U.S. patent application number 15/326693 was filed with the patent office on 2017-07-20 for integrated thermal comfort control system with shading control.
The applicant listed for this patent is DELTA T CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Brittany ADAM, Jon OLSEN, Christian R. TABER.
Application Number | 20170205105 15/326693 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55078988 |
Filed Date | 2017-07-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170205105 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ADAM; Brittany ; et
al. |
July 20, 2017 |
INTEGRATED THERMAL COMFORT CONTROL SYSTEM WITH SHADING CONTROL
Abstract
An environmental control system for a space including at least
one window adapted for admitting light into the space. The system
comprises an environmental controller (such as a fan, a light, an
HVAC system, a window, a window covering, or any combination of the
foregoing) for regulating an environmental condition, and at least
one first sensor, such as a radiant heat flux sensor, for sensing
an amount of radiant energy associated with the space and
generating an output. A controller is provided for controlling the
operation of the environmental controller based on the sensor
output. Related methods are also disclosed.
Inventors: |
ADAM; Brittany; (Lexington,
KY) ; TABER; Christian R.; (Lexington, KY) ;
OLSEN; Jon; (Lexington, KY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
DELTA T CORPORATION |
Lexington |
KY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55078988 |
Appl. No.: |
15/326693 |
Filed: |
July 14, 2015 |
PCT Filed: |
July 14, 2015 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US2015/040392 |
371 Date: |
January 17, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62024229 |
Jul 14, 2014 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04D 27/004 20130101;
F24F 2110/10 20180101; F24F 11/77 20180101; F24F 2110/30 20180101;
E06B 9/32 20130101; F24F 2221/18 20130101; E06B 9/68 20130101; F24F
2120/10 20180101; G05B 2219/2614 20130101; F24F 2130/00 20180101;
F04D 27/001 20130101; F24F 11/30 20180101; E05F 15/71 20150115;
G05B 19/048 20130101; F04D 25/088 20130101; F24F 2110/20 20180101;
F24F 2130/30 20180101; F24F 2130/20 20180101; F24F 2130/10
20180101 |
International
Class: |
F24F 11/00 20060101
F24F011/00; G05B 19/048 20060101 G05B019/048; F04D 27/00 20060101
F04D027/00; E05F 15/71 20060101 E05F015/71; F04D 25/08 20060101
F04D025/08 |
Claims
1. An environmental control system for a space including at least
one window adapted for admitting light into the space, comprising:
an environmental controller for regulating an environmental
condition; at least one first sensor for sensing an amount of
radiant energy associated with the space and generating an output;
and a controller for controlling the operation of the environmental
controller based on the output.
2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the environmental
controller is selected from the group consisting of a fan, a light,
an HVAC system, a window, a window covering, or any combination of
the foregoing.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the environmental controller
comprises an automated window covering for being opened and closed
by the controller, said controller adapted for maintaining the
automated window covering in a closed condition when a privacy
setting is selected.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the light is attached to a
ceiling fan comprising the fan, and is regulated based on the
sensor output.
5. The system of claim 1, further including a second sensor
selected from the group consisting of a light sensor, a temperature
sensor, a humidity sensor, an occupancy sensor, a wind speed
sensor, and any combination of two or more of the foregoing
sensors, and wherein the controller controls the operation of the
environmental controller based on a second output of the second
sensor(s).
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the second sensor comprises a
temperature sensor, and further including a set temperature
provided by a user, and wherein the controller controls one or more
of a ceiling fan, an HVAC unit, an automated window covering, and a
light based on a comparison of the output of the temperature sensor
and the set temperature.
7. The system of claim 6, further including an occupancy sensor,
and wherein the controller controls one or more of the ceiling fan,
the HVAC unit, the automated window covering, and the light based
on the output of the occupancy sensor.
8. The system of any of the foregoing claims, wherein the
controller is adapted for receiving a predicted weather condition
and controlling the environmental controller based on the predicted
weather condition.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the environmental controller
comprises an automated window, and further including a wind speed
sensor for communicating with the controller to determine whether
to open the window automatically.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the environmental controller
comprises an automated window, and further including a wind
direction sensor for communicating with the controller to determine
whether to open the window automatically.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted for
sending an alert to a user to indicate the desirability of opening
or closing a window associated with the space based on the output
of the sensor.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a radiant
heat flux sensor.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted for
determining whether a partition in the space is useful for
providing heat to the space based on the sensed amount of radiant
energy and wherein, upon determining that the partition is useful
for providing heat to the space, the controller regulates the
environmental controller to operate according to a pre-determined
setting.
