U.S. patent application number 15/168116 was filed with the patent office on 2017-08-03 for lateral reinforcement system and method for concrete structures.
This patent application is currently assigned to Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. The applicant listed for this patent is V.L. Subramaniam Kolluru, Venkata Rangarao Rao Vemuri, Suriya Prakash Shanmugam. Invention is credited to V.L. Subramaniam Kolluru, Venkata Rangarao Rao Vemuri, Suriya Prakash Shanmugam.
Application Number | 20170218629 15/168116 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59383335 |
Filed Date | 2017-08-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170218629 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rao Vemuri; Venkata Rangarao ;
et al. |
August 3, 2017 |
LATERAL REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Abstract
A lateral reinforcement system for a concrete structure having
axially disposed structural bars. The lateral reinforcement system
comprises a plurality of reinforcement ties disposed at an
inclination to the axially disposed structural bars. A pair of
reinforcement ties of the plurality of reinforcement ties is
disposed at mirror inclinations to each other. In the pair of
reinforcement ties, the reinforcement ties cross each other at
diametrically opposite corners of the reinforcement ties at
diametrically opposite axially disposed structural bars, such that,
a first reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement ties crosses
from inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair of
reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and the second
reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first reinforcement
tie at the diametrically opposite structural bar. The plurality of
reinforcement ties forms a three-dimensional interwoven network
around the axially disposed structural bars.
Inventors: |
Rao Vemuri; Venkata Rangarao;
(Hyderabad, IN) ; Kolluru; V.L. Subramaniam;
(Hyderabad, IN) ; Shanmugam; Suriya Prakash;
(Yeddumailaram, IN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Rao Vemuri; Venkata Rangarao
Kolluru; V.L. Subramaniam
Shanmugam; Suriya Prakash |
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Yeddumailaram |
|
IN
IN
IN |
|
|
Assignee: |
Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad
Yeddumailaram
IN
|
Family ID: |
59383335 |
Appl. No.: |
15/168116 |
Filed: |
May 30, 2016 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04C 5/0636 20130101;
E04C 5/0604 20130101; E04C 5/167 20130101; E04B 1/4178 20130101;
E04H 9/025 20130101; E04B 1/4185 20130101 |
International
Class: |
E04C 5/06 20060101
E04C005/06 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 17, 2015 |
KR |
10-2015-0131315 |
Claims
1. A lateral reinforcement system for a concrete structure having
axially disposed structural bars, the lateral reinforcement system
comprising: a plurality of reinforcement ties disposed at a non
orthogonal inclination to the axially disposed structural bars;
wherein the reinforcement ties includes a dual hook member. wherein
a pair of reinforcement ties of the plurality of reinforcement ties
is disposed to each other at the place of the dual hook member of
the reinforcement ties; wherein in the pair of reinforcement ties,
the reinforcement ties cross each other at the dual hook member of
the reinforcement ties, such that, a first reinforcement tie of the
pair of reinforcement ties crosses from inside of a second
reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement ties on one face,
and the second reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first
reinforcement tie at the opposite face, and wherein the plurality
of reinforcement ties form a three-dimensional interwoven network
around the axially disposed structural bars.
2. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 1, wherein the dual
hook member capable of anchoring the reinforcement tie to the load
bearing element of the structural bars, and engaging a corner of
another reinforcement tie.
3. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 2, wherein first tie
comprises a dual hook member for engaging the second tie from the
outside when crossing the second tie; and the second tie comprises
a dual hook member for engaging the first tie from the outside when
crossing the first tie at the opposite corner.
4. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 1, wherein the ties
are rhombical shaped reinforcement ties.
5. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 4, wherein the ties
are mid-side kinked rhombical shaped reinforcement ties, each tie
comprising a kink at nearly middle of each rhombical side of the
rhombical shaped reinforcement tie.
6. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 5, wherein the set of
rhombical shaped reinforcement ties placed at opposing inclination
cross each other at the kink of a corresponding rhombical side.
7. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 4, wherein the
rhombical shaped reinforcement ties are one-third side kinked, each
tie comprising a kink at every one-third length of each rhombical
side of a tie.
8. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 7, wherein the
rhombical shaped reinforcement ties cross each other at the kink of
a corresponding rhombical shaped reinforcement tie.
9. The lateral reinforcement system of claim 1, wherein the ties
are elliptical shaped reinforcement ties of the structural
bars.
10. (canceled)
11. (canceled)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to lateral reinforcement
systems and methods for concrete structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Various systems for reinforcing building structural
components for making reinforced concrete structures have been
proposed. Generally, steel reinforcing unit is embedded in the cast
concrete for providing the concrete structure to improve tensile
strength, compressive strength and shear capacity. Specifically,
such systems include one or more stirrups or ties with a series of
bars placed along the axis of the member to form a cage like
apparatus. Such stirrups and ties constitute one of the most
critical factors of quality and seismic resistance of buildings.
Some of such existing stirrups/tie for reinforcing the building
structural components are described herein.
[0003] As per the prior arts described herein, FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART)
describes a concrete structure 10 in which conventional ties 2 are
installed on the vertical bars 4 and convention stirrups 6 are
installed on the horizontal bars 8.
[0004] FIG. 2 (PRIOR ART) describes a conventional rectangular tie
20 (similar to conventional ties 2 or conventional stirrups bused
in constructing a concrete structure (for example, the concrete
structure 10). Tie 20 is usually made of solid steel bars of
circular cross section with a diameter `d.sub.b`, length breadth
`B` and major diagonal dimension `D`. Further, tie 20 comprises
hooks 22 for anchoring the ties 20 to the load bearing element of
the structure (for structures such as bars 8 of FIG. 1). Such
conventional ties 20 when disposed around the plurality of the
vertical bars/horizontal bars form a cage like structure.
[0005] FIG. 3 (PRIOR ART) illustrates such cage like structure 30
wherein a plurality of conventional rectangular ties 20 is disposed
around the vertical bars 32. Specifically, the conventional
rectangular ties 20 are placed one above the other parallel to the
surface on which the vertical bars 32 are placed and perpendicular
to the vertical bars 32. Two rectangular ties 20 have a height
difference (spacing) of `h` between them.
[0006] Similarly, FIG. 4 (PRIOR ART) describes a conventional
circular tie 40 (similar to conventional ties 2 or conventional
stirrups 6) used in constructing a concrete structure (for example,
the concrete structure 10). Tie 40 is usually made of solid steel
bars of circular cross section having a diameter `d.sub.b`, and
cage diameter `D`. Further, tie 40 comprises hooks 42 for anchoring
the ties 40 to the load bearing element of the structure. Such
conventional ties 40 when disposed around the plurality of the
vertical bars/horizontal bars form a cage like structure.
[0007] FIG. 5 (PRIOR ART) illustrates such cage like structure 50
wherein a plurality of conventional circular ties 40 is disposed
around the vertical bars 52. Specifically, the conventional
circular ties 40 are placed one above the other parallel to the
surface on which the vertical bars 52 are placed and perpendicular
to the vertical bars 52. Two circular ties 40 have a height
difference (spacing) of `h` between them.
[0008] As illustrated in FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART), FIG. 3 (PRIOR ART) and
FIG. 5 (PRIOR ART) the conventional configuration of the
ties/stirrups only improves confinement of concrete at location of
the ties/stirrups where it is disposed. Specifically, confinement
received by concrete is localized and dependent on the spacing of
the ties/stirrups. Improvement in such concrete confinement is
achieved on reducing the spacing of ties/stirrups which results in
heavy congestion and consumption of reinforcement steel.
[0009] Further, when subjected to an earthquake, requirement of
steel reinforcement in the form of ties/stirrups increases to meet
the additional demand. Conventional configuration of the
ties/stirrups as illustrated in FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART), FIG. 3 (PRIOR
ART) and FIG. 5 (PRIOR ART) is localized and confined to its own
plane. In this case, resistance to opening of cracks provided by
steel reinforcement is limited to the plane where the tie/stirrups
are confined. This leads to strength degradation for cycle after
cycle of the earthquake ground motion (vibration) or under impact
loads. Likewise, when structural elements are subject to impact
loads (such as blast), conventional tie pattern systems are not
efficient to resist such loads.
[0010] Accordingly, there exists a need for a lateral reinforcement
system that provides enhanced performance of concrete structures
compared to the conventional patterns. Also, there exists a need of
a lateral reinforcement system which utilizes less amount of steel,
having improved constructability, possessing an enhanced load
carrying capacity, having an enhanced earthquake resistance and
energy absorption and is cost effective.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the
prior-art, the general purpose of the present invention is to
provide a lateral reinforcement system and method for concrete
structures that is configured to include all advantages of the
prior art and to overcome the drawbacks inherent in the prior art
offering some added advantages.
