U.S. patent application number 15/511349 was filed with the patent office on 2017-08-31 for indicating location of a lock.
This patent application is currently assigned to ROLLOCK OY. The applicant listed for this patent is ROLLOCK OY. Invention is credited to Hannu KANKKUNEN.
Application Number | 20170248680 15/511349 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55532600 |
Filed Date | 2017-08-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170248680 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KANKKUNEN; Hannu |
August 31, 2017 |
INDICATING LOCATION OF A LOCK
Abstract
Lock system, mobile device and method for indicating the
location of a lock with a mobile device, which mobile device sends
and receives a radio signal and communicates with the lock via
radio-frequency communication, wherein the lock is a lock that is
openable electrically and by radio-frequency communication. In the
solution of the invention the direction and/or strength of a radio
transmission sent by a lock is measured with a mobile device, the
location and/or direction of the lock in relation to the mobile
device is determined on the basis of the measurement, and the
location of the lock and/or the direction towards the lock is
indicated with the mobile device to the user of the mobile
device.
Inventors: |
KANKKUNEN; Hannu; (Espoo,
FI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ROLLOCK OY |
Espoo |
|
FI |
|
|
Assignee: |
ROLLOCK OY
Espoo
FI
|
Family ID: |
55532600 |
Appl. No.: |
15/511349 |
Filed: |
September 15, 2015 |
PCT Filed: |
September 15, 2015 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/FI2015/050616 |
371 Date: |
March 15, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B 21/18 20130101;
G01S 5/12 20130101; E05B 47/00 20130101; E05B 41/00 20130101; E05B
17/0083 20130101; G07C 2009/00769 20130101; G07C 2209/63 20130101;
E05B 2047/0072 20130101; G01S 3/18 20130101; E05B 17/10 20130101;
E05B 2047/0096 20130101; E05B 2047/0095 20130101; G01S 3/28
20130101; E05B 47/0001 20130101; G01S 5/0252 20130101; E05B
2047/0063 20130101; E05B 2047/0067 20130101; E05B 19/0088 20130101;
G01S 3/30 20130101; G07C 9/00309 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G01S 5/02 20060101
G01S005/02; G08B 21/18 20060101 G08B021/18; E05B 47/00 20060101
E05B047/00; E05B 17/10 20060101 E05B017/10; E05B 19/00 20060101
E05B019/00; E05B 41/00 20060101 E05B041/00; G01S 3/28 20060101
G01S003/28; E05B 17/00 20060101 E05B017/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 17, 2014 |
FI |
20145813 |
Claims
1-16. (canceled)
17. A method for indicating the location of a lock with a mobile
device, which mobile device sends and receives a radio signal and
communicates with the lock via radio-frequency communication,
wherein the lock is a lock that is openable electrically and by
means of radio-frequency communication, wherein in the method: the
direction and/or strength of a radio transmission sent by a lock is
measured with a mobile device, the location and/or direction of the
lock in relation to the mobile device is determined on the basis of
the measurement, and the location of the lock and/or the direction
towards the lock is indicated with the mobile device to the user of
the mobile device.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein location information
of the lock is sent to the mobile device together with an
electronic key and/or the electronic key comprises the location
information of the lock.
19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the location
information of a lock is utilized when opening the lock in such a
way that the device requesting opening of the lock additionally
sends to the lock the geographic data of the lock, and also the
geographic data of the lock sent by the device requesting opening
must correspond to the correct geographic data of the lock, in
addition to corresponding to the correct electronic key, for the
lock to be opened.
20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the mobile device
indicates to the user the location of the lock only after the lock
has confirmed that the mobile device has the right to open the
lock.
21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the location of the
lock is indicated to the user with light, sound or vibration or on
the display of the mobile device by indicating the direction of the
lock with an indicator, e.g. with an arrow.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the light, sound or
vibration is periodic and the time interval of the periods shortens
when the mobile device turns to point in the direction of the lock
and/or approaches the lock and lengthens when the mobile device
turns away from the direction of the lock and/or moves farther away
from the lock.
23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the mobile device
comprises at least two antennas, which are directional antennas, in
which the front-to-back ratio of the antenna is high, and the
mobile device determines on the basis of the signals measured from
the antennas the location and/or direction of the lock in relation
to the mobile device.
