U.S. patent application number 15/454910 was filed with the patent office on 2017-08-24 for localized temperature control for spatial arrays of reaction media.
The applicant listed for this patent is Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.. Invention is credited to Jeff CEREMONY, Daniel Y. CHU.
Application Number | 20170239663 15/454910 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33490545 |
Filed Date | 2017-08-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170239663 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
CEREMONY; Jeff ; et
al. |
August 24, 2017 |
LOCALIZED TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR SPATIAL ARRAYS OF REACTION
MEDIA
Abstract
Individual temperature control in multiple reactions performed
simultaneously in a spatial array such as a multi-well plate is
achieved by thermoelectric modules with individual control, with
each module supplying heat to or drawing heat from a single region
within the array, the region containing either a single reaction
vessel or a group of reaction vessels.
Inventors: |
CEREMONY; Jeff; (Fairfield,
CA) ; CHU; Daniel Y.; (San Francisco, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. |
Hercules |
CA |
US |
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|
Family ID: |
33490545 |
Appl. No.: |
15/454910 |
Filed: |
March 9, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14567121 |
Dec 11, 2014 |
9623414 |
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15454910 |
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12652611 |
Jan 5, 2010 |
8945881 |
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14567121 |
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10851682 |
May 20, 2004 |
7771933 |
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12652611 |
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60472964 |
May 23, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01L 2300/12 20130101;
B01L 2300/1822 20130101; B01L 2400/049 20130101; B01L 9/06
20130101; B01L 2300/1883 20130101; B01L 2300/044 20130101; B01L
2400/0487 20130101; B01L 2400/0475 20130101; B01L 2300/1838
20130101; B01L 2300/0829 20130101; B01L 7/52 20130101; B01L
2300/1805 20130101; B01L 3/50851 20130101; B01L 7/54 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B01L 7/00 20060101
B01L007/00; B01L 3/00 20060101 B01L003/00; B01L 9/06 20060101
B01L009/06 |
Claims
1. Apparatus for performing polymerase chain reactions in a
plurality of samples, said apparatus comprising: a plurality of
thermally conductive sample blocks for polymerase chain reactions,
arranged in a fixed horizontal array, wherein each sample block
comprises a plurality of 96 sample wells and is configured to
retain a plurality of samples; a plurality of independently
controlled thermoelectric modules, a thermoelectric module
positioned underneath each said sample block, wherein the
thermoelectric modules are configured to cycle the temperatures of
the sample blocks for polymerase chain reactions; a layer of
thermally conductive material between each sample block and each
thermoelectric module; and a solid barrier of thermally insulating
material positioned between each pair of adjacent sample blocks to
thermally isolate the sample blocks of the pair from each
other.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive
material is selected from the group consisting of an adhesive,
grease, putty, and paste.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising heat sink means
thermally coupled to said plurality of thermoelectric modules to
dissipate heat generated by said thermoelectric modules.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said heat sink means is a
single heat sink common to all thermoelectric modules.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said heat sink means comprises
an individual heat sink for each thermoelectric module.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said fixed horizontal array is
a two-dimensional array.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plurality of sample wells
of each sample block is configured to receive a sample plate or
portion thereof.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein two or more thermoelectric
modules are positioned underneath each said sample block.
9. A method for independently controlling temperatures of
polymerase chain reactions in a plurality of samples retained in a
plurality of thermally conductive sample blocks of the apparatus of
claim 1, said method comprising: supplying electric power to
thermoelectric modules of the apparatus while controlling the
magnitude of power supplied to each of said thermoelectric modules
independently, thereby maintaining or changing the temperature of
each sample block independently of other sample blocks.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the thermally conductive
material is selected from the group consisting of an adhesive,
grease, putty, and paste.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising drawing heat from
said thermoelectric modules by heat sink means.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said heat sink means is a
single heat sink common to all thermoelectric modules.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein said heat sink means comprises
an individual heat sink for each thermoelectric module.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein said sample blocks are arranged
in a fixed horizontal two-dimensional array.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the plurality of sample wells of
each sample block is configured to receive a sample plate or
portion thereof.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein two or more thermoelectric
modules are positioned underneath each said sample block.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/567,121, filed Dec. 11, 2014, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/652,611, filed
Jan. 5, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,945,881, issued Feb. 3, 2015),
which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/851,682, filed May 20, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,771,933, issued
Aug. 10, 2010), which claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 60/472,964, filed May 23, 2003. The contents of all
such applications are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to sequential chemical reactions of
which the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one example. In
particular, this invention addresses the methods and apparatus for
performing chemical reactions simultaneously in a multitude of
reaction media and independently controlling the reaction in each
medium.
