U.S. patent application number 15/584518 was filed with the patent office on 2017-08-17 for phenolic epoxy compounds.
This patent application is currently assigned to EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC. Invention is credited to Georgius Abidal Adam.
Application Number | 20170233522 15/584518 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51354466 |
Filed Date | 2017-08-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170233522 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Adam; Georgius Abidal |
August 17, 2017 |
PHENOLIC EPOXY COMPOUNDS
Abstract
Disclosed herein are compositions and methods of making phenolic
compounds, and resins comprising these phenolic compounds. The
compounds include multifunctional epoxies, amino glycidyl
derivatives, and multi-functional amines prepared from
hydroxymethyl derivatives of phenols and bisphenols
Inventors: |
Adam; Georgius Abidal;
(Edensor Park, AU) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC |
Wilmington |
DE |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
LLC
Wilmington
DE
|
Family ID: |
51354466 |
Appl. No.: |
15/584518 |
Filed: |
May 2, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14768218 |
Aug 15, 2015 |
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PCT/US13/71204 |
Nov 21, 2013 |
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15584518 |
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61765324 |
Feb 15, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
549/517 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07C 37/20 20130101;
C07C 39/12 20130101; C07D 301/28 20130101; C07D 303/36 20130101;
C07C 213/02 20130101; C07D 303/27 20130101; C07C 41/01 20130101;
C08G 59/08 20130101; C08G 59/3218 20130101; C07C 43/1785 20130101;
C07D 303/30 20130101; C07D 303/23 20130101; C07C 215/50
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C08G 59/32 20060101
C08G059/32; C07C 213/02 20060101 C07C213/02 |
Claims
1. A method of preparing a compound of Formula I: ##STR00014##
wherein: R.sub.1 is H or Z; R.sub.2 is --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3; R.sub.3 is --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, R.sub.4 is --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3; and Z is ##STR00015## the method
comprising: contacting a phenolic compound with a formaldehyde or a
paraformaldehyde to form a hydroxymethyl compound; and contacting
the hydroxymethyl compound with an epihalohydrin compound, a
diethanolamine compound, or an ammonia to form the compound.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the phenolic compound is phenol,
bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, bisphenol sulphone,
bisphenol sulfoxide, bisphenol chloral, bisphenolvinylidene
dichloride, or bisphenol methylenedifluoride.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydroxymethyl compound is
trihydroxymethyl phenol, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol A,
tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol F, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol S,
tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol sulphone, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol
sulfoxide, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol chloral, tetrahydroxymethyl
bisphenolvinylidene dichloride, or tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol
methylenedifluoride.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the phenolic compound
with the formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde comprises contacting
about 1 mole of the phenolic compound with about 3 moles to about 5
moles of the formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde in presence of a
basic catalyst.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein contacting the phenolic compound
with the formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde in the presence of
the basic catalyst comprises mixing the phenolic compound, the
formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde, and the basic catalyst in a
solution having a pH of about 8 to about 10.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein contacting the phenolic compound
with the formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde in the presence of
the basic catalyst comprises heating the phenolic compound, the
formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde, and the basic catalyst to a
temperature of about 50.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein contacting the phenolic compound
with the formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde in the presence of
the basic catalyst comprises heating the phenolic compound, the
formaldehyde or the paraformaldehyde, and the basic catalyst for
about 2 hours to about 6 hours.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the epihalohydrin compound comprises contacting about
1 mole of the hydroxymethyl compound with about 2 moles to about 10
moles of the epihalohydrin compound in presence of a reaction
catalyst.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reaction catalyst is selected
from the group consisting of MgClO.sub.4, LiCl, LiOH, SnF.sub.2,
LiClO.sub.4, or combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the epihalohydrin compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst comprises heating the hydroxymethyl compound, the
epihalohydrin compound, and the reaction catalyst to a temperature
of about 50.degree. C. to about 90.degree. C.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the epihalohydrin compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst comprises heating the hydroxymethyl compound, the
epihalohydrin compound, and the reaction catalyst for about 2 hours
to about 6 hours.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the epihalohydrin compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst comprises adding an organic solvent, wherein the
organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of 1-butanol,
a secondary butanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol,
2-phenoxyethanol, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, diethoxyethane,
acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, or
combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the epihalohydrin compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst comprises heating the hydroxymethyl compound, the
epihalohydrin compound, and the reaction catalyst along with a
phase transfer catalyst.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the phase transfer catalyst is
selected from the group consisting of benzyltrimethylammonium
bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium
hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, or combination
thereof.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the diethanolamine compound comprises contacting
about 1 mole of the hydroxymethyl compound with about 2 moles to
about 10 moles of the diethanolamine compound in presence of a
reaction catalyst.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the reaction catalyst is
selected from the group consisting of MgClO.sub.4, LiCl, LiOH,
SnF.sub.2, LiClO.sub.4, or combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the diethanolamine compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst comprises heating the hydroxymethyl compound, the
diethanolamine compound, and the reaction catalyst to a temperature
of about 50.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the diethanolamine compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst comprises heating the hydroxymethyl compound, the
diethanolamine compound, and the reaction catalyst for about 2
hours to about 6 hours.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the diethanolamine compound in the presence of the
reaction catalyst further comprises adding an organic solvent
selected from the group consisting of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone,
methanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane,
diethoxyethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, or
combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein contacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the ammonia comprises contacting about 1 mole of the
hydroxymethyl compound with about 1 mole to about 1.5 moles of the
ammonia in an autoclave under a pressure of about 1 atmospheric
pressure to about 1.5 atmospheric pressures, and heated to a
temperature of about 50.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Divisional under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120
of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/768,218 filed on Aug. 15, 2015,
which is the U.S. National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.371
of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/071204 filed on Nov. 21,
2013, which claims the benefit and priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.365(c) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/765,324,
entitled "Phenolic Epoxy Compounds", filed on Feb. 15, 2013. The
disclosures of aforementioned applications are incorporated by
reference herein in their entireties and for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
[0002] An important part of many manufacturing operations is the
joining of structures that are separately prepared into larger
pieces, which may themselves be joined to other structures or may
be the final assembled parts. Joining of structures is a critical
operation because subsequent failures may occur at the locations
where structures are joined or because there may be special
requirements to be met at the interface between two structures. The
surface along which two structures are joined must therefore be
strong, resistant to failure by many different mechanisms, such as
fatigue and corrosion, and additionally meet other requirements.
Epoxy resins and their composites are routinely used in joining
structures in manufacturing industries to achieve these goals.
