells include gram-positive cells such
as Bacillus and Streptomyces, and gram-negative cells such as E.
coli. These cells can be transformed by the protoplast method or by
a known method employing a competent cell. Examples for mammalian
cells include HEK293 cells, HeLa cells, COS cells, BHK cells, CHL
cells, and CHO cells. Methods of transforming mammalian cells and
inducing the expression of DNA sequences that have been introduced
into the cells are also known. For example, the electroporation
method, calcium phosphate method, and lipofection methods can be
employed.
[0111] Examples of yeast cells include cells belonging to
Saccharomyces or Schizosaccaromyces, such as Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri. Examples of methods of
introducing the recombinant vector into the host cell include the
electroporation method, spheroblast method, and lithium acetate
method.
[0112] Examples of fungus cells include filamentous bacteria such
as cells belonging to Aspergillus, Neurspora, Fusarium, and
Trichoderma. When employing a filamentous bacterium as a host cell,
transformation can be conducted by incorporating the DNA construct
into the host chromosome to obtain a recombinant host cell. The DNA
construct can be introduced into the host chromosome by known
methods, such as by homologous recombination or heterogenous
recombination.
[0113] When employing an insect cell as the host cell, a vector
into which the recombinant gene has been introduced and a
Baculovirus can be jointly introduced into the insect cell with
known methods to obtain a recombinant virus in the supernatant of
an insect cell culture. The recombinant virus can then be used to
infect insect cells and expression of the protein can be
induced.
[0114] For example, the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
virus, a virus infecting insects of the family Mamestra brassicae,
can be employed as the Baculovirus.
[0115] Sf9 and Sf21, which are ovarian cells of Spodoptera
frugiperda (Baculovirus Expression Vectors, A Laboratory Manual, W.
H. Freeman and Company, New York (1992); HiFive (made by
Initrogen)), which are Trichoplusiani ovarian cells, and the like
can be employed as insect cells.
[0116] The calcium phosphate method and lipofection method are
examples of methods of jointly introducing a recombinant gene
introduction vector and Baculovirus into an insect cell to prepare
a recombinant virus.
[0117] The above transformant can be cultured in a suitable culture
medium under conditions permitting the expression of the gene that
has been introduced. The usual protein isolation and purification
methods can be employed to isolate and purify the L-tryptophan
oxidase from the transformant culture. For example, when the
L-tryptophan oxidase has been expressed in a dissolved state within
the cell, culturing is terminated, the cells are recovered by
centrifugal separation and suspended in an aqueous buffer, the
cells are disrupted with an ultrasonic disruptor or the like, and a
cell-free extract is obtained. The cell-free extract is
centrifugally separated to obtain a supernatant, from which the
L-tryptophan oxidase can be obtained as a purified product by the
usual protein isolation and purification methods, employed singly
or in combination. These methods include solvent extraction,
salting out with ammonium sulfate, desalting, precipitation from an
organic solvent, anion exchange chromatography employing a resin
such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sepharose, cation exchange
chromatography employing a resin such as S-Sepharose FF (made by
Pharmacia), hydrophobic chromatography employing a resin such as
Butyl-Sepharose or Phenyl-Sepharose, gel filtration employing a
molecular sieve, affinity chromatography, chromatofocusing, and
electrophoresis methods such as isoelectric electrophoresis.
[0118] The oxidation reaction of L-tryptophan by L-tryptophan
oxidase is given by reaction formula A below:
##STR00001##
[0119] The L-tryptophan oxidase can mean an enzyme catalyzing the
reaction given by Formula A above. Accordingly, it is not limited
by differences in amino acid sequence or derivation.
[0120] Step (A)
[0121] It is suitable for the quantity of L-tryptophan oxidase that
is admixed in step (A) to be 10 mU/mL or more (activity that
consumes 1 .mu.mol of tryptophan per minute is defined as 1 U). The
quantity of water that is mixed in can be suitably determined based
on the concentration of Trp in the sample or the total mass of the
reaction system. For example, it can fall within a range of 5 to
95% of the total mass of the reaction system. As a molar ratio, it
suffices for 1 mol or more of water to be present per mol of Trp,
for example. When conducting the enzymatic reaction in an aqueous
solution, the excess water will be present in the reaction system.
There is no specific upper limit to the quantity of L-tryptophan
oxidase that is admixed. In practical terms, it can be 100 mU/mL or
lower, for example. However, there is no intent to limit to these
ranges the quantity of L-tryptophan oxidase that is mixed in and
the quantity of water that is mixed in, and they can be suitably
adjusted.
[0122] In addition to L-tryptophan oxidase and water, a buffer
solution exhibiting the optimum pH for L-tryptophan oxidase can be
incorporated. When employing a buffer solution, water can be
supplied as the buffer solution. It can also be incorporated as a
stabilizing agent for L-tryptophan oxidase. The stabilizing agent
of L-tryptophan oxidase can be, for example, at least one of
glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol, and/or trehalose.
[0123] Step (B)
[0124] In step (B), the reaction solution that has been obtained by
the above mixing is left standing for a prescribed period in the
presence of oxygen.
[0125] In the L-tryptophan oxidation reaction by L-tryptophan
oxidase, as indicated in reaction formula (A), an L-tryptophan
deamination product in the form of indole-3-pyruvic acid, as well
as ammonia (NH.sub.3) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), are
obtained as products. By conducting this reaction in contact with
air, for example, the oxygen can be supplied in the form of
dissolved oxygen in the reaction solution. There is normally no
need to force feed an oxygen-containing gas such as air into the
reaction solution to supply oxygen to the reaction solution. That
is because only a trace amount of oxygen is required by the
enzymatic reaction, which is amply provided by dissolved oxygen.
