U.S. patent application number 15/593644 was filed with the patent office on 2017-08-31 for photovoltaic cell and laminate metallization.
This patent application is currently assigned to SUNPOWER CORPORATION. The applicant listed for this patent is SUNPOWER CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Gabriel HARLEY.
Application Number | 20170250297 15/593644 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 52115977 |
Filed Date | 2017-08-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170250297 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
HARLEY; Gabriel |
August 31, 2017 |
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND LAMINATE METALLIZATION
Abstract
A photovoltaic laminate is disclosed. Embodiments include
placing a first encapsulant on a substantially transparent layer
that includes a front side of a photovoltaic laminate. Embodiments
also include placing a first solar cell on the first encapsulant.
Embodiments include placing a metal foil on the first solar cell,
where the metal foil uniformly contacts a back side of the first
solar cell. Embodiments include forming a metal bond that couples
the metal foil to the first solar cell. In some embodiments,
forming the metal bond includes forming a metal contact region
using a laser source, wherein the formed metal contact region
electrically couples the metal foil to the first solar cell.
Embodiments can also include placing a backing material on the
metal foil. Embodiments can further include forming a back layer on
the backing material layer and curing the substantially transparent
layer, first encapsulant, first solar cell, metal foil, backing
material and back layer to form a photovoltaic laminate.
Inventors: |
HARLEY; Gabriel; (Mountain
View, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SUNPOWER CORPORATION |
San Jose |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
SUNPOWER CORPORATION
San Jose
CA
|
Family ID: |
52115977 |
Appl. No.: |
15/593644 |
Filed: |
May 12, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13931747 |
Jun 28, 2013 |
9666739 |
|
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15593644 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 31/048 20130101;
H01L 31/0203 20130101; H01L 31/0201 20130101; Y02E 10/50 20130101;
H01L 31/022433 20130101; H01L 31/0516 20130101; H01L 31/0504
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01L 31/048 20060101
H01L031/048; H01L 31/02 20060101 H01L031/02; H01L 31/0203 20060101
H01L031/0203; H01L 31/0224 20060101 H01L031/0224; H01L 31/05
20060101 H01L031/05 |
Claims
1. A photovoltaic laminate comprising: a first solar cell; a first
continuous metal layer with a first plurality of contact fingers, a
second plurality of contact fingers, and an interconnect, the
interconnect of the first continuous metal layer being between the
first plurality of contact fingers and the second plurality of
contact fingers of the first continuous metal layer; and a second
continuous metal layer forming a first plurality of contact
fingers, a second plurality of contact fingers, and an
interconnect, the interconnect of the second continuous metal layer
being between the first plurality of contact fingers and the second
plurality of contact fingers of the second continuous metal layer,
the first plurality of contact fingers of the second continuous
metal layer being interdigitated with the first plurality of
contact fingers of the first continuous metal layer on a backside
of the first solar cell.
2. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, further comprising: a
second solar cell; and a third continuous metal layer with a first
plurality of contact fingers, a second plurality of contact
fingers, and an interconnect, the interconnect of the third
continuous metal layer being between the first plurality of contact
fingers and the second plurality of contact fingers of the third
continuous metal layer, wherein the second plurality of contact
fingers of the second continuous metal layer is interdigitated with
the first plurality of contact fingers of the third continuous
metal layer on a backside of the second solar cell.
3. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, wherein the first
plurality of contact fingers of the first continuous metal layer
are connected to a P-type diffusion region of the first solar cell
and the first plurality of contact fingers of the second continuous
metal layer are connected to an N-type diffusion region of the
first solar cell.
4. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 1, further comprising: a
first encapsulant on a front side of the first solar cell; and a
transparent layer on the first encapsulant on the front side of the
first solar cell.
5. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 4, wherein a plurality of
metal bonds couple the first plurality of contact fingers of the
first continuous metal layer to the first solar cell.
6. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 4, further comprising: a
backing material on the first and second continuous metal layers on
the backside of the first solar cell.
7. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 6, further comprising: a
second encapsulant between the backing material and the first and
second continuous metal layers on the backside of the first solar
cell.
8. A photovoltaic laminate comprising: a first solar cell; a first
contact finger having a first end on a backside of the solar cell;
a second contact finger having a first end on the backside of the
solar cell; and a third contact finger having a first end on the
backside of the solar cell, wherein the first end of the first
contact finger, the first end of the second contact finger, and the
first end of the third contact finger are alternately arranged on
the backside of the first solar cell.
9. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 8, further comprising: a
second solar cell, wherein a second end of the first contact
finger, a second end of the second contact finger, and a second end
of the third contact finger are alternately arranged on a backside
of the second solar cell.
10. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 8, wherein the first end of
the first contact finger is connected to a P-type diffusion region
of the first solar cell and the first end of the second contact
finger is connected to an N-type diffusion region of the first
solar cell.
11. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 8, further comprising: a
first encapsulant on a front side of the first solar cell; and a
transparent layer on the first encapsulant on the front side of the
first solar cell.
12. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 11, wherein a plurality of
metal bonds couple the first end of the first contact finger to the
first solar cell.
13. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 11, further comprising: a
backing material on the first, second, and third contact fingers on
the backside of the first solar cell.
14. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 13, further comprising: a
second encapsulant between the backing material and the first,
second, and third contact fingers on the backside of the first
solar cell.
15. A photovoltaic laminate comprising: a first solar cell; a first
continuous metal layer comprising a first bus bar and a first
plurality of contact fingers, the first bus bar and the first
plurality of contact fingers being coupled to a backside of the
first solar cell by a first plurality of metal bonds; and a second
continuous metal layer comprising a second bus bar and a second
plurality of contact fingers, the second bus bar and the second
plurality of contact fingers being coupled to the backside of the
first solar cell by a second plurality of metal bonds.
16. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, further comprising: a
first encapsulant on a front side of the first solar cell; and a
transparent layer on the first encapsulant on the front side of the
first solar cell.
17. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 16, further comprising: a
backing material on the first and second continuous metal layers on
the backside of the first solar cell.
18. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 17, further comprising: a
second encapsulant between the backing material and the first and
second continuous metal layers on the backside of the first solar
cell.
19. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, wherein the first
plurality of contact fingers are interdigitated with the second
plurality of contact fingers.
20. The photovoltaic laminate of claim 15, further comprising: a
second solar cell that is connected to the first solar cell.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 13/931,747, filed on Jun. 28, 2013, which is incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] Embodiments of the subject matter described herein relate
generally to photovoltaic assemblies including solar cells,
photovoltaic laminates and photovoltaic modules. More particularly,
embodiments of the subject matter relate to photovoltaic laminates
and fabrication processes.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Solar cells are well known devices for converting solar
radiation to electrical energy. They can be fabricated on a
semiconductor wafer using semiconductor processing technology. A
photovoltaic cell or a solar cell includes P-type and N-type
diffusion regions. Solar radiation impinging on the solar cell
creates electrons and holes that migrate to the diffusion regions,
thereby creating voltage differentials between the diffusion
regions. In a backside contact solar cell, both the diffusion
regions and the metal contact fingers coupled to them are on the
backside of the solar cell. The contact regions and contact fingers
allow an external electrical circuit to be coupled to and be
powered by the solar cell. Solar cells can be packaged into a
photovoltaic laminate using various processes and encapsulant
materials, where photovoltaic laminates can be further packaged to
into a photovoltaic module. One or more embodiments pertain to
photovoltaic cells or solar cells and photovoltaic laminate
fabrication processes.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0004] A photovoltaic laminate is disclosed. The photovoltaic
laminate can include a substantially transparent layer, a first
encapsulant layer on the substantially transparent layer, a solar
cell and a metal foil on the solar cell. Embodiments can include a
metal bond coupling the metal foil to the first solar cell. In some
embodiments, the metal bond can include a metal contact region.
Embodiments can also include a backing material on the metal foil
and a back layer on the backing material.
[0005] A method for metallization for a photovoltaic laminate is
disclosed. The method can include placing a first encapsulant on a
substantially transparent layer. The method can also include
placing a first solar cell on the first encapsulant. The method can
include placing a metal foil on the first solar cell, where the
metal foil uniformly contacts the first solar cell and forming a
metal bond that couples the metal foil to the first solar cell. The
method can further include placing a backing material on the metal
foil, forming a back layer on the backing material and bonding the
substantially transparent layer, first encapsulant, first solar
cell, metal foil, backing material and back layer to form a
photovoltaic laminate.
[0006] Another method for metallization of a photovoltaic laminate
is disclosed. The method can include placing a metal foil on a
receiving medium. In some embodiments the receiving medium can
include a receiving medium selected from the group composed of a
substantially transparent layer, sacrificial glass and a perforated
medium. The method can include placing a first solar cell on the
metal foil. The method can include forming a metal bond that
couples the metal foil to the first solar cell. In an embodiment,
forming a metal bond can include firing a laser through the
receiving medium to the metal foil to form a metal bond or a metal
contact region that couples the metal foil to the first solar cell.
The method can further include placing a first encapsulant on the
first solar cell and placing a substantially transparent layer on
the first encapsulant. The method can also include placing a
backing material on the metal foil, placing a back layer on the
backing material and bonding the substantially transparent layer,
first encapsulant, first solar cell, metal foil, backing material
and back layer together forming a photovoltaic laminate.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] A more complete understanding of the subject matter may be
derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when
considered in conjunction with the following figures, wherein like
reference numbers refer to similar elements throughout the
figures.
[0008] FIGS. 1-7 are cross-sectional representations of a
photovoltaic laminate in accordance with a presented method for
metallization of a photovoltaic laminate;
[0009] FIGS. 8-15 are cross-sectional representations of a
photovoltaic laminate in accordance with another presented method
for metallization of a photovoltaic laminate;
[0010] FIGS. 16-23 are schematic plan views of a solar cell in
accordance with the presented methods of FIGS. 1-15 for
metallization of a photovoltaic laminate; and
[0011] FIGS. 24-29 are flow chart representations of methods for
metallization of a photovoltaic laminate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] The following detailed description is merely illustrative in
nature and is not intended to limit the embodiments of the subject
matter or the application and uses of such embodiments. As used
herein, the word "exemplary" means "serving as an example,
instance, or illustration." Any implementation described herein as
exemplary is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or
advantageous over other implementations. Furthermore, there is no
intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented
in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the
following detailed description.
[0013] This specification includes references to "one embodiment"
or "an embodiment." The appearances of the phrases "in one
embodiment" or "in an embodiment" do not necessarily refer to the
same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or
characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent
with this disclosure.
[0014] Terminology. The following paragraphs provide definitions
and/or context for terms found in this disclosure (including the
appended claims):
[0015] "Comprising." This term is open-ended. As used in the
appended claims, this term does not foreclose additional structure
or steps.
[0016] "First," "Second," etc. As used herein, these terms are used
as labels for nouns that they precede, and do not imply any type of
ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.). For example,
reference to a "first" solar cell does not necessarily imply that
this solar cell is the first solar cell in a sequence; instead the
term "first" is used to differentiate this solar cell from another
solar cell (e.g., a "second" solar cell).