[0003] Multifunctional epoxy resins are the backbone of the rapidly
growing aerospace and composite industries. In addition, epoxy
resins are also used in encapsulating semi-conductors, in coatings,
in paints, and in forming Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs).
The degree of functionality (number of epoxy groups per molecule)
of an epoxy resin is critical in determining its final properties
and its end-use applications. In addition, the cost of the monomer
production and the viscosity of the resin also influence its
applicability. Accordingly, there is a need for the production of
new resins with enhanced functionality and improved toughness which
can be used in a wide variety of industrial applications.
SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure is directed to phenolic compounds and
resins comprising these phenolic compounds. In one embodiment, a
compound is of formula I
##STR00001##
wherein:
[0005] R.sub.1 is H or Z;
[0006] R.sub.2 is --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3,
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3;
[0007] R.sub.3 is --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3;
[0008] R.sub.4 is --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3; and
[0009] Z is
##STR00002##
[0010] In another embodiment, a compound is of formula II
##STR00003##
wherein:
[0011] X is --CH.sub.2--, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, --S--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O)--, --CH(CCl.sub.3)--,
--C(Cl).sub.2--, or --C(F).sub.2--;
[0012] R.sub.1 is OH, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3;
[0013] R.sub.2 is OH, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3;
[0014] R.sub.3 is OH, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3;
[0015] R.sub.4 is OH, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3;
[0016] R.sub.5 is OH or --O--Z;
[0017] R.sub.6 is OH or --O--Z;
[0018] Z is
##STR00004##
and
[0019] Y is Cl, Br, F, or I.
[0020] In an additional embodiment, a composition may include any
one or more of the compounds of formula I or formula II as
described herein.
[0021] In a further embodiment, an article of manufacture, such as
an aerospace, an automobile, or a sporting good article of
manufacture, may include any one or more of the compounds of
formula I and/or formula II as described herein.
[0022] In another embodiment, a method of preparing a compound may
include: (a) contacting a phenolic compound with a formaldehyde or
paraformaldehyde to form a hydroxymethyl compound; and (b)
contacting the hydroxymethyl compound with an epihalohydrin
compound, a diethanolamine compound, or an ammonia, to form the
compound.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] This disclosure is not limited to the particular systems,
devices and methods described, as these may vary. The terminology
used in the description is for the purpose of describing the
particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to
limit the scope.
[0024] As used herein, "alkylene" refers to a bivalent alkyl moiety
having the general formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--, where n is from
about 1 to about 25, or about 1 to about 20, or about 4 to about
20. By bivalent, it is meant that the group has two open sites each
of which bonds to another group. Non-limiting examples include
methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, pentamethylene, and
hexamethylene. Alkylene groups can be substituted or unsubstituted,
linear or a branched bivalent alkyl groups.
[0025] As used herein, the term "alkyl" means a saturated
hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched. An alkyl
group can contain from 1 to 20, from 2 to 20, from 1 to 10, from 2
to 10, from 1 to 8, from 2 to 8, from 1 to 6, from 2 to 6, from 1
to 4, from 2 to 4, from 1 to 3, or 2 or 3 carbon atoms. Examples of
alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl
(Et), propyl (for example, n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (for
example, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl), pentyl (for example,
n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4
dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl,
undecyl, dodecyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl,
2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl,
2-methyl-1-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl,
4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl,
4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl,
2-ethyl-1-butyl, and the like.
[0026] "Substituted alkyl" refers to an alkyl as just described in
which one or more hydrogen atoms attached to carbon of the alkyl is
replaced by another group, such as halogen, aryl, substituted aryl,
cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, and combinations thereof.
Suitable substituted alkyls include, for example, benzyl and
trifluoromethyl.
[0027] Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for making
phenolic compounds that may be incorporated in, for example,
resins. In some embodiments, the phenolic compound is of formula
I
##STR00005##
[0028] In some embodiments, R.sub.1 may be H or Z. Z is glycidyl
group represented by
##STR00006##
In some embodiments, R.sub.1 may be Z.
[0029] In some embodiments, R.sub.2 may be selected from
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.2 may be
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, or
--CH.sub.2OH. In some embodiments, R.sub.2 may be --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH, NH.sub.2, or --O--Z.
[0030] In some embodiments, R.sub.3 may be selected from
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 may be
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, or --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2. In some embodiments, R.sub.3
may be --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z.
[0031] In some embodiments, R.sub.4 may be --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH, NH.sub.2, --O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.4 may be
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH,
NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, or
--CH.sub.2OH. In some embodiments, R.sub.4 may be --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, OH, NH.sub.2, or --O--Z.
[0032] In some embodiments, the compound of formula I may have the
following substitutions at R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4,
as shown in Table 1:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 H
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH,
--NH.sub.2, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. H --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. H
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. H --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. H
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
H --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 H
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 H --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
H --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
H --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 H --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 H
--O--Z --O--Z --O--Z H --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 H
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
[0033] In some embodiments, compounds of formula I may have the
following substitutions at R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4,
as shown in Table 2:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 Z
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH,
--OH, --OH, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --O--Z, --O--Z,
--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. Z --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. Z
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. Z --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. Z
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
Z --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 Z
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 Z --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
Z --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
Z --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 Z --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 Z
--O--Z --O--Z --O--Z Z --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 Z
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
[0034] Non-limiting examples of phenolic compounds represented by
formula I include, but are not limited to, the following
compounds:
##STR00007## ##STR00008##
[0035] In some embodiments, the phenolic compound is of formula
II
##STR00009##
[0036] In some embodiments, X may be --CH.sub.2--,
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, --S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O)--,
--CH(CCl.sub.3)--, --C(Cl).sub.2--, or --C(F).sub.2--. In some
embodiments, X may be --CH.sub.2--, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, --S--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O)--, or --CH(CCl.sub.3)--. In some
embodiments, X may be --CH.sub.2--, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, --S--,
or --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--.
[0037] In some embodiments, R.sub.1 may be OH, --O--Z,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.1 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
or --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2. In some embodiments, R.sub.1 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, or --CH.sub.2--O--Z.
[0038] In some embodiments, R.sub.2 may be OH, --O--Z,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.2 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
or --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2. In some embodiments, R.sub.2 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, or --CH.sub.2--O--Z.
[0039] In some embodiments, R.sub.3 may be OH, --O--Z,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
or --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, or
NH.sub.2.
[0040] In some embodiments, R.sub.4 may be OH, --O--Z,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. In some embodiments, R.sub.4 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
or --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2. In some embodiments, R.sub.4 may be OH,
--O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
NH.sub.2, or --CH.sub.2--O--Z.