[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0005] PCR is one of many examples of chemical processes that
require precise temperature control of reaction mixtures with rapid
temperature changes between different stages of the procedure. PCR
itself is a process for amplifying DNA, i.e., producing multiple
copies of a DNA sequence from a single strand bearing the sequence.
PCR is typically performed in instruments that provide reagent
transfer, temperature control, and optical detection in a multitude
of reaction vessels such as wells, tubes, or capillaries. The
process includes a sequence of stages that are
temperature-sensitive, different stages being performed at
different temperatures and the temperature being cycled through
repeated temperature changes.
[0006] While PCR can be performed in any reaction vessel,
multi-well reaction plates are the reaction vessels of choice. In
many applications, PCR is performed in "real-time" and the reaction
mixtures are repeatedly analyzed throughout the process, using the
detection of light from fluorescently-tagged species in the
reaction medium as a means of analysis. In other applications, DNA
is withdrawn from the medium for separate amplification and
analysis. In multiple-sample PCR processes in which the process is
performed concurrently in a number of samples, a preferred
arrangement is one in which each sample occupies one well of a
multi-well plate or plate-like structure, and all samples are
simultaneously equilibrated to a common thermal environment at each
stage of the process. In some cases, samples are exposed to two
thermal environments to produce a temperature gradient across each
sample.
[0007] In the typical PCR instrument, a 96-well plate with a sample
in each well is placed in contact with a metal block that is heated
and cooled either by a Peltier heating/cooling apparatus or by a
closed-loop liquid heating/cooling system that circulates a heat
transfer fluid through channels machined into the block. Certain
instruments, such as the SMART CYCLER.RTM. II System sold by
Cepheid (Sunnyvale, Calif., USA), provide different thermal
environments in different reaction vessels by using individual
reaction vessels or capillaries. These instruments are costly and
unable to reliably achieve temperature uniformity. The Institute of
Microelectronics, of Singapore, likewise offers an instrument that
provides multiple thermal environments, but does so by use of an
integrated circuit to create individual thermal domains. This
method is miniaturized but does not allow the use of multi-well
reaction plates, which are generally termed microplates.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides means for independently
controlling the temperature in discrete regions of a spatial array
of reaction zones, thereby allowing different thermal domains to be
created and maintained in a single multi-well plate rather than
requiring the use of individual reaction vessels, capillaries, or
devices fabricated in the manner of integrated circuit boards or
chips. The invention thus allows two or more individualized PCR
experiments to be run in a single plate. With this invention, PCR
experiments can be optimized and comparative experiments can be
performed. The wells of the plate can thus be grouped into
subdivisions or regions, each region containing either a single
well or a group of two or more wells, and different regions can be
maintained at different temperatures while all wells in a
particular region are maintained under the same thermal control. A
multitude of procedures can then be performed simultaneously with
improved uniformity and reliability within each zone, together with
reductions in cost and complexity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] All Figures accompanying this specification depict
structures within the scope of the present invention.
[0010] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a PCR plate or other
multi-well reaction plate with localized temperature control in
portions of the plate.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a cross section of a plate similar to that of FIG.
1 in which a thermal barrier is positioned between adjacent regions
in the plate.
[0012] FIG. 3 is a cross section of a plate similar to those of the
preceding figures, with an added heating element supplying heat to
the entire plate.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a temperature control system
for PCR or other multi-well reaction plate, utilizing individual
heat pipes for each thermal domain.
[0014] FIGS. 5a through 5e are perspective views of five different
heat pipe configurations for use in the system of FIG. 4.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a sixth heat pipe
configuration for use in the system of FIG. 4.
[0016] FIG. 7 is a cross section of a plate and heat transfer block
for use in the systems of the preceding figures.
[0017] FIGS. 8a through 8f are cross sections of six different
variable thermal coupling systems for use in the temperature
control systems of the preceding figures.
[0018] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a sample plate designed for
enhanced thermal insulation between individual wells.
[0019] FIG. 10 is a cross section of one well of a sample plate
with a structure that provides enhanced thermal contact with
heating or cooling elements.