The period for which the reaction solution is left standing for
oxygen will depend on the quantity of enzyme employed. By way of
example, it will fall within a range of from 10 minutes to one
hour. However, there is no intent to limit it to this range, and it
can be suitably adjusted.
[0126] Step (C)
[0127] In step (C), after standing, the presence of at least one
species of reaction compound produced by the action of the enzyme
that is present in the reaction solution is confirmed or the
quantity of at least one species of reaction product is
measured.
[0128] When the product the presence of which is confirmed or
quantified is hydrogen peroxide, the presence of hydrogen peroxide
can be confirmed or quantified by a known method, such as the
method of measurement using a peroxidase reaction, for example.
When employing a peroxidase reaction for measurement, it suffices
for the peroxidase that is employed to be an enzyme that is capable
of confirming or quantifying the presence of hydrogen peroxide. An
example is peroxidase derived from horseradish. So long as it can
serve as a substrate for the peroxidase employed, it can also be
employed as a color-forming agent. When employing peroxidase
derived from horseradish, an example is 4-aminoantipyrine: phenol.
The reaction for confirming or quantifying the presence of hydrogen
peroxide with peroxidase derived from horseradish is as indicated
below:
2H.sub.2O.sub.2+4-aminoantipyrine+phenol->quinoneimine
dye+4H.sub.2O Chem. 2
[0129] The fluorescent agent or color-forming agent such as
4-aminoantipyrine can be suitably selected based on the type of
peroxidase employed.
[0130] The hydrogen peroxide that is produced by the L-tryptophan
oxidase reaction can be measured using a current detecting type
sensor with a hydrogen peroxide electrode. This measurement permits
both confirmation and quantification of the presence of hydrogen
peroxide. For example, the hydrogen peroxide electrode can be a
sensor such as ferrocene, which can be present in carbon paste and
a membrane, on which peroxidase and bovine serum albumin have been
immobilized with glutaraldehyde as an electrode.
[0131] When the product that is used to confirm or quantify is
ammonia, measurement can be conducted with an ammonia-detecting
reagent. An example of an ammonia-detecting reagent is the
indophenol method, which is based on a combination of phenol and
hypochlorous acid. Specifically, the sample is mixed with a phenol
nitroprusside solution and a perchloric acid solution to produce
color, permitting confirmation. The absorbance at 635 nm of the
color generated can also be measured to quantify the ammonia.
[0132] When the product that is used to confirm or quantify is a
deamination product of L-tryptophan in the form of indole pyruvic
acid, 2-oxo-acid reductase can be employed to confirm or quantify
the presence of indole pyruvic acid.
[0133] <The Kit for Analyzing L-Tryptophan>
[0134] The present invention includes a kit for analyzing
L-tryptophan can include the following reagents:
[0135] L-Tryptophan oxidase
[0136] The L-tryptophan oxidase is identical to that described for
the above method of quantifying L-tryptophan. Confirmation and
quantification of the presence of L-tryptophan are included in the
analysis of L-tryptophan.
[0137] The L-tryptophan oxidase can also be a mixture of
L-tryptophan oxidase with a stabilizing agent. The stabilizing
agent can be glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol, and/or trehalose. The
stabilizing agent can be glycerol due to its good stabilizing
effect on enzymes.
[0138] The kit can further include a reaction buffer, a reagent for
detecting hydrogen peroxide, an ammonia-detecting reagent, and/or
an indole pyruvic acid-detecting reagent.
[0139] The reaction buffer can be used to maintain the reaction
solution at a pH suited to the quantification reaction or the like.
The L-tryptophan oxidase indicated in the Examples further below
has an optimal pH ranging from 8 to 9, so a buffer solution having
a pH falling within this range is exemplary.
[0140] The reagent for detecting hydrogen peroxide is employed when
detecting hydrogen peroxide by fluorescence or color formation, for
example. Examples of the reagent for detecting hydrogen peroxide
are a combination of the color-forming agent of peroxidase and its
substrate. A specific example is a combination of horseradish
peroxidase, 4-aminoantipyrine, and phenol.
[0141] An example of the ammonia-detecting reagent is the
indophenol method based on combining phenol and hypochlorous
acid.
[0142] An example of the indole pyruvic acid-detecting reagent is
the use of 2-oxo-acid reductase.
[0143] <The Composition for Analyzing L-Tryptophan>
[0144] The present invention includes a composition for analyzing
L-tryptophan containing L-tryptophan oxidase. The L-tryptophan
oxidase in this composition is identical to the L-tryptophan
oxidase described for the above method for quantifying
L-tryptophan. The analysis of L-tryptophan includes confirmation
and quantification of the presence of L-tryptophan. The composition
for analysis can contain, by way of example, an agent for
stabilizing the enzyme, a buffer solution, and a buffering agent in
addition to L-tryptophan.
[0145] The agent for stabilizing L-tryptophan oxidase can be
glycerol, sucrose, sorbitol, and/or trehalose. The stabilizing
agent can be glycerol due to its good stabilizing effect on
enzymes.
[0146] The mixing ratio of enzyme and stabilizing agent can be, for
example, 10 to 70 mass parts of stabilizing agent per 100 mass
parts of enzyme from the perspective of permitting the stable
storage of the enzyme for extended periods. The quantity of
stabilizing agent can fall within a range of 20 to 60 mass parts,
or within a range of 30 to 50 mass parts, per 100 mass parts of
enzyme.