[0041] In some embodiments, R.sub.5 is OH, or --O--Z.
[0042] In some embodiments, R.sub.6 is OH, or --O--Z. Z is
##STR00010##
[0043] In some embodiments, Y is Cl, Br, F, or I.
[0044] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
3:
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 --CH.sub.2-- --OH,
--OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3. --CH.sub.2--
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--CH.sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --CH.sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--CH.sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--CH.sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--CH.sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--CH.sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --CH.sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --CH.sub.2--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --CH.sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH
or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --CH.sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH X R.sub.4
R.sub.5 R.sub.6 --CH.sub.2-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or --O--Z,
--O--Z. --O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --CH.sub.2--
--N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z.
--O--Z. --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--CH.sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --CH.sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --OH, or --OH, or
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--Z. --O--Z. --CH.sub.2--
--N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --CH.sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--O--Z --O--Z --CH.sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z
--O--Z --CH.sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --CH.sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --CH.sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z
--O--Z --CH.sub.2-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH --CH.sub.2--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --OH --OH --CH.sub.2-- --OH or
--O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --CH.sub.2-- --OH --OH
--OH
[0045] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each or, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
4:
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --OH, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O-(alkylene)- --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3.
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z
--O--Z --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH X R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or --O--Z, --O--Z.
--O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --OH, or --OH, or
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--Z. --O--Z.
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z
--O--Z --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--OH or --O--Z --OH or --OH or --O--Z --O--Z --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--
--OH --OH --OH
[0046] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
5:
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 --S-- --OH, --OH,
--OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3. --S-- --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S--
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --S-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--S-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --S--
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --S-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--S-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --S-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --S--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --S-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --S--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --S-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3.
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--S-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --S-- --OH --OH
--OH X R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6 --S-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or
--O--Z, --O--Z. --O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --S--
--N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z.
--O--Z. --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--S-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--O--Z. --O--Z. --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --S--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--OH, or --OH, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3. --O--Z. --O--Z.
--S-- --N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --S-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--O--Z --O--Z --S-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z
--S-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --S--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --S--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --S-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z
--S-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH --S--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH --S-- --OH or --O--Z
--OH or --OH or --O--Z --O--Z --S-- --OH --OH --OH
[0047] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
6:
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --OH, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O-(alkylene)- --O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3.
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z
--O--Z --S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH X R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or --O--Z, --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3.
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --OH, or --OH, or
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--Z. --O--Z.
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --O--Z
--O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH
--OH --S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH
[0048] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
7:
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 --S(.dbd.O)--
--OH, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)- --O-(alkylene)-
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3. --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--S(.dbd.O)-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O)--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--S(.dbd.O)-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--S(.dbd.O)-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--S(.dbd.O)-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--S(.dbd.O)-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O)--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --S(.dbd.O)--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --S(.dbd.O)-- --OH or --O--Z --OH
or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --S(.dbd.O)-- --OH --OH --OH X R.sub.4
R.sub.5 R.sub.6 --S(.dbd.O)-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or --O--Z,
--O--Z. --O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z.
--O--Z. --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--S(.dbd.O)-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --S(.dbd.O)--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --OH, or --OH, or
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--Z. --O--Z. --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O)-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O)-- --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--O--Z --O--Z --S(.dbd.O)-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH
--S(.dbd.O)-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --S(.dbd.O)--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --S(.dbd.O)-- --O--Z --O--Z
--O--Z --S(.dbd.O)-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH
--S(.dbd.O)-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH
--S(.dbd.O)-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z
--S(.dbd.O)-- --OH --OH --OH
[0049] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
8:
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--OH, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --NH.sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--CH.sub.2--Y, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3.
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or or
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --OH or --O--Z
--OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --OH --OH --OH X
R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6 --CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or
--O--Z, --O--Z. --O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --OH, or --OH, or
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--Z. --O--Z. --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --CH(CCl.sub.3)--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --O--Z
--O--Z --O--Z --CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z
--CH(CCl.sub.3)-- --OH --OH --OH
[0050] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
9:
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 --C(Cl).sub.2--
--OH, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3.
--O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3. CH.sub.3. --C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --C(Cl).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --C(Cl).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --C(Cl).sub.2--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --C(Cl).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z
--OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --C(Cl).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH X
R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6 --C(Cl).sub.2-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or
--O--Z, --O--Z. --O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)- CH.sub.3.
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --C(Cl).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --OH, or --OH, or
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--Z. --O--Z. --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --C(Cl).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --C(Cl).sub.2-- --O--Z
--O--Z --O--Z --C(Cl).sub.2-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z
--C(Cl).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH
[0051] In some embodiments, compounds of formula II may have the
following substitutions at each of, independently, X, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, as shown in Table
10:
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 X R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 --C(F).sub.2--
--OH, --OH, --OH, --O--Z, --O--Z, --O--Z, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2OH,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O- --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3. (alkylene)-CH.sub.3. --C(F).sub.2--
--N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2, --N(Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --C(F).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --C(F).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2 --N(Z).sub.2
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --C(F).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --C(F).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2
--C(F).sub.2-- --O--Z --O--Z --O--Z --C(F).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --C(F).sub.2--
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --C(F).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH
or --O--Z --OH or --O--Z --C(F).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH X R.sub.4
R.sub.5 R.sub.6 --C(F).sub.2-- --OH, --OH, or --OH, or --O--Z,
--O--Z. --O--Z. --N(Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--O--Z, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--Z,
--CH.sub.2OH, --CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2--Y,
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O-(alkylene)-CH.sub.3.
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2,
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2.
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2. --C(F).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, --OH, or --OH, or
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2, or --O--Z. --O--Z.
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2. --C(F).sub.2--
--O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3, or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH,
or --OH, or --O--Z. --O--Z. --C(F).sub.2-- --N(Z).sub.2 --O--Z
--O--Z --C(F).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--Z).sub.2 --O--Z --O--Z
--C(F).sub.2-- --N(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --C(F).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2NH.sub.2).sub.2 --OH --OH --C(F).sub.2--
--N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH).sub.2 --OH --OH --C(F).sub.2-- --O--Z
--O--Z --O--Z --C(F).sub.2-- --O--C--(CH.sub.3).sub.3 --OH --OH
--C(F).sub.2-- --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CH.sub.3 --OH --OH
--C(F).sub.2-- --OH or --O--Z --OH or --OH or --O--Z --O--Z
--C(F).sub.2-- --OH --OH --OH
[0052] Exemplary compounds represented by formula II include, but
are not limited to:
##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013##
[0053] In some embodiments, a method for preparing compounds
described herein may include: (a) contacting a phenolic compound
with a formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde to form a hydroxymethyl
compound; and (b) contacting the hydroxymethyl compound with an
epihalohydrin compound, a diethanolamine compound, or an ammonia to
form the compound described herein.