[0017] "Coupled"--The following description refers to elements or
nodes or features being "coupled" together. As used herein, unless
expressly stated otherwise, "coupled" means that one
element/node/feature is directly or indirectly joined to (or
directly or indirectly communicates with) another
element/node/feature, and not necessarily mechanically.
[0018] In addition, certain terminology may also be used in the
following description for the purpose of reference only, and thus
are not intended to be limiting. For example, terms such as
"upper", "lower", "above", and "below" refer to directions in the
drawings to which reference is made. Terms such as "front", "back",
"rear", "side", "outboard", and "inboard" describe the orientation
and/or location of portions of the component within a consistent
but arbitrary frame of reference which is made clear by reference
to the text and the associated drawings describing the component
under discussion. Such terminology may include the words
specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of
similar import.
[0019] Although much of the disclosure is described in terms of
photovoltaic laminates and solar modules that include solar cells
for ease of understanding, the disclosed techniques and structures
apply equally to other semiconductor structures (e.g., silicon
wafers generally).
[0020] Improvements in metallization techniques for solar cells,
photovoltaic laminates and photovoltaic modules can represent a
significant impact in the total fabrication cost and output yield
of a photovoltaic module. Solar cells often require multiple steps
in manufacturing to allow the manufacturing of a high efficiency
cell, where reducing the steps can result in increased
manufacturing output yield. Present metallization techniques can
also require several steps. These steps can include performing
metal formation processes on solar cells such as physical
deposition processes (PVD), annealing and plating processes.
Subsequent to the solar cell metallization formation processes
mentioned, soldering the solar cells can be required to
electrically connect multiple solar cells in a photovoltaic module.
Therefore, improving such techniques and even removing them
altogether can result increase in manufacturing output yield and in
significant production cost savings.
[0021] To address the above difficulties, and in place of
individually forming metal on a solar cell and subsequently
soldering metal interconnects to the solar cell, embodiments are
presented that involve the use of a metal bond coupling a solar
cell to a metal foil and formed in a single step process. Also, the
technique of forming metal on a solar cell and bonding metal
interconnects to the solar cell can be at least a two step process,
where the presented embodiments are formed in a single step process
as part of a photovoltaic laminate fabrication. This and other
solutions including similar embodiments are discussed in detail
below.
[0022] FIGS. 1-7 illustrate a method for metallization for a
photovoltaic laminate. The photovoltaic laminate 100 of FIGS. 1-7
having a front side 102 which faces the sun during normal operation
and a back side 104 opposite the front side 102. FIGS. 3-5 show an
embodiment where a metal foil 130 can be coupled directly to a
first solar cell 120 of FIG. 3. FIGS. 6 and 7 show an embodiment
where a metal foil 130 can be electrically coupled to a seed metal
layer 121 on the first solar cell 120 of FIG. 6.
[0023] With reference to FIG. 1, placing a first encapsulant 112 on
a substantially transparent layer 110 and placing a first solar
cell 120 on the first encapsulant 112 is shown. In some
embodiments, the method can include placing a plurality of solar
cells on the first encapsulant 112. In an embodiment, the method
can include placing a second solar cell on the first encapsulant
112. In another embodiment, before placing a first solar cell 120
on the first encapsulant 112, the method can include sorting a
plurality of solar cells, where placing the first and second solar
cell is performed according to the sorting. In the embodiment where
the placing of the first and second solar cells includes sorting,
the method can include sorting a plurality of solar cells according
to a method selected from the group composed of visual quality,
photoluminescence and electroluminescence test results. In an
embodiment, the substantially transparent layer can be glass. In
some embodiments, the first encapsulant can be Ethylene-Vinyl
Acetate (EVA). In an embodiment, the method can further include
aligning the first solar cell 120 to the photovoltaic laminate 100
using a visual system. In the embodiment where the method includes
aligning the first solar cell 120 to the photovoltaic laminate 100,
the method can also include storing alignment data. In an
embodiment, the method can include fixing the first solar cell 120
in place on the first encapsulant 112 using technique selected from
the group composed of curing with heat lamps, curing with
Ultraviolet (UV) or using any other applicable method. As discussed
above, the photovoltaic laminate 100 can have a front side 102 and
a back side 104, where the front side 102 is opposite the back side
104.
[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates placing a metal foil 130 on the first
solar cell 120, where the metal foil 130 uniformly contacts the
first solar cell 120. In an embodiment, the metal foil 130 can
include a metal foil attached to a carrier medium, where the metal
foil is pre-patterned. In some embodiments, the metal foil 130 can
include a patterned metal foil and excess metal foil. In the
embodiment where the metal foil 130 includes a patterned metal foil
and excess metal foil, the method can further include forming the
patterned metal foil using a technique selected from the group
composed of stamping, mechanical scribing, laser patterning, laser
ablation, water patterning, water jetting, masking and etching or
any applicable patterning-type process. In an embodiment, the metal
foil 130 can include aluminum. In the embodiment where the metal
foil 130 is aluminum, the metal foil 130 can have a thickness in
the range of 5-100 microns. In some embodiments, a visual system
can be used to align the metal foil 130 to the first solar cell
120. In the embodiment which includes storing alignment information
as discussed above in FIG. 1, the method can include placing the
metal foil 130 on the solar cell 120 according to the stored
alignment information. In an embodiment, the metal foil 130 can be
fixed on to the first solar 120 cell. In the embodiment where the
metal foil 130 is fixed to the first solar cell 120, fixing the
metal foil 130 to the first solar cell 120 can include using a
method selected from the group composed of curing with heat lamps,
curing with Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, rolling the metal foil,
pressure, vacuum technique and any other applicable method.