[0147] <The Enzyme Sensor>
[0148] The present inventor includes an enzyme sensor for detecting
or quantifying L-tryptophan with L-tryptophan oxidase. The
L-tryptophan oxidase employed in the enzyme sensor is identical to
that described for the above method for quantifying
L-tryptophan.
[0149] The detection electrode is an electrode for detecting
hydrogen peroxide. The electrode for detecting hydrogen peroxide
can be an enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrode or a membrane
hydrogen peroxide electrode. When L-tryptophan oxidase reacts with
L-tryptophan, it produces hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the hydrogen
peroxide can be detected with a hydrogen peroxide-detecting
electrode. An example of an enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrode
is a sensor such as ferrocene which is present in a carbon paste
and a membrane, on which peroxidase and bovine serum albumin have
been immobilized with glutaraldehyde as an electrode. The membrane
hydrogen peroxide electrode is an electrode of a type in which a
membrane separates the hydrogen peroxide from the electrode with
which it reacts.
[0150] From the perspective of conducting the detection or
quantification of the L-tryptophan at a higher level of precision,
the above L-tryptophan oxidase can be disposed on the surface of
the detection electrode or in the vicinity of the detection
electrode. When disposed on the surface of the detection electrode,
it can be immobilized on the surface of the detection electrode or
not. Immobilization on the surface of the detection electrode
affords the advantage of permitting repeat use of the sensor of the
present invention. Furthermore, the L-tryptophan oxidase can be
disposed together with the above enzyme stabilizing agent on the
surface of the detection electrode or in the vicinity of the
detection electrode. The stabilizing agent can be glycerol,
sucrose, sorbitol, and/or trehalose.
EXAMPLES
[0151] The present invention is described more specifically below
through Examples. However, the present invention is not limited to
the Examples.
[0152] 1. Example of Preparation of L-Tryptophan Oxidase
[0153] Genomic DNA of Chromobacterium violaceum NBRC 12614 was
prepared. Employing it as template, PCR was conducted with the
primers of SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6 that had been designed based on the
sequence (AF172851.1) of the individual bacterium in the base
sequence database. The L-tryptophan oxidase gene vioA was thus
amplified. The amplification product was inserted into pET-28a to
obtain a plasmid for expressing vioA. A fragment of a cosmid
pTYMCsta (Onaka, H., Taniguchi, S., Igarashi, Y., and Furumai, T.
(2002) J Antibiot 55, 1063-1071) containing a fragment of the
genome of Streptomyces sp. TA-A0724 that had been treated with StuI
was inserted into a vector pTYM19 (Onaka, H., Taniguchi, S., Ikeda,
H., Igarashi, Y., and Furumai, T. (2003) J Antibiot 56, 950-956)
that had been treated with HincII, and the L-tryptophan oxidase
gene StaO was subcloned. Employing a QuikChange site-directed
mutagenesis kit made by Strategene and the primers of SEQ ID NOS: 7
to 10, the sequence of the above subcloned plasmid was changed. The
StaO gene was cut from this plasmid by treatment with NdeI and
HindIII, and inserted into pET-26b that had been treated with the
same restriction enzymes to obtain an StaO expression plasmid. The
primers were designed so that a His-tag was added to the N or C end
of each enzyme. E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain was transformed with each
of the expression plasmids to obtain VioA or StaO heterogeneous
expression strains. The base sequences of the primers were as
follows.
TABLE-US-00001 VioA-F: (SEQ ID NO: 5)
ATTCTAGACATATGAAGCATTCTTCCGATATCTG VioA-R: (SEQ ID NO: 6)
AATAAGCTTCGCGGCGATGCGCTG StaO-N-sense: (SEQ ID NO: 7)
TACTGGAGGAAACATATGACGGCACCC StaO-N-anti: (SEQ ID NO: 8)
CAAGGGTGCCGTCATATGTTTCCTCCA StaO-C-sense: (SEQ ID NO: 9)
GACCGGTCGGCGAAGCTTTCTTCGACCTG StaO-C-anti: (SEQ ID NO: 10)
GCAGGTCGAAGAAAGCTTCGCCGACCGGT
[0154] The various heterogeneous expression strains were cultured
by shaking at 37.degree. C. until the OD600 reached 0.6 to 0.8. At
that point, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 0.5 mM to
induce expression. Culturing was conducted for 16 hours at
16.degree. C. following the induction of expression, and the target
enzyme was obtained in the soluble fraction. The yield of StaO was
further enhanced by coexpression of the chaperone plasmid pG-KJE8
made by Takara.
[0155] The supernatant of each solution of the ruptured expression
strains was loaded onto an Ni Sepharose column made by GE
Healthcare, washed with 20 mM Tris-HCl and 50 mM imidazole (pH
8.0), and then eluted with a solution of 20 mM Tris-HCl and 500 mM
imidazole (pH 8.0) to purify and recover the target enzyme. The
base sequences of these enzymes were determined, and are shown as
SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4. The amino acid sequences of the enzymes are
shown as SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2.