[0054] In some embodiments, contacting the phenolic compound with
the formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde is performed in the presence
of a basic catalyst. Specific examples of the basic catalyst
include alkali metal hydroxides, such as KOH, LiOH, NaOH, and the
like. Non-limiting examples of phenolic compounds that may be used
are phenol, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, bisphenol
sulphone, bisphenol sulfoxide, bisphenol chloral,
bisphenolvinylidene dichloride, and bisphenol methylenedifluoride.
The phenolic compound and the formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde may
be reacted in a molar ratio from about 1:3 to about 1:5, about 1:3
about 1:4.5, or about 1:3 to about 1:4. Specific examples include
about 1:5, about 1:4, about 1:3.5, about 1:3 and ranges between any
two of these values (including their endpoints). During the
reaction of the phenolic compound and the formaldehyde or
paraformaldehyde, the pH of the solution may be maintained between
about pH 8 to about pH 10, about pH 8 to about pH 9.5, about pH 8
to about pH 9, or about pH 8 to about pH 8.5. Specific examples
include about pH 8, about pH 8.5, about pH 9, about pH 9.5, about
pH 10, and ranges between any two of these values (including their
endpoints).
[0055] During the reaction of the phenolic compound and the
formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde, the phenolic compound and the
formaldehyde may be heated to a temperature of about 50.degree. C.
to about 70.degree. C., about 50.degree. C. to about 65.degree. C.,
or about 50.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C. Specific examples
also include about 50.degree. C., about 55.degree. C., about
60.degree. C., about 65.degree. C., about 70.degree. C., and ranges
between (and including the endpoints of) any two of these values.
The heating may be performed for about 2 hours to about 6 hours,
for about 2 hours to about 5 hours, for about 2 hours to about 4
hours, or for about 2 hours to about 3 hours. Specific examples
include about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours,
about 6 hours, and ranges between (an including the endpoints of)
any two of these values. The reaction time may vary with the
reaction temperature inversely. For example, higher the reaction
temperature, shorter is the reaction time period.
[0056] The reaction between the phenolic compound and the
formaldehyde may result in the formation of hydroxymethyl compounds
such as trihydroxymethyl phenol, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol A,
tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol F, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol S,
tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol sulphone, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol
sulfoxide, tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol chloral, tetrahydroxymethyl
bisphenolvinylidene dichloride, and tetrahydroxymethyl bisphenol
methylenedifluoride.
[0057] In some embodiments, contacting the hydroxymethyl compound
with the epihalohydrin compound may include reacting the
hydroxymethyl compound with the epihalohydrin compound in a molar
ratio from about 1:2 to about 1:10, about 1:2 to about 1:7, about
1:2 to about 1:6, or about 1:2 to about 1:4. Specific examples
include about 1:2, about 1:4, about 1:6, about 1:8, about 1:10, and
ranges between any two of these values. The molar ratio of
epihalohydrin to the hydroxymethyl compound may also depend on the
number of the hydroxyl groups present on the hydroxymethyl
compound, and taking into consideration that one epihalohydrin
molecule may react with one hydroxyl group. In some embodiments,
the epihalohydrin molecule may be used in molar excess of the
hydroxyl groups. Examples of the epihalohydrin compound that may be
used in the reaction include, but are not limited to,
epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin and methylepichlorohydrin. In some
embodiments, the hydroxymethyl compound and the epihalohydrin
compound may be heated to a temperature of about 50.degree. C. to
about 90.degree. C., about 50.degree. C. to about 75.degree. C.,
about 50.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C., or about 50.degree. C.
to about 60.degree. C. Specific examples also include about
50.degree. C., about 65.degree. C., about 70.degree. C., about
80.degree. C., about 85.degree. C., about 90.degree. C., and ranges
between (and including the endpoints of) any two of these values.
The heating may be performed for about 2 hours to about 6 hours,
for about 2 hours to about 5 hours, for about 2 hours to about 4
hours, or for about 2 hours to about 3 hours. Specific examples
include about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours,
about 6 hours, and ranges between (and including the endpoints of)
any two of these values. In some embodiments, the reaction may
involve a two-step heating process, wherein the first step may
involve heating the reaction mixture to a lower temperature
followed by a second step of heating the reaction mixture at a
higher temperature to obtain a high degree of condensation of
epihalohydrin and hydroxymethyl compound.
[0058] The reactions between the hydroxymethyl compound and the
epihalohydrin compound may be performed in the presence of a
reaction catalyst. Suitable reaction catalysts include, but are not
limited to, MgClO.sub.4, LiCl, LiOH, SnF.sub.2, LiClO.sub.4, or a
combination thereof. In addition, the reaction rate may be
increased by adding an organic solvent and carrying the reaction in
an emulsion system. Examples of the organic solvent include, but
are not limited to, 1-butanol, secondary butanols, glycol ethers
such as 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and 2-phenoxyethanol,
ethers such as 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane and diethoxyethane, and
aprotic polar solvents such as acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide,
and dimethyl formamide. These organic solvents may be used alone or
in combination so as to adjust polarity.
[0059] For the purpose of, for example, improving the reaction
rate, the reaction may be conducted in the presence of a phase
transfer catalyst, such as, for example, quaternary ammonium salts.
Examples include benzyltrimethylammonium bromide,
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide,
tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, and any combination thereof.
[0060] The reaction product obtained from the above methods
described herein may be washed with, for example, water. Using the
resulting product of the reaction between the hydroxymethyl
compound and the epihalohydrin compound as an example, the
unreacted epihalohydrin compound and the organic solvent may be
distilled off by distillation with heating under reduced pressure.
To obtain a compound containing a small amount of a hydrolysable
halogen, the dehydrochlorination step may be performed under
optimum conditions so that all the chlorohydrin derivatives are
converted to epoxides. To remove the salt content, the resulting
product may be dissolved in an organic solvent, such as toluene,
methyl isobutyl ketone or methyl ethyl ketone, and the salt can be
removed by filtration or by washing with water. The organic solvent
may be distilled off by heating under reduced pressure to obtain a
high-purity epoxy resin.