[0020] FIG. 11 is a cross section of an alternative design of a
sample plate that provides enhanced thermal contact with
temperature control components.
[0021] FIGS. 12a through 12c are cross sections of still further
constructions that provide enhanced thermal contact between a
sample plate and heating or cooling elements.
[0022] FIG. 13 is a cross section of a further method of providing
localized heating for use in conjunction with the localized
temperature control systems of the preceding figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0023] This invention applies to spatial arrays of reaction zones
in which the arrays are either a linear array, a two-dimensional
array, or any fixed physical arrangement of multiple reaction
zones. The receptacles in which these arrays are retained are
typically referred to as sample blocks, the samples being the
reaction mixtures in which the PCR process is performed. As of the
date of filing of the application on which this patent will issue,
the invention is of particular interest to sample blocks that form
planar two-dimensional arrays of reaction zones, and most notably
microplates of various sizes. The most common microplates are those
with 96 wells arranged in a standardized planar rectangular array
of eight rows of twelve wells each, with standardized well sizes
and spacings. The invention is likewise applicable to plates with
fewer wells as well as plates with greater numbers of wells.
[0024] Independent temperature control in each region of the sample
block in accordance with this invention is achieved by a plurality
of thermoelectric modules, each such module thermally coupled to
one region of the block with a separate module for each region. In
preferred embodiments of this invention, thermal barriers of any of
various forms thermally insulate each region from adjacent regions,
and each module is electrically connected to a power supply in a
manner that permits independent control of the magnitude of the
electric power delivered to each module and, in preferred
embodiments, the polarity of the electric current through each
module.
[0025] The thermoelectric modules, also known as Peltier devices,
are units widely used as components in laboratory instrumentation
and equipment, well known among those familiar with such equipment,
and readily available from commercial suppliers of electrical
components. Thermoelectric devices are small solid-state devices
that function as heat pumps, operating under the theory that when
electric current flow through two dissimilar conductors, the
junction of the two conductors will either absorb or release heat
depending on the direction of current flow. The typical
thermoelectric module consists of two ceramic or metallic plates
separated by a semiconductor material, of which a common example is
bismuth telluride. In addition to the electric current, the
direction of heat transport can further be determined by the nature
of the charge carrier in the semiconductor (i.e., N-type vs.
P-type). Thermoelectric modules can thus be arranged and/or
electrically connected in the apparatus of the present invention to
heat or to cool the region of reaction zones. A single
thermoelectric module can be as thin as a few millimeters with
surface dimensions of a few centimeters square, although both
smaller and larger devices exist and can be used. Thermoelectric
modules can be grouped together to control the temperature of a
region of the sample block whose lateral dimensions exceed those of
a single module. Alternatively the lateral dimensions of the module
itself can be selected to match those of an individual region.
[0026] In embodiments of this invention in which adjacent regions
of the sample block are thermally insulated from each other, such
insulation can be achieved by air gaps or voids, or by embedding
solid thermal barriers with low thermal conductivity in the sample
block. Examples of thermally insulating solid materials are foamed
plastics such as polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethanes,
and polyisocyanurates.
[0027] Thermal coupling of the thermoelectric modules to the
regions of the sample block is accomplished by any of various
methods known in the art. Examples are thermally conductive
adhesives, greases, putties, or pastes to provide full surface
contact between the thermoelectric modules and the sample
block.
[0028] Further examples, particularly ones that offer individual
control, are heat pipes. Heat pipes of conventional construction
that are commonly used for heat transfer and temperature control,
particularly the types that are used in laptop and desktop
computers, can be used. The typical heat pipe is a closed
container, most commonly a tube, with two ends, one designated a
heat receiving end and the other a heat dissipating end, and with a
volatile working fluid retained in the container interior. The
working fluid continuously transports heat from the heat receiving
end to the heat dissipating end by an evaporation-condensation
cycle. Depending on the orientation of the heat pipe and the
direction in which heat is to be transported, the return of the
condensed fluid from the heat dissipating end to the heat receiving
end to complete the cycle can be achieved either by gravity or by a
fluid conveying means such as a wick or capillary structure within
the heat pipe to convey the flow against gravity.