24. The method according to claim 17, wherein the mobile device
determines on the basis of the strength of the signals measured
from at least one antenna the location and/or direction of the lock
in relation to the mobile device.
25. The method according to claim 17, wherein the mobile device
uses WLAN technology, Bluetooth technology and/or some other
short-range radio technology for communicating with the lock.
26. The method according to claim 17, wherein the lock indicates
its location to the user with light, sound or vibration.
27. A mobile device, which is adapted to send and receive a radio
signal and to communicate with a lock via radio-frequency
communication, wherein the lock is a lock that is openable
electrically and by means of radio-frequency communication,
wherein: the mobile device is adapted to measure the direction
and/or strength of a radio transmission sent by a lock, the mobile
device is adapted to determine the location and/or direction of the
lock in relation to the mobile device on the basis of the
measurement, and the mobile device is adapted to indicate to the
user of the mobile device the location of the lock and/or the
direction towards the lock.
28. The mobile device according to claim 27, wherein the mobile
device is adapted to indicate to the user the location of the lock
only after the lock has confirmed that the mobile device has the
right to open the lock.
29. The mobile device according to claim 27, wherein the mobile
device comprises at least two antennas, which are directional
antennas, in which the front-to-back ratio of the antenna is high,
and the mobile device is adapted to determine on the basis of the
signals measured from the antennas the location and/or direction of
the lock in relation to the mobile device.
30. The mobile device according to claim 27, wherein the mobile
device is adapted to determine on the basis of the strength of the
signals measured from at least one antenna the location and/or
direction of the lock in relation to the mobile device.
31. A lock system, which comprises at least one lock and at least
one mobile device, wherein the mobile device is adapted to send and
receive a radio signal and to communicate with a lock via
radio-frequency communication, and wherein the lock is a lock that
is openable electrically and by means of radio-frequency
communication, wherein the mobile device is adapted to implement
any method according claim 17 whatsoever.
32. The method according to claim 18, wherein the location
information of a lock is utilized when opening the lock in such a
way that the device requesting opening of the lock additionally
sends to the lock the geographic data of the lock, and also the
geographic data of the lock sent by the device requesting opening
must correspond to the correct geographic data of the lock, in
addition to corresponding to the correct electronic key, for the
lock to be opened.
33. The method according to claim 18, wherein the mobile device
indicates to the user the location of the lock only after the lock
has confirmed that the mobile device has the right to open the
lock.
34. The method according to claim 19, wherein the mobile device
indicates to the user the location of the lock only after the lock
has confirmed that the mobile device has the right to open the
lock.
35. The method according to claim 18, wherein the location of the
lock is indicated to the user with light, sound or vibration or on
the display of the mobile device by indicating the direction of the
lock with an indicator, e.g. with an arrow.
36. The method according to claim 19, wherein the location of the
lock is indicated to the user with light, sound or vibration or on
the display of the mobile device by indicating the direction of the
lock with an indicator, e.g. with an arrow.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to a method, a mobile device and a
lock arrangement, by means of which a user can be guided to a
lock.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Known in the art are door locks comprising a lock case and a
locking latch, which door locks can be opened and closed
mechanically. Also known in the art are electrical locks, which can
be controlled to open and close by means of electrical commands and
electrical opening means. In prior-art arrangements electrical
locks can be adapted to receive opening commands and closing
commands also wirelessly, e.g. by means of Bluetooth or WLAN.
[0003] In prior-art locks, which are controlled wirelessly, a user
does not necessarily know the precise location of a lock when the
user has opened the lock because the lock can be opened wirelessly
from many meters away. This is a problem e.g. in situations in
which a visually impaired person approaches a door. Also, if there
are a number of doors side by side, a user does not necessarily
know which door his/her key opens. This type of situation can be,
for example, when a user uses a door or a lock for the first
time.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The aim of the current invention is to achieve a new type of
method, mobile device and lock arrangement, by means of which a
user can be guided to a lock.
[0005] In the solution of the invention a mobile device sends and
receives a radio signal and communicates with a lock via
radio-frequency communication.