[0061] In some embodiments, contacting the hydroxymethyl compound
with the diethanolamine may include reacting the hydroxymethyl
compound with the diethanolamine in a in a molar ratio from about
1:2 to about 1:10, about 1:2 to about 1:7, about 1:2 to about 1:6,
or about 1:2 to about 1:5. Specific examples include about 1:2,
about 1:4, about 1:6, about 1:8, about 1:10, and ranges between any
two of these values. The molar ratio of diethanolamine to the
hydroxymethyl compound may also depend on the number of the
hydroxyl groups present on the hydroxymethyl compound, and taking
into consideration that one diethanolamine molecule may react with
one hydroxyl group. In some embodiments, the diethanolamine
molecule may be used in molar excess of the hydroxyl groups. In
some embodiments, the hydroxymethyl compound and the diethanolamine
may be heated to a temperature of about 50.degree. C. to about
70.degree. C., about 50.degree. C. to about 65.degree. C., about
50.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C., or about 50.degree. C. to
about 55.degree. C. Specific examples also include about 50.degree.
C., about 55.degree. C., about 60.degree. C., about 70.degree. C.,
and ranges between (and including the endpoints of) any two of
these values. The heating may be performed for about 2 hours to
about 6 hours, for about 2 hours to about 5 hours, for about 2
hours to about 4 hours, or for about 2 hours to about 3 hours.
Specific examples include about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4
hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, and ranges between (an
including the endpoints of) any two of these values.
[0062] The reactions between the hydroxymethyl compound and the
diethanolamine compound may be performed in the presence of a
reaction catalyst. Suitable reaction catalysts include, but are not
limited to, MgClO.sub.4, LiCl, LiOH, SnF.sub.2, LiClO.sub.4, or a
combination thereof. In addition, the reaction rate may be
increased by adding an organic solvent and carrying the reaction in
an emulsion system. Examples of the organic solvent include, but
are not limited to,
[0063] acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, tetrahydrofuran,
1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, diethoxyethane, dimethyl sulfoxide,
dimethyl formamide, and combinations thereof.
[0064] In some embodiments, contacting the hydroxymethyl compound
with an ammonia may involve contacting the hydroxymethyl compound
and ammonia in a molar ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:1.5, about
1:1 about 1:1.3, about 1:1 to about 1:1.2, or about 1:1 to about
1:1.1. Specific examples include about 1:1, about 1:1.1, about
1:1.2, about 1:1.3, about 1:1.5, and ranges between any two of
these values. The hydroxymethyl compound and the ammonia may be
heated to a temperature of about 50.degree. C. to about 70.degree.
C., about 50.degree. C. to about 65.degree. C., about 50.degree. C.
to about 60.degree. C., or about 50.degree. C. to about 55.degree.
C. Specific examples also include about 50.degree. C., about
55.degree. C., about 65.degree. C., about 70.degree. C., and ranges
between (and including the endpoints of) any two of these values.
In some embodiments, the hydroxymethyl compound and the ammonia may
be heated under a pressure of about 1 atmosphere to about 1.5
atmospheres, about 1 atmosphere to about 1.35 atmospheres, or about
1 atmosphere to about 1.15 atmospheres. Specific examples include
about 1 atmosphere, about 1.15 atmospheres, about 1.25 atmospheres,
about 1.35 atmospheres, about 1.5 atmospheres, and ranges between
(and including the endpoints of) any two of these values.
[0065] Compounds of the present disclosure may be used as, for
example, hardeners, activators or cross-linking agents in various
resins. These compounds may enhance the thermal stability, glass
transition temperature and/or the chemical resistance of the resins
due to the aromatic structures and multi-functionality. Exemplary
resins in which the compounds may be incorporated include, but are
not limited to, polyurethanes, silicones, commercial epoxy resins,
urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins,
hydroxymethyl urea-formaldehyde resins, hydroxymethyl
melamine-formaldehyde resins and the like.
[0066] In addition, compounds of the present disclosure may be
cured to form resins. A variety of curing agents may be used for
this process. Curing agents include, but are not limited to,
aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, polycycloaliphatic or aromatic diamines;
aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, polycycloaliphatic or aromatic
polyamines; dicarboxylic acids and anhydrides thereof; aromatic
hydroxyl containing compounds; imidazoles; and guanidines. Suitable
curing agents also include, but are not limited to,
methylenedianiline, 4,4'-diaminostilbene,
4,4'-diamino-.alpha.-methylstilbene, 4,4'-diaminobenzanilide,
dicyandiamide, ethylenediamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene
tetraamine, sulfanilamide, diamino diphenylsulfone,
t-butyltoluenediamine, bis-4-aminocyclohexylamine,
hexamethylenediamine, piperazine, aminoethylpiperazine,
2,5-dimethyl-2, 5-hexanediamine, 1,12-dodecanediamine,
tris-3-aminopropyl amine and combinations thereof.
[0067] Resins manufactured from the compounds of the present
disclosure may be blended with, for example, other materials such
as solvents or diluents, fillers, pigments, dyes, flow modifiers,
thickeners, reinforcing agents, mold release agents, wetting
agents, stabilizers, fire retardant agents, surfactants and
combinations thereof. These additives may be added in functionally
equivalent amounts to obtain the desired properties.
[0068] Solvents which may be employed include, but are not limited
to, hydrocarbons, glycol ethers, aliphatic ethers, cyclic ethers,
esters, amides and combinations thereof. Suitable solvents or
diluents include toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl
isobutyl ketone, diethylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol
methyl ether, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone,
tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, propylene glycol methyl ether and any
combination thereof.
[0069] Diluents that may be use are styrene oxide, alkylphenyl
monoglycidyl ether, alkyl monoglycidyl ether, cyclohexene oxide,
and the like.
[0070] Reinforcing materials which may be employed include, but are
not limited to, natural and synthetic fibers in the form of woven
fabric, mats, monofilament, multifilament, unidirectional fibers,
ravings, random fibers or filaments, inorganic fillers or whiskers,
hollow spheres, and the like. Suitable reinforcing materials
include, but are not limited to, glass, ceramics, nylon, rayon,
cotton, aramid, graphite, polyalkylene terephthalates,
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters and any combination
thereof.
[0071] Suitable fillers which may be employed herein include, but
are not limited to, inorganic oxides, ceramic microspheres, plastic
microspheres, glass microspheres, inorganic whiskers, calcium
carbonate and any combination thereof.
[0072] The poly-functional epoxy and amine resins prepared
according to the disclosure may have a high glass transition
temperature and may display high thermal stability. Resins with
such properties may be well suited for use as, for example, binders
for composite materials. Further, the multi-functional epoxy resins
may have a higher degree of cross-linking resulting in improved
resistance to solvents and/or corrosive chemicals. The resins made
from the compounds of the present disclosure may have improved
water miscibility when compared to the common aromatic epoxy
resins, and accordingly such resins may be used for applications
in, for example, a humid environment, wet surfaces, water based
epoxies for construction work and water based paints.