[0029] The working fluid in a heat pipe will be selected on the
basis of the heat transport characteristics of the fluid. Prominent
among these characteristics are a high latent heat, a high thermal
conductivity, low liquid and vapor viscosities, and high surface
tension. Additional characteristics of value in many cases are
thermal stability, wettability of wick and wall materials, and a
moderate vapor pressure over the contemplated operating temperature
range. With these considerations in mind, both organic and
inorganic liquids can be used, the optimal choice depending on the
contemplated temperature range. For PCR systems, a working fluid
with a useful range of from about 50.degree. C. to about
100.degree. C. will be most appropriate. Examples are acetone,
methanol, ethanol, water, toluene, and various surfactants.
[0030] In heat pipes in which a wick or capillary structure returns
the working fluid to the heat receiving end, such structures are
known in the art of heat pipes and assume various forms. Examples
are porous structures, typically made of metal foams or felts of
various pore sizes. Further examples are fibrous materials, notably
ceramic fibers or carbon fibers. Wicks can be formed from sintered
powders or screen mesh, and capillaries can assume the form of
axial grooves in the heat pipe wall or actual capillaries within
the heat pipe. The wick or capillary structure can be positioned at
the wall of the heat pipe while the condensed working fluid flows
through the center of the pipe. Alternatively, the wick or
capillary structure can be positioned in the center or bulk region
of the heat pipe while the condensed working fluid flows down the
pipe walls.
[0031] In preferred embodiments of the invention in which heat
pipes are used, devices or structures are incorporated into the
heat pipe design to permit individual control of the rate at which
the condensed fluid is returned or conveyed. This provides further
individual heat control in addition to the individual heat control
provided by the thermoelectric modules. This control over the
return rate of the condensed fluid can be achieved by incorporating
elements in the wick that respond to externally imposed influences,
such as electric or magnetic fields, heat, pressure, and mechanical
forces, as well as laser beams, ultrasonic vibrations,
radiofrequency and other electromagnetic waves, and
magnetostrictive effects. Control can likewise be achieved by using
a working fluid that responds to the same types of influences. If
the wick contains a magnetically responsive material, for example,
movement of the wick or forces within the wick can be controlled by
the imposition of a magnetic field. This is readily achieved and
controlled by an external electromagnetic coil. Mechanical pressure
within the wick can be applied and controlled by piezoelectric
elements or by flow-regulating elements such as solenoid
valves.
[0032] In various embodiments of this invention, heat sinks are
included as a component of the apparatus to receive or dissipate
the heat discharged by a thermoelectric device or a heat pipe, or
both. Conventional heat sinks such as fins and circulating liquid
or gaseous coolants can be used.
[0033] Still further types of thermal coupling between the
thermoelectric devices and the sample block can be achieved by a
variety of methods other than heat pipes that still allow
variations from one region of the sample block to the next with
individual control. Like the individual heat pipe control, these
further methods of thermal coupling control can be achieved by the
use of thermal coupling materials that are responsive to external
influences, such as electromagnetic waves, magnetic or electric
fields, heat, and mechanical pressure. Examples of such thermal
coupling materials are suspensions or slurries of electrically
responsive particles, magnetically responsive particles,
piezoelectric elements, and compressive or elastic materials.
Externally imposed influences that can vary the thermal coupling of
these materials are localized electric, notably alternating
current, fields, localized magnetic fields, and mechanical plungers
exerting localized pressures.
[0034] The Figures hereto depict certain examples of ways in which
the present invention can be implemented and are not intended to
define or to limit the scope of the invention.
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates a PCR plate 101 constructed from six
sample blocks 102, each block containing an array of wells 103 and
serving as a thermal domain separate from the remaining blocks. The
six blocks in this example collectively constitute the spatial
array of reaction zones, each block representing a separate
"region" in the array, as these terms are used herein. Between each
adjacent pair of sample blocks is an air gap 104 to thermally
isolate the blocks from each other. An alternative to an air gap is
an insert of low thermal conductivity material. Beneath each block
is a Peltier device (thermoelectric module) 105. The modules
operate independently but share a common heat sink 106. In addition
to its heat removal function, the common heat sink serves as a
support base for the entire assembly, providing mechanical
integrity to the arrangement of the sample blocks and fixing the
widths of the air gaps between the sample blocks. The sample blocks
can be individually secured to the heat sink with a
non-thermally-conducting device such as a plastic screw or other
piece of hardware that has low thermal conductivity.
