U.S. patent application number 13/657667 was filed with the patent office on 2017-07-20 for system and method of generating images from backside of photoactive layer.
This patent application is currently assigned to Google Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Google Inc.. Invention is credited to Johnny Lee, William G. Patrick, Eric Peeters, Eric Teller.
Application Number | 20170206830 13/657667 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49379814 |
Filed Date | 2017-07-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170206830 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lee; Johnny ; et
al. |
July 20, 2017 |
SYSTEM AND METHOD OF GENERATING IMAGES FROM BACKSIDE OF PHOTOACTIVE
LAYER
Abstract
A display system includes a wedge optical element, a photoactive
layer, light director, and light modulator. The wedge optical
element has a clear substrate. The photoactive layer receives
emitted light that generates an image. The light director is
disposed between the photoactive layer and the wedge optical
element. The light modulator generates emitted light and is
optically coupled to the wedge optical element to direct the
emitted light to an angled side of the wedge optical element. The
angled side of the wedge optical element is configured to reflect
the emitted light toward a backside of the photoactive layer to
generate an image viewable by a user on a frontside of the
photoactive layer. The light director is disposed to receive the
emitted light from the angled side of the wedge optical element and
direct the emitted light toward propagating substantially normal to
the backside of the photoactive layer.
Inventors: |
Lee; Johnny; (Mountain View,
CA) ; Teller; Eric; (Palo Alto, CA) ; Patrick;
William G.; (San Francisco, CA) ; Peeters; Eric;
(Mountain View, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Google Inc.; |
|
|
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Google Inc.
Mountain View
CA
|
Family ID: |
49379814 |
Appl. No.: |
13/657667 |
Filed: |
October 22, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61636458 |
Apr 20, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G09F 13/04 20130101;
G02B 27/022 20130101; G02B 27/1066 20130101; G09G 5/00 20130101;
G09G 2356/00 20130101; G02B 3/0043 20130101; G02B 3/0056 20130101;
G02B 3/0037 20130101; G06F 3/1446 20130101; H05K 13/00 20130101;
G02B 6/06 20130101; G02B 27/027 20130101; G09G 3/22 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G09G 3/22 20060101
G09G003/22 |
Claims
1. A display system comprising: a wedge optical element having a
clear substrate; a photoactive layer to receive emitted light that
generates an image, wherein the photoactive layer includes a
photochromic compound that absorbs the emitted light and,
responsive to the absorbed emitted light, generates the image
through selective reflection of a wavelength of ambient light; a
light director disposed between the photoactive layer and the wedge
optical element; a light modulator that generates the emitted light
and is optically coupled to the wedge optical element to direct the
emitted light to an angled side of the wedge optical element, the
angled side of the wedge optical element configured to reflect the
emitted light toward a backside of the photoactive layer to
generate the image viewable by a user on a frontside of the
photoactive layer, wherein the light director is disposed to
receive the emitted light from the angled side of the wedge optical
element and direct the emitted light toward propagating
substantially normal to the backside of the photoactive layer; a
camera module positioned to monitor the photoactive layer to
generate image data; and a logic engine coupled to receive the
image data from the camera module, wherein the logic engine is
coupled to send commands to the light modulator to direct and
modulate the emitted light, in response to the image data.
2. (canceled)
3. The display system of claim 1 further comprising a proximity
sensor configured to receive proximity signals from a tag and
communicatively coupled to send a proximity alert to the logic
engine when a tag is proximate to the proximity sensor.
4. The display system of claim 1 further comprising a microphone
coupled to the logic engine to receive sound signals.
5. The display system of claim 1, wherein the light director
includes glass beads.
6. The display system of claim 5, wherein the glass beads are
impregnated in the clear substrate of the wedge optical
element.
7. The display system of claim 1, wherein the light director
includes a turning film.
8. The display system of claim 1, wherein the light modulator is
optically coupled to the wedge optical element as an
edge-emitter.