[0012] In one aspect, the present invention provides a system for a
lateral reinforcement system for a concrete structure having
axially disposed structural bars. The lateral reinforcement system
comprises a plurality of reinforcement ties disposed at an
inclination to the axially disposed structural bars. A pair of
reinforcement ties of the plurality of reinforcement ties is
disposed at mirror inclinations to each other. In the pair of
reinforcement ties, cross each other at diametrically opposite
corners of the reinforcement ties at diametrically opposite axially
disposed structural bars, such that, a first reinforcement tie of
the pair of reinforcement ties crosses from inside of a second
reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement ties at one
structural bar, and the second reinforcement tie crosses from
inside of the first reinforcement tie at the diametrically opposite
structural bar. The plurality of reinforcement ties forms a
three-dimensional interwoven network around the axially disposed
structural bars.
[0013] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method
for lateral reinforcement for concrete structures using the lateral
reinforcement system of the present invention comprising the
plurality of the reinforcement ties of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The advantages and features of the present invention will
become better understood with reference to the following detailed
description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
[0015] FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a concrete structure in which
conventional ties are installed on the vertical bars and convention
stirrups are installed on the horizontal bars;
[0016] FIG. 2 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a conventional rectangular
tie;
[0017] FIG. 3 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a plurality of conventional
rectangular ties of FIG. 2(PRIOR ART) disposed around a plurality
of vertical bars;
[0018] FIG. 4 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a conventional circular
tie;
[0019] FIG. 5 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a plurality of conventional
circular ties of FIG. 4 (PRIOR ART) disposed around a plurality of
vertical bars;
[0020] FIG. 6. illustrates a rhombical reinforcement tie, in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates a pair of rhombical reinforcement ties of
FIG. 6 forming a reinforcement tie unit;
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates a lateral reinforcement system comprising
a plurality of rhombical reinforcement ties of FIG. 6 forming a
three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality of axially
disposed structural bars;
[0023] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrates a pair of mid-side kinked
rhombical reinforcement ties, in accordance with another exemplary
embodiment of the present invention;
[0024] FIG. 10A illustrates the pair of mid-side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIGS. 9A and 9B forming a reinforcement tie
unit;
[0025] FIG. 10B illustrates two pairs of mid-side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIGS. 9A and 9B forming multi-layered
reinforcement tie unit, each pair having intersection with
subsequent pair at mid side;
[0026] FIG. 10C illustrates a lateral reinforcement system
comprising a plurality of mid-side kinked rhombical reinforcement
ties of FIGS. 9A and 9B forming multi-layered reinforcement tie
unit (as in FIG. 10B) and consequently a three-dimensional
interwoven network around a plurality of axially disposed
structural bars;
[0027] FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate a pair of one-third side kinked
rhombical reinforcement ties, in accordance with another exemplary
embodiment of the present invention;
[0028] FIG. 13 illustrates a pair of mid-side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIGS. 11 and 12 forming a reinforcement tie
unit, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0029] FIG. 14 illustrates three pairs of mid-side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIGS. 11 and 12 forming multi-layered
reinforcement tie unit, each pair having intersection with
subsequent pair at one-third of the sides;
[0030] FIG. 15 illustrates a lateral reinforcement system
comprising a plurality of one-third side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIGS. 11 and 12 forming multi-layered
reinforcement tie unit (as in FIG. 14) and consequently a
three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality of axially
disposed structural bars;
[0031] FIG. 16 illustrates an elliptical reinforcement tie, in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present
invention;
[0032] FIG. 17A illustrates a pair of elliptical reinforcement ties
of FIG. 16 forming a reinforcement tie unit, in accordance with an
exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
[0033] FIG. 17B illustrates a pair of elliptical reinforcement ties
of FIG. 16 forming a reinforcement tie unit mirror image to the
reinforcement tie unit of FIG. 17A, in accordance with an exemplary
embodiment of the present invention;
[0034] FIG. 18 illustrates a lateral reinforcement system
comprising a plurality of elliptical reinforcement ties of FIG. 16
forming a three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality
of axially disposed structural bars;
[0035] FIG. 19A illustrates two pairs of elliptical reinforcement
ties of FIG. 16 forming a multi-layered reinforcement tie unit
2600A;
[0036] FIG. 19B illustrates a lateral reinforcement system
comprising a plurality of elliptical reinforcement ties of FIG. 16
forming a three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality
of axially disposed structural bars;
[0037] FIG. 20 illustrates an elliptical reinforcement tie similar
to the reinforcement tie of FIG. 16 and rotated clockwise by a
pre-determined angle, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of
the present invention;
[0038] FIG. 21 illustrates an elliptical reinforcement tie that is
a mirror image of the reinforcement tie of FIG. 20 and rotated
counter-clockwise by the pre-determined angle, in accordance with
an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
[0039] FIG. 22A illustrates two pairs of elliptical reinforcement
ties of FIGS. 20 and 21 forming a multi-layered reinforcement tie
unit 3500A; and
[0040] FIG. 22B illustrates is a lateral reinforcement system
comprising a plurality of elliptical reinforcement ties of FIGS. 20
and 21 forming a three-dimensional interwoven network around a
plurality of axially disposed structural bars.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0041] The exemplary embodiments described herein detail for
illustrative purposes are subject to many variations. It should be
emphasized, however that the present invention is not limited to
particular lateral reinforcement system and method for concrete
structures as described. Rather, the principles of the present
invention may be used with a variety of configurations and
structural arrangements of the lateral reinforcement system. It is
understood that various omissions, substitutions of equivalents are
contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient, but
the present invention is intended to cover the application or
implementation without departing from the spirit or scope of the
its claims.
[0042] In the following description, for purposes of explanation,
numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a
thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be
apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present
invention may be practiced without these specific details.
[0043] As used herein, the term `plurality` refers to the presence
of more than one of the referenced item and the terms `a`, `an`,
and `at least` do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather
denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.
[0044] The present invention provides a lateral reinforcement
system for concrete structures comprising structural bars. Such
structural bars include vertical bars (for example, columns, piers,
shear walls and the like) and horizontal bars (for example, beams,
girders, and the like). For a person skilled in the art in the
field of structural systems for buildings, bridges and bunkers,
`lateral reinforcement` as used herein is defined as the process
used for holding the structural bars (horizontal bars and/or
vertical bars) in proper alignment and to confine concrete and
provide resistance to applied shear. As used herein, a `vertical
bar` refers to an upright structural member of metal in vertical
members in buildings whose length is substantially greater than
width. The vertical bars are usually employed for supporting a
concentrated load in the buildings. Also, as used herein, a
`horizontal bar` refers to a reinforcing bar placed in a horizontal
alignment along the length of the member that supports transverse
load and transfers the load to vertical members.
[0045] The lateral reinforcement system of the present invention
comprises a plurality of individual lateral reinforcement units,
such as, ties, stirrups, rings, hoops, and the like. Also, for
purposes of this disclosure and as known in the art, a lateral
reinforcement unit in case of vertical bars is called a `tie` and
in case of horizontal bars is called a `stirrup`. Hereinafter, for
consistency in terminology in the description of the present
invention, the individual lateral reinforcement units are referred
to as `reinforcement tie` or `reinforcement ties`; and it will be
evident to a person skilled in the art that the term `reinforcement
tie` or `reinforcement ties` would collectively refer to one or
more from the group of ties, stirrups, rings, hoops, and the
like.
[0046] Specifically, the lateral reinforcement system of the
present invention comprises a plurality ties forming a
three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality of axially
disposed structural bars in a structure. Such a structure formed by
the lateral reinforcement system around the structural bars when
embedded in concrete, provides enhanced performance of concrete
structures, constructability, enhanced load carrying capacity,
enhanced earthquake resistance, enhanced energy absorption and
saving in material (for example, steel) usage. Also, the present
invention provides for a more efficient use of steel while
providing enhancement of performance of reinforced concrete
elements.
[0047] The lateral reinforcement system of the present invention
comprises a plurality of reinforcement ties disposed at an
inclination to the axially disposed structural bars. A pair of
reinforcement ties of the plurality of reinforcement ties is
disposed at mirror inclinations to each other. In the pair of
reinforcement ties, the reinforcement ties cross each other at
diametrically opposite corners of the reinforcement ties at
diametrically opposite axially disposed structural bars, such that,
a first reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement ties crosses
from inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair of
reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and the second
reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first reinforcement
tie at the diametrically opposite structural bar. The plurality of
reinforcement ties forms a three-dimensional interwoven network
around the axially disposed structural bars.