[0036] FIG. 2 is a side view of the structure of FIG. 1, showing
the embodiment in which a solid barrier 107 of thermally insulating
material such as low-conductivity plastic is inserted between
adjacent blocks 102 and also between adjacent Peltier devices 105
while a common heat sink 106 provides structural integrity to all
blocks.
[0037] An alternative to the use of individual sample blocks for
each thermal domain is a single block in which individual thermal
domains are delineated by slits defining the boundaries of each
domain. Insulating shims or cast-in-place insulating barriers,
formed of either plastic or any material of low thermal
conductivity can be used in place of the slits or inserted in the
slits. A separate Peltier device is used for each thermal domain
with a common heat sink for all domains. The single block will be
of thermally conducting material such as an aluminum plate.
[0038] A configuration that is the reverse of those of FIGS. 1 and
2 is shown in FIG. 3, in which Peltier devices are used for cooling
rather than heating, in conjunction with a heater that supplies
heat to all thermal domains. Individual sample blocks 110 define
the individual thermal domains, and are held in a rigid planar
configuration by structural elements that are not shown in the
drawing. Alternatively, regions of a multi-well plate can replace
the individual sample blocks. Positioned above the array of sample
blocks is a single heating element 111 extending over the entire
array, and thermally coupled to the bottom of each sample block is
an individually controlled Peltier device 112. Separate
temperatures for the various sample blocks are thus achieved by
varying the cooling rates in the Peltier devices. The heating
element 111 can be any element that supplies heat over a broad
area. Examples are a resistance heater, an induction heater, a
microwave heater, and an infrared heater. At the heat-discharging
side of each Peltier device is a heat sink 113 as described
above.
[0039] FIG. 4 illustrates a construction that utilizes heat pipes
201 for thermal coupling of the Peltier devices 202 to the
individual thermal domains in the spatial array of reaction zones.
Temperature control for each individual domain is provided by a
combination of a separate Peltier device and a separate heat pipe.
Each heat pipe is thermally coupled at its heat receiving end
(i.e., its evaporating end) to a Peltier device and thermally
coupled at its heat dissipating end (i.e., its condensing end) to
an individual reaction well or group of reaction wells. Conversely,
any single heat pipe can be oriented for heat transfer in the
reverse direction, with its heat receiving end thermally coupled to
the reaction well(s) and its heat dissipating end thermally coupled
to the Peltier device. In this reverse configuration, the Peltier
device serves as a cooling element, and a separate heating element
such as a film heater 203 supplies heat to the reaction wells.
Either a single film heater common to all wells or groups of wells
is used or individual film heaters for each well or group.
[0040] The temperature in any single thermal domain is controlled
in part by the Peltier device and in part by the heat pipe. Each of
the heat pipes shown has a wicking zone 204 on an area of the pipe
wall, and the heat transfer rate through the pipe is controllable
by modulating the wicking action in the wicking zone. Modulation
can be achieved in any of several ways. FIG. 5a, for example,
illustrates a heat pipe with a wicking zone that contains a
magnetically responsive material 205. This material or the entire
wicking zone can be caused to move by exerting a magnetic field on
the heat pipe, which is readily done by an electromagnetic coil
206. The magnitude and polarity of the current passing through the
coil can be varied, thereby modulating the rate of flow of the
working fluid through the wicking zone. Another example is
represented by FIG. 5b where piezoelectric elements 207 are
embedded in the wall at the wicking zone. Electric field variations
in the piezoelectric elements can cause pressure changes leading to
the opening or closing of the wicking zone area. This again
modulates the flow rate of working fluid. A third example is
represented by FIG. 5c, in which the movement of fluid through the
wicking zone is driven by, and controlled by, localized heating
from an external heating element 208. A fourth example is
represented by FIG. 5d in which an external solenoid valve 209 is
used to either open and close flow passages in the wicking zone or
to apply mechanical pressure to the wicking zone as a means to
modulate the fluid flow. A fifth example is represented by FIG. 5e
where the heat pipe contains an internal valve 210 that is
controlled magnetically by an external electromagnetic coil 211, or
by external pressure, to modulate the fluid flow.