9. The display system of claim 1, wherein the light modulator
includes at least one steerable laser for generating the emitted
light.
10. The display system of claim 9, wherein the light modulator
includes a plurality of steerable lasers, wherein the plurality of
lasers includes lasers emitting different wavelengths of light.
11. The display system of claim 1, wherein the light modulator
includes a Digital Light Processing ("DLP") projector for
generating the emitted light.
12. The display system of claim 1, wherein the photoactive layer
includes a substantially homogenous mixture of different
photoactive materials, the different photoactive materials
chemically configured to display different colors of light based on
different stimulation from the light modulator.
13. The display system of claim 1, wherein the photoactive layer
includes three or more different photoactive materials arranged to
be stimulated by the light modulator as pixels of a color
display.
14. A system for generating an image on a photoactive surface, the
system comprising: photoactive layer means for responding to
image-forming light incident on a backside of the photoactive layer
means by generating the image on a frontside of the photoactive
layer means, wherein the photoactive layer means includes a
photochromic compound that absorbs the image-forming light and,
responsive to the absorbed image-forming light, generates at least
part of the image through selective reflection of a wavelength of
ambient light; stimulating means for directing the image-forming
light to the backside of the photoactive layer means; and light
directing means for turning the image-forming light to increase an
amount of the image-forming light propagating normal to the
backside of the photoactive layer means, wherein the stimulating
means is disposed between the photoactive layer means and the light
directing means.
15. The system of claim 14 further comprising: imaging means for
generating image data of the image on the frontside of the
photoactive layer means; and processing means for receiving the
image data from the imaging means and sending commands to the
stimulating means, in response to the image data.
16. The system of claim 14, wherein the stimulating means includes
a laser.
17. A method of generating an image, the method comprising:
directing image-forming light to a backside of a photoactive layer
to generate the image on a frontside of the photoactive layer;
generating image data from a camera module monitoring the image
from a frontside of the photoactive layer, wherein the photoactive
layer includes a photochromic compound that absorbs the
image-forming light and, responsive to the absorbed image-forming
light, generates the image through selective reflection of a
wavelength of ambient light; analyzing the image data; and
completing or refreshing the image on the frontside of the
photoactive layer by directing additional image-forming light to
the backside of the photoactive layer, the completing or refreshing
the image on the frontside of the photoactive layer in response to
the analyzed image data.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein directing the image-forming
light to the backside of the photoactive layer includes: directing
the image-forming light to an angled side of a wedge optical
element having a clear substrate; and receiving the image-forming
light from the angled side of the wedge optical element with a
light director layer that couples the image-forming light to the
backside of a photoactive layer in an optically efficient
manner.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising adjusting a refresh
rate of the image based on a contrast ratio of the image, wherein
analyzing the image data includes analyzing a contrast ratio of the
image.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein the photoactive layer includes
photochromic material.
21. The method of claim 17, wherein the photoactive layer further
includes photoluminescent material.
22. The method of claim 17, further comprising: obtaining an image
of a person in proximity to the frontside of the photoactive layer
with the camera; recognizing the person with a logic engine based
on image data; and generating a second image according to settings
associated with the recognized person.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority under the provisions of 35
U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/636,458
filed on Apr. 20, 2012.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates generally to optics, and in
particular but not exclusively, relates to image generation.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
[0003] Displaying information is performed by monitors,
televisions, and projectors, just to name a few. Large displays can
be prohibitively expensive as the cost to manufacture display
panels rises exponentially with display area. This exponential rise
in cost arises from the increased complexity of large monolithic
displays, the decrease in yields associated with large displays (a
greater number of components must be defect free for large
displays), and increased shipping, delivery, and setup costs. A
scheme of tiling smaller display panels to form larger multi-panel
displays is also sometimes used to display information, but that
scheme is still quite costly and may include distracting seams
between tiles. Projectors can generally project large images, but
often suffer from poor contrast ratios. In addition, conventional
technologies typically have high power consumption per square inch
of displayed information, making displaying images on a large-scale
quite costly, especially at acceptable contrast ratios. A display
system capable of displaying high-contrast images (especially on a
large-scale) with better power efficiencies than conventional
technologies is desirable.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the invention
are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like
reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views
unless otherwise specified.