14. An environmental control system for a space, comprising: a fan
for causing air circulation within the space; a sensor for sensing
an amount of radiant energy associated with the space and
generating an output; and a controller for controlling the
operation of the fan based on the sensor output.
15. The system of claim 14, further including an HVAC system
controlled by the controller based on the sensor output.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the controller regulates one or
both of the fan or the HVAC system to operate based on the sensor
output.
17. The system of claim 14, further including an automated window
covering, and wherein the controller regulates the automated window
covering based on the sensor output.
18. The system of claim 14, further including an automated window,
and wherein the controller regulates the automated window based on
the sensor output.
19. The system of claim 14, wherein the controller is adapted for
determining whether a partition in the space is useful for
providing heat to the space based on the sensed amount of radiant
energy.
20. The system of claim 14, wherein, upon determining that the
partition is useful for providing heat to the space, the controller
regulates the fan to operate according to a pre-determined
setting.
21. The system of any of claims 14-20, wherein the sensor comprises
a radiant heat flux sensor.
22. An environmental control system for a space, comprising: at
least one window adapted for being opened to at least one position
for admitting air into the space; a sensor for sensing a condition
in the space and generating an output; and a controller for
regulating the window position based on the sensor output.
23. The system of claim 22, wherein the controller issues a control
signal for modulating a motor associated with the window to cause
the window to open.
24. The system of claim 22, wherein the controller issues an alert
to a user relative to the opening of the window.
25. The system of claim 24, wherein the alert is in the form of an
electronic message including user-perceptible information.
26. The system of claim 22, wherein the sensor is selected from the
group consisting of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an
occupancy sensor, a radiant flux sensor, a wind speed or direction
sensor, a solar intensity sensor, or any combination of two or more
of the foregoing sensors.
27. The system of claim 22, wherein the controller is adapted for
determining whether a partition in the space is useful for
providing heat to the space based on the sensed amount of radiant
energy.
28. An environmental control system for a space associated with at
least one window adapted for admitting light or air into the space,
comprising: a fan for circulating air within the space; a sensor
for sensing a condition associated with the space; and a controller
for controlling the operation of the fan and a state of the window
based on the sensor output.
29. The system of claim 28, wherein the window includes an
automated blind, and the controller is adapted for controlling the
amount of light passing through the window into the space as the
state of the window.
30. The system of claim 28, wherein the window comprises an
automated window, and the controller is adapted for controlling the
amount of air passing through a window opening into the space as
the state of the window.
31. An environmental control system for a space including at least
one window adapted for admitting light into the space and a
partition, comprising: a fan for circulating air within the space;
at least one first sensor for sensing an amount of radiant energy
associated with the space and generating an output; and a
controller for controlling the fan based on the sensor output.
32. The system of claim 31, wherein the controller is adapted for
determining whether the partition in the space is useful for
providing heat to the space based on the sensed amount of radiant
energy and wherein, upon determining that the partition is useful
for providing heat to the space, the controller controls the fan to
operate according to a pre-determined setting.
33. A method of controlling an environmental condition in a space,
comprising: regulating an environmental condition of the space
based on a sensed radiant heat flux associated with the space.
34. A method of controlling an environmental condition in a space,
comprising: controlling at least one window adapted for being
opened to at least one position for admitting air into the space
based on an sensed condition in the space.
35. A method of controlling an environmental condition in a space,
comprising: controlling one or more of a window, a window covering
and a fan based on a detected value of a temperature in the space;
and when the detected temperature is above or below a
pre-determined value, activating an additional system for
regulating the temperature in the space.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein the additional system comprises
an HVAC system.
37. A method of regulating environmental conditions in a space
including a window, comprising: based on a pre-determined
temperature setting, a state of occupancy, and a radiant heat flux
value, regulating one or more of: (i) a fan for circulating air in
the space; (ii) an HVAC system for controlling the temperature of
the space; (iii) a covering for at least partially covering the
window; and (iv) a light for providing artificial light to the
space.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein if the space is occupied and
heating is desired, the HVAC unit is activated to supply heated air
to the space in an effort to reach the pre-determined temperature
setting, the fan is regulated on at a minimal speed, the covering
is regulated to uncover the window if the radiant heat flux value
exceeds a predetermined amount, and the light is regulated to
provide for a pre-determined amount of light.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein if the space is unoccupied and
heating is desired, the HVAC system is activated to supply heated
air to the space in an effort to reach the pre-determined
temperature setting, the fan is regulated on at a minimal speed,
and the covering is regulated to uncover the window if the radiant
heat flux value exceeds a predetermined amount, and light is
regulated to provide for a minimal amount of light.