[0006] The lock is a lock that is openable electrically and by
means of radio-frequency communication. In the solution of the
invention the direction and/or strength of a radio transmission
sent by a lock is measured with a mobile device, the location
and/or direction of the lock in relation to the mobile device is
determined on the basis of the measurement, and the location of the
lock and/or the direction towards the lock is indicated to the user
of the mobile device. In the solution of the invention recorded in
a mobile device is an electronic key, which authorizes the opening
of a certain lock.
[0007] In one embodiment of the invention the mobile device
indicates to the user the location of the lock only after the lock
has confirmed that the mobile device has the right to open the
lock.
[0008] In one embodiment of the invention the location of the lock
is indicated to the user with light, sound or vibration or on the
display of a device by indicating the direction of the lock with an
indicator, e.g. with an arrow. The light or vibration can be
periodic and the time interval of the periods can shorten when the
mobile device turns to point in the direction of the lock, and can
lengthen when the mobile device turns away from the direction of
the lock. Also the type, such as e.g. front door or back door, of
the lock and/or of the door can be indicated to the user e.g. as
text, sound or speech.
[0009] In one embodiment of the invention the mobile device uses
WLAN technology, Bluetooth technology and/or some other short-range
radio technology for communicating with the lock.
[0010] The solution according to the invention now presented has
some significant advantages when it is compared to prior-art
solutions. By means of the solution of the invention, a user can be
guided to a lock with a mobile device functioning as a key. This is
useful e.g. to visually impaired people or to the type of people
that are using the door or the lock for the first time.
[0011] In one embodiment of the invention also a lock installed in
a door or a device in the proximity of a lock or a door can
indicate its location to a user, e.g. with light or sound, such as
with a sound signal or speech. This further facilitates finding the
correct lock. A lock can e.g. indicate its location when the mobile
device has opened the lock or has received from the lock
authorization for opening the lock.
[0012] In one embodiment of the invention a lock can indicate its
location to a user also without an indication occurring in the
mobile device. In this embodiment it is not necessary at all to
indicate the location of the lock with a mobile device but instead
only the lock indicates its location to the user, e.g. with a light
in connection with the lock or with a sound associated with the
lock, such as with a sound signal or speech. In this embodiment the
mobile device can be simpler because it does not need to guide a
user towards a lock and does not need to measure the strengths of
signals sent by a lock. In this embodiment by means of an antenna
in the lock the strength of a signal sent by a mobile device is
measured and the distance of the mobile device from the lock is
determined, and it is determined whether the mobile device is
approaching the lock or moving away from it. The lock can indicate
its location by means of a light in connection with the lock, with
a sound or vibration associated with the lock. The light, sound or
vibration can be periodic and the time interval of the periods can
shorten when the mobile device approaches or turns to point in the
direction of the lock, and can lengthen when the mobile device
recedes from the lock or turns away from the direction of the lock.
A lock can e.g. indicate its location when the mobile device has
opened the lock or has received from the lock authorization for
opening the lock.
[0013] In one embodiment of the invention the location of the lock
is known and it can be notified to a mobile device already before
the mobile device enters the vicinity of the lock. The location of
the lock can be expressed as geographic data, such as a GPS
coordinate, or as a coordinate of some other position location
system, such as an indoor position location system. A mobile device
can, if the user so desires or automatically, guide the user to a
lock from a longer distance away by means of coordinates.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0014] In the following, the invention will be described in more
detail by the aid of some embodiments with reference to the
drawings 1-3, wherein
[0015] FIG. 1 presents a schematic view of the operating principle
of one embodiment of the invention;
[0016] FIG. 2 presents the structure of a lock arrangement
according to one embodiment of the invention, and
[0017] FIG. 3 presents as a functional diagram the operation of a
lock arrangement according to one embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] In the solution of the invention the location of a lock can
be indicated so that a use more easily finds his/her way to a lock
he/she can open. The location of a lock can be indicated with a
mobile device or with the lock, or with both the mobile device and
the lock. In the solution according to the invention a mobile
device is used that sends and receives a radio signal and
communicates with the lock via radio-frequency communication. In
the solution of the invention the lock is a lock that is openable
electrically and by means of radio-frequency communication.