[0156] 2. An Example of the L-Tryptophan Oxidase Activity
Measurement Conditions
[0157] A reaction solution of 20 mM tris-hydrochloric acid buffer
(pH 8.0), 5 mM L-tryptophan, 1 mM phenol, 1 mM 4-aminoantipyrine,
15 U/mL horseradish-derived peroxidase, and some quantity of
L-tryptophan oxidase enzyme solution was prepared and the change in
absorbance at 505 nm was measured at 30.degree. C. The mol
absorbance coefficient of quinoneimine dye was considered to be 6.4
mM.sup.-1cm.sup.-1. Activity generating 1 .mu.mol of hydrogen
peroxide per minute was defined as 1 U. The detection limit of this
method was 0.5%.
[0158] 3. The Dependence of Activity on pH
[0159] Potassium phosphate buffers (pH 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5) and
tris-hydrochloric acid buffers (pH 8.0, 8.5, 9.0) were employed as
buffers and the activity of StaO when each buffer was employed was
measured. Reaction solutions each containing 20 mM of one of the
above buffers, 5 mM of L-tryptophan, 1 mM of phenol, 1 mM of
4-aminoantipyrine, 15 U/mL of horseradish-derived peroxidase, and
StaO enzyme solution were prepared and the change in absorbance at
505 nm was measured at 30.degree. C. As a result, StaO exhibited
maximal enzymatic activity at pH 8.0 to 9.0. The optimal pH for
VioA has been reported in Balibar, C. J., and Walsh, C. T. (2006)
Biochemistry 45, 15444-15457 to be 9.25.
[0160] 4. The Substrate Specificity for Amino Acids of L-Tryptophan
Oxidase
[0161] Reaction solutions each containing 20 mM of
tris-hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 8.0), 1 mM of phenol, 1 mM of
4-aminoantipyrine, 15 U/mL of horseradish-derived peroxidase, 0.2
to 20 mU/mL of L-tryptophan oxidase, and 0.5 mM of an amino acid
(one of the 20 protein-constituting amino acids) were prepared and
the change in absorbance at 505 nm was measured at 30.degree. C.
The relative activity for each amino acid was calculated from the
measurement values obtained, yielding the results given in Table 1.
The detection limit of this method was 0.5%.
[0162] StaO did not exhibit reactivity to amino acids other than
L-tryptophan (the relative activity was below the detection limit).
With respect to L-phenylalanine alone, an extremely low relative
activity of 0.5 to 1% of that of L-tryptophan was detected. No
reactivity to amino acids other than L-tryptophan was detected for
VioA (the relative activity was below the detection limit). As set
forth above, both StaO and VioA exhibited extremely high substrate
specificity for L-tryptophan.
[0163] 5. The Km Value of L-Tryptophan Oxidase for L-Tryptophan
[0164] Reaction solutions each having 20 mM of tris-hydrochloric
acid buffer (pH 8.0), 1 mM of phenol, 1 mM of 4-aminoantipyrine, 15
U/mL of horseradish-derived peroxidase, 0.5 mU/mL of L-tryptophan
oxidase, and 0, 6.3, 13, 25, 50, 100, or 500 .mu.M of L-tryptophan
were prepared and the change in absorbance at 505 nm was measured
at 30.degree. C.
[0165] The StaO activity that was calculated at each L-tryptophan
concentration is given in FIG. 1. Based on this result, the Km
value of StaO for L-tryptophan was calculated to be 19 .mu.M.
Further, the Km value of VioA is reported to be 30 .mu.M (Balibar,
C. J., and Walsh, C. T. (2006) Biochemistry 45, 15444-15457). These
values are much lower than the value (650 .mu.M) for L-amino acid
oxidase derived from Coprinus sp., and equivalent or lower than the
Km values for the substrates of enzymes that are generally used to
quantify amino acids. This showed that, StaO and VioA had good
properties as quantifying enzymes even in samples with low
concentrations of L-tryptophan.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 The relative activity and Km values of StaO,
VioA, and enzymes employed in background art for various amino
acids Coprinus- derived L-amino oxidase (Patent Reference StaO VioA
A) Relative L-tryptophan 100% 100% 100% activity L-phenylalanine
.sup. 1%*.sup.2 .sup. No activity*.sup.3 7% L-tyrosine No activity
No activity 3% Other amino No activity No activity No acids*.sup.1
activity or unreported Km value for 19 .mu.M 30 .mu.M 650 .mu.M
L-tryptophan Molecular weight 55.6 kDa 46.7 kDa 68 kDa of subunit
*.sup.1L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid,
L-glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-leucine,
L-methionine, L-asparagine, L-proline, L-glutamine, L-arginine,
L-serine, L-threonine, and L-valine. *.sup.2The relative activity
for L-phenylalanine is the average value for three measurements.
The detection limit in this measurement was 0.5%, and the
quantification limit was 1.5%. *.sup.3"No activity" means at or
below the detection limit. The detection limit was 0.5%.
[0166] 6. Preparation of an L-Tryptophan Calibration Curve
[0167] A reaction solution of 40 mM of tris-hydrochloric acid
buffer (pH 8.0), 2 mM of phenol, 2 mM of 4-aminoantipyrine, 30 U/mL
of horseradish-derived peroxidase, and 20 mU/mL of L-tryptophan
oxidase enzyme solution was prepared. This was mixed with aqueous
solutions of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 .mu.M of L-tryptophan in an
equivalent amount to obtain standard samples. Reactions were
conducted at 30.degree. C., the change over time in the absorbance
at 505 nm was measured at 30.degree. C., and the progress of the
reactions was monitored.