40. The method of claim 39, further including the step of
determining whether a partition in the space is useful for
providing heat to the space based on the radiant heat flux value,
and regulating the fan according to a pre-determined setting.
41. The method of claim 37, wherein if the space is occupied and
cooling is desired, the HVAC system is activated to supply cooled
air to the space in an effort to reach the pre-determined
temperature setting, the fan is regulated on at a speed greater
than a minimal speed, the covering is regulated to cover the window
if the radiant heat flux value exceeds a predetermined amount, and
the light is regulated to provide for a pre-determined amount of
light.
42. The method of claim 37, wherein if the space is unoccupied and
cooling is desired, the HVAC system is activated to supply cooled
air to the space in an effort to reach the pre-determined
temperature setting, the fan is regulated to be off, and the
covering is regulated to cover the window if the radiant heat flux
value exceeds a predetermined amount.
43. A method of regulating natural light admitted to a room through
a plurality of windows, comprising: using a controller, regulating
a first window covering on a first window based upon a predicted or
actual amount of natural light available to pass through the first
window; and using the controller, regulating a second window
covering on a second window based upon the predicted or actual
amount of natural light available to pass through the second
window.
44. The method of claim 43, wherein the regulating steps are
performed based upon a direction the first and second windows face
and the time of day.
45. The method of claim 43, wherein the regulating steps are
performed based upon a sensed radiant heat flux associated with the
first or second window.
46. A method of regulating environmental conditions in a space,
comprising: based on a predicted weather condition, using a
controller to control the operation of an environmental controller,
such as a window to admit air into the space or a window covering
to admit light into the space.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein the controlling step is
performed based on a comparison of the predicted weather condition
and a control implemented as a result of a similar historic weather
condition.
48. The method of claim 46, wherein the controlling step includes
controlling one or both of a fan in the space and an HVAC system
for supplying air to the space.
49. The method of claim 46, wherein the controlling step comprises
controlling the window or window covering at a time before the
predicted weather condition occurs.
50. A method of regulating environmental conditions in a space,
comprising: comparing a predicted weather condition with a
historical weather condition; based on the comparison, controlling
an environmental controller for regulating an environmental
condition of the space.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the regulating step comprises
operating the environmental controller according to a current
protocol corresponding to a past protocol of operation during the
historical weather condition.
52. A method of conditioning a space using thermal energy,
comprising: determining whether a partition in the space is useful
for providing heat to the space; upon determining that the
partition is useful for providing heat to the space, regulating an
environmental condition of the space.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein the determining step comprises
determining an amount of radiant energy in the space.
54. The method of claim 52 or 53, wherein the determining step
comprises determining the thermal storage potential of the
partition.
55. The method of claim 52 or 53, wherein the determining step
comprises determining a learned thermal reaction.
56. The method of claim 52, wherein the regulating step comprises
controlling a fan associated with the space not to operate.
57. The method of claim 53, further including the step of operating
the fan according to a pre-determined setting once the partition is
no longer useful for providing heat to the space.
58. The method of claim 52, further including the step of
predicting a heat need for the space prior to the determining
step.
59. The method of claim 52, further including the step of
determining whether the space is occupied.
60. The method of claim 59, wherein, if the space becomes occupied,
then the method comprises regulating a fan to a setting
corresponding to the presence of a person.
Description
[0001] This application incorporates by reference the disclosures
of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 61/720,679,
61/755,627, and 61/807,903, and also International Patent
Application PCT/US13/067828.
[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application Ser. No. 62/024,229, the disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Ceiling fans have long been used in residences as an energy
efficient means of increasing occupant thermal comfort in the
summer and creating uniform air temperatures floor to ceiling in
the winter. Typically the fans are manually controlled by the
occupant to achieve acceptable levels of comfort. Automatic control
systems for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems
("HVAC") in homes typically react to maintain a constant indoor air
dry bulb temperature. Changes in indoor air conditions are
primarily caused by sensible and latent heat transfer between the
interior of the building and the outdoors. Shading devices, manual
and automatic, are primarily utilized to control the light
intensity in the space. However, the impact of direct solar heat
gain through the fenestration into the building is not considered,
nor is the potential use of the heat gain to advantage.