[0025] With reference to FIG. 3, forming a metal bond 160 that
couples the metal foil 130 to the first solar cell 120 is shown. In
an embodiment, forming the metal bond 160 can include forming a
metal contact region to couple the metal foil 130 and the first
solar cell 120. Embodiments can include using a laser source 150 to
fire a laser 152 on the metal foil 130 to form a metal bond 160 or
a metal contact region that couples the metal foil 130 to the first
solar cell 120. In an embodiment, forming the metal contact region
160 also includes performing a patterning process resulting in
patterned metal foil and excess metal foil, forming a metal bond
160 or metal contact region that couples the patterned metal foil
to the first solar cell 120 and removing the excess metal foil.
Embodiments can include performing instead a laser bonding process.
In an embodiment, the metal contact region electrically couples the
metal foil 130 to the first solar cell 120. Embodiments can also
include forming a metal bond 160 or metal contact region that
couples a metal foil 130 attached to a carrier medium to the first
solar cell 120, where the metal foil 130 is pre-patterned and
removing the carrier medium after forming the metal bond.
Embodiments can also include patterning busbars and ribbon from the
metal foil 130 using the laser 152 or the same equipment used in
the formation of the bond 160 or metal contact region. In an
embodiment, the busbars and ribbons can be patterned from the metal
foil 130 separately from the formation of the metal bond 160.
[0026] FIG. 4 illustrates placing a backing material 142 on the
metal foil 130. In an embodiment, the backing material 142 can be a
second encapsulant. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant can
be Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA). In an embodiment, prior to placing
a backing material 142, connecting a metal busbar to the metal foil
130 to allow for electrical conduction to and from the photovoltaic
laminate 100. Embodiments can include depositing a backing layer
142 on the metal foil 130, where the backing layer 142 can include
silicone.
[0027] With reference to FIG. 5, forming a back layer 140 on the
backing material 142 is shown. In an embodiment, the method can
also be performed without a backing material 142, where the back
layer 140 can be placed directly on the metal foil 130. In an
embodiment, the backing material 142 can be a second encapsulant.
In some embodiments, the second encapsulant can be Ethylene-Vinyl
Acetate (EVA). Embodiments can include a combined back layer
including a backing material 142. The method can also include
bonding the substantially transparent layer 110, first encapsulant
112, first solar cell 120 of FIG. 3, metal foil 130, second
encapsulant 142 and back layer 140 to form a photovoltaic laminate
100. In an embodiment, the second encapsulant 142 can be of
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA). In an embodiment, the back layer 140
is composed of a backsheet commonly used in the fabrication of
photovoltaic laminates. Embodiments can include the back layer 140
can be Polyethylene. In an embodiment, the method can include
attaching a frame around the photovoltaic laminate 100 subsequent
to bonding and forming an electrical junction box on the back layer
140 after attaching the frame to form a photovoltaic module.
Embodiments can include performing a method selected from the group
consisting of curing, thermal curing, curing with Ultraviolet (UV)
light and performing a standard lamination process to form the
photovoltaic laminate. In some embodiments, a visual system is used
to align the backing material 142 or the back layer 140 to the
first solar cell 120.
[0028] FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment for metallization, the
embodiment can include forming a metal bond 160 that couples the
metal foil 130 to a seed metal layer 121 on the first solar cell
120. The method can include providing a solar cell 100 of FIG. 6
including a seed metal layer 121. In an embodiment, forming the
metal bond 160 can include forming a metal contact region to couple
the metal foil 130 and the seed metal layer 121 of the first solar
cell 120. Embodiments can also include using a laser source 150 to
fire a laser 152 on the metal foil 130 to form a metal bond 160 or
a metal contact region that couples the metal foil 130 to the seed
metal layer 121. In an embodiment, forming the metal bond 160 can
also include performing a patterning process resulting in patterned
metal foil and excess metal foil, forming a metal bond 160 or metal
contact region that couples the patterned metal foil to the seed
metal layer 121 and removing the excess metal foil. Embodiments can
include performing a laser bonding process. Embodiments can also
include forming a metal bond 160 or metal contact region that
couples a metal foil 130 attached to a carrier medium to the seed
metal layer 121, where the metal foil 130 is pre-patterned and
removing the carrier medium after forming the metal bond 160. In an
embodiment, forming the metal bond 160 can include performing a
soldering process, laser welding, welding, using heat or thermal
energy, using an ultrasonic process or any applicable method to
form metal bond 160 between the metal foil 130 and the seed metal
layer 121 of the first solar cell 120. Embodiments can also include
patterning busbars and ribbon from the metal foil 130 using the
same laser 152 or equipment used in the formation of the metal bond
160 or metal contact region. In an embodiment, the busbars and
ribbons can be patterned from the metal foil 130 separately from
the formation of the metal bond 160.
[0029] With reference to FIG. 7, forming a back layer 140 on a
backing material 142 is shown. In an embodiment, the backing
material 142 can be a second encapsulant. In some embodiments, the
second encapsulant can be Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA). The method
also includes bonding the substantially transparent layer 110,
first encapsulant 112, first solar cell 120 of FIG. 6 including a
seed metal layer 121, metal foil 130, backing material 142 and back
layer 140 to form a photovoltaic laminate 100 of FIG. 7.