[0048] Different embodiments of the present invention with regard
to the different shapes, size and configuration of the
reinforcement ties are explained herein below.
[0049] Referring to FIG. 6, in one embodiment, illustrated is a
rhombical reinforcement tie 100. As used herein, "rhombical
reinforcement tie" refers to a reinforcement tie in shape of a
rhombus or diamond (or any quadrilateral shape as per the shape of
vertical member/horizontal member). The rhombical reinforcement tie
100 is made of solid steel bar (or any other metallic/non-metallic
bar) having a circular cross section of diameter W. The rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 comprises four corners 102, 104, 106 and 108;
and four sides 112, 114, 116 and 118. Each side 112, 114, 116, 118
has a length S. As shown in FIG. 6, the rhombical reinforcement tie
100 has a diagonal dimension M along a major axis and a diagonal
dimension N along a minor axis. It will be evident to a person
skilled in the art that the dimension nomenclature W, S, M and N
are only for illustration and description purposes and the
invention is not limited by such dimension nomenclature.
[0050] Further, the rhombical reinforcement tie 100 comprises a
dual hook member 152 disposed at one of the corners of the
rhombical reinforcement tie 100. As shown in FIG. 6, the dual hook
member 152 is disposed at the corner 102 of the rhombical
reinforcement tie 100. The dual hook member 152 provides for
anchoring the rhombical reinforcement tie 100 to the load bearing
element of the structural bars. Further, the dual hook member 152
provides for engaging a corner of another rhombical reinforcement
tie.
[0051] Referring to FIG. 7, illustrated is a pair of rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIG. 6 forming a reinforcement tie unit 450.
In FIG. 7, the rhombical reinforcement ties are a first rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 and a second rhombical reinforcement tie 200.
The second rhombical reinforcement tie 200 is similar to the first
rhombical reinforcement tie 100 in shape and dimension, as
described with reference to FIG. 6 (however, a mirrored image of
reinforcement tie 100). Specifically, the second rhombical
reinforcement tie 200 comprises four corners 202, 204, 206 and 208;
and four sides 212, 214, 216 and 218. Further, the second rhombical
reinforcement tie 200 comprises a dual hook member 252 at the
corner 202 of the second rhombical reinforcement tie 200. The dual
hook member 252 provides for anchoring the rhombical reinforcement
tie 100 to the load bearing element of the structural bars.
Further, the dual hook member 252 provides for engaging a corner of
another rhombical reinforcement tie.
[0052] For forming the reinforcement tie unit 450, the rhombical
reinforcement ties 100, 200 are disposed at mirror inclinations to
each other, such that, the rhombical reinforcement ties are rotated
about diagonal N (not shown in the FIG.) and cross each other at
diametrically opposite corners of the rhombical reinforcement ties,
thereby configuring two non-intersecting crossings.
[0053] In a first crossing, the first rhombical reinforcement tie
100 crosses from inside of the second rhombical reinforcement tie
200. Specifically, the corner 106 of the first rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 is on the inside and the corner 202 of the
second rhombical reinforcement tie 200 is on outside. In this
configuration, the dual hook 252 of the second rhombical
reinforcement tie 200 engages the corner 106 of the first rhombical
reinforcement tie 100.
[0054] In a second crossing, the second rhombical reinforcement tie
200 crosses from inside of the first rhombical reinforcement tie
100. Specifically, the corner 206 of the second rhombical
reinforcement tie 200 is on the inside and the corner 102 of the
first rhombical reinforcement tie 100 is on outside. In this
configuration, the dual hook 152 of the first rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 engages the corner 206 of the second
rhombical reinforcement tie 200.
[0055] Now, referring to FIG. 8, illustrated is a lateral
reinforcement system 500 comprising a plurality of rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIG. 6 forming a three-dimensional interwoven
network around a plurality of axially disposed structural bars 530,
540, 550 and 560. In the lateral reinforcement system 500, the
rhombical reinforcement ties 100, 200, 300 and 400 are disposed at
an inclination to the axially disposed structural bars 530, 540,
550 and 560. That is, the rhombical ties 100, 200, 300, 400 are
disposed at an angle to the axially disposed structural bars 530,
540, 550 and 560 making it also inclined at an angle to a surface
on which the axially disposed structural bars 530, 540, 550 and 560
are disposed. The rhombical reinforcement ties 300 and 400 are
similar to the rhombical reinforcement ties 100 and 200 as
described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
[0056] In this configuration, the reinforcement ties in a pair of
reinforcement ties cross each at diametrically opposite corners of
the reinforcement ties at diametrically opposite structural bars,
such that, a first reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement
ties crosses from inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair
of reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and the second
reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first reinforcement
tie at the diametrically opposite structural bar. For example, in a
first crossing, the rhombical reinforcement tie 100 (first
reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the rhombical
reinforcement tie 200 (second reinforcement tie) at the structural
bar 550. In this crossing, the corner 106 of the rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 is on the inside and the corner 202 of the
rhombical reinforcement tie 200 is on outside. Further, in a second
crossing, the second rhombical reinforcement tie 200 (second
reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the first rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 (first reinforcement tie) at diametrically
opposite structural bar 540. In this crossing, the corner 206 of
the second rhombical reinforcement tie 200 is on the inside and the
corner 102 of the first rhombical reinforcement tie 100 is on
outside. Accordingly, the pair of rhombical reinforcement ties 100,
200 is configured to form two non-intersecting crossings at the
diametrically opposite structural bars 540, 550.
[0057] The pair of rhombical reinforcement ties 300, 400 is
configured in a similar manner.
[0058] For forming the lateral reinforcement system 500, a
plurality of reinforcement tie units (such as the reinforcement tie
unit 450) are disposed on and the about the axially disposed
structural bars 530, 540, 550, and 560. The process comprises
placing a first reinforcement tie unit and then another
reinforcement tie unit on top of the first reinforcement tie unit,
and so on. For example, the first reinforcement tie unit (herein
referred to as reinforcement tie unit 450) is formed by rhombical
reinforcement ties 100, 200 configured about each other and about
the axially disposed structural bars 530, 540, 550, and 560 as
explained above. Next, a second reinforcement tie unit is formed by
rhombical reinforcement ties 300, 400 and is placed over the first
reinforcement tie unit 450.
[0059] In this formation, the plurality of rhombical reinforcement
ties 100, 200, 300, and 400 form a three-dimensional interwoven
network around the axially disposed structural bars 530, 540, 550,
and 560. The three-dimension interwoven network is a collection of
sub-interwoven networks formed by individual reinforcement tie
units. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 8, a first
sub-interwoven network 510 is formed by the first reinforcement tie
unit 450, and a second sub-interwoven network 520 is formed by the
second reinforcement tie unit (not numbered herein). Although, in
FIG. 8 herein, illustrated are only two reinforcement tie units
forming two sub-interwoven networks, it will be evident to a person
skilled in the art that the lateral reinforcement system can
comprise more than two sub-interwoven networks as per the shape and
size requirements of the structural bars and reinforcement
requirement for a concrete structure.
[0060] Further, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the rhombical
reinforcement ties 100, and 200 are at mirror inclinations to each
other such that a distance (spacing) between corners of the
rhombical ties 100, and 200 on the same structural bar is a
pre-determined height H. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 8,
`H` is the distance between corner 104 of the rhombical
reinforcement tie 100 and corner 208 of the rhombical reinforcement
tie 200 on the structural bar 560.
[0061] Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, in another embodiment,
illustrated is a pair of mid-side kinked rhombical reinforcement
ties 600 and 700 respectively. As used herein, "mid-side kinked
rhombical reinforcement tie" refers to a tie in shape of rhombus or
diamond having kink at the midpoint of the each four sides of the
rhombical reinforcement tie. Further as used herein, "kink" is
defined as a sharp twist or curve or deviation in the sides of
something (here rhombical tie/stirrup) that is otherwise
straight.
[0062] The reinforcement tie 600 is made of steel bar (or any other
metallic/non-metallic bar) having a circular cross section of
diameter W. The reinforcement tie 600 comprises four corners 602,
604, 606 and 608; and four sides 612, 614, 616 and 618. Each side
612, 614, 616 and 618 has a length S. As shown in FIG. 9A, the
reinforcement tie 600 has a diagonal dimension M along a major axis
and a diagonal dimension N along a minor axis. It will be evident
to a person skilled in the art that the dimension nomenclature W,
S, M and N are only for illustration and description purposes and
the invention is not limited by such dimension nomenclature.