[0004] Accordingly, a need is identified for a system that
intelligently coordinates ceiling fans, HVAC systems,
fenestration/windows, and shading, which can greatly decrease the
amount of fossil fuels required to maintain occupant thermal
comfort.
SUMMARY
[0005] An integrated environmental control system for a space
bounded by a ceiling and including at least one window adapted for
admitting light into the space includes an environmental controller
and at least one first sensor for sensing an amount of radiant
energy associated with the space and generating an output. A
controller is provided for controlling the operation of the
environmental controller based on the sensor output. The
environmental controller may be selected from the group consisting
of a fan, a light, an HVAC system, a window, a window covering, or
any combination of the foregoing.
[0006] In one embodiment, the environmental controller comprises an
automated window covering, the position of which (e.g., fully or
partially opened and closed) may be regulated by the controller
based on the sensor output. The controller is adapted for
maintaining the automated window covering in at least partially
closed condition (such as by only opening from the top in the case
of a vertical) when a privacy setting is selected. In this or other
embodiments, an artificial light may be provided (and optionally
attached to a ceiling fan comprising the fan), and may also be
regulated based on the sensor output.
[0007] The sensor may comprise a radiant heat flux sensor
positioned adjacent to the at least one window. A second sensor may
also be included, which may be selected from the group consisting
of a light sensor, a temperature sensor (dry bulb, surface, etc.),
a wind speed or direction sensor, a humidity sensor, an occupancy
sensor, and any combination of two or more of the foregoing
sensors. The controller may control the operation of the
environmental controller based on a second output of the second
sensor(s).
[0008] In one embodiment, the second sensor comprises a temperature
sensor, and further including a set temperature provided by a user,
and wherein the controller controls one or more of a ceiling fan,
an HVAC unit, an automated window covering, and a light based on a
comparison of the output of the temperature sensor and the set
temperature. The system may also include an occupancy sensor, and
the controller may control one or more of the ceiling fan, the HVAC
unit, the automated window covering, and the light based on the
output of the occupancy sensor.
[0009] The controller may be adapted for receiving information
regarding a predicted weather condition and controlling the
environmental control device based on the weather condition and
historical reaction to a similar weather condition. The controller
may also be adapted to regulate a window covering to close before
the HVAC system turns on, including when the temperature is
trending upward.
[0010] In one embodiment, the environmental controller comprises an
automated window. The system may further include a wind speed or
direction sensor for communicating with the controller to determine
whether to open the window automatically. The controller may also
be adapted for sending an alert to a user to indicate the
desirability of opening or closing a window associated with the
space based on the output of the sensor. In any embodiment, the
controller may also be adapted to interact with the HVAC system to
shut off when the window is open.
[0011] Another aspect of the disclosure pertains to an integrated
environmental control system for a space bounded by a ceiling and
including at least one window adapted for admitting light into the
space. The system comprises a fan for causing air circulation
within the space, a radiant heat flux sensor for sensing an amount
of radiant energy associated with the space and generating an
output, and a controller for controlling the operation of the fan
based on the sensor output. The system may further include an HVAC
system controlled by the controller based on the sensor output, and
the controller may regulate one or both of the HVAC system and the
fan. The system may further include an automated window covering,
and the controller may regulate the automated window covering based
on the sensor output. The system may also include an automated
window, and the controller may regulate the automated window based
on the sensor output.
[0012] A further aspect of the disclosure relates to an integrated
environmental control system for a space. The system comprises at
least one window adapted for being opened to at least one position
for admitting air into the space. A sensor is provided for sensing
a condition in the space and generating an output. A controller for
also provided taking a specified action to regulate the window
position based on the sensor output.
[0013] In one embodiment, the controller issues a control signal
for modulating a motor associated with the window to cause the
window to open (or perhaps two or more windows to promote a
breeze). In another embodiment, the controller issues an alert to a
user relative to the opening of the window. The alert may be in the
form of an electronic message including user-perceptible
instructions. The sensor may be selected from the group consisting
of a temperature sensor (dry bulb, surface, etc.), a humidity
sensor, an occupancy sensor, a radiant flux sensor, a wind speed
sensor, a solar intensity sensor, or any combination of two or more
of the foregoing sensors.
[0014] Still a further aspect of the disclosure relates to an
integrated environmental control system for a space bounded by a
ceiling and including at least one window adapted for admitting
light into the space. The system comprises a fan for circulating
air within the space and an automated window device (covering or
shading) for selectively controlling a state of the window. A
sensor is provided for sensing a condition associated with the
space, along with a controller for controlling the operation of the
fan and the window covering based on the sensor output.