[0030] Embodiments can include, the back layer 140 can be a
backsheet commonly used in the fabrication of photovoltaic
laminates. In an embodiment, the back layer 140 can be
Polyethylene. Embodiments can include attaching a frame around the
photovoltaic laminate 100 subsequent to bonding and forming an
electrical junction box on the back layer 140 after attaching the
frame to form a photovoltaic module. In an embodiment, bonding to
form a photovoltaic laminate 100 can include performing a method
selected from the group consisting of curing, thermal curing,
curing with Ultraviolet (UV) light and performing a standard
lamination process to form the photovoltaic laminate. In some
embodiments, a visual system can be used to align the backing
material 142 to the first solar cell 120. Embodiments can include a
combined back layer including a backing material 142. In an
embodiment, the method can also be performed without a backing
material 142, where the back layer 140 can be placed directly on
the metal foil 130.
[0031] With reference to FIGS. 8-15, another method for
metallization for a photovoltaic laminate is shown. The
photovoltaic laminate 100 of FIGS. 8-15 having a front side 102
which faces the sun during normal operation and a back side 104
opposite the front side 102. Also FIGS. 10-13 show an embodiment
where a metal foil 130 can be electrically coupled directly to a
first solar cell 120 of FIG. 10. FIGS. 14 and 15 show an embodiment
where a metal foil 130 can be electrically coupled to a seed metal
layer 121 on the first solar cell 120 of FIG. 14.
[0032] Referring to FIG. 8, placing a metal foil 130 on a receiving
medium 170 is shown. In some embodiments the receiving medium 170
can include a receiving medium selected from the group that can
include a substantially transparent medium, sacrificial glass,
glass, polymer material, a transparent non-absorbing to laser
radiation material and a perforated medium. In an embodiment, the
metal foil 130 uniformly contacts the receiving medium 170.
Embodiments can also include attaching the metal foil 130 to a
carrier medium, where the metal foil is pre-patterned. In some
embodiments, the metal foil 130 can include a patterned metal foil
and excess metal foil. In the embodiment where the metal foil 130
can include a patterned metal foil and excess metal foil, the
method can further include forming the patterned metal foil and
excess metal foil using a technique selected from the group
composed of stamping, mechanical scribing, laser patterning, laser
ablation, water patterning, water jetting, masking and etching or
any applicable patterning-type process. In an embodiment, the metal
foil 130 can be aluminum. In the embodiment where the metal foil
130 is aluminum, the metal foil 130 can have a thickness in the
range of 5-100 microns. In some embodiments, a visual system can be
used to align the metal foil 130 to the receiving medium 170. In an
embodiment, the metal foil 130 can be fixed on to the receiving
medium 170. In the embodiment where the metal foil 130 is fixed to
the receiving medium 170, fixing the metal foil 130 to the
receiving medium 170 can include using a method selected from the
group composed of curing with heat lamps, curing with Ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, rolling the metal foil, pressure, vacuum technique
and using any applicable method.
[0033] With reference to FIG. 9, placing a first solar cell 120 on
the metal foil 130 of the photovoltaic laminate of FIG. 8 is shown.
In some embodiments, the method can include placing a plurality of
solar cells on the metal foil 130. For example, the method can also
include placing a second solar cell on the metal foil 130. In some
embodiments, before placing a first and second solar cell 120 on
the metal foil 130, the method can include sorting a plurality of
solar cells, and where placing the first and second solar cell can
be performed according to the sorting. In the embodiment that
includes sorting, the sorting can be performed according to visual
quality, photoluminescence and electroluminescence test results,
among other examples.
[0034] FIG. 10 illustrates forming a metal bond 160 that couples
the metal foil 130 to the first solar cell 120. In an embodiment,
the method can include forming a metal contact region to couple the
metal foil 130 and the first solar cell 120. Embodiments can also
include, forming the metal bond 160 or metal contact region 160 to
couple the metal foil 130 and the first solar cell 120. In an
embodiment, the method can include using a laser source 150 to fire
a laser 152 through the receiving medium 170 to the metal foil 130
to form a metal bond 160 or a metal contact region 160 that couples
the metal foil 130 to the first solar cell 120. Embodiments can
include performing a laser patterning process resulting in
patterned metal foil and excess metal foil, forming a metal bond
160 or metal contact region that couples the patterned metal foil
to the first solar cell 120 and removing the excess metal foil. In
an embodiment, the method can include forming a metal bond 160 or a
metal contact region that couples a metal foil 130 attached to a
carrier medium to the first solar cell 120, where the metal foil
130 is pre-patterned and removing the carrier medium after forming
the metal bond 160. Embodiments can include patterning busbars and
ribbons from the metal foil 130 using the laser 152 or the same
equipment used in the formation of the metal bond 160. In an
embodiment, busbars and ribbons can be patterned from the metal
foil 130 in a separate process from the formation of the metal bond
160. In the embodiment which includes forming a metal bond 160 or a
metal contact region 160, the method can further include modifying
laser process parameters to prevent damage to the solar cell 120.
In an embodiment, the receiving medium 170 is transparent to the
laser 152.
[0035] Referring to FIG. 11, placing a first encapsulant 112 on the
first solar cell 120 and placing a substantially transparent layer
110 on the first encapsulant 112 are shown. In an embodiment, and
similar to that discussed above, the substantially transparent
layer is composed of glass. In some embodiments, the first
encapsulant is composed of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA).
[0036] FIG. 12 illustrates the photovoltaic laminate 100 being
reoriented 106 such that the front side 102 faces the receiving
medium 170. Reorienting the photovoltaic laminate 100 can be
performed to allow for easily placing a backing material 142 and a
back layer 140 from a top side, where the backing material 142 and
back layer can also be fitted from a bottom side.