[0063] Further, the reinforcement tie 600 comprises a dual hook
member 652 disposed at one of the corners of the reinforcement tie
600. As shown in FIG. 9A, the dual hook member 652 is disposed at
the corner 602 of the reinforcement tie 600. The dual hook member
652 provides for anchoring the reinforcement tie 600 to the load
bearing element of the structural bars. Further, the dual hook
member 652 provides for engaging a corner of another reinforcement
tie.
[0064] Further, the reinforcement tie 600 comprises of kinks 622,
624, 626 and 628 at the midpoint of the four sides 612, 614, 616
and 618 respectively having a deviation dimension W/2, that is, a
kink with a deviation dimension of half the cross-sectional
diameter of the bar making the reinforcement tie 600. It will be
evident to a person skilled in the art that the deviation dimension
is not limited to W/2 and can vary as per the configurational and
reinforcement requirements.
[0065] As used herein, kinks are formed on reinforcement ties is to
facilitate crossing of the other reinforcement ties in a vertical
planes. As explained further herein, the reinforcement ties
themselves form a geometric pattern with kinks all in one plane.
The pattern is formed by crossing the ties in vertical plane with
crossing points identified by the kinks.
[0066] Specifically the kink 622 at the side 612 is a low point,
the kink 624 at the side 614 is a high point, the kink 626 at the
side 616 is a high point and the kink 628 at the side 618 is a low
point. As used herein, "high point" refers to a point on a side of
the reinforcement tie where the kink sharp twists or curves to have
a high deviation. Also, as used herein, "low point" refers to a
point on a side of the reinforcement tie where the kink sharp
twists or curves to have a low deviation. For the purposes of
description, the kinks 622, 628 are referred to as lower kinks; and
the kinks 624, 626 are referred to as upper kinks.
[0067] Similarly, the reinforcement tie 700 as described in FIG. 9B
is a mirror image of the reinforcement tie 600 comprising hooks
752, and kinks 722, 724, 726 and 728 at the midpoint of the four
sides 712, 714, 716 and 718 respectively having deviation equal to
W/2. Further, the reinforcement tie 700 comprises four corners 702,
704, 706 and 708. For the purposes of description, the kinks 724,
726 are referred to as lower kinks; and the kinks 722, 728 are
referred to as upper kinks.
[0068] Referring to FIG. 10A, illustrates the pair of mid-side
kinked rhombical reinforcement ties 600 and 700 of FIGS. 9A and 9B
respectively forming a reinforcement tie unit 1000A. For forming
the reinforcement tie unit 1000A, the reinforcement ties 600, 700
are disposed at mirror inclinations to each other, such that, the
reinforcement ties cross each other at diametrically opposite
corners of the other reinforcement ties.
[0069] As illustrated in FIG. 10A, the reinforcement tie 600 (first
reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie 700
(second reinforcement tie) at the respective corners 606, and 706,
and the reinforcement tie 700 crosses from inside of the
reinforcement tie 600 at the respective corners 702, and 602,
configuring two non-intersecting crossings. In a first crossing,
the corner 606 of the reinforcement tie 600 is on the inside and
the corner 706 of the reinforcement tie 700 is on outside. In this
configuration the dual hook 752 of the reinforcement tie 700
engages the corner 606 of the reinforcement tie 600. In a second
crossing, the corner 702 of the reinforcement tie 700 is on the
inside and the corner 602 of the rhombical reinforcement tie 600 is
on outside. In this configuration, the dual hook 652 of the
reinforcement tie 600 engages the corner 702 of the reinforcement
tie 700.
[0070] Further, as illustrated in FIG. 10A, the reinforcement ties
600, 700 are at mirror inclinations to each other such that a
distance (spacing) between corners of the rhombical ties 600, and
700 on the same structural bar is a pre-determined height H'.
Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 10A, H' is the distance
between corner 704 of the reinforcement tie 700 and corner 604 of
the reinforcement tie 600.
[0071] Now, referring to FIG. 10B, illustrated are two pairs of
mid-side kinked rhombical reinforcement ties of FIGS. 9A, 9B
forming a multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1000B. The
multi-layered reinforcement tie unit is only an unassembled
representation (still not configured around the axially disposed
structural bars) of the lateral reinforcement system 1090 of FIG.
10C.
[0072] As illustrated in FIG. 10B, mid-side kinked rhombical
reinforcement tie 800 comprises hooks 852, and kinks 822, 824, 826
and 828 on the midpoint having deviation equal to W/2 (not shown in
FIG.) at the four sides 812, 814, 816 and 818 respectively of the
individual reinforcement tie 800. Further, the individual
reinforcement tie 800 comprises four corners 802, 804, 806 and 808.
Similarly, mid-side kinked rhombical reinforcement tie 900
comprises hooks 952, kinks 922, 924, 926 and 928 on the midpoint
having deviation equal to W/2 (not shown in FIG.) at the four sides
912, 914, 916 and 918 respectively of the individual reinforcement
tie 900 and comprises four corners 902, 904, 906 and 908.
[0073] For forming the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1000B,
two-sub interwoven networks 1010 and 1020 are placed one above the
other as shown in the FIG. 10B. The two-sub interwoven networks
1010 and 1020 are placed one above the other in such a way such
that the distance between the corner 804 of reinforcement tie 800
and corner 704 of tie 700 is approximately equal to H'/2. It will
be evident to a person skilled in the art that the distance is not
limited to H'/2 and can vary as per the configurational and
reinforcement requirements.
[0074] Specifically, the side 916 of reinforcement tie 900 crosses
the side 716 (not shown in the figure) of the reinforcement tie 700
at crossing point P1. The crossing at point Pb involves meeting of
the upper kink 926 of reinforcement tie 900 and lower kink 726 (not
shown in the figure) of reinforcement tie 700. Further, the side
918 of reinforcement tie 900 crosses the side 718 (not shown in the
figure) of the reinforcement tie 700 having a crossing at point P2.
The crossing at point P2 involves meeting of the lower kink 928 of
reinforcement tie 900 and upper kink 728 (not shown in the figure)
of reinforcement tie 700. Again, the side 814 of reinforcement tie
800 crosses the side 614 (not shown in the figure) of the
reinforcement tie 600 having a crossing at point P3. The crossing
at point P3 involves meeting of the lower kink 824 of reinforcement
tie 800 and upper kink 624 (not shown in the figure) of the
reinforcement tie 600. Further, the side 812 of the reinforcement
tie 800 crosses the side 612 (not shown in the figure) of the
reinforcement tie 600 having a crossing at point P4. The crossing
at point 4 involves meeting of the lower kink 622 (not shown in the
figure) of the reinforcement tie 600 and upper kink 822 of the
reinforcement tie 800.
[0075] It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that
the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1000B may contain one or
more such sub interwoven networks placed one above the other in the
similar pattern as described.
[0076] Now, referring to FIG. 10C, illustrated is a lateral
reinforcement system 1090 (assembled form) comprising a plurality
of mid-side kinked rhombical reinforcement ties of FIGS. 9A, 9B
forming a three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality
of axially disposed structural bars 1030, 1040, 1050 and 1060. In
the lateral reinforcement system 1090, reinforcement ties 600, 700,
800, 900, 950 and 970 are disposed at an inclination to the axially
disposed structural bars 1030, 1040, 1050 and 1060. That is, the
reinforcement ties 600, 700, 800, 900, 950 and 970 are disposed at
an angle to the axially disposed structural bars 1030, 1040, 1050
and 1060 making it also inclined at an angle to a surface on which
the axially disposed structural bars 1030, 1040, 1050 and 1060 are
disposed. The reinforcement ties 950 and 970 are similar to the
reinforcement ties 600, 700, 800, 900 as described above.
[0077] In this configuration, the reinforcement ties in a pair of
reinforcement ties cross each at diametrically opposite corners of
the reinforcement ties at diametrically opposite structural bars,
such that, a first reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement
ties crosses from inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair
of reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and the second
reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first mid-side
reinforcement tie at the diametrically opposite structural bar.