[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates an example block diagram configuration of
a display system that stimulates a photoactive layer, in accordance
with an embodiment of the disclosure.
[0006] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate two possible examples of light
directors that can be used in a display system, in accordance with
an embodiment of the disclosure.
[0007] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram configuration of
a display system that stimulates a photoactive layer and uses a
camera module as feedback, in accordance with an embodiment of the
disclosure.
[0008] FIG. 4 shows an example configuration of a photoactive layer
that includes different photoactive materials arranged in a pattern
having pixels and sub-pixels, in accordance with an embodiment of
the disclosure.
[0009] FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method of generating
an image on a photoactive surface, in accordance with an embodiment
of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0010] Embodiments of a system and method for generating images
from a backside of a photoactive layer are described herein. In the
following description, numerous specific details are set forth to
provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. One skilled in
the relevant art will recognize, however, that the techniques
described herein can be practiced without one or more of the
specific details, or with other methods, components, materials,
etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or
operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring
certain aspects.
[0011] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment"
or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus,
the appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an
embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not
necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the
particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined
in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
[0012] Throughout this specification, several terms of art are
used. These terms are to take on their ordinary meaning in the art
from which they come, unless specifically defined herein or the
context of their use would clearly suggest otherwise.
[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates an example block diagram configuration of
a display system 100 that stimulates a photoactive layer 133 to
generate an image, in accordance with an embodiment of the
disclosure. The illustrated display system 100 includes a light
modulator 105, wedge optical element 150, light director 115, and
photoactive layer 133. Light modulator 105 emits image-forming
light 106 and is optically coupled to wedge optical element 150.
Wedge optical element 150 directs image-forming light 106 (via
light director 115) to stimulate photoactive layer 133 to form an
image displaying image light 199.
[0014] In one embodiment, light modulator 105 includes a steerable
laser that can be directed to the proper two-dimensional
coordinates of the angled side of wedge optical element 150 to form
an image on photoactive layer 133. The laser may be capable of
raster scanning and may be coupled to a servo motor. In one
embodiment, the laser is coupled with an electric lens to
selectively focus the laser light onto the angled side of wedge
optical element 150. In one embodiment, light modulator 105
includes a laser with micromirrors paired with
micro-electro-mechanical systems ("MEMS") actuators, such as
Digital Light Processing ("DLP.TM.") technology. The laser may be
capable of modulating a duty cycle and/or intensity of the laser
light output.
[0015] Light modulator 105 may include multiple lasers that are
configured to emit laser light at different wavelengths where the
wavelengths depend on the material in photoactive layer 133.
Possible photoactive materials include photoluminescent and
photochromic materials. Photoluminescent materials absorb energy
from photons from non-visible light and re-emit the energy from the
photons as visible light. Photochromic materials are "reflective"
in that they reflect visible (e.g. ambient) light and can be
stimulated to change how they reflect the visible light, including
reflecting specific colors of visible light. The stimulation of the
photochromic materials may be done by visible light, and/or
non-visible light (e.g. ultraviolet ("UV"), near-infrared ("NIR"),
infrared ("IR")). In one example, a chemical composition known as
Spiropyrans are stimulated with UV light, which causes a chemical
reaction that makes the Spiropyran chemical reflect colored light.
Another possible photoactive material would be a thermochromic
material that changes the light the material absorbs/reflects based
on its temperature. Photo-active materials or paints are available
from companies such as DuPont.TM., 3M.TM., and others. Therefore,
using photoluminescent, photochromic, and thermochromic materials
separately or in combination offers a wide variety of ways to
create an image and even color images on a photoactive surface.