[0168] FIGS. 2 to 5 show the measurement results for the samples
prepared as set forth above. For both StaO and VioA, a good linear
relation was observed between the concentration and absorbance of
L-tryptophan at the latest at 20 minutes or later from the start of
the reaction, indicating that a calibration curve could be prepared
for this reaction system. For the StaO samples in particular,
change was exhibited such that the rise in absorbance nearly
stopped even when the reaction time was made excessively long. This
property can be said to be suitable for a quantification enzyme for
which error tends not to occur even when there is variation in the
reaction time.
[0169] 7. Quantification of L-Tryptophan in Human Plasma
Samples
[0170] 7-1. Pretreatment of Human Plasma Samples
[0171] Human plasma samples were purchased from KOHJIN BIO. Three
specimens that had been stored at -20.degree. C. were employed.
They were thawed immediately prior to use, and employed as is or
following treatment to remove protein by ultrafiltration with a
Microcon YM-10 in the L-tryptophan quantification set forth
below.
[0172] 7-2. Quantification of L-Tryptophan in Human Plasma Samples
by Instrumental Analysis
[0173] Quantification was conducted by the precolumn derivatization
method employing an ultra-high-speed amino acid analysis system as
a comparison for quantification by the enzymatic method. As set
forth above, human plasma samples that had been processed to remove
protein were fed into an ultra-high-speed amino acid analysis
system, the Waters UPLC Amino Acid Analysis Solution System. The
procedures in the instruction manual of the system were followed in
the derivatization and analysis of the samples. A calibration curve
was prepared using standard samples in the form of 0, 20, 40, 60,
80, and 100 .mu.M aqueous solutions of L-tryptophan, and the
L-tryptophan in the human plasma samples was quantified.
[0174] 7-3. Quantification of L-Tryptophan in Human Plasma Samples
with L-Tryptophan Oxidase
[0175] A reaction solution of 40 mM of tris-hydrochloric acid
buffer (pH 8.0), 2 mM of phenol, 2 mM of 4-aminoantipyrine, 30 U/mL
of horseradish-derived peroxidase, and 20 mU/mL of L-tryptophan
oxidase enzyme solution was prepared. To this were admixed equal
quantities of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 .mu.M L-tryptophan aqueous
solutions or human plasma samples before and after deproteinization
treatment. Reactions were conducted at 30.degree. C., and the
absorbance at 505 nm was measured after 30 minutes. A calibration
curve was prepared from the measurement values of the L-tryptophan
aqueous solution samples and the L-tryptophan in the plasma samples
was quantified.
[0176] 7-4. A Comparison of Quantification Results for Human Plasma
Samples by Instrumental Analysis and L-Tryptophan Oxidase
[0177] The results of the above measurement are given in FIG. 6. In
the quantification systems in which either the enzyme StaO or VioA
was employed, values close to the measurement values obtained by
instrumental analysis were obtained. This underscored the
effectiveness of the quantification method based on L-tryptophan
oxidase on human plasma samples.
[0178] In the analysis of biological samples by common enzymatic
methods, there are numerous cases where quantification properties
are lost when a deproteinization treatment is not conducted. In
such cases, deproteinization treatment becomes necessary as a
pretreatment of the biological sample. However, neither StaO nor
VioA was observed to have been quantitatively affected, even in
samples that had not been subjected to deproteinization treatment.
Thus, the pretreatment of samples was unnecessary in the
quantification method with the above enzyme, and it was found to be
a particularly convenient and accurate quantification method as an
enzymatic method.
[0179] 8. Stability
[0180] Glycerol was added to final concentrations of 0 to 50% (v/v)
to StaO and VioA purified enzyme solutions. The enzymatic solutions
were stored at 4.degree. C., sampled over time, and the activity
was measured. The change over time in the residual activity of StaO
and VioA stored in the presence of various glycerol concentrations
are given in FIGS. 7 and 8. Although StaO was unstable in a
solution containing just buffer, it exhibited high stability under
conditions were 30% or more of glycerol was added. VioA was
relatively stable even without the addition of glycerol, but
increased in stability with the addition of 10% or more of
glycerol.
[0181] Glycerol was added to a final concentration of 0 or 10%
(v/v) to a VioA purified enzyme solution. The various enzyme
solutions were stored overnight at 4.degree. C. or -80.degree. C.
and then subjected to activity measurement. FIG. 9 shows the
residual activity of VioA enzyme solutions in which 10% glycerol or
no glycerol was present. VioA exhibited loss of activity when
thawed following freezing, but no such deactivation was observed
when 10% glycerol was added.
[0182] As set forth above, when 30% of glycerol was added to StaO
and no glycerol (10% of glycerol when freezing and thawing were
conducted) was added to VioA, they could be employed as stable
enzyme solutions.