[0037] With reference to FIG. 13, placing a backing material 142 on
the metal foil 130 and placing a back layer 140 on the backing
material 142 is shown. The method also includes bonding the
substantially transparent layer 110, first encapsulant 112, first
solar cell 120, metal foil 130, backing material 142 and back layer
140 together forming a photovoltaic laminate 100. In an embodiment,
the method can also be performed without a backing material 142,
where the back layer 140 can be placed directly on the metal foil
130. In an embodiment, the backing material 142 can be a second
encapsulant. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant can be
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA). Embodiments can include a combined
back layer including a backing material 142. In another embodiment,
the back layer 140 is a backsheet commonly used in the fabrication
of solar modules. In still another embodiment, the back layer 140
is composed of Polyethylene. Also, all the embodiments,
descriptions and details described above for the photovoltaic
laminate 100 can also apply to the photovoltaic laminate of FIGS.
10-13.
[0038] FIG. 14 illustrates forming a metal bond 160 that couples
the metal foil 130 to a seed metal layer 121 on the first solar
cell 120. Embodiments can also include, forming the metal bond 160
to couple the metal foil 130 and the first solar cell 120. In an
embodiment, the method can include using a laser source 150 to fire
a laser 152 through the receiving medium 170 to the metal foil 130
to form a metal bond 160 or a metal contact region that couples the
metal foil 130 to the seed metal layer 121 of the first solar cell
120. Embodiments can include performing a laser patterning process
resulting in patterned metal foil and excess metal foil, forming a
metal bond 160 or metal contact region that couples the patterned
metal foil to the seed metal layer 121 of the first solar cell 120
and removing the excess metal foil. In an embodiment, the method
can include forming a metal bond 160 or a metal contact region that
couples a metal foil 130 attached to a carrier medium to the seed
metal layer 121 of the first solar cell 120, where the metal foil
130 is pre-patterned and removing the carrier medium after forming
the metal bond 160. Embodiments include performing a laser bonding
process. In an embodiment, forming the metal bond 160 can include
performing a laser welding, welding, soldering process, using heat
or thermal energy, using an ultrasonic process or any applicable
method to form metal bond 160 between the metal foil 130 and the
seed metal layer 121 of the first solar cell 120.
[0039] With reference to FIG. 15, placing a backing material 142 on
the metal foil 130 and placing a back layer 140 on the backing
material 142 is shown. The method also includes bonding the
substantially transparent layer 110, first encapsulant 112, first
solar cell 120, metal foil 130, backing material 142 and back layer
140 together forming a photovoltaic laminate 100. Also, all
applicable embodiments, descriptions and details described above
for the photovoltaic laminate 100 can also be used with the
embodiment described herein. In an embodiment, the receiving medium
170 is transparent to the laser 152. Embodiments include patterning
the solar cell 120 to allow support in regions where the patterning
or metal bond 160 formation does not take place.
[0040] With reference to FIGS. 16-23, a schematic plan view of the
method for metallization for a photovoltaic laminate is shown, as
described herein.
[0041] FIG. 16 illustrates patterning 154 the metal foil 130 using
a laser 152 to forming a pattern 154 on the metal foil 132 and a
patterned metal foil 132. In an embodiment, the metal foil 130 is
patterned in-situ.
[0042] With reference to FIG. 17, forming a metal bond 160 after
the formation of the patterned metal foil 132 including a first and
second bus bar region 131, 133 and a first and second contact
finger 135, 137 is shown. In an embodiment, the method can include
peeling off 108 the excess metal foil.
[0043] FIG. 18 shows an embodiment where the metal foil or
patterned metal foil 132 can be attached to a carrier medium 136,
where the carrier medium 136 can be subsequently removed after the
formation of the metal contact region 160. In an embodiment, the
carrier medium 136 is removed before the formation of the metal
contact region 160. In another embodiment, the carrier medium is
composed of a material selected from the group including paper,
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA), polymeric layer, Polyethylene, any
generic plastic and any other type of applicable carrier-type
material. The method can include peeling off 108 the carrier medium
136.
[0044] With reference to FIG. 19, the solar cell 120 is shown after
removing the excess metal foil, where the patterned foil 132 is
electrically coupled to the solar cell 120 through the metal
contact regions 160. In some embodiments, the excess metal foil is
removed prior to the formation of the metal contact region 160.
Also, the method can include forming patterned metal foil including
a first and second busbar region 131, 133 and a first and second
contact finger 135, 137 on the first solar cell 120.
[0045] FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment where the patterned metal
foil includes an interconnect 166, where the interconnect 166
allows for electrical conduction to connected solar cells.
[0046] With reference to FIG. 21, an embodiment is shown where the
first and second busbar 131, 133 are patterned off the first solar
cell 120.
[0047] FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment where the contact fingers,
including the first and second contact fingers 135, 137 can extend
off the first solar cell 120.
[0048] With reference to FIG. 23, an embodiment is shown where the
contact fingers extend beyond a first solar cell 120 to a second
solar cell 122, the design allowing for electrical conduction
between solar cells. In an embodiment, the first and second solar
cells 120, 122 can be offset such that the P-type and N-type
regions on a first solar cell 120 can be aligned in an alternating
manner to a second solar cell 122, allowing for patterning a
plurality of contact fingers, such as a first, second and third
contact finger 135, 137 and 139 extend across solar cells and
electrically couple the first solar cell 120 to the second solar
cell 122.