[0041] An alternative method of modulating the heat transfer rate
through a heat pipe is by modulating the bulk movement of the
working fluid. The structure depicted in FIG. 6 uses a magnetically
responsive fluid 221 as the working fluid, and contains an
electrical coil 222 wound around the pipe. The magnetic field
created by the coil causes motion of the magnetically responsive
fluid, either accelerating or decelerating the flow of the fluid
through the evaporation-condensation cycle. A wicking zone can also
be present and can operate in conjunction with the response of the
working fluid to the magnetic field. Alternatively, the
magnetically responsive working fluid and coil can serve as a
substitute for the wicking zone. Common magnetically responsive
fluids are suspensions of magnetic particles in a liquid suspending
medium.
[0042] Further variation and control of the thermal domains in
accordance with this invention can be achieved by adding variations
in the thermal coupling between each region (i.e., each well or
group of wells) in a multi-well plate and the heating or cooling
units beneath the plate. In the illustrative structure shown in
FIG. 7, the sample plate 231 is poised above a support block 232 of
high heat conductivity, with a gap 233 of variable width between
the plate and the block. The width of the gap can be changed by the
use of mechanical motors, piezoelectrics, magnetic voice coils, or
pneumatic pressure drives. While FIG. 7 shows a single thermal
domain, an array of similar thermal domains will have independent
means for varying the gap width.
[0043] Variable thermal coupling can also be achieved by using
thermal couplers of different types, as shown in FIGS. 8a through
8f. The sample block 241, which may be a multi-well plate or a
support block on which the multi-well plate rests, appears at the
top of each Figure. FIG. 8a shows a separate heater 242 for each
thermal domain with variable thermal couplings 243, an array of
Peltier devices 244, one for each thermal domain, and a common heat
sink 245. FIG. 8b shows the use of non-magnetic but electrically
conductive particles 251, such as aluminum, in a thermal paste or
slurry 252, thermally coupling an array of Peltier devices 253 of
non-magnetic material to the sample block, with an array of AC
electrical coils 254 positioned below the Peltier devices 253. A
current passed through any individual coil 254 causes eddy-current
repulsion which produces localized electrical fields within the
particle slurry. Localized electrical fields of different magnitude
produce different degrees of repulsion of the particles in the
slurry, and since particles will draw closer to each other as the
repulsion between them decreases, the thermal conductivity of the
slurry rises as the repulsion drops.
[0044] In FIG. 8c, a magnetic fluid or suspension of magnetic
particles 261 whose thermal conductivity varies with variations in
the local magnetic field is placed between the sample block 241 and
the Peltier devices 262, with appropriate heat sinks 263 below the
Peltier devices. Magnetic coils 264 positioned below the Peltier
devices and heat sinks produce local magnetic fields in the
magnetic fluid, and differences among the various coils in the
magnitude of the current produce differences in the local magnetic
fields within the magnetic fluid and thereby the proximity between
the sample block and the Peltier device adjacent to the localized
field.
[0045] Thermal contact can also be varied by applying varying
mechanical pressure to compress the heating or cooling block
against the plate, with different pressure applied to achieve
different degrees of thermal contact. FIG. 8d illustrates a
structure that operates in this manner. Individually controlled
mechanical plungers 271 apply pressure to the heat sink 272,
Peltier devices 273, and a compressible thermal coupling 274. FIG.
8e shows an alternative arrangement in which the sample block 241
or heat sink 281 is made of magnetic material, and different
pressures and therefore degrees of contact are achieved by applying
different magnetic fields as a result of different electrical
currents passed through individual coils 282 below the heat
sink.
[0046] Similar effects can be achieved with piezoelectrics 291
suspended in a slurry of thermal grease 292, as illustrated in FIG.
8f. Voltage can be supplied to the piezoelectrics in a variety of
ways. For example, wires can contact individual piezoelectric
elements. A voltage is then applied through the wires by a
microprocessor-controlled voltage source with the piezoelectric
elements wired in parallel. The voltage can be as high as several
hundred volts. Alternatively, the piezoelectric elements can be
powered by radiofrequency (RF) waves. To accomplish this, each
piezoelectric element will have transponder circuitry that detects
and converts RF fields to voltage. The amplitude of the DC source
can be increased by a microchip DC-DC converter to the voltage
necessary to significantly flex the piezoelectrics. Since currents
of very small magnitude (on the order of microamps) are sufficient,
the detected RF energy conversion can be used without wire
connections to the piezoelectrics. A further alternative is the use
of capacitative coupling to individual circuitry on the
piezoelectrics, utilizing RF or sub-RF fields. The induced electric
charge and the DC-DC conversion will control and/or flex the
piezoelectrics. A still further alternative is to use inductive
coupling to circuitry on the individual piezoelectrics, again using
RF or sub-RF fields. The induced electric current will charge a
capacitor, and DC-DC conversion is then used to control and/or flex
the piezoelectrics. Varying the voltage on the piezoelectrics 291
by any of these methods produces localized variations in pressure
in the slurry 292 and thereby variations in the thermal coupling.