[0183] 9. Dependence on Reaction Temperature
[0184] StaO and VioA activity measurement was conducted at reaction
temperatures of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60.degree. C. An activity
measurement reaction solution of 20 mM of tris-hydrochloric acid
buffer (pH 8.0), 1 mM of L-tryptophan, 1 mM of phenol, 1 mM of
4-aminoantipyrine, 15 U/mL of horseradish-derived peroxidase, and
L-tryptophan oxidase enzyme solution was employed. Everything in
the above reaction solution but the peroxidase and L-tryptophan
oxidase enzyme solution was admixed, and 10 minutes of
preincubation was conducted at various temperatures. While
maintaining the temperature of the reaction solution, the
peroxidase and the L-tryptophan oxidase enzyme solution were added
and the reaction was begun. The change in absorbance at 505 nm was
rapidly measured. Table 2 shows the relative activity values for
StaO and VioA at various temperatures as calculated from the
measurement results. Both enzymes exhibited a rise in activity with
the rise in the reaction temperature. The effect of deactivation at
high temperature became marked in StaO at 60.degree. C. and in VioA
at 50.degree. C. and above, making it difficult to accurately
measure the activity.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Relative activity at various reaction
temperatures with the activity at 20.degree. C. as 100 StaO VioA
20.degree. C. 100 100 30.degree. C. 156 197 40.degree. C. 268 327
50.degree. C. 427 327* 60.degree. C. 480* --** *The estimated value
when greatly impacted by thermal deactivation **Measurement
precluded by acute thermal deactivation
[0185] 10. Thermal Stability
[0186] The activity was measured after heat treating StaO enzyme
solutions containing 20% glycerol and VioA enzyme solutions
containing 10% glycerol for 1 hour at 30, 40, 50, 60, and
70.degree. C. Table 3 shows the residual activity of each enzyme
solution following the heat treatment. Each of the enzymes
exhibited pronounced thermal deactivation at heat treatments of
40.degree. C. and higher. At heat treatments of 50.degree. C. and
above, the residual activity dropped below the detection limit.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Relative activity following heat treatment
at various reaction temperatures with activity prior to heat
treatment as 100 StaO VioA 30.degree. C. 73 95 40.degree. C. 1 7
.gtoreq.50.degree. C. <1 <1
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0187] L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid. When extremely
depleted, the symptom of the lack of niacin is known as the endemic
disease pellagra. In the case of excessive intake, the possibility
of causing an increase in eosinophils and myalgia syndrome has been
pointed out. Thus, the quantification of L-tryptophan is
conceivable in food analysis, the quality control of
pharmaceuticals and supplements, blood test when symptoms of excess
or depletion are exhibited, and enzymatic sensors. Since it is a
starting material for substances having important functions within
the body, such as in metabolic pathways, niacin, and NAD, even in
disease diagnosis "amino indexes" based on aminograms, it can be
employed as a numerical value constituting the biomarkers of
various diseases. For these reasons, the measurement of the
quantity of L-tryptophan in foods, biological samples, and the like
can be considered an important technology both industrially and
medically. Currently, it has only been practically applied in
methods requiring extremely expensive equipment and reagents, such
as high performance liquid chromatography. Accordingly, the present
invention permits the development of products in the form of
L-tryptophan quantification kits, enzymatic sensors, and the like,
and can be industrialized as an inexpensive and convenient
L-tryptophan quantification method.
[0188] While the invention has been described in detail with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to
one skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and
equivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the
invention. Each of the aforementioned documents is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