Light modulator 105 can be configured to include one or more of the
appropriate light sources (e.g. lasers with different wavelengths)
to stimulate an image on the photoactive material selected.
[0016] The "decay time" of the material is the amount of time that
the stimulation of the material affects the optical output or
reflection of the material. Some of the decay times of the
materials can be characterized as "half-lives" because of their
rate of decay. As an example, the materials may have half-lives of
0.5 seconds, one second, or thirty minutes. When a material is
first stimulated, it may turn black, but then fade to gray, and
eventually white if it is not re-stimulated to turn black. The
half-lives can vary depending on the particular chemical
composition of the material. Some of the materials have more
digital or bi-stable characteristics, meaning they don't slowly
fade from black to white. Rather, these bi-stable materials may
maintain a pigment or color until affirmatively switched back by a
stimulus (e.g. certain temperature or wavelength). For these
materials, a first stimulation (e.g. light of a first wavelength)
may stimulate the material to turn black or "ON", while a second,
different stimulation (e.g. light of a different wavelength than
the first wavelength), may cause the material to turn white or
"OFF." For thermochromic materials, the material may be stimulated
to a first color by stimulating the material with a first
wavelength, which causes the material to reach a certain
temperature that causes a chemical reaction. The thermochromic
material may then need to be cooled by a different stimulus to
cause the material to switch back to white. This may appear as
erasing the image by a person that is viewing the thermochromic
material.
[0017] In one example, a photochromic compound is stimulated with a
laser light of a first intensity to cause colorization of the
photochromic compound and laser light of a second intensity
stimulates the photochromic compound to cause de-colorization of
the photochromic compound. In still another example, a photochromic
material may reflect different colors of light based on the
wavelength of the stimuli. Hence, the same material can reflect
red, green, and blue light if stimulated with the proper wavelength
of light. Therefore, light modulator 105 may be configured with
three or more steerable or guided lasers that can stimulate a
material with different wavelengths of light to generate different
colors for generating an image.
[0018] Due to the decay time of the photoactive material(s), the
images displayed by display system 100 on photoactive layer 133 may
not have the high refresh rate (e.g. 60 or 120 Hertz) required for
watching sporting events or movies and may be best suited for
displaying static or slow changing images. However, the decay time
may give display system 100 a significant power advantage over
conventional displays and projectors. In one example, photoactive
layer 133 only needs to be re-stimulated or refreshed every ten
seconds, while still maintaining an acceptable contrast ratio. Of
course, different photoactive materials may have higher or lower
half-lives. The watts per square inch needed to present an image
using image generating system 100 may be orders of magnitude less
than conventional displays and projectors due to the lower refresh
rate required to maintain the image.
[0019] Referring to the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 1, light
modulator 105 is optically coupled to wedge optical element 150 in
a side-emitter configuration and directs image-forming light 106
toward an angled side of the wedge optical element. Wedge optical
element 150 is made from a clear substrate and may be glass or
plastic. The angled side of the wedge optical element reflects
image-forming light 106 in the direction of light director 115 and
image-forming light 106 propagates in the wedge optical element
until the angle the image-forming light 106 strikes an interface
between wedge optical element 150 and light director 115 is greater
than the critical angle of Total Internal Reflection ("TIR").
[0020] Ideally, each ray of image-forming light 106 would propagate
normal to the backside surface of photoactive layer 133 to form a
crisp image. However, if enough of image-forming light 106
propagates at angles that are substantially offset from normal to
the targeted areas or pixel area of photoactive layer 133, the
wrong pixel area of photoactive layer 133 may be stimulated;
neighboring pixels may receive the stimulation intended because of
the refracting angle. This unwanted effect may be called
"directional bleed" or "spread" and negatively impact the image
clarity of the desired image. To mitigate this problem, light
director 115 may assist in increasing the amount of image-forming
light 106 that strikes the backside of photoactive layer 133 at an
angle that is substantially normal.