[0015] In one embodiment, the automated window device comprises an
automated blind for controlling the amount of light passing through
the window into the space as the state of the window. In this or
another embodiment, the automated window device comprises an
automated window for controlling the amount of air passing through
a window opening into the space as the state of the window. The
controller may control other devices as well.
[0016] Yet another aspect of the disclosure pertains to a method of
controlling an environmental condition in a space. The method
comprises regulating an environmental controller associated with
the space based on a sensed radiant heat flux associated with the
space.
[0017] Still another aspect of the disclosure relates to a method
of controlling an environmental condition in a space. The method
comprises controlling at least one window adapted for being opened
to at least one position for admitting air into the space based on
a sensed condition in the space.
[0018] A portion of the disclosure also pertains to a method of
controlling an environmental condition in a space. The method
comprises controlling one or more of a window, a window covering
and a fan based on a detected value of a temperature in the space.
When the detected temperature is above or below a pre-determined
value, the method includes the step of activating an additional
system for regulating the temperature in the space. The additional
system may comprise an HVAC system.
[0019] This disclosure also relates to a method for controlling
lighting in a space including a window. The method comprises
providing a controller to regulate an automated window covering to
control an amount of natural light in the space and regulate an
artificial light to control an amount of artificial light in the
space. The controller may be adapted to increase the amount of
artificial light when the covering is closed and decrease the
amount of artificial light when the covering is open.
[0020] Still, this disclosure further relates to a method of
regulating environmental conditions in a space including a window.
Based on a pre-determined effective temperature setting, a state of
occupancy, and a radiant heat flux value, the method comprises
regulating: (i) a fan for circulating air in the space; (ii) an
HVAC system for controlling the dry bulb temperature of the space;
(iii) a covering for at least partially covering the window; and
(iv) a light for providing artificial light to the space.
[0021] In one embodiment, if the space is occupied and heating is
desired, the HVAC unit is activated to supply heated air to the
space in an effort to reach the pre-determined effective
temperature setting, the fan is regulated on at a minimal speed to
avoid creating a draft, the covering is regulated to uncover the
window if the radiant heat flux value exceeds a predetermined
amount, and the light is regulated to provide for a pre-determined
amount of light. If the space is unoccupied and heating is desired,
the HVAC system is activated to supply heated air to the space in
an effort to reach the pre-determined effective temperature
setting, the fan is regulated on at a minimal speed, and the
covering is regulated to uncover the window if the radiant heat
flux value exceeds a predetermined amount, and light is regulated
to provide for no light or a minimal amount of light. If the space
is occupied and cooling is desired, the HVAC system is activated to
supply cooled air to the space in an effort to reach the
pre-determined effective temperature setting, the fan is regulated
on at a speed greater than a minimal speed, the covering is
regulated to cover the window if the radiant heat flux value
exceeds a predetermined amount, and the light is regulated to
provide for a pre-determined amount of light. If the space is
unoccupied and cooling is desired, the HVAC system is activated to
supply cooled air to the space in an effort to reach the
pre-determined effective temperature setting, the fan is regulated
to be off, and the covering is regulated to cover the window if the
radiant heat flux value exceeds a predetermined amount.
[0022] Also related to this disclosure is a method of using a
controller to regulate a first window covering on a first window
based upon a predicted or actual amount of natural light available
to pass through the first window. The method may further include
using the controller to regulate a second window covering on a
second window based upon the predicted or actual amount of natural
light available to pass through the second window. The regulating
steps may be performed based upon a direction each window faces and
the time of day, or based upon a sensed radiant heat flux
associated with the first or second window.
[0023] Furthermore, an aspect of the disclosure relates to a method
of regulating environmental conditions in a space. The method
involves using a controller to control the operation of an
environmental control device, such as window to admit air into the
space or a window covering to admit light into the space based on a
predicted weather condition. The controlling step may be performed
based on a comparison of the predicted weather condition and a
control implemented as a result of a similar historic weather
condition, and may involve controlling one or both of a fan in the
space and an HVAC system for supplying air to the space.
[0024] Another aspect of the disclosure relates to a method of
regulating environmental conditions in a space. The method
comprises comparing a predicted weather condition with a historical
weather condition and, based on the comparison, regulating an
environmental control device associated with the space. The
regulating step may comprise operating the environmental control
device according to a current protocol that corresponds to a past
protocol of operation during the historical weather condition.