[0019] FIG. 1 presents a schematic view of the operating principle
of one embodiment of the invention. In the schematic diagram is a
lock 100, which comprises a lock case that can be fixed into a
door, which lock case comprises a locking latch and a latch
mechanism. A mobile device 102, such as a mobile phone, tablet,
smartwatch, an article of intelligent clothing, electronic key or
some other portable mobile device, is in the proximity of the lock
in such a way that the lock 100 and the mobile device 102 can
communicate with each other. Recorded in the mobile device 102 is
an electronic key, which authorizes the opening of a certain lock,
in this case the lock 100. The direction and/or strength of a radio
transmission sent by the lock 100 are measured with the mobile
device 102. When the mobile device 102 moves in the direction of
the lock 100 the strength of the signal increases and the mobile
device 102 detects this. In one embodiment of the invention with
the mobile device 102 it can also be detected whether the mobile
device 102 is pointing in the direction of the lock 100 or away
from the lock 100 and whether the mobile device 102 is turning to
the direction of the lock 100 or away from it. In FIG. 1 the signal
sent by the lock 100 is described with curves.
[0020] On the basis of the measurement performed, the location
and/or direction of the lock 100 in relation to the mobile device
102 is determined, e.g. on the basis of the strengths of the
signals measured from at least one antenna. When the direction of
the lock 100 has been determined in the mobile device 102, the
location of the lock 100 and/or the direction towards the lock 100
is indicated to the user of the mobile device 102. The mobile
device can measure the location of a lock 100 continuously or at
certain intervals in such a way that the location can be indicated
to the user reliably when the mobile device 102 moves.
[0021] In the mobile device 102, the location of the lock 100 is
indicated to the user with light, sound or vibration or on the
display of a device by indicating the direction of the lock with an
indicator, e.g. with an arrow. In one embodiment of the invention
the light or vibration is periodic and the time interval of the
periods shortens when the mobile device 102 turns to point in the
direction of the lock 100 and/or approaches the lock 100, and
lengthens when the mobile device 102 turns away from the direction
of the lock 100 or moves farther away from the lock 100. In one
embodiment of the invention the indication can be sound, e.g. a
voice message or recorded or synthesized speech. Also the type or
location, such as the front door or back door, of the lock can be
told to the user as text, by means of sound or by means of
speech.
[0022] In one embodiment of the invention the mobile device 102
indicates to the user the location of the lock 100 only after the
lock 100 has confirmed that the mobile device 102 has the right to
open the lock 100.
[0023] In one embodiment of the invention also the lock indicates
its location to the user, e.g. with a light in connection with the
lock, with a sound associated with the lock or with a vibration.
The indication means in connection with a lock can be integrated
into the lock or can be a separate device in connection with a lock
and/or with a door. In one embodiment of the invention only the
lock indicates its location to the user, e.g. with light, sound or
vibration. In one embodiment of the invention the indication
implemented by a lock can be sound, e.g. a voice message or
recorded or synthesized speech. In these embodiments by means of an
antenna in the lock the strength of a signal sent by a mobile
device can be measured and the distance of the mobile device from
the lock can be determined, and/or it can also be determined
whether the mobile device is approaching the lock or moving away
from it. A lock can indicate its location by means of a light in
connection with the lock, by means of a sound associated with the
lock or by means of a vibration. The light, sound or vibration can
be periodic and the time interval of the periods can shorten when
the mobile device approaches or turns to point in the direction of
the lock, and can lengthen when the mobile device recedes from or
turns away from the direction of the lock. A lock can e.g. indicate
its location when the mobile device has opened the lock or has
received from the lock authorization for opening the lock.
[0024] In one embodiment of the invention the mobile device
comprises at least two antennas, which are directional antennas, in
which the front-to-back ratio of the antenna is high, and the
mobile device determines on the basis of the signals measured from
the antennas the location and/or direction of the lock in relation
to the mobile device. In this case the mobile device is able to
detect in precisely which direction the lock is in relation to the
mobile device and whether the mobile device is pointing towards the
lock or away from the lock.