[0021] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate two possible examples of light
director 115, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 2A shows a light directing turning film 215A. Turning films
are commercially available and generally include optical structure
(on the microscopic level) to bend light. In one example, light
directing turning film 215A doubles the bend of light to encourage
the light to propagate substantially normal to the backside of
photoactive layer 133. FIG. 2B shows light directing glass bead
215B, which may be incorporated in a film. Films that include glass
beads may be available from 3M.TM.. The shape of glass beads 215B
optically couple image-forming light 106 to photoactive layer 133
in an optically efficient manner. The materials that glass beads
215B are made from may be tuned to couple the particular wavelength
or wavelengths of light emitted by light modulator 105. In one
embodiment, glass beads are impregnated in the clear substrate of
wedge optical element 150.
[0022] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram configuration of
display system 300 that stimulates photoactive layer 133 and uses a
camera module 310 as feedback, in accordance with an embodiment of
the disclosure. The illustrated display system 300 includes light
modulator 105, wedge optical element 150, light director 115,
photoactive layer 133, logic engine 315, and camera module 310 as
an environment input 330. Display system 300 may also include
environment inputs 330 which may include microphone 332 and
proximity sensor 334, as illustrated.
[0023] Camera module 310 is positioned to monitor photoactive layer
133 and provides logic engine 315 feedback via image data sent to
logic engine 315 through communication link 350. Communication link
350 can be wireless or wired and may also be connected to network
375. Logic engine 315 may analyze the image data and send a command
to light modulator 105, in response to analyzing the image data.
Logic engine 150 may analyze the image data from camera module 310
for the contrast of the image displayed on photoactive layer 133
and cause light modulator 105 to increase or decrease the refresh
rate of the image in response to the image data.
[0024] Logic engine 315 may recognize a person (image recognition)
using image data from camera module 310 and display images on the
wall according to settings configured by the recognized person.
Sports scores, stock tickers, weather reports, reminders,
calendars, clocks, books, and recipes are possible images for
display. Using the image data, logic engine 150 may recognize
certain events (e.g. movement in the room) or contexts (ambient
light brightness) and cause light modulator 105 to display
information in response.
[0025] Still referring to FIG. 3, logic engine 315 is coupled to
microphone 332 to receive sound signals received by microphone 332.
Display system 300 (using logic engine 315) may recognize sounds
using microphone 332 and display an image in response. It may
respond to voice commands from a user. Display system 300 may
recognize songs, televisions shows, or movies and display an image
or series of images that correspond with the sound input received
from microphone 332. Proximity sensor 334 is configured to receive
proximity signals from a tag and communicatively coupled to send a
proximity alert signal to logic engine 315 when a "tag" is
proximate to the proximity sensor. For example, proximity sensor
334 may receive proximity signals from a "tag" located, for
example, on a key chain or embedded in a mobile device, and display
system 300 may display an image in response to receiving the
proximity signals. It is appreciated that environment inputs 330
may include more inputs and hardware than what is shown in FIG. 3.
Environment inputs 330 may include instruments to measure
temperature data, humidity data, and/or atmospheric pressure. Logic
engine 315 may include a processor a Field Programmable Gate Array
("FPGA"), or other logic for processing image data and environment
inputs 330. Logic engine 315 may include memory to store settings,
images, and image data received from camera module 310.
[0026] A user may be able to communicate with display system 300
(via network 375) with a mobile device or personal computer. A user
may be able to change the images or theme of the images displayed
by display system 300. Display system 300 may include a BlueTooth
or other wireless interface (not shown) for mobile device
interface.
[0027] It is appreciated that display system 100 could be built
into a wall or sold as a panel display. Display system 300 could
also be built into a wall or sold as a panel display with camera
module 310 being positioned separately to monitor the image
displayed on photoactive layer 133.
[0028] FIG. 4 shows an example configuration of a photoactive layer
133 that includes different photoactive materials arranged in a
pattern having pixels and sub-pixels, in accordance with an
embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 4 shows a view from the
frontside of photoactive layer 133. In the upper left corner, FIG.