[0049] FIG. 24 illustrates a flow chart of an embodiment for a
method of metallization for a photovoltaic laminate. As described
above, the first operation 201 can include placing a first
encapsulant on a substantially transparent layer. A second
operation 202 can include placing a first solar cell on the first
encapsulant. A third operation 203 can include placing a metal foil
on the first solar cell, where the metal foil uniformly contacts
the first solar cell. A last operation 204 can include forming a
metal bond that couples the metal foil to the first solar cell.
[0050] With reference to FIG. 25, a flow chart of another
embodiment for a method of metallization for a photovoltaic
laminate is shown. As described above, the first operation 211 can
include placing a first encapsulant on a substantially transparent
layer. Embodiments of the first operation 211 include placing a
first encapsulant on a substantially transparent layer that
includes the front side of the photovoltaic laminate. A second
operation 212 can include placing a first solar cell on the first
encapsulant. A third operation 213 can include placing a metal foil
on the first solar cell, where the metal foil uniformly contacts
the first solar cell. A fourth operation 214 can include performing
a patterning process on the metal foil. Embodiments of the fourth
operation 214 also include forming a metal bond that couples the
metal foil to the first solar cell. A fifth operation 215 can
include forming a metal bond that couples the metal foil to the
first solar cell. A sixth operation 216 can include placing a
backing material on the metal foil. A seventh operation 217 can
include forming a back layer on the backing material. A last
operation 218 can include bonding the substantially transparent
layer, first encapsulant, first solar cell, metal foil, backing
material and back layer to form a photovoltaic laminate.
Embodiments of the last operation 218 also include curing the
substantially transparent layer, first encapsulant, first solar
cell, metal foil, backing material and back layer to form a
photovoltaic laminate.
[0051] FIG. 26 illustrates a flow chart of still another embodiment
for a method of metallization for a photovoltaic laminate. As
described above, the first operation 221 can include placing a
first encapsulant on a substantially transparent layer that
includes a front side of the photovoltaic laminate. A second
operation 222 can include sorting a plurality of solar cells,
including a first and second solar cell. A third operation 223 can
include placing the first and second solar cell on the first
encapsulant. A fourth operation 224 can include placing a metal
foil on the first and second solar cell, where the metal foil
uniformly contacts a back side of the first and second solar cell.
A fifth operation can include two steps, a first step 225 can
include forming a metal bond that couples the metal foil to the
first and second solar cell and a second step 226 can include
placing a backing material on the metal foil. Embodiments of the
fifth operation can include four steps, a first step 227 can
include performing a patterning process resulting in patterned
metal foil and excess metal foil, a second step 228 can include
forming a metal bond that couples the patterned metal foil to the
first and second solar cell, a third step can include removing the
excess metal foil and a fourth step 231 can include placing a
backing material on the patterned metal foil. Embodiments of the
fifth operation can also include three steps, a first step 232 can
include forming a metal bond that couples a metal foil attached to
a carrier medium to the first and second solar cell, where the
metal foil is pre-patterned, a second step 233 can include removing
the carrier medium and a third step 234 can include placing a
backing material on the metal foil. A sixth operation 235 can
include forming a back layer on the backing material. A last
operation 236 can include curing the substantially transparent
layer, first encapsulant, first and second solar cell, metal foil,
backing material and back layer to form a photovoltaic laminate. As
discussed above, the placing a first and second solar cell
illustrates the above methods can be used with a plurality of solar
cells and not just one or two solar cells.
[0052] With reference to FIG. 27, a flow chart of yet another
embodiment for a method of metallization for a photovoltaic
laminate is shown. As described above, the first operation 241 can
include placing a metal foil on a receiving medium. A second
operation 242 can include placing a first solar cell on the metal
foil. A last operation 243 can include forming a metal bond that
couples the metal foil to the first solar cell.
[0053] FIG. 28 illustrates a flow chart of an embodiment for a
method of metallization for a photovoltaic laminate. As described
above, the first operation 251 can include placing a metal foil on
a receiving medium. Embodiments of the first operation 251 can
include rolling a metal foil on a receiving medium. In an
embodiment of the first operation 251, the receiving medium can be
substantially transparent. A second operation 252 can include
placing a first solar cell on the metal foil. Embodiments of the
second operation 252 can include placing a first solar cell on the
metal foil, wherein the metal foil uniformly contacts a back side
of the first solar cell. A third operation 253 can include forming
a metal bond that couples the metal foil to the first solar cell.
Embodiments of the third operation 253 can include firing a laser
through the receiving medium to the metal foil to form a metal bond
that couples the metal foil to the first solar cell. A fourth
operation 254 can include placing a first encapsulant on the first
solar cell. A fifth operation 255 can include placing a
substantially transparent layer on the first encapsulant. A sixth
operation 256 can include placing a backing material on the metal
foil. A seventh operation 257 can include placing a back layer on
the backing material. A last operation 258 can include bonding the
substantially transparent layer, first encapsulant, first solar
cell, metal foil, backing material and back layer together forming
a photovoltaic laminate.
[0054] With reference to FIG. 29, a flow chart of another
embodiment for a method of metallization for a photovoltaic
laminate is shown. As described above, the first operation 261 can
include placing a metal foil on a receiving medium, the receiving
medium substantially transparent. A second operation 262 can
include sorting a plurality of solar cells, including a first and
second solar cell. A third operation 263 can include placing a
first and second solar cell on the metal foil, where the metal foil
uniformly contacts a back side of the first and second solar cell.
A fourth operation 264 can include firing a laser through the
receiving medium to the metal foil to form a metal bond that
couples the metal foil to the first and second solar cell.
Embodiments of the fourth operation 264 can include three steps, a
first step 265 can include performing a patterning process
resulting in patterned metal foil and excess metal foil, a second
step 266 can include forming a metal bond that couples the
patterned metal foil and the first and second solar cell and a
third step 267 can include removing the excess metal foil.