[0025] In any of these aspects, or an additional aspect, a system
for or method of conditioning a space using thermal energy is
provided. This includes determining whether a partition in the
space (floor, wall, ceiling, etc.) is useful for providing heat to
the space. Upon determining that the floor or other partition is
useful for providing heat to the space, the system or method
regulates an environmental condition of the space (such as by
turning off an associated fan for a predetermined length of
time).
[0026] This aspect may include determining an amount of radiant
energy in the space, and also determining the thermal storage
potential of the partition or floor. The determining process may
comprise determining a learned thermal reaction. Predicting a heat
need for the space prior to the determining may also be done, as
well as determining whether the space is occupied and regulating
accordingly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] While the specification concludes with claims which
particularly point out and distinctly claim the invention, it is
believed the present invention will be better understood from the
following description of certain examples taken in conjunction with
the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals
identify the same elements and in which:
[0028] FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of an exemplary fan having
a motor assembly, a hub assembly, a support, a plurality of fan
blades, and a mounting system coupled with joists;
[0029] FIG. 2 depicts another perspective view of an exemplary
fan;
[0030] FIG. 3 depicts a perspective view of an exemplary thermal
comfort control system utilizing circulating fans;
[0031] FIG. 4 depicts a perspective view of a second embodiment of
a thermal comfort control system utilizing circulating fans;
[0032] FIG. 5 depicts a flow diagram of an exemplary thermal
comfort control process, that utilizes the climate control system
of FIG. 3;
[0033] FIG. 6 depicts a detailed flow diagram of the exemplary
thermal comfort control process of FIG. 4 in which the master
control system has automatically chosen the "Occupied Heating"
mode;
[0034] FIG. 7 depicts a detailed flow diagram of the exemplary
thermal comfort control process of FIG. 4 in which the master
control system has automatically chosen the "Unoccupied Heating"
mode;
[0035] FIG. 8 depicts a detailed flow diagram of the exemplary
thermal comfort control process of FIG. 4 in which the master
control system has automatically chosen the "Occupied Cooling"
mode;
[0036] FIG. 9 depicts a detailed flow diagram of the exemplary
thermal comfort control process of FIG. 4 in which the master
control utilizes the "Occupied Cooling" mode according to a second
embodiment;
[0037] FIG. 10 depicts a detailed flow diagram of the exemplary
thermal comfort control process of FIG. 4 in which the master
control system has automatically chosen the "Unoccupied Cooling"
mode;
[0038] FIG. 11 depicts a detailed flow diagram of an exemplary
control for shading in "Occupied Heating" mode;
[0039] FIG. 12 depicts a detailed flow diagram of an exemplary
control for shading in "Unoccupied Heating" mode, and also
illustrates the optional use of thermal storage in connection with
the floor;
[0040] FIG. 13 depicts a detailed flow diagram of an exemplary
control for shading in "Occupied Cooling" mode; and
[0041] FIG. 14 depicts a detailed flow diagram of an exemplary
control for shading in "Unoccupied Cooling" mode.
[0042] The drawings are not intended to be limiting in any way, and
it is contemplated that various embodiments of the invention may be
carried out in a variety of other ways, including those not
necessarily depicted in the drawings. The accompanying drawings
incorporated in and forming a part of the specification illustrate
several aspects of the present invention, and together with the
description serve to explain the principles of the invention; it
being understood, however, that this invention is not limited to
the precise arrangements shown.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0043] The following description of certain examples of the
invention should not be used to limit the scope of the claimed
invention. Other examples, features, aspects, embodiments, and
advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled
in the art from the following description, which includes by way of
illustration, one or more of the best modes contemplated for
carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is
capable of other different and obvious aspects, all without
departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and
descriptions should be regarded as illustrative in nature and not
restrictive.
[0044] I. Exemplary Fan Overview
[0045] Referring to FIG. 1, a fan (110) of the present example
comprises a motor assembly (112), a support (114), a hub assembly
(116), and a plurality of fan blades (118). In the present example,
fan (110) (including hub assembly (116) and fan blades (118)) has a
diameter of greater than about 3 feet and, more specifically,
approximately 8 feet. In other variations, fan (110) has a diameter
between approximately 6 feet, inclusive, and approximately 24 feet,
inclusive. Alternatively, fan (110) may have any other suitable
dimensions, such as a 3-7 foot overhead fan having an ornamental
design for use in commercial or residential spaces (see FIG. 2),
and having a support (114) mounted to the ceiling (C). The
particular type of fan (110) used is not considered important to
controlling thermal comfort, but the concepts disclosed may have
particular applicability to the types of fans for circulating air
within a space or room, such as overhead ceiling fans depending
from a ceiling with exposed, rotating blades, as shown in the
drawings. Any embodiment disclosed herein may be considered to
operate in connection with such overhead ceiling fan(s), at a
minimum, but could also be applied to portable fans, standing fans,
wall fans, or the like.