[0078] For example, in a first crossing of the pair of
reinforcement ties 600, 700, reinforcement tie 600 (first
reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie 700
(second reinforcement tie) at the structural bar 1030. In this
crossing, the corner 606 of the reinforcement tie 100 is on the
inside and the corner 706 of the reinforcement tie 700 is on
outside. Further, in a second crossing, the reinforcement tie 700
(second reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement
tie 600 (first reinforcement tie) at diametrically opposite
structural bar 1060. In this crossing, the corner 702 of the
reinforcement tie 700 is on the inside and the corner 602 of the
reinforcement tie 600 is on outside. Accordingly, the pair of
reinforcement ties 600 and 700 is configured to form two
non-intersecting crossings at the diametrically opposite structural
bars 1030 and 1060. Similarly, the pair of reinforcement ties 800
and 900 is configured to form two non-intersecting crossings at the
diametrically opposite structural bars 1030 and 1060. Also, the
pair of reinforcement ties 950 and 970 is configured to form two
non-intersecting crossings at the diametrically opposite structural
bars 1030 and 1060.
[0079] Additionally, the reinforcement ties cross each other at the
kinks formed on corresponding reinforcement ties. Such crossing of
reinforcement ties has been explained above with reference to FIG.
10B at points P1, P2 (not labeled), P3, and P4. It will be apparent
from the illustration in FIG. 10C, that due to the presence of more
reinforcement ties in the lateral reinforcement system 1090, there
are additional crossing points (such as, P17, P18, P19, and other
crossing points (not labeled)) at which the reinforcement ties
cross each other at the kinks formed on corresponding reinforcement
ties.
[0080] For forming the lateral reinforcement system 1090, a
plurality of mid-side kinked reinforcement tie units (such as the
mid-side kinked reinforcement tie units 600, 700, 800, 900, 950 and
970) are disposed on and the about the axially disposed structural
bars 1030, 1040, 1050 and 1060. The process comprises placing a
first mid-side kinked reinforcement tie unit and then second
mid-side kinked reinforcement tie unit on top of the first
reinforcement tie unit, such that the kinks present in the lower
half part of the second mid-side kinked reinforcement tie unit
crosses the kinks present in the upper half part of the first
mid-side kinked reinforcement tie unit and so on.
[0081] In this formation, the plurality of the mid-side kinked
rhombical reinforcement ties 600, 700, 800, 900, 950 and 970 form a
three-dimensional interwoven network around the axially disposed
structural bars 1030, 1040, 1050 and 1060. The three-dimension
interwoven network is a collection of sub-interwoven networks 1010,
1020, 1070 formed by combining individual mid-side kinked
reinforcement tie units.
[0082] Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, in another embodiment,
illustrated is a pair of one-third side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties 1100 and 1200 respectively. As used herein,
"one-third side kinked rhombical reinforcement tie" refers to a tie
in shape of rhombus or diamond having kinks at the one-third point
of the each of the four sides of the rhombical reinforcement
tie.
[0083] The reinforcement tie 1100 as described in FIG. 11 is made
of steel bar (or any other metallic/non-metallic bar) having a
circular cross section of diameter W. Reinforcement tie 1100
comprises four corners 1102, 1104, 1106 and 1108; and four sides
1112, 1114, 1116 and 1118. Each side 1112, 1114, 1116 and 1118 has
a length S. As shown in FIG. 11, the reinforcement tie 1100 has a
diagonal dimension M along a major axis and a diagonal dimension N
along a minor axis. It will be evident to a person skilled in the
art that the dimension nomenclature W, S, M and N are only for
illustration and description purposes and the invention is not
limited by such dimension nomenclature.
[0084] Further, the reinforcement tie 1100 comprises a dual hook
member 1152 disposed at one of the corners of the reinforcement tie
1100. As shown in FIG. 11, the dual hook member 1152 is disposed at
the corner 1102 of the reinforcement tie 1100. The dual hook member
1152 provides for anchoring the one-third side kinked rhombical
reinforcement tie 1100 to the load bearing element of the
structural bars. Further, the dual hook member 1152 provides for
engaging a corner of another reinforcement tie.
[0085] Further, the reinforcement tie 1100 comprises of kinks 1122
and 1124 on every one-third point of the side 1112, thereby
providing deviation equal to W/2. Accordingly, the side 1112
comprises kinks with a deviation dimension of half the
cross-sectional diameter of the bar making the reinforcement tie
1100. It will be evident to a person skilled in the art that the
deviation dimension is not limited to W/2 and can vary as per the
configurational and reinforcement requirements.
[0086] Similarly, the reinforcement tie 1100 comprises: kinks 1126
and 1128 at side 1114, kinks 1130 and 1132 at the side 1116; kinks
1130 and 1132 at the side 1116; and kinks 1134 and 1136 at the side
1118.
[0087] Specifically, the kinks 1122, 1126, 1132 and 1136 on the
sides 1112, 1114, 1116 and 1118 respectively are the low points.
The kinks 1124, 1128, 1130 and 1134 on the sides 1112, 1114, 1116
and 1118 respectively are the high points. As used herein, "high
point" refers to a point on a side of the reinforcement tie where
the kink sharp twists or curves to have a high deviation. Also, as
used herein, "low point" refers to a point on a side of the
reinforcement tie where the kink sharp twists or curves to have a
low deviation.
[0088] Now, as illustrated in FIG. 12, and similar to reinforcement
tie 1100 of FIG. 11, the reinforcement tie 1200 is made of steel
bar (or any other metallic/non-metallic bar) having a circular
cross section of diameter W. Reinforcement tie 1200 comprises four
corners 1202, 1204, 1206 and 1208; and four sides 1212, 1214, 1216
and 1128. Each side 1212, 1214, 1216 and 1218 has a length S. As
shown in FIG. 12, the reinforcement tie 1200 has a diagonal
dimension M along a major axis and a diagonal dimension N along a
minor axis. It will be evident to a person skilled in the art that
the dimension nomenclature W, S, M and N are only for illustration
and description purposes and the invention is not limited by such
dimension nomenclature.
[0089] Further, the reinforcement tie 1200 comprises a dual hook
member 1252 disposed at one of the corners of the reinforcement tie
1200. As shown in FIG. 11, the dual hook member 1252 is disposed at
the corner 1202 of the reinforcement tie 1200. The dual hook member
1252 provides for anchoring the one-third side kinked rhombical
reinforcement tie 1200 to the load bearing element of the
structural bars. Further, the dual hook member 1252 provides for
engaging a corner of another reinforcement tie.
[0090] The reinforcement tie 1200 is a mirror image of the
reinforcement tie 1100.
[0091] The reinforcement tie 1200 further comprises: kinks 1222 and
1224 at side 1212; kinks 1226 and 1228 at side 1214; kinks 1230 and
1232 at side 1216; and kinks 1234 and 1236 at side 1218. Also, as
illustrated, the kinks provide a deviation equal to W/2.
Specifically, the kinks 1222, 1226, 1232 and 1236 on the sides
1212, 1214, 1216 and 1218 respectively are the low points. The
kinks 1224, 1228, 1230 and 1234 on the sides 1212, 1214, 1216 and
1218 respectively are the high points. For the purposes of
description, the kinks 1222, 1226, 1232 and 1236 are referred to as
lower kinks; and the kinks 1224, 1228, 1230 and 1234 are referred
to as upper kinks.
[0092] Referring to FIG. 13, illustrated is a pair of reinforcement
ties 1100 and 1200 of FIGS. 11 and 12 respectively forming a
reinforcement tie unit 1700A. For forming the reinforcement tie
unit 1700A, the reinforcement ties 1100 and 1200 are disposed at
mirror inclinations to each other, such that, the reinforcement
ties cross each other at diametrically opposite corners of the
other reinforcement ties.
[0093] As illustrated in FIG. 13, the reinforcement tie 1100 (first
tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie 1200 (second tie)
at the respective corners 1106 and 1206, and the reinforcement tie
1200 crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie 1100 at the
respective corners 1202 and 1102, configuring two non-intersecting
crossings. In a first crossing, the corner 1106 of the
reinforcement tie 1100 is on the inside and the corner 1206 of the
reinforcement tie 1200 is on outside. In this configuration, the
dual hook 1252 of the reinforcement tie 1200 engages the corner
1106 of the reinforcement tie 1100. In a second crossing, the
corner 1202 of the reinforcement tie 1200 is on the inside and the
corner 1102 of the reinforcement tie 1100 is on the outside. In
this configuration, the dual hook 1152 of the reinforcement tie
1100 engages the corner 1202 of the reinforcement tie 1200.
[0094] Further, as illustrated in FIG. 13, the reinforcement ties
1100 and 1200 are at mirror inclinations to each other such that a
distance (spacing) between corners of the rhombical ties 1100 and
1200 on the same structural bar is a pre-determined height H'.
Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 13, H' is the distance between
corners 1204 and 1104 of the reinforcement ties 1100 and 1200
respectively. Also, as illustrated, in this configuration, the
reinforcement ties 1100 and 1200 form a sub interwoven network
1710.