The piezoelectrics 291 undergo minute movement in the slurry,
thereby modulating the thermal coupling.
[0047] Temperature control in each of the thermal domains as well
as the individual reaction media can be increased by the use of
specialized sample plates that are designed to allow faster thermal
equilibration between the contents of a sample well and the
temperature control element, particularly when the element is a
Peltier device or any of the various types of thermal couplings
described above.
[0048] One sample plate configuration is shown in FIG. 9, where the
plate 301 consists of wells are formed as individual receptacles or
crucibles 302 connected only by thin connecting strips or filaments
303. The filaments provide structural integrity and uniform spacing
to the plate but are sufficiently thin to minimize the heat
transfer between the crucibles. The filaments can be made of
plastic or other material that is of relatively low thermal
conductivity to further reduce crucible-to-crucible heat transfer.
The crucibles 302 and filaments 303 rest on a heat transfer block
304 that has indentations 305 to receive the crucibles 302 and
grooves 306 to receive the filaments 303. Individual heat transfer
blocks 304 can be used for individual crucibles or groups of
crucibles. The external contour of each crucible 302 is in full
surface contact with the surface of an indentation 305 in the heat
transfer block 304. The crucibles can have the same dimensions as
the standard wells of a conventionally-used sample plate. The
sample plate 301 can be molded in two shots or molding steps. In
the first shot, each crucible 302 is molded of highly thermally
conductive plastic. In the second shot, the filaments 303 are
molded using plastic, ceramic, or other materials that are poor
thermal conductors.
[0049] The wells or crucibles themselves can be shaped to improve
the thermal contact between individual wells and a heating or
cooling block positioned below the plate. An example of a sample
plate with specially shaped crucibles is shown in FIG. 10, where
the sample plate 311 has a contour complementary in shape to an
indentation in a heat transfer block 312. One well 313 of the
sample plate is shown in cross section, indicating a complex
contour that is serpentine in shape, including a protrusion or bump
314 at the center of the base. This provides an increased contact
surface area between the underlying heat transfer block and the
walls of the well, and hence the well contents. The greater surface
area is achieved without increasing the lateral dimensions of the
well. Other profiles of complex contours such as more protrusions
will provide the same effect. Examples are profiles that contain
cross-hatching, indentations, posts, or other features that
increase the surface area and improve contact between the block and
the plate. The profile shown in FIG. 10 and other high-surface-area
profiles can also be used in continuous sample plates of more
conventional construction, where continuous webs replace the
filaments 303 of FIG. 9.
[0050] FIG. 11 depicts a variation of the plate and block
combination of FIG. 11 in which the plate 315 is rigid except for
the floor of each well. Forming the floor of each well is an
elastic film 316 spanning the width of the well. The heat transfer
block 317 is also different, with a protrusion 318 extending upward
from the base of each indentation 319. The side walls of the
indentations are still complementary in shape to the side walls of
the wells, and the elastic base 316 of each well will stretch
around the protrusion 318 in each well to provide full surface
contact between the entire base and walls of each well in the
sample plate and the inner surface of each indentation in the
block. An advantage of this design is that when the plate 315 is
removed from the block 317, the liquids occupying the well are
readily aspirated.
[0051] The sample plates described above can be manufactured from
any conventional material used in analytical or laboratory devices
or sample handling equipment, as well as materials that offer
special or enhanced properties that are especially effective in
heat transfer. One such group of materials are thermally conducting
plastics or non-plastic materials with high thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity can also be improved by electroplating. The
plate material can be selected for its magnetic properties,
ultrasonic-interaction properties, RF-interaction properties, or
magnetostrictive properties. The plates can be formed by a variety
of manufacturing methods, including blast methods, thermal forming,
and injection molding. As an alternative, the sample plate can be
dispensed with entirely, and samples can be placed directly in
indentations in the surface of a coated block.