[0073] The resins of the present disclosure may be employed in, for
example, encapsulations, electronic or structural laminates or
composites, filament winding, molding, semiconductor encapsulating
materials, under-fill materials, conductive pastes, laminates,
resin compositions used for electronic circuit boards, resin
casting materials, adhesives, interlayer insulation materials for
buildup substrates, and coating materials, such as insulating
paint. Further, these resins may also be used as linings in
articles of manufacture including, but not limited to, tanks, cars,
drums, pails, pipes, down-hole oilfield tubings, and food cans. In
addition, the resins may be used as, for example, laminated epoxy
structures for concrete molds, honeycomb cores, wood and metal
assemblies, and reinforced pipes.
[0074] Epoxy resins of the present disclosure may be used with, for
example, acrylic systems to provide excellent coatings for articles
of manufacture such as, appliances, kitchen cabinets, outdoor
furniture, aluminum siding, and other metal products. The
poly-functional epoxy and amine resins may be used as, for example,
a powder coating for anti-corrosion or as high sheen decorative
coating. Such coatings may find applications in articles of
manufacture such as, washing machines, appliances, ships and
bridges, pipelines, chemical plants, automobiles, farm implements,
containers, and floor surfaces.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Preparation of Tetraglycidylether Resol (Compound 6)
[0075] About 100 grams of phenol and 270 grams of formalin solution
(37% concentration) were mixed in a five-neck reaction flask fitted
with a condenser, mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel, and a
thermometer. The reaction was started by adding 100 ml of 40%
sodium hydroxide solution dropwise, and the pH of the reaction
mixture was adjusted to 10. The reaction mixture was heated to
about 65.degree. C. for 2 hours, and the pH was maintained between
9 and 10. At the end of this period, the reaction mixture was
cooled and neutralized with cold (5-10.degree. C.) solution of
sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The oily viscous layer was separated,
dissolved in ethanol, desalted, and dried with molecular sieves.
The product was evaporated by rotary evaporators and dried under
vacuum to obtain the resol compound.
[0076] About 45.5 grams (0.25 mole) of the above obtained resol was
combined with 1 gram of MgClO.sub.4 dissolved in 5 mL of 2-methoxy
ethanol, and 231 grams (2.5 mole) of epichlorohydrin. The system
was flashed with nitrogen for 10 minutes with continuous mixing.
The reaction temperature was raised to 60.degree. C., and the
reaction was continued for two hours. At the end of this period,
the temperature was further raised to 80-85.degree. C., and the
reaction was continued for 1 more hour. Later, the reaction mixture
was cooled to 60.degree. C., and about 12 grams of tetrabutyl
ammonium chloride dissolved in 25 mL water was added with
continuous mixing, followed by addition of 250 ml of 50% NaOH
solution. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour, and the
mixture of epichlorohydrin and water was separated by azeotropic
distillation. Separated epichlorohydrin was again introduced back
into the reaction mixture, and the mixture was further heated to
70.degree. C. for 60 minutes. The excess of unreacted
epichlorohydrin was distilled under vacuum, and the reaction
mixture was cooled to room temperature. The epoxy product formed
was dissolved in toluene, filtered, washed with 1% acetic acid, and
dried with molecular sieves. The product was evaporated by rotary
evaporators and dried under vacuum at 0.1 millimeter Hg at
40.degree. C. for 6 hours to obtain a brownish colored viscous
compound 6. The epoxy equivalent of the compound was determined by
adopting standard methods. The epoxy equivalent was found to be 86
grams/equivalent (epoxy equivalent=5.5 eq/kg), viscosity at
40.degree. C. was 115.4 Pa s, and active chlorine content was
1.3%.
Example 2: Preparation of Triamino Resol (Compound 1)
[0077] About 100 grams of phenol and 270 grams of formalin solution
(37% concentration) were mixed in a five-neck reaction flask fitted
with a condenser, mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel, and a
thermometer. The reaction was started by adding 100 ml of 40%
sodium hydroxide solution dropwise, and the pH of the reaction
mixture was adjusted to 10. The reaction mixture was heated to
about 65.degree. C. for 2 hours, and the pH was maintained between
9 and 10. At the end of this period, the reaction mixture was
cooled and neutralized with cold (5-10.degree. C.) solution of
sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The oily viscous layer was separated,
dissolved in ethanol, desalted, and dried with molecular sieves.
The product was evaporated by rotary evaporators and dried under
vacuum to obtain the resol compound.
[0078] About 30.6 grams of the above resol was mixed with 150 mL of
methanol in a one liter auto-clave system from Analis-Belgium that
is fitted with mechanical stirrer, and which could be operated
under controlled temperature and pressure. The system was secured
and connected to ammonia gas cylinder. The system was flushed with
N.sub.2, and mixed for 10 minutes to dissolve the resol. Ammonia
gas was feed to the autoclave until the pressure reached 1.5
atmospheres. The reaction temperature was maintained at
50-70.degree. C. via the cooling jacket of the autoclave for 2
hours. At the end of this period, the system was cooled to room
temperature and the system was flushed with N.sub.2 gas to remove
unreacted ammonia gas. The white milky syrup product was evaporated
and dried under vacuum to obtain compound 1.
Example 3: Preparation of Compound 2
[0079] About 30 grams of Compound 1 and 270 grams of formalin
solution (37% concentration) were mixed in a five-neck reaction
flask fitted with a condenser, mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel,
and a thermometer. The reaction was started by adding 40% sodium
hydroxide solution dropwise, and the pH of the reaction mixture was
adjusted to 10. The reaction mixture was heated to about 65.degree.
C. for 2 hours, and the pH was maintained between 9 and 10. At the
end of this period, the reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized
with cold (5-10.degree. C.) solution of sodium dihydrogen
phosphate. The oily viscous layer was separated, dissolved in
ethanol, desalted, and dried with molecular sieves. The product was
evaporated by rotary evaporators and dried under vacuum to obtain
compound 2. The number of hydroxyl groups was evaluated by DSC and
spectrophotometry using ceric ammonium nitrate.