[0095] Now, referring to FIG. 14, illustrated are three pairs of
one-third side kinked rhombical reinforcement ties of FIGS. 11, 12
forming a multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B. Specifically,
the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B comprises
reinforcement ties 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500 and 1600. The
one-third side kinked rhombical reinforcement ties 1300, 1400, 1500
and 1600 are similar to the reinforcement ties 1100 and 1200 as
described with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14. The numbering of the
hooks kinks and corners are not shown in FIG. 14 for clarity of the
illustration of the three-dimensional network. Each pair intersects
a subsequent pair at one-third of the sides of the reinforcement
ties. The multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B is only an
unassembled representation (still not configured around the axially
disposed structural bars) of the lateral reinforcement system of
FIG. 14.
[0096] Specifically, the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B
comprises of sub interwoven networks 1710, 1720 and 1730 (similar
to the sub interwoven networks 1710 as described above in reference
to FIG. 13). Specifically, the sub interwoven network 1720 is
formed by reinforcement tie 1300 and the reinforcement tie 1400.
The sub interwoven network 1730 is formed by the reinforcement tie
1500 and the reinforcement tie 1600.
[0097] For forming multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B,
these three-sub interwoven networks 1710, 1720 and 1730 are placed
one above the other as shown in the FIG. 14 to form the
multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B. The three-sub
interwoven networks 1710, 1720 and 1730 are placed one above the
other in such a way such that the that the distance between the
corners is approximately equal to H'/3. It will be evident to a
person skilled in the art that the distance is not limited to H'/3
and can vary as per the configurational and reinforcement
requirements.
[0098] Specifically, the sub interwoven network 1720 is placed
above the sub interwoven network 1710 in such a way that the side
1414 of rhombical reinforcement tie 1400 crosses the side 1118 of
the reinforcement tie 1100 at crossing point P5. The crossing at
point P5 involves meeting of the upper kink of the side 1414 of
reinforcement tie 1400 and lower kink of the side 1118 of
reinforcement tie 1100. Further, the side 1412 of reinforcement tie
1400 crosses the side 1116 of the reinforcement tie 1100 at
crossing point P6. The crossing at point P6 involves meeting of the
lower kink of the side 1412 of reinforcement tie 1400 and upper
kink of the side 1116 of reinforcement tie 1100.
[0099] The side 1312 of rhombical reinforcement tie 1300 crosses
the side 1216 of the reinforcement tie 1200 at crossing point P7.
The crossing at point P7 involves meeting of the upper kink of the
side 1216 of rhombical tie 1200 and lower kink of the side 1312 of
reinforcement tie 1300. Further, the side 1314 of reinforcement tie
1300 crosses the side 1218 of the reinforcement tie 1200 at
crossing point P8. The crossing at point P8 involves meeting of the
lower kink of the side 1218 of reinforcement tie 1200 and upper
kink of the side 1314 of reinforcement tie 1300.
[0100] Similarly, the sub interwoven network 1730 is placed above
the sub interwoven network 1720 in such a way that the side 1614 of
reinforcement tie 1600 crosses the side 1318 of the reinforcement
tie 1300 and side 1118 of the reinforcement tie 1100 at crossing
point P9 and P10 respectively. The crossing at point P9 involves
meeting of the upper kink of the side 1614 of reinforcement tie
1600 and lower kink of the side 1318 of reinforcement tie 1300. The
crossing at point P10 involves meeting of the lower kink of the
side 1614 of the reinforcement tie 1600 and upper kink of the side
1118 of the reinforcement tie 1100.
[0101] Further, the side 1612 of reinforcement tie 1600 crosses the
side 1316 of the reinforcement tie 1300 and side 1116 of the
reinforcement tie 1100 at crossing point P11 and P12 respectively.
The crossing at point P11 involves meeting of the lower kink of the
side 1612 of rhombical tie 1600 and upper kink of the side 1316 of
the reinforcement tie 1300. The crossing at point P12 involves
meeting of the upper kink of the side 1612 of reinforcement tie
1600 and lower kink of the side 1116 of the reinforcement tie
1100.
[0102] The side 1512 of reinforcement tie 1500 crosses the side
1416 of the reinforcement tie 1400 and the side 1216 of the
reinforcement tie 1200 at crossing point P13 and P14 respectively.
The crossing at point P13 involves meeting of the lower kink of the
side 1512 of reinforcement tie 1500 and upper kink of the side 1416
of reinforcement tie 1400. The crossing at point P14 involves
meeting of the upper kink of the side 1512 of reinforcement tie
1500 and lower kink of the side 1216 of reinforcement tie 1200.
[0103] Further, the side 1514 of reinforcement tie 1500 crosses the
side 1418 of the reinforcement tie 1400 and side 1218 of the
reinforcement tie 1200 at crossing point P15 and P16 respectively.
The crossing at point P15 involves meeting of the upper kink of the
side 1514 of reinforcement tie 1500 and lower kink of the side 1418
of reinforcement tie 1400. The crossing at point P16 involves
meeting of the lower kink of the side 1514 of the reinforcement tie
1500 and upper kink of the side 1218 of reinforcement tie 1200.
[0104] It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that
the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 1700B may contain one or
more such sub interwoven networks placed one above the other in the
similar pattern as described.
[0105] Now, referring to FIG. 15, illustrated is a lateral
reinforcement system 1795 (assembled form) comprising a plurality
comprising a plurality of one-third side kinked rhombical
reinforcement ties of FIGS. 11, 12 forming a three-dimensional
interwoven network around a plurality of axially disposed
structural bars 1760, 1770, 1780 and 1790. In the lateral
reinforcement system 1795, reinforcement ties (not labeled) are
disposed at an inclination to the axially disposed structural bars
1760, 1770, 1780 and 1790. That is, the reinforcement ties (not
labeled) are disposed at an angle to the axially disposed
structural bars 1760, 1770, 1780 and 1790 making it also inclined
at an angle to a surface on which the axially disposed structural
bars 1760, 1770, 1780 and 1790 are disposed.
[0106] In this configuration, the reinforcement ties in a pair of
reinforcement ties cross each at diametrically opposite corners of
the reinforcement ties at diametrically opposite structural bars,
such that, a first reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement
ties crosses from inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair
of reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and the second
reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first one-third side
kinked rhombical reinforcement tie at the diametrically opposite
structural bar.
[0107] Further, this configuration comprises placing a first
one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit and then second
one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit on top of the first
reinforcement tie unit, such that the kinks present in the lower
half part of the second one-third side kinked reinforcement tie
unit crosses the kinks present in the upper half part of the first
one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit and thereafter placing
the third one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit, such that
the kinks present in the lower half part of the third one-third
side kinked reinforcement tie unit crosses the kinks present in the
upper half part of the second one-third side kinked reinforcement
tie and further crosses the kinks present upper half part of the
first one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit and so on.
[0108] In this formation, the plurality of the one-third side
kinked rhombical reinforcement ties form a three-dimensional
interwoven network around the axially disposed structural bars
1760, 1770, 1780 and 1790. The three-dimension interwoven network
is a collection of sub-interwoven networks formed by individual
mid-side kinked reinforcement tie units. For example, as
illustrated in FIG. 15, a first sub-interwoven network 1710 is
formed by the first one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit,
and a second sub-interwoven network 1720 is formed by the second
one-third side kinked reinforcement tie unit.
[0109] It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that
the lateral reinforcement system 1700B (assembled form) may contain
one or more such sub interwoven networks placed one above the other
in the similar pattern as described above to get the lateral
reinforcement system 1700B (assembled form). Such pattern is shown
in FIG. 15 comprising sub-interwoven networks 1710, 1720, 1730,
1740 and 1750.
[0110] FIG. 16 illustrates an elliptical reinforcement tie 1800, in
accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present
invention. As used herein, "elliptical reinforcement tie" refers to
a reinforcement tie in shape of an ellipse or oval (or any circular
shape as per the shape of vertical member/horizontal member). The
reinforcement tie 1800 is made of solid steel bar (or any other
metallic/non-metallic bar) having a circular cross section of
diameter W having major diameter D1 and minor diameter D2. The
diameter D1 comprises two ends D1' and D1'' and the diameter D2
comprises two ends D2' and D2''. It will be evident to a person
skilled in the art that the dimension nomenclature W is only for
illustration and description purposes and the invention is not
limited by such dimension nomenclature.