[0052] Thermal contact between the sample plate and heating or
cooling blocks can be further optimized or improved by a variety of
methods. FIG. 12a illustrates one such method in which the plate
410 and the block 411 are complementary in shape, and the plate is
forced against the block by a partial vacuum drawn through ports
412 in the block. Although not shown, the indentations 413 in the
block contain small openings that transmit the vacuum to the
underside of the plate 410. An alternative is to apply pressure to
the plate from above, as illustrated in FIG. 12b, where pneumatic
pressure 420 above the plate 421 forces the plate against the block
422. Alternatives to pneumatic pressure are pressure applied by
mechanical means and by fluidic means.
[0053] A third construction for pressing the wells of the plate
against the temperature block is shown in FIG. 12c. In this
construction, the plate 431 and block 432 are again complementary
in shape, but a flexible, and preferably elastic, sealing film 433
is placed over the top of each well. An optically clear pressure
block 434 is placed over the sealing film. On the underside of the
pressure block 434 are protrusions 435 that press against the
sealing film 433 and cause the sealing film to expand and bulge
into the interior of each well, as indicated by the dashed lines,
thereby applying pressure to the contents of each well which in
turn forces the walls of the well against the block. The optically
transparent character of the pressure block 434 allows illumination
of the well contents and signal detection, both from above the
sample plate. A transparent lid heating element (i.e., a glass of
plastic block with a resistance coating) can be used in place of
the pressure block, and a pad can be inserted between the lid
heating element and the plate assembly to transmit pressure from
the lid to the plate assembly. The pad can be of opaque material
with an opening above each well to permit optical measurement from
above. Alternatively, the pad can contain a series of small holes
similar to a screen to allow imaging, while providing a surface to
transfer pressure to the film.
[0054] Detection of the temperatures in the individual reaction
zones and thermal domains can be performed in conjunction with the
various methods of temperature control. Individual temperature
sensors such as thermistors or thermocouples, for example, can be
used. Temperatures can also be detected by measurements of the
resistivities of the solutions in individual wells by incorporating
one or more holes plated with conductive material in each well and
measuring the resistance between contacts on the backs of the
wells. Temperatures can also be detected by measuring the
resistivity of the block itself or of the sample plate. This can be
done with a rectangular array of wells by passing either DC or AC
currents through the array in alternating directions that are
transverse to each other and taking alternating measurements of the
current. The resulting data is processed by conventional
mathematical relations (two equations with two unknowns each) to
provide a multiplexed resistance measurement for all points in the
block. This procedure can also be used on the plate itself,
particularly by coating the plate with a resistive material that
offers a greater change of resistance with temperature. The plate
can also be constructed from materials that have particular
resistance properties achieved for example by metals, carbon, or
other materials embedded in the plate. A further method is by the
use of a non-contact two-dimensional infrared camera to provide
relative temperatures which can be quantified by a separate
calibration temperature probe. Still further methods include
detecting color changes or variations in the plate as an indication
of temperature, or color changes or variations in the samples.
Color changes can be detected by a real-time camera. As a still
further alternative, a sensor with a transponder can be embedded in
the plate. A still further alternative is one that seals the well
contents at a fixed volume and measures the pressure inside the
well as an indication of temperature, using the ideal gas relation
pV=nRT. Magnetic field changes can also be used, by using blocks of
appropriate materials that produce a magnetic field that varies
with temperature. A still further alternative is an infrared point
sensor. In addition, sensors can be incorporated into the Peltier
devices. Also, embedded bimetallic strips can be used as well as
individual sensors inside thermal probes.
[0055] While various heating methods and elements have been
discussed above for use in conjunction with Peltier devices that
are arranged for cooling, one of these methods is heating by light
energy. FIG. 13 depicts a construction in which localized heating
of individual wells is achieved by radiation from a light source
441. Light from the light source is concentrated through a series
of focusing lenses 442 that are aimed at the sample plate 443,
using a separate lens for each well 444 of the plate and either a
common light source 441 as shown or a separate light source for
each well. By moving any single lens 442 up and down, the light
rays are brought into and out of focus to vary the amount of heat
transferred to the sample. The temperature of each well can thus be
modulated individually. The block 445 underneath the sample plate
provides either heat transfer to underlying Peltier devices 446.
Localized heating in this manner can be applied to any number of
wells or thermal domains.
* * * * *