4 shows a zoomed in view of a pixel of photoactive layer 133 having
a first color sub-pixel 406, a second color sub-pixel 411, and a
third color sub-pixel 416. Different photoactive materials that
emit or reflect different colors of light (e.g. red, green, and
blue) are disposed, separately, in the sub-pixels. The light
modulator 105 will stimulate the sub-pixels on an individual basis
to generate a perceived color of each pixel to form an image. The
intensity or duration of stimulation of first color sub-pixel 406,
second color sub-pixel 411, and third color sub-pixel 416 may be
varied to get the desired color from the pixel. The intensity of
the stimulation may be varied by changing a duty cycle of the
emitted laser light.
[0029] When the first color sub pixels 406 are stimulated, they
subsequently emit or reflect a first color (e.g. red) light for a
period of time, when the second color sub pixels 411 are
stimulated, they subsequently emit or reflect the second color
(e.g. green) light for a period of time, and when the third color
sub pixels 416 are stimulated, they subsequently emit or reflect
the third color (e.g. blue) light for a period of time. By aligning
or timing image-forming light 106 from light modulator 105 with the
different sub-pixels, the appearance of color images and videos may
be created. Of course, other color combinations may be used. By
arranging three different colors of photoactive paint on
photoactive layer 133, a color display may be created in
conjunction with light modulator 105 having a laser of a single
wavelength to stimulate the three different colors of photoactive
paint to generate a color image.
[0030] FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a process 500 of
generating an image on a photoactive surface, in accordance with an
embodiment of the disclosure. The order in which some or all of the
process blocks appear in process 500 should not be deemed limiting.
Rather, one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the
present disclosure will understand that some of the process blocks
may be executed in a variety of orders not illustrated, or even in
parallel.
[0031] In process block 505, image-forming light (e.g.
image-forming light 106) is directed to a backside of a photoactive
layer to generate an image on a frontside of the photoactive layer
(e.g. photoactive layer 133). In one example, directing the
image-forming light to the backside of the photoactive layer 133
may include directing image-forming light to an angled side of a
wedge optical element having a clear substrate. In that example, a
light director layer receives the image-forming light from the
angled side of the wedge optical element and couples the
image-forming light to the backside of the photoactive layer in an
optically efficient manner. In process block 510, a camera module
monitors the image from a frontside of the photoactive layer. The
image data is analyzed in process block 515. In process block 520,
the image on the frontside of the photoactive layer 133 is
completed or refreshed by directing additional image-forming light
to the backside of the photoactive layer. The completing or
refreshing of the image is in response to the analyzed image data.
In one embodiment, the refresh rate of the image is based on a
contrast ratio of the image. After process block 520, the process
may return to process block 510.
[0032] The processes explained above are described in terms of
computer software and hardware. The techniques described may
constitute machine-executable instructions embodied within a
tangible or non-transitory machine (e.g., computer) readable
storage medium, that when executed by a machine will cause the
machine to perform the operations described. Additionally, the
processes may be embodied within hardware, such as an application
specific integrated circuit ("ASIC") or otherwise.
[0033] A tangible non-transitory machine-readable storage medium
includes any mechanism that provides (i.e., stores) information in
a form accessible by a machine (e.g., a computer, network device,
personal digital assistant, manufacturing tool, any device with a
set of one or more processors, etc.). For example, a
machine-readable storage medium includes recordable/non-recordable
media (e.g., read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM),
magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory
devices, etc.).
[0034] The above description of illustrated embodiments of the
invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not
intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise
forms disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for,
the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes,
various modifications are possible within the scope of the
invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize.
[0035] These modifications can be made to the invention in light of
the above detailed description. The terms used in the following
claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the
specific embodiments disclosed in the specification. Rather, the
scope of the invention is to be determined entirely by the
following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with
established doctrines of claim interpretation.
* * * * *