[0046] Support (114) is configured to be coupled to a surface or
other structure at a first end such that fan (110) is substantially
attached to the surface or other structure. As shown in FIG. 1, one
such example of a structure may be a ceiling joist (400). Support
(114) of the present example comprises an elongate metal tube-like
structure that couples fan (110) to a ceiling, though it should be
understood that support (114) may be constructed and/or configured
in a variety of other suitable ways as will be apparent to one of
ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. By way
of example only, support (114) need not be coupled to a ceiling or
other overhead structure, and instead may be coupled to a wall or
to the ground. For instance, support (114) may be positioned on the
top of a post that extends upwardly from the ground. Alternatively,
support (114) may be mounted in any other suitable fashion at any
other suitable location. This includes, but is not limited to, the
teachings of the patents, patent publications, or patent
applications cited herein.
[0047] Motor assembly (112) of the present example comprises an AC
induction motor having a drive shaft, though it should be
understood that motor assembly (112) may alternatively comprise any
other suitable type of motor (e.g., a permanent magnet brushless DC
motor, a brushed motor, an inside-out motor, etc.). In the present
example, motor assembly (112) is fixedly coupled to support (114)
and rotatably coupled to hub assembly (100). Furthermore, motor
assembly (112) is operable to rotate hub assembly (116) and the
plurality of fan blades (118).
[0048] Fan blades (118) of the present example may further include
a variety of modifications. By way of example only, a winglet (120)
may be coupled to the second end (122) of fan blade (118). Winglets
(120) may be constructed in accordance with some or all of the
teachings of any of the patents, patent publications, or patent
applications cited herein. It should also be understood that
winglet (120) is merely optional. For instance, other alternative
modifications for fan blades (118) may include end caps, angled
airfoil extensions, integrally formed closed ends, or substantially
open ends.
[0049] II. Exemplary Thermal Comfort Control System
[0050] It may be desirable to utilize exemplary fan (110) disclosed
above to improve the efficiency of a typical climate control
system, thereby creating a thermal comfort control system (100).
Exemplary fan (110) described above would improve the efficiency of
a typical climate control system by circulating the air, thus
preventing the formation of pockets of heated or cooled air in
locations that do not benefit the occupants, or in which an
increased difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures across
an exterior wall and roof increases the rate of heat transfer
through the surface. Another added benefit of exemplary fan (110),
is that when the circulating air created by fan (110) comes into
contact with human skin, the rate of heat transfer away from the
body increases, thus generating a cooling effect which allows for
more efficient use of the HVAC system during periods of cooling. By
way of example only, an otherwise standard climate control system
may further include at least one exemplary fan (110), at least one
low-elevation sensor (130), at least one high-elevation sensor
(140), at least one occupancy sensor (150), at least one master
control system (160), at least one HVAC system (170), and
optionally at least one external sensor (180) as shown in FIG.
3.
[0051] While exemplary thermal comfort control system (100) is
shown as including fan (110) as described above, it should be
understood that any other type of fan may be included in exemplary
thermal comfort control system (100), including combinations of
different types of fans. Such other fans may include pedestal
mounted fans, wall mounted fans, or building ventilation fans,
among others. It should also be understood that the locations of
sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) as shown in FIG. 3 are merely
exemplary. Sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) may be positioned at any
other suitable locations, in addition to or in lieu of the
locations shown in FIG. 3. By way of example only, high-elevation
sensor (140) may be mounted to a joist, to the fan, to the upper
region of a wall, and/or in any other suitable location(s). Various
suitable locations where sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) may be
located will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in
view of the teachings herein. Furthermore, it should be understood
that sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) themselves are mere examples.
Sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) may be modified or omitted as
desired.