101418PRTChromobacterium violaceum 1Met Lys His Ser Ser Asp Ile Cys
Ile Val Gly Ala Gly Ile Ser Gly 1 5 10 15 Leu Thr Cys Ala Ser His
Leu Leu Asp Ser Pro Ala Cys Arg Gly Leu 20 25 30 Ser Leu Arg Ile
Phe Asp Met Gln Gln Glu Ala Gly Gly Arg Ile Arg 35 40 45 Ser Lys
Met Leu Asp Gly Lys Ala Ser Ile Glu Leu Gly Ala Gly Arg 50 55 60
Tyr Ser Pro Gln Leu His Pro His Phe Gln Ser Ala Met Gln His Tyr 65
70 75 80 Ser Gln Lys Ser Glu Val Tyr Pro Phe Thr Gln Leu Lys Phe
Lys Ser 85 90 95 His Val Gln Gln Lys Leu Lys Arg Ala Met Asn Glu
Leu Ser Pro Arg 100 105 110 Leu Lys Glu His Gly Lys Glu Ser Phe Leu
Gln Phe Val Ser Arg Tyr 115 120 125 Gln Gly His Asp Ser Ala Val Gly
Met Ile Arg Ser Met Gly Tyr Asp 130 135 140 Ala Leu Phe Leu Pro Asp
Ile Ser Ala Glu Met Ala Tyr Asp Ile Val 145 150 155 160 Gly Lys His
Pro Glu Ile Gln Ser Val Thr Asp Asn Asp Ala Asn Gln 165 170 175 Trp
Phe Ala Ala Glu Thr Gly Phe Ala Gly Leu Ile Gln Gly Ile Lys 180 185
190 Ala Lys Val Lys Ala Ala Gly Ala Arg Phe Ser Leu Gly Tyr Arg Leu
195 200 205 Leu Ser Val Arg Thr Asp Gly Asp Gly Tyr Leu Leu Gln Leu
Ala Gly 210 215 220 Asp Asp Gly Trp Lys Leu Glu His Arg Thr Arg His
Leu Ile Leu Ala 225 230 235 240 Ile Pro Pro Ser Ala Met Ala Gly Leu
Asn Val Asp Phe Pro Glu Ala 245 250 255 Trp Ser Gly Ala Arg Tyr Gly
Ser Leu Pro Leu Phe Lys Gly Phe Leu 260 265 270 Thr Tyr Gly Glu Pro
Trp Trp Leu Asp Tyr Lys Leu Asp Asp Gln Val 275 280 285 Leu Ile Val
Asp Asn Pro Leu Arg Lys Ile Tyr Phe Lys Gly Asp Lys 290 295 300 Tyr
Leu Phe Phe Tyr Thr Asp Ser Glu Met Ala Asn Tyr Trp Arg Gly 305 310
315 320 Cys Val Ala Glu Gly Glu Asp Gly Tyr Leu Glu Gln Ile Arg Thr
His 325 330 335 Leu Ala Ser Ala Leu Gly Ile Ala Arg Glu Arg Ile Pro
Gln Pro Leu 340 345 350 Ala His Val His Lys Tyr Trp Ala His Gly Val
Glu Phe Cys Arg Asp 355 360 365 Ser Asp Ile Asp His Pro Ser Ala Leu
Ser His Arg Asp Ser Gly Ile 370 375 380 Ile Ala Cys Ser Asp Ala Tyr
Thr Glu His Cys Gly Trp Met Glu Gly 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu Leu Ser
Ala Arg Glu Ala Ser Arg Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Ile 405 410 415 Ala Ala
2504PRTStreptomyces sp. TP-A0274 2Met Thr Ala Pro Leu Gln Asp Ser
Asp Gly Pro Asp Asp Ala Ile Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Pro Lys Gln Val Thr
Val Ile Gly Ala Gly Ile Ala Gly Leu Val 20 25 30 Thr Ala Tyr Glu
Leu Glu Arg Leu Gly His His Val Gln Ile Ile Glu 35 40 45 Gly Ser
Asp Asp Ile Gly Gly Arg Ile His Thr His Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60
Ala Gly Gly Pro Gly Pro Phe Ala Glu Met Gly Ala Met Arg Ile Pro 65
70 75 80 Ala Gly His Arg Leu Thr Met His Tyr Ile Ala Glu Leu Gly
Leu Gln 85 90 95 Asn Gln Val Arg Glu Phe Arg Thr Leu Phe Ser Asp
Asp Ala Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Leu Pro Ser Ser Ala Gly Tyr Leu Arg Val
Arg Glu Ala His Asp Thr 115 120 125 Leu Val Asp Glu Phe Ala Thr Gly
Leu Pro Ser Ala His Tyr Arg Gln 130 135 140 Asp Thr Leu Leu Phe Gly
Ala Trp Leu Asp Ala Ser Ile Arg Ala Ile 145 150 155 160 Ala Pro Arg
Gln Phe Tyr Asp Gly Leu His Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Glu 165 170 175 Leu
Leu Asn Leu Val Asp Asp Ile Asp Leu Thr Pro Tyr Arg Cys Gly 180 185
190 Thr Ala Arg Asn Arg Ile Asp Leu His Ala Leu Phe Ala Asp His Pro
195 200 205 Arg Val Arg Ala Ser Cys Pro Pro Arg Leu Glu Arg Phe Leu
Asp Asp 210 215 220 Val Leu Asp Glu Thr Ser Ser Ser Ile Val Arg Leu
Lys Asp Gly Met 225 230 235 240 Asp Glu Leu Pro Arg Arg Leu Ala Ser
Arg Ile Arg Gly Lys Ile Ser 245 250 255 Leu Gly Gln Glu Val Thr Gly
Ile Asp Val His Asp Asp Thr Val Thr 260 265 270 Leu Thr Val Arg Gln
Gly Leu Arg Thr Val Thr Arg Thr Cys Asp Tyr 275 280 285 Val Val Cys
Thr Ile Pro Phe Thr Val Leu Arg Thr Leu Arg Leu Thr 290 295 300 Gly
Phe Asp Gln Asp Lys Leu Asp Ile Val His Glu Thr Lys Tyr Trp 305 310
315 320 Pro Ala Thr Lys Ile Ala Phe His Cys Arg Glu Pro Phe Trp Glu
Lys 325 330 335 Asp Gly Ile Ser Gly Gly Ala Ser Phe Thr Gly Gly His
Val Arg Gln 340 345 350 Thr Tyr Tyr Pro Pro Ala Glu Gly Asp Pro Ala
Leu Gly Ala Val Leu 355 360 365 Leu Ala Ser Tyr Thr Ile Gly Pro Asp
Ala Glu Ala Leu Ala Arg Met 370 375 380 Asp Glu Ala Glu Arg Asp Ala
Leu Val Ala Lys Glu Leu Ser Val Met 385 390 395 400 His Pro Glu Leu
Arg Arg Pro Gly Met Val Leu Ala Val Ala Gly Arg 405 410 415 Asp Trp