Example 4: Preparation of N-Glycidyl Amino Resol (Compound 3)
[0080] About 105.5 grams (0.5 mole) of compound 1 dissolved in 100
mL of DMF was combined with 1 gram of MgClO.sub.4 dissolved in 5 mL
of 2-methoxy ethanol and 350 grams of epichlorohydrin in a 1 Liter
reaction vessel fitted with an efficient mechanical stirrer,
condenser, thermometer, dropping funnel, and a gas inlet tube. The
system was flashed with nitrogen for 10 minutes with continuous
mixing. The reaction temperature was raised to 60.degree. C., and
the reaction was continued for two hours. At the end of this
period, the temperature was further raised to 80-85.degree. C., and
the reaction was continued for 1 more hour. Later, the reaction
mixture was cooled to 60.degree. C., and about 12 grams of
tetrabutyl ammonium chloride dissolved in 25 mL water was added
with constant mixing, followed by addition of 250 ml of 50% NaOH
solution. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour, and the
mixture of epichlorohydrin and water was distilled by azeotropic
distillation. Epichlorohydrin was separated and again introduced
back into the reaction mixture, and the mixture was further heated
to 70.degree. C. for 60 minutes. The excess of unreacted
epichlorohydrin was distilled under vacuum and the reaction mixture
was cooled to room temperature. The epoxy product formed was
dissolved in toluene, filtered, washed with 1% acetic acid, and
dried with molecular sieves. The product was evaporated by rotary
evaporators and dried under vacuum at 0.1 millimeter Hg at
40.degree. C. for 6 hours to obtain compound 3. The epoxy
equivalent was found to be 4.93 eq/kg, viscosity at 40.degree. C.
was 215.4 Pa s, and active chlorine content was 0.34%.
Example 5: Preparation of Compound 5
[0081] About 30.6 grams of Compound 2 was mixed with 500 mL of
methanol in a one liter auto-clave system from Analis-Belgium that
is fitted with mechanical stirrer, and which could be operated
under controlled temperature and pressure. The system was secured
and connected to ammonia gas cylinder. The system was flushed with
N.sub.2, and mixed for 10 minutes to dissolve the compound. Ammonia
gas was feed to the autoclave until the pressure reached 1.5
atmospheres. The reaction temperature was maintained at
50-60.degree. C. via the cooling jacket of the autoclave for 2
hours. At the end of this period, the system was cooled to room
temperature and the system was flushed with N.sub.2 gas to remove
unreacted ammonia gas. The product was evaporated and dried under
vacuum to obtain a waxy compound 5. The compound was evaluated as a
crosslinking agent for epoxy resins.
Example 6: Preparation of Compound 7
[0082] About 22.25 grams of compound 2 is combined with 1 gram of
MgClO.sub.4 dissolved in 5 mL of 2-methoxy ethanol, and 231 grams
(2.5 mole) of epichlorohydrin. The system is flashed with nitrogen
for 10 minutes with continuous mixing. The reaction temperature is
raised to 60.degree. C., and the reaction is continued for two
hours. At the end of this period, the temperature is further raised
to 80-85.degree. C., and the reaction is continued for 1 more hour.
Later, the reaction mixture is cooled to 60.degree. C., and about
12 grams of tetrabutyl ammonium chloride dissolved in 25 mL water
is added with constant mixing, followed by addition of 250 ml of
50% NaOH solution. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour, and
the mixture of epichlorohydrin and water is distilled by azeotropic
distillation. Epichlorohydrin is separated and again introduced
back into the reaction mixture, and the mixture is further heated
to 70.degree. C. for 60 minutes. The excess of unreacted
epichlorohydrin is distilled under vacuum, and the reaction mixture
is cooled to room temperature. The epoxy product formed is
dissolved in toluene, filtered, washed with 1% acetic acid, and
dried with molecular sieves. The product is evaporated by rotary
evaporators and dried under vacuum at 0.1 millimeter Hg at
40.degree. C. for 6 hours to obtain compound 7.
Example 7: Preparation of Compound 4
[0083] About 60 grams (0.6 mole) of diethanolamine was obtained in
a three-neck reaction vessel fitted with condenser, magnetic
stirrer, and a dropping funnel. About 33.6 grams of resol compound
of Example 1 diluted with 10 mL of ethanol was added dropwise for
one hour at 60.degree. C. and the reaction mixture was heated to
70.degree. C. The reaction was continued with efficient mixing for
further one hour. At the end of the reaction, about 200 grams of
cold water was added to dissolve the unreacted diethanolamine. The
product obtained was re-dissolved in ethanol, dried with molecular
sieves (4 A), evaporated by rotary evaporator, and dried under
vacuum at 60.degree. C. and 0.1 millimeter Hg for 6 hours to obtain
a brownish viscous compound 4. The product was evaluated as a
crosslinking agent for polyurethanes.
Example 8: Preparation of Compound 8
[0084] About 22.25 grams of compound 4 was combined with 1 gram of
MgClO.sub.4 dissolved in 5 mL of 2-methoxy ethanol, and 231 grams
(2.5 mole) of epichlorohydrin. The system was flashed with nitrogen
for 10 minutes with continuous mixing. The reaction temperature was
raised to 80.degree. C., and the reaction was continued for two
hours. At the end of this period, the temperature was further
raised to 90.degree. C., and the reaction was continued for 1 more
hour. Later, the reaction mixture was cooled to 60.degree. C., and
about 12 grams of tetrabutyl ammonium chloride dissolved in 25 mL
water was added with constant mixing, followed by addition of 250
ml of 50% NaOH solution. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1
hour, and the mixture of epichlorohydrin and water was distilled by
azeotropic distillation. Epichlorohydrin was separated and again
introduced back into the reaction mixture, and the mixture was
further heated to 70.degree. C. for 60 minutes. The excess of
unreacted epichlorohydrin was distilled under vacuum, and the
reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The epoxy product
formed was dissolved in toluene, filtered, washed with 1% acetic
acid, and dried with molecular sieves. The product was evaporated
by rotary evaporators and dried under vacuum at 0.1 millimeter Hg
at 40.degree. C. for 6 hours to obtain compound 8. The epoxy
equivalent was found to be 5.95 eq/kg, viscosity at 40.degree. C.
was 185.4 Pa s, and active chlorine content was 0.56%.
Example 9: Preparation of Hydroxymethyl Bisphenols (Compounds 9 and
11)
[0085] About 50 grams of bisphenol A and 270 grams of formalin
solution (37% concentration) were mixed in a five-neck reaction
flask fitted with a condenser, mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel,
and a thermometer. The reaction was started by adding 40% sodium
hydroxide solution dropwise, and the pH of the reaction mixture was
adjusted to between 9 and 10. The reaction mixture was heated to
about 65.degree. C. for 2 hours, and the pH was maintained between
9 and 10. At the end of this period, the reaction mixture was
cooled and neutralized with cold (5-10.degree. C.) solution of
sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The oily viscous layer was separated,
dissolved in ethanol, desalted, and dried with molecular sieves.