[0111] Further, the reinforcement tie 1800 comprises a dual hook
member 1852 disposed at one of the end of the reinforcement tie
1800. As shown in FIG. 16, the dual hook member 1852 is disposed at
the end D2'' of the reinforcement tie 1800 as shown in FIG. 16. The
dual hook member 1852 provides for anchoring the reinforcement tie
1800 to the load bearing element of the structural bars. Further,
the dual hook member 1852 provides for engaging an end of another
elliptical reinforcement tie.
[0112] Referring to FIG. 17A, illustrated is a pair of elliptical
reinforcement ties of FIG. 16 forming a reinforcement tie unit
1900A. In FIG. 17A, the elliptical reinforcement ties are a first
elliptical reinforcement tie 1800 and a second elliptical
reinforcement tie 1900. The second elliptical reinforcement tie
1900 is similar to the first elliptical reinforcement tie 1800 in
shape and dimension, as described with reference to FIG. 16.
Specifically, the second elliptical reinforcement tie 1900 is made
of solid steel bar (or any other metallic/non-metallic bar) having
a circular cross section of diameter W having major diameter D3 and
minor diameter D4. The diameter D3 comprises two ends D3' and D3''
and the diameter D4 comprises two ends D4' and D4''. Further, the
reinforcement tie 1900 comprises a dual hook member 1952 disposed
at one of the end of the reinforcement tie 1900. As shown in FIG.
17A, the dual hook member 1952 is disposed at the end D4' of the
elliptical tie 1900 as shown in FIG. 17A.
[0113] For forming the reinforcement tie unit 1900A, the
reinforcement ties 1800, 1900 are disposed at mirror inclinations
to each other, such that, the reinforcement ties are rotated about
minor diameters D2, D4 and cross each other at diametrically
opposite ends of the elliptical reinforcement ties, thereby
configuring two non-intersecting crossings.
[0114] In a first crossing, the first elliptical reinforcement tie
1800 crosses from inside of the second elliptical reinforcement tie
1900. Specifically, the end D2' of the first reinforcement tie 1800
is on the inside and the end D4' of the second reinforcement tie
1900 is on outside. In this configuration, the dual hook 1952 of
the second reinforcement tie 1900 engages the end D2' of the first
reinforcement tie 1800.
[0115] In a second crossing, the second elliptical reinforcement
tie 1900 crosses from inside of the first elliptical reinforcement
tie 1800. Specifically, the end D4'' of the second reinforcement
tie 1900 is on the inside and the end D2'' of the first
reinforcement tie 1800 is on outside. In this configuration, the
dual hook 1852 of the first reinforcement tie 1800 engages the end
D4'' of the second reinforcement tie 1900. Further, as illustrated
in FIG. 17A the inclination of reinforcement tie 1900 and
reinforcement tie 1800 with reference to the base is H'. Also, as
illustrated, in this configuration, the reinforcement ties 1800,
1900 form a sub interwoven network 1910.
[0116] Similarly, referring to FIG. 17B, illustrated is a pair of
elliptical reinforcement ties of FIG. 16 forming a reinforcement
tie unit 1900B. A sub interwoven network 1920 as illustrated in
FIG. 17B is the mirrored structure of the sub interwoven network
1910 as illustrated in FIG. 17A. The sub interwoven network 1920 is
formed by the elliptical reinforcement tie 2000 and elliptical
reinforcement tie 2100. Specifically, the sub interwoven network
1920 is rotated version of the sub interwoven network 1910, which
is rotated by 180 degree.
[0117] Now, referring to FIG. 18, illustrated is a lateral
reinforcement system 1900C comprising a plurality of elliptical
reinforcement ties of FIG. 16 forming a three-dimensional
interwoven network around a plurality of axially disposed
structural bars 2200, 2300, 2400 and 2500. In the lateral
reinforcement system 1900C, the elliptical reinforcement ties 1800,
1900, 2000 and 2100 are disposed at an inclination to the axially
disposed structural bars 2200, 2300, 2400 and 2500. That is, the
reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000 and 2100 are disposed at an
angle to the axially disposed structural bars 2200, 2300, 2400 and
2500 making it also inclined at an angle to a surface on which the
axially disposed structural bars 2200, 2300, 2400 and 2500 are
disposed.
[0118] In this configuration, the reinforcement ties in a pair of
reinforcement ties cross each at diametrically opposite ends of the
reinforcement ties at diametrically opposite structural bars, such
that, a first reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement ties
crosses from inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair of
reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and the second
reinforcement tie crosses from inside of the first reinforcement
tie at the diametrically opposite structural bar. For example, in a
first crossing, the reinforcement tie 1800 (first reinforcement
tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie 1900 (second
reinforcement tie) at the structural bar 2300. In this crossing,
the end D2' of the reinforcement tie 1800 is on the inside and the
end D4' of the reinforcement tie 1900 is on outside. Further, in a
second crossing, the reinforcement tie 1900 (second reinforcement
tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie 1800 (first
reinforcement tie) at diametrically opposite structural bar 2400.
In this crossing, the end D4'' of the second reinforcement tie 1900
is on the inside and the corner D2' of the first reinforcement tie
1800 is on outside. Accordingly, the pair of reinforcement ties
1800 and 1900 is configured to form two non-intersecting crossings
at the diametrically opposite structural bars 2300 and 2400.
[0119] The pair of elliptical reinforcement ties 2000 and 2100 is
configured in a similar manner.
[0120] For forming the lateral reinforcement system 1900C, a
plurality of reinforcement tie units (such as the reinforcement tie
unit 1900A and 1900B) are disposed on and the about the axially
disposed structural bars 2200, 2300, 2400 and 2500. The process
comprises placing a first reinforcement tie unit and then another
reinforcement tie unit on top of the first reinforcement tie unit,
and so on. For example, the first reinforcement tie unit (herein
referred to as reinforcement tie unit 1900A) is formed by
reinforcement ties 1800 and 1900 configured about each other and
about the axially disposed structural bars 2200, 2300, 2400 and
2500 as explained above. Next, a second reinforcement tie unit is
formed by reinforcement ties 2000 and 2100 and is placed over the
first reinforcement tie unit 2000.
[0121] In this formation, the plurality of elliptical reinforcement
ties 1800, 1900, 2000 and 2100 form a three-dimensional interwoven
network around the axially disposed structural bars 2200, 2300,
2400 and 2500. The three-dimension interwoven network is a
collection of sub-interwoven networks formed by individual
reinforcement tie units. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 18, a
first sub-interwoven network 1910 is formed by the first
reinforcement tie unit 1900A, and a second sub-interwoven network
1920 is formed by the second reinforcement tie unit 1900B.
Although, in FIG. 18 herein, illustrated are only two reinforcement
tie units forming two sub-interwoven networks, it will be evident
to a person skilled in the art that the lateral reinforcement
system can comprise more than two sub-interwoven networks as per
the shape and size requirements of the structural bars and
reinforcement requirement for a concrete structure.
[0122] Further, as illustrated in FIG. 18, the reinforcement ties
1800, 1900 are at mirror inclinations to each other such that a
distance (spacing) between ends of the elliptical ties 1800, 1900
on the same structural bar is a pre-determined height H''.
Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 18, H'' is the distance
between end D1' of the reinforcement tie 1800 and corner D3' of the
reinforcement tie 1900 on the structural bar 2500.
[0123] Now, referring to FIG. 19A, illustrated are two pairs of
elliptical reinforcement ties of FIG. 16 forming a multi-layered
reinforcement tie unit 2600A. The multi-layered reinforcement tie
unit is only an unassembled representation (still not configured
around the axially disposed structural bars) of the lateral
reinforcement system 2600B of FIG. 19B.
[0124] For forming the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 2600A,
two-sub interwoven networks 1910 and 1920 are placed one above the
other as shown in the FIG. 19A. The two-sub interwoven networks
1910 and 1920 are placed one above the other in such a way such
that the distance between the end D5' of reinforcement tie 2100 and
end D3' of tie 1900 is approximately equal to H'/2. It will be
evident to a person skilled in the art that the distance is not
limited to H'/2 and can vary as per the configurational and
reinforcement requirements.
[0125] Specifically, the reinforcement tie 2100 crosses the
reinforcement tie 1800 at crossing points P17 and P18 on the
periphery at one third of the diameter along the major axis of the
elliptical reinforcement tie 1800. Further, the reinforcement tie
2000 crosses the reinforcement tie 1900 at crossing points P19 and
P20 on the periphery at one third of the diameter along the major
axis of the elliptical reinforcement tie 1900.
[0126] It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that
the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 2600A may contain one or
more such sub interwoven networks placed one above the other in the
similar pattern as described.