Gly Ala Arg Arg Trp Ser Arg Gly Ala Ala Thr Val Arg Trp 420 425 430
Gly Gln Glu Ala Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Glu Arg Arg Glu Cys Ala Arg 435
440 445 Pro Gln Lys Gly Leu Phe Phe Ala Gly Glu His Cys Ser Ser Lys
Pro 450 455 460 Ala Trp Ile Glu Gly Ala Ile Glu Ser Ala Ile Asp Ala
Ala His Glu 465 470 475 480 Ile Glu Trp Tyr Glu Pro Arg Ala Ser Arg
Val Phe Ala Ala Ser Arg 485 490 495 Leu Ser Arg Ser Asp Arg Ser Ala
500 31257DNAChromobacterium violaceum 3atgaagcatt cttccgatat
ctgcattgtc ggcgccggca tcagcggcct gacctgcgcc 60agccatctgc tcgattcgcc
cgcttgccgc ggcctgtcgc tgcgcatctt cgacatgcag 120caggaggcgg
gcggccgcat ccgctcgaag atgctggatg gcaaggcttc gatagagctg
180ggcgcggggc gatactcccc gcagctgcac ccgcatttcc agagcgcgat
gcagcattac 240agccagaaga gcgaggtgta tccgttcacc cagttgaaat
tcaagagcca tgtccagcag 300aagctgaagc gggcgatgaa cgagttgtcg
cccaggctga aagagcatgg caaggaatcc 360tttctccagt tcgtcagccg
ctaccagggc catgacagcg cggtgggcat gatccgctcc 420atgggctacg
acgcgctgtt cctgcccgac atctcggccg agatggccta cgacatcgtc
480ggcaagcacc cggaaatcca gagcgtgacc gataacgacg ccaaccagtg
gttcgcggcg 540gaaacgggct ttgcgggcct gatccagggc atcaaggcca
aggtcaaggc tgccggcgcg 600cgcttcagcc tgggttaccg gctgctgtcg
gtgaggacgg acggcgacgg ctacctgctg 660caactggccg gcgacgacgg
ctggaagctg gaacaccgga cccgccacct gatcctggcc 720atccctccgt
cggcgatggc cgggctcaat gtcgacttcc ccgaggcgtg gagcggcgcg
780cgctacggct cgctgccgct gttcaagggt ttcctcacct acggcgagcc
ctggtggctg 840gactacaagc tggacgacca ggtgctgatc gtcgacaacc
cgctgcgcaa gatctacttc 900aagggcgaca agtacctgtt cttctacacc
gacagcgaga tggccaatta ctggcgcggc 960tgcgtggccg aaggcgagga
cggctacctg gagcagatcc gcacccatct ggccagcgcg 1020ctgggcatcg
cccgcgagcg cattccccag cccctcgccc atgtgcacaa gtattgggcg
1080catggcgtgg agttctgccg cgacagcgat atcgaccatc cgtccgcgct
cagccaccgc 1140gacagcggca tcatcgcctg ttcggacgcc tacaccgagc
actgcggctg gatggagggc 1200ggcctgctca gcgcccgcga agccagccgt
ctgctgctgc agcgcatcgc cgcgtga 125741515DNAStreptomyces sp. TP-A0274
4gtgacggcac ccttgcagga cagtgacggg ccggacgacg ccatcggtgg accgaagcag
60gtcaccgtca tcggcgccgg tatcgccggc ctggtgacgg cctatgaact ggaacgcctc
120ggacatcacg tgcagatcat cgaaggcagt gacgacatag gcggccgcat
tcacacccac 180cgcttctccg gtgccggtgg gcccggcccg ttcgccgaga
tgggggccat gcggatcccc 240gccggacacc ggctgaccat gcactacatc
gccgaactcg gactgcagaa ccaggtacgg 300gaattccgga cgctgttctc
cgacgacgcc gcctatctgc cgagttccgc cggatatctc 360cgggtgcgcg
aggcgcacga cacgctggtc gacgaattcg ccaccggact gccgagcgcg
420cactaccgcc aggacaccct gttgttcggt gcctggctgg atgccagcat
ccgggccatc 480gccccacgcc agttctacga cggactgcac aacgacatcg
gtgtcgaact gctgaatctc 540gtggacgaca tcgatctgac gccctatcgc
tgcggcaccg cccgcaacag gatcgatctg 600cacgccctgt tcgccgacca
tccccgtgta cgggcgtcct gcccaccccg gctcgaacgc 660ttcctcgacg
acgtgctgga cgagaccagc tccagcatcg tgcggctcaa ggacggcatg
720gacgaactgc cccgccggct cgcctcccgt atccggggga agatctccct
gggccaggag 780gtcaccggca tcgacgtgca cgacgacacc gtgaccctga
ccgtccgaca gggcctcagg 840acggtcacca gaacgtgcga ctacgtggtg
tgcaccatcc cgttcacggt cctgaggacg 900ttgcggctca ccggcttcga
ccaggacaag ctcgacatcg tccacgagac caagtactgg 960ccggcgacga
agatcgcctt ccactgccgg gagcccttct gggagaagga cggcatcagc
1020gggggcgcct ccttcaccgg cggccatgtc cggcagacct actacccgcc
cgccgagggc 1080gaccccgccc tcggcgcggt cctcctcgcc agctacacca
tcggcccgga cgccgaggcc 1140ctggcccgga tggacgaggc cgagcgcgac
gccctcgtgg ccaaggaact cagcgtgatg 1200caccccgagt tgcgcaggcc
cggcatggtc ctcgcagtcg cgggccggga ctggggcgcc 1260cgccgatggt
cccggggcgc cgccaccgtc cgctggggcc aggaggccgc cctccgggag
1320gccgagcgcc gtgagtgcgc acgaccgcag aagggcctgt tcttcgccgg
cgagcactgc 1380tcgtccaagc cggcctggat cgagggggcc atcgagtccg
cgatcgacgc cgcgcacgag 1440atcgagtggt acgagccgcg cgccagccgc
gtcttcgccg cctcccgcct cagccgctcg 1500gaccggtcgg cgtga
1515534DNAArtificial SequenceVioA-F primer 5attctagaca tatgaagcat
tcttccgata tctg 34624DNAArtificial SequenceVioA-R primer
6aataagcttc gcggcgatgc gctg 24727DNAArtificial SequenceStaO-N-sense
primer 7tactggagga aacatatgac ggcaccc 27827DNAArtificial
SequenceStaO-N-anti primer 8caagggtgcc gtcatatgtt tcctcca
27929DNAArtificial SequenceStaO-C-sense primer 9gaccggtcgg
cgaagctttc ttcgacctg 291029DNAArtificial SequenceStaO-C-anti primer
10gcaggtcgaa gaaagcttcg ccgaccggt 29
* * * * *