Embodiments of the fourth operation 264 can include two steps, a
first step 268 can include forming a metal bond that couples a
metal foil attached to a carrier medium to the first and second
solar cell, where the metal foil is pre-patterned and a second step
269 can include removing the carrier medium. A fifth operation 271
can include placing a first encapsulant on the first and second
solar cell. A sixth operation 272 can include placing a
substantially transparent layer on the first encapsulant. A seventh
operation 273 can include placing a backing material on the metal
foil. An eighth operation 274 can include placing a back layer on
the backing material. A last operation 275 can include curing the
substantially transparent layer, first encapsulant, first and
second solar cell, metal foil, backing material and back layer
together forming a photovoltaic laminate. As discussed above,
placing a first and second solar cell illustrates the above methods
can be used with a plurality of solar cells and not just one or two
solar cells.
[0055] The methods of FIGS. 1-15 can also include the following
embodiments. In an embodiment, the method can include patterning
busbars and ribbon from the metal foil 130 simultaneously during
the formation of the metal bond 160 or metal contact region. In an
embodiment, the busbars and ribbons can be patterned from the metal
foil 130 separately from the formation of the metal bond 160. In
the embodiment which includes storing alignment information of FIG.
1, the method can also include forming a metal bond 160 that
couples the metal foil 130 to the first solar cell 120 according to
the stored alignment information. In the embodiment which includes
forming the metal bond 160 or a metal contact region, the method
can include modifying laser firing parameters to prevent damage to
the solar cell 120. In an embodiment, the method can include
connecting a metal interconnect to the metal foil 130 after forming
the metal bond 160. In some embodiments, the method can include
performing an electrical continuity check to check for shorts. In
an embodiment, the photovoltaic laminate 100 can be repaired of any
shorts or electrical damage after testing, such as prior to solar
cell placement for pre-patterned metal foil or after to solar cell
placement for both pre-patterned and an in-situ patterned metal
foil.
[0056] As mentioned above, the photovoltaic laminate 100 can have a
front side 102 which faces the sun during normal operation and a
back side 104 opposite the front side 102. The photovoltaic
laminate 100 can also include a substantially transparent layer
110, a first encapsulant layer 112 on the substantially transparent
layer 110, and a metal foil 130 on the first solar cell 120. In an
embodiment, the metal foil 130 uniformly contacts the first solar
cell 120. The photovoltaic laminate 100 can also include a metal
bond 160 electrically coupling the metal foil 130 to the first
solar cell 120. In some embodiments the metal bond 160 can include
a metal contact region. The photovoltaic laminate 100 can include a
backing material 142 on the metal foil 130 and a back layer 140 on
the backing material 142. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic
laminate 100 of can include a plurality of solar cells. Embodiments
can also include, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 15, a photovoltaic
laminate 100 where a metal bond 160 electrically couples the metal
foil 130 to a seed metal layer 121 on the first solar cell 120.
[0057] As also mentioned above, the photovoltaic laminate 100 of
FIGS. 1-15 can include a solar 120 cell. All methods mentioned
above are applicable to different types of solar cells including,
but not limited to, a linear single-axis design, allowing for high
throughput process during a metal bond formation step, simplifying
the alignment and reducing tool complexity. In an embodiment, the
solar cell 120 can include a thin amorphous silicon layer on the
back side of the first solar cell 120. In some embodiments, the
amorphous silicon layer allows for an increase in a laser process
window, (e.g., for cell architectures with a back-side dielectric
stack of different thicknesses of the P-type and N-type doped
regions). In an embodiment, the amorphous silicon can be doped,
where the dopant can be N-type or P-type dopant. Embodiments can
include providing a solar cell selected from the group consisting
of a back-contact solar cell, a front-contact solar cell, a
monocrystalline silicon solar cell, a polycrystalline silicon solar
cell, an amorphous silicon solar cell, a thin film silicon solar
cell, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cell, and a
cadmium telluride solar cell.
[0058] In some embodiments, the solar cell 120 of FIGS. 1-15 can be
a back contact solar cell having a silicon substrate, doped regions
on the silicon substrate, an amorphous silicon layer, a trench
region separating the doped regions and a back anti-reflective
coating (BARC) on a back side of the solar cell 120. In the
embodiment where the solar cell 120 is composed of a back contact
solar cell, the solar cell 120 can include a texturized region on
the silicon substrate and an anti-reflective coating (ARC) on the
texturized region. In some embodiments, the solar cell can include
a seed metal layer formed on a silicon substrate of the solar cell
as shown in FIG. 5. Also shown in FIG. 5, the metal bond 160 can
electrically couple the metal foil 130 to the seed metal layer 121
on the first solar cell 120. In an embodiment, a dielectric layer
can be formed between the seed metal layer 121 forming a first and
second busbar busbar 131, 133, where the first and second busbar
busbar 131, 133 metal can be folded over the first solar cell 120
to reduce frame-size. Embodiments include a seed metal layer
including a metal such as, but not limited to, copper, tin,
tungsten, titanium, titanium tungsten, silver, gold, titanium
nitride, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, or platinum.
[0059] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented
in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated
that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be
appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or embodiments described
herein are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or
configuration of the claimed subject matter in any way. Rather, the
foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the
art with a convenient road map for implementing the described
embodiment or embodiments. It should be understood that various
changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements
without departing from the scope defined by the claims, which
includes known equivalents and foreseeable equivalents at the time
of filing this patent application.
* * * * *