[0025] FIG. 2 presents by way of example the structure of a lock
100 according to one embodiment of the invention. The lock 100
comprises a lock case 201 and a counterpart 210 of the lock. The
lock case 201 comprises a locking latch 202 and a latch mechanism.
The latch mechanism comprises electrical means for opening and/or
closing the locking latch.
[0026] Arranged into connection with the lock case 201 is at least
one antenna, and connected to the antenna means for receiving radio
signals, by the aid of which means the lock arrangement is adapted
to communicate with a mobile device and to receive commands from a
mobile device functioning as a key. In one embodiment of the
invention the antenna of the lock arrangement can also be in the
counterpart of the lock. The counterpart 210 of the lock presented
in FIG. 2 comprises an aperture 212 for the locking latch of the
lock.
[0027] In one embodiment of the invention the counterpart 210 of
the lock can also comprise means 211 for sending electrical power.
The counterpart 210 of the lock can be fixed into the door frame at
a point corresponding to the lock of the door, and wiring to the
counterpart 210 of the lock is arranged via the door frame. The
means for receiving 203 and for sending 211 electrical power can be
coils in the solution according to the invention. A lock
environment is characteristically narrow and high in structure. The
electronics used in the arrangement according to the invention can
be disposed inside the lock to some extent more freely than the
coils that transfer power--the coils, on the other hand, must be
brought close to each other on the front surfaces of the lock and
of the counterpart. The coils can be implemented to be planar in
structure (planar coils). The means for receiving and for sending
electrical power can be implemented in the manner described in
patent application FI20135636. The lock arrangement can be adapted
to transmit a signal of the antennas, and/or a signal formed by the
means receiving a radio signal, from the counterpart 210 of the
lock to the lock case 201 via the means adapted for sending 211 and
receiving 203 electrical power.
[0028] In one embodiment of the invention the lock arrangement
functions mechanically and the mechanical lock can also be opened
and/or closed electrically.
[0029] In the arrangement according to the invention information
can be wirelessly sent between the lock arrangement and a mobile
device. The information can be, for example, requests for opening
or closing the lock. The information transfer can be implemented by
the aid of an antenna and by the aid of the means used for
receiving radio signals.
[0030] In the solution according to the invention the information
transfer is digital and authentication methods and/or encryption
methods to ensure data security can be used in a lock application,
by means of which methods it is ensured that the lock reacts only
to commands transmitted by an identified counterpart. An
unauthorized device that does not know the correct encryption
parameters cannot create or send to the lock a request in an
acceptable format and therefore cannot mislead the lock into
switching to the incorrect operating mode.
[0031] The aim of authentication is therefore to ensure that the
devices communicating with each other recognize one another. In
this way, a fraudulent device cannot control one of the devices.
Likewise the transmission of information to a fraudulent device is
prevented. Authentication can be performed before permitting use of
the service. Authentication can be one-way (server identifies user)
or two-way (the service identifies user, and the user the
service).
[0032] After successful authentication, information, which is
encrypted, can be transferred between the lock arrangement and the
mobile device. Various encryption technologies used in
telecommunications or in computers can be used as encryption
methods for encrypting the messages of the information transfer.
Encryption means the converting of the plain text information to be
encrypted into a type of format that makes clarification of the
original information either impossible or too expensive (i.e.
breaking the encryption takes too much time or resources compared
to the value of the encrypted information).
[0033] The handling of encrypted information is generally
two-directional: the information to be encrypted can be converted
into an unreadable format for encrypting the information and
correspondingly the encrypted information can be returned back to
the original format for utilizing it. Examples of algorithms to be
used for the encryption of the information are, inter alia, DES,
AES and Blowfish.
[0034] FIG. 3 presents a functional diagram of the operation
according to one embodiment of the invention. By means of the
antenna and the transmitter-receiver that are in a mobile device,
it is measured whether a lock sending a radio signal is in the
vicinity. When a lock sending a radio signal comes inside the
measuring range of the mobile device, the strength and/or direction
of the signal is measured at the point in question. When a mobile
device is moved or its attitude is changed, a new measurement
result about the strength of the received signal is obtained. If
the strength of the signal increases, the mobile device can be
interpreted as moving in the direction of the lock whereas if the
signal level decreases, the mobile device can be interpreted as
moving farther away from the lock. By means of the measured
signals, therefore, the location and/or direction of the lock in
relation to the mobile device can be determined. By means of the
determination of the direction and/or location, the location of the
lock and/or the direction towards the lock is indicated with the
mobile device to the user of the mobile device.