The product was evaporated by rotary evaporators and dried under
vacuum to obtain compound 9.
[0086] Similarly, compound 11 could be obtained by similar methods
using bisphenol F as the starting material.
Example 10: Preparation of Hexaglycidylether Bisphenols (Compounds
10 and 12)
[0087] About 22.25 grams of compound 9 was combined with 1 gram of
MgClO.sub.4 dissolved in 5 mL of 2-methoxy ethanol, and 231 grams
(2.5 mole) of epichlorohydrin in a 1 Liter reaction vessel fitted
with an efficient mechanical stirrer, condenser, thermometer,
dropping funnel, and a gas inlet tube. The system was flashed with
nitrogen for 10 minutes with continuous mixing. The reaction
temperature was raised to 60.degree. C., and the reaction was
continued for two hours. At the end of this period, the temperature
was further raised to 80-85.degree. C., and the reaction was
continued for 1 more hour. Later, the reaction mixture was cooled
to 60.degree. C. and about 12 grams of tetrabutyl ammonium chloride
dissolved in 25 mL water was added with constant mixing, followed
by the addition of 250 ml of 50% NaOH solution. The reaction
mixture was stirred for 1 hour, and the mixture of epichlorohydrin
and water was distilled by azeotropic distillation. Epichlorohydrin
was separated and again introduced back into the reaction mixture
and the mixture was further heated to 70.degree. C. for 60 minutes.
The excess of unreacted epichlorohydrin was distilled under vacuum
and the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The epoxy
product formed was dissolved in toluene, filtered, washed with 1%
acetic acid, and dried with molecular sieves. The product was
evaporated by rotary evaporators and dried under vacuum at 0.1
millimeter Hg at 40.degree. C. for 6 hours to obtain compound 10.
The epoxy equivalent was found to be 5.1 eq/kg, viscosity at
40.degree. C. was 225.4 Pa s, and active chlorine content was
1.15%.
[0088] Similarly, compound 12 could be prepared by reacting
epichlorohydrin with compound 11 as shown above.
Example 11: Preparation of Tetrabutyloxymethylene Bisphenol
(Compound 17)
[0089] About 45.5 grams of compound 9 dissolved in 30%
tetrahydrofuran was combined with 2.5 moles of t-butyl alcohol, and
1 gram of zeolite Na/Al catalyst in a 1 Liter reaction vessel
fitted with an efficient mechanical stirrer, condenser,
thermometer, dropping funnel, and a gas inlet tube. The reaction
mixture was heated gradually to 60.degree. C. for 2 hours. The
reaction was terminated by heating the reaction mixture on a hot
plate. The product was neutralized with 1% acetic acid to obtain a
viscous compound 17. The product was used as an antioxidant and as
a plasticizer.
Example 12: Curing of an Epoxy Compound
[0090] 10 grams of compound 6 prepared in Example 1 was mixed with
3 grams of the commercial hardener 8050 (supplied by Parchem). The
mixture was left to cure overnight to form a hard resin with a
glass transition temperature of about 90.degree. C. to about
100.degree. C.
Example 13: Curing of an Epoxy Compound
[0091] 30 grams of lignin based epoxy resin is mixed with 10 grams
of compound 6 prepared in Example 1 and 10 grams commercial
hardener type 8050 (equivalent weight 85.9). The mixture is left to
cure overnight to form a tough resin composite.
Example 14: An Article Coated with Epoxy Coating
[0092] A cast iron rod is coated with an epoxy paint prepared from
compound 3. A similar rod is also coated with a commercially
available non-epoxy paint. The paint is allowed to dry and scribed
with an X through the paint down to the metal. The rods are placed
in a salt fog chamber (5% NaCl, 35.degree. C.) for 200 hours. At
the end of this period, the rods are visually inspected for
corrosion and peeling of the paint at the site of damage. The rod
sprayed with epoxy paint will display less corrosion and peeling of
the paint, when compared to the rod sprayed with a non-epoxy
paint.
[0093] In the above detailed description, reference is made to the
accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,
similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless
context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described
in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to
be limiting. Other embodiments may be used, and other changes may
be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject
matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the
aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein,
and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted,
combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different
configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated
herein.
[0094] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the
particular embodiments described in this application, which are
intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications
and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and
scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of
the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be
apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing
descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to
fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present
disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended
claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such
claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is
not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds,
compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It
is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for
the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not
intended to be limiting.
[0095] As used in this document, the singular forms "a," "an," and
"the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates
otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific
terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by
one of ordinary skill in the art. Nothing in this disclosure is to
be construed as an admission that the embodiments described in this
disclosure are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue
of prior invention. As used in this document, the term "comprising"
means "including, but not limited to."
[0096] While various compositions, methods, and devices are
described in terms of "comprising" various components or steps
(interpreted as meaning "including, but not limited to"), the
compositions, methods, and devices can also "consist essentially
of" or "consist of" the various components and steps, and such
terminology should be interpreted as defining essentially
closed-member groups.
[0097] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or
singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate
from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the
plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The
various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth
herein for sake of clarity.
[0098] It will be understood by those within the art that, in
general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims
(for example, bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended
as "open" terms (for example, the term "including" should be
interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having"
should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes"
should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," and so
on). It will be further understood by those within the art that if
a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended,
such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the
absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example,
as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may
contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one
or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such
phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a
claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any
particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to
embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same
claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least
one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (for example, "a"
and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or
more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used
to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited,
those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should
be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (for example,
the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers,
means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations).
Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at
least one of A, B, and C, and so on" is used, in general such a
construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art
would understand the convention (for example, "a system having at
least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to
systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A
and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, and
so on). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at
least one of A, B, or C, and so on" is used, in general such a
construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art
would understand the convention (for example, "a system having at
least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to
systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A
and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, and
so on). It will be further understood by those within the art that
virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more
alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings,
should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including
one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example,
the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities
of "A" or "B" or "A and B."
[0099] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are
described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will
recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of
any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush
group.
[0100] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and
all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description,
all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible
subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range
can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling
the same range being broken down into at least equal halves,
thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, and so on. As a non-limiting
example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down
into a lower third, middle third and upper third, and so on. As
will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such
as "up to," "at least," and the like include the number recited and
refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into
subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one
skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus,
for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2,
or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups
having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
[0101] Various of the above-disclosed and other features and
functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into many other
different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or
unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or
improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in
the art, each of which is also intended to be encompassed by the
disclosed embodiments.
* * * * *