[0127] Now, referring to FIG. 19B, illustrated is a lateral
reinforcement system 2600B (assembled form) comprising a plurality
of elliptical reinforcement ties of FIG. 16 forming a
three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality of axially
disposed structural bars 3100, 3200, 3300 and 3400. In the lateral
reinforcement system 2600B, reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000,
2100, 2700, 2800, 2900 and 3000 are disposed at an inclination to
the axially disposed structural bars 3100, 3200, 3300 and 3400.
That is, the reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2700, 2800,
2900 and 3000 are disposed at an angle to the axially disposed
structural bars 3100, 3200, 3300 and 3400 making it also inclined
at an angle to a surface on which the axially disposed structural
bars 3100, 3200, 3300 and 3400 are disposed. The reinforcement ties
2700, 2800, 2900 and 3000 are similar to the reinforcement ties
1800, 1900, 2000 and 2100 as described above.
[0128] In this configuration, the reinforcement ties in a pair of
reinforcement ties cross each other at minor diameters at
diametrically opposite structural bars, such that, a first
reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement ties crosses from
inside of a second reinforcement tie of the pair of reinforcement
ties at one structural bar, and the second reinforcement tie
crosses from outside of the first reinforcement tie at the
diametrically opposite structural bar.
[0129] For example, in a first crossing of the pair of
reinforcement ties 1800 and 1900, reinforcement tie 1800 (first
reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie
1900 (second reinforcement tie) at the structural bar 3300.
Further, in a second crossing, the reinforcement tie 1900 (second
reinforcement tie) crosses from inside of the reinforcement tie
1800 (first reinforcement tie) at diametrically opposite structural
bar 3200. Accordingly, the pair of reinforcement ties 1800, 1900 is
configured to form two non-intersecting crossings at the
diametrically opposite structural bars 3300 and 3200. Similarly,
the pair of reinforcement ties 2000, 2100 is configured to form two
non-intersecting crossings at the diametrically opposite structural
bars 3300 and 3200. Also, the pair of reinforcement ties 2700,
2800, 2900 and 3000 is configured to form two non-intersecting
crossings at the diametrically opposite structural bars 3300 and
3200.
[0130] For forming the lateral reinforcement system 2600B, a
plurality of elliptical reinforcement tie units (such as the
elliptical reinforcement tie units 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2700,
2800, 2900 and 3000) are disposed on and the about the axially
disposed structural bars 3100, 3200, 3300 and 3400. The process
comprises placing a first elliptical reinforcement tie unit and
then second elliptical reinforcement tie unit on top of the first
reinforcement tie unit, such that the crossing of the ties present
in the lower half part of the second elliptical reinforcement tie
unit crosses the ties present in the upper half part of the first
elliptical reinforcement tie unit at the periphery at one third of
the diameter along the major axis and so on.
[0131] In this formation, the plurality of the elliptical
reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2700, 2800, 2900 and
3000 form a three-dimensional interwoven network around the axially
disposed structural bars 3100, 3200, 3300 and 3400. The
three-dimensional interwoven network is a collection of
sub-interwoven networks 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940 formed by
combining individual elliptical reinforcement tie units.
[0132] Now, a further embodiment of the present invention is
described herein with reference to FIGS. 20, 21, 22A and 22B.
[0133] Referring to FIG. 20, illustrated is an elliptical
reinforcement tie similar to the reinforcement tie of FIG. 16 and
rotated clockwise by a pre-determined angle. Referring to FIG. 21,
illustrated is an elliptical reinforcement tie that is a mirror
image of the reinforcement tie of FIG. 20 and rotated
counter-clockwise by the pre-determined angle. Herein, the
pre-determined angle is represented by .theta..
[0134] Now, referring to FIG. 22A, illustrated are two pairs of
elliptical reinforcement ties of FIGS. 20 and 21 forming a
multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 3500A. Specifically, the first
pair comprises of the elliptical reinforcement ties 1800 and 1900
as illustrated in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21 respectively and the second
pair comprises of elliptical reinforcement ties 2000 and 2100. The
elliptical reinforcement ties 2000 and 2100 is also similar to the
elliptical ties as illustrated in FIG. 17B. In this configuration,
the elliptical reinforcement ties 2000 and 2100 are rotated
clockwise and anticlockwise respectively by pre-determined angle
.theta..
[0135] The multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 3500A is only an
unassembled representation (still not configured around the axially
disposed structural bars) of the lateral reinforcement system 3500B
of FIG. 22B.
[0136] For forming the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 3500A,
two-sub interwoven networks 3510 and 3520 are placed one above the
other as shown in the FIG. 22A.
[0137] Specifically, the reinforcement tie 2000 crosses the
reinforcement tie 2100 at crossing points P25 and P26 and further
crosses the reinforcement tie 1800 at crossing points P23 and P24.
The crossing points are on the periphery at one third of the
diameter along the major axis of the elliptical reinforcement ties.
Specifically, at crossing point P25, the reinforcement tie 2000
crosses from outside the reinforcement tie 2100 and at crossing
point P26 the reinforcement tie 2000 crosses from inside the
reinforcement tie 2100. Further, at crossing point P23, the
reinforcement tie 2000 crosses from inside the reinforcement tie
1800; and at crossing point P24, the reinforcement tie 2000 crosses
from outside the reinforcement tie 1800. Similarly, the
reinforcement tie 1800 crosses the reinforcement tie 1900 at the
crossing points P21 and P22. At the crossing point P21, the
reinforcement tie 1800 crosses from inside the reinforcement tie
1900 and at the crossing point P22 the reinforcement tie 1800
crosses from outside the reinforcement tie 1900.
[0138] It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that
the multi-layered reinforcement tie unit 3500A may contain one or
more such sub interwoven networks placed one above the other in the
similar pattern as described.
[0139] Now, referring to FIG. 22B, illustrated is a lateral
reinforcement system 3500B (assembled form) comprising a plurality
of elliptical reinforcement ties of FIG. 20 and FIG. 21 forming a
three-dimensional interwoven network around a plurality of axially
disposed structural bars 3600, 3700, 3800 and 3900. In the lateral
reinforcement system 3500B, reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000,
2100, 2700 and 2800 are disposed at an inclination to the axially
disposed structural bars 3600, 3700, 3800 and 3900. That is, the
reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2700 and 2800 are
disposed at an angle to the axially disposed structural bars 3600,
3700, 3800 and 3900 making it also inclined at an angle to a
surface on which the axially disposed structural bars 3600, 3700,
3800 and 3900 are disposed. The reinforcement ties 2700 and 2800
are similar to the reinforcement ties 1800 and 1900 as described
above.
[0140] In this configuration, the reinforcement ties in a pair of
reinforcement ties cross each other at diametrically opposite
structural bars, such that, a first reinforcement tie of the pair
of reinforcement ties crosses from inside of a second reinforcement
tie of the pair of reinforcement ties at one structural bar, and
the second reinforcement tie crosses from outside of the first
reinforcement tie at the diametrically opposite structural bar.
[0141] For forming the lateral reinforcement system 3500B, a
plurality of elliptical reinforcement tie units (such as the
elliptical reinforcement tie units 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2700 and
2800) are disposed on and the about the axially disposed structural
bars 3600, 3700, 3800 and 3900. The process comprises placing a
first elliptical reinforcement tie unit and then second elliptical
reinforcement tie unit on top of the first reinforcement tie unit,
such that the crossing of the ties present in the lower half part
of the second elliptical reinforcement tie unit crosses the ties
present in the upper half part of the first elliptical
reinforcement tie unit at the periphery at one third of the
diameter along the major axis and so on.
[0142] In this formation, the plurality of the elliptical
reinforcement ties 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2700 and 2800 form a
three-dimensional interwoven network around the axially disposed
structural bars 3600, 3700, 3800 and 3900. The three-dimensional
interwoven network is a collection of sub-interwoven networks 3510,
3520 and 3530 formed by combining individual elliptical
reinforcement tie units.
[0143] Also, the present invention provides a method for lateral
reinforcement using the lateral reinforcement system of the present
invention comprising the plurality of the reinforcement ties of the
present invention.
[0144] Also, techniques, devices, subsystems and methods described
and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate
may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules,
techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the
present technology.
[0145] It should be noted that reference throughout this
specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not
imply that all of the features and advantages should be or are in
any single embodiment. Rather, language referring to the features
and advantages may be understood to mean that a specific feature,
advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an
embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the
present technology. Thus, discussions of the features and
advantages, and similar language, throughout this specification
may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.
* * * * *