[0035] In one embodiment of the invention the mobile device can
have two antennas, by means of which a radio signal sent by a lock
can be measured. Determination of the location and direction of a
lock can be improved by means of the two antennas. Especially when
the antennas are directional antennas and their radiation lobes are
directed in different directions to each other, the precision of
the determination of the location and/or direction of a lock can be
improved further. If, for example, the antenna of a mobile device,
the radiation lobe of said antenna being directed in a first
direction, receives a stronger signal than an antenna with a
radiation lobe directed in a second direction, the lock can be
interpreted as being in the direction of the radiation lobe of the
first antenna.
[0036] When it is desired to open a door lock from a mobile device,
the mobile device sends a request to the lock of the door for
opening the lock. Before sending a command over a wireless
interface, the command can be encrypted. If encryption is used, the
request can be sent after encryption from a device sending a radio
signal to the lock arrangement, and the lock arrangement can
receive the request utilizing the antenna of the lock arrangement
and the means for receiving a radio signal. When the lock of the
door receives the message, the encryption is decrypted and the
content of the message interpreted. After this, the lock executes
the command, in other words e.g. opens the lock, locks the lock,
and/or sends the status information of the lock to the device
sending the radio signal if the lock arrangement interprets the
mobile device as having the right to present requests, i.e. the
device sending a radio signal is identified by means of an
electronic key or other identification data recorded in said mobile
device.
[0037] If information is sent from the lock arrangement as a radio
signal to the mobile device, the system can function in such a way
that the lock arrangement encrypts the message (e.g. its status
information) and sends it utilizing its antenna and the
transmitter-receiver. Correspondingly, the mobile device receives
the message. When the encryption of the message is decrypted in the
mobile device, the content of the message can be read.
[0038] In one embodiment of the invention the location of the lock
is known and it can be notified to a mobile device already before
the mobile device enters the vicinity of the lock. The location of
the lock can be expressed as geographic data, such as a GPS
coordinate, or as a coordinate of some other position location
system, such as an indoor position location system. In one
embodiment of the invention the location information of the lock
can be sent to the device of a user together with an electronic key
and/or an electronic key can include the location information of
the lock. A mobile device can, if the user so desires or
automatically, guide the user to a lock from a longer distance away
by means of coordinates. In this way a user can be guided to a lock
and/or to a door from a long distance away and from an area in
which the mobile device cannot yet measure a radio transmission
sent by the lock. When the user and mobile device arrive in the
proximity of the lock by means of guidance, the mobile device can
start to guide the user on the basis of the measurement results of
a radio signal sent by the lock when the mobile device is so close
to the lock that measurement is possible. In one embodiment of the
invention the user can be guided close to the lock, e.g. approx.
5-10 meters from the lock, by means of location data, and
indication of the location of the lock based on measurement of a
radio signal is only started in this phase when close to the lock,
even though indication of the location of the lock based on
measurement of a radio signal would be possible even farther from
the lock. It is also possible to use both guidance methods in
parallel, i.e. in this case guidance based on position location
data and measurement based on measuring a radio signal are used in
parallel whenever possible. This further improves the accuracy of
determining the location of a lock.
[0039] The location information of a lock can, in one embodiment of
the invention, be utilized when opening the lock, e.g. in such a
way that the device requesting opening of the lock additional sends
to the lock the geographic data of the lock, and also the
geographic data of the lock sent by the device requesting opening
must correspond to the correct geographic data of the lock, in
addition to corresponding to the correct electronic key, for the
lock to be opened.
[0040] It is obvious to the person skilled in the art that the
different embodiments of the invention are not limited solely to
the examples described above, and that they may therefore be varied
within the scope of the claims presented below. The characteristic
features possibly presented in the description in conjunction with
other characteristic features can also, if necessary, be used
separately to each other.
* * * * *