[0052] Furthermore, various other kinds of sensors may be used as
desired, in addition to or in lieu of one or more of sensors (130,
140, 150, 180). For example, a physiological sensor (190)
associated with a user may be used to sense a physiological
condition of the user, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The sensed
physiological condition may relate to the user's metabolic
equivalent of task (MET), heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body
(e.g., skin surface) temperature, respiration, weight,
perspiration, blood oxygen level, galvanic skin response, or any
other physiological condition. By way of example, the physiological
sensor (190) may comprise a wearable sensor such as a wristband,
armband, belt, watch, glasses, clothing accessory, or any other
sensor capable of being worn by the user or attached to the user's
body. Additionally, the physiological sensor (190) may comprise an
internal sensor, such as a sensor that has been embedded in the
user or ingested by the user.
[0053] In any embodiment, the physiological sensor (190) may be
capable of transmitting data about the user's physiological
condition either directly to the master control system (160), or
indirectly to the master controller system (160) via an
intermediate device. Communication between the physiological sensor
(190) and the master controller (160) may be wireless, such as
through the use of RF transmissions, Bluetooth, WIFI, or infrared
technology. In the case of communication via an intermediate
device, said device may comprise a computer or a portable computing
device such as a tablet computer, smartphone, or any other device
capable of receiving data from the physiological sensor (190) and
transmitting said data to the master controller (160).
[0054] Furthermore, system (100) may receive information from one
or more other sources, including but not limited to online sources.
For instance, system (100) may receive one or more temperature
values, other values, procedures, firmware updates, software
updates, and/or other kinds of information via the internet,
through wire or wirelessly. Various suitable ways in which system
(100) may communicate with the internet and/or other networks, as
well as various types of information that may be communicated, will
be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0055] As shown in FIG. 4, in such an exemplary thermal comfort
control system (100), master control system (160) may determine an
appropriate comfort control setting (450) based a number of
conditions which may include external dry bulb temperature, room
occupancy, and/or time of day, among other factors which may exist.
As merely an example of such a comfort control setting
determination (450), master control system (160) may choose between
"Heating" or "Cooling" based upon the internal and/or external
sensed dry bulb temperature, the master control system may then
choose between "Occupied" or "Unoccupied" based upon the sensed
occupancy. These conditions, as well as others, may be communicated
to master control system (160) by the sensors mentioned above (130,
140, 150, 180, 190) and in a manner described below. Although the
appropriate comfort control setting is determined by master control
system (160) in exemplary thermal comfort control system (100)
described above, other configurations of a thermal comfort control
system (100) may allow for an occupant to choose between multiple
comfort control settings. The comfort control settings may include,
among other settings: "Occupied Heating" mode (458), "Unoccupied
Heating" mode (456), "Occupied Cooling" mode (454), and "Unoccupied
Cooling" mode (452) (see FIG. 5). Each setting may have a
programmable effective temperature set range associated with it, as
well as the option to operate fan (110) as a part of a sequence of
operations of HVAC system (170), both in response to the effective
temperature being outside the relevant set range, and also, where
appropriate, in response to other conditions such as a difference
between the high-elevation temperature and the low-elevation
temperature in a particular room as described below.
[0056] High-elevation sensor(s) (140) and low-elevation sensor(s)
(130) will sense the temperature at various locations throughout a
room. The sensors may sense the air-dry bulb temperature, or wet
bulb temperature, but do not necessarily have to sense either.
High-elevation sensor(s) (140) and low-elevation sensor(s) (130)
may also sense relative humidity, air speed, light levels, or other
conditions which may exist. Of course, separate dedicated sensors
may also be used to sense such other conditions which may
exist.
[0057] In some versions, detected light levels may factor into
control procedures by indicating whether it is sunny outside. For
instance, a light sensor (such as, for example, a photocell) may
capture ambient light within a room during daylight hours.
Accounting for any light from a man-made light source (L), system
(100) may react to light levels indicating significant sunlight
reaching a room through one or more windows, such as by increasing
cooling effects (such as by regulating the fan speed (e.g.,
increasing the speed based on more light being detected) and/or
activating the HVAC system) during summer time or by reducing
heating effects during winter time under the assumption that the
sunlight itself will provide at least a perceived heating effect on
occupants of the room.
[0058] As another merely illustrative example, a light sensor may
indicate whether a room is occupied at night (e.g., a lit room at a
time associated with night indicates current occupancy or expected
occupancy of the room). As yet another merely illustrative example,
detected light levels may trigger automated raising or lowering of
blinds at windows of a room, either completely or to a particular
level or amount of opening. Other suitable ways in which light
levels may be factored into a control procedure for system (100)
will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of
the teachings herein. Of course, some versions of system (100) may
simply lack light sensing capabilities.
[0059] As shown in FIG. 3, high-elevation sensor(s) (140) may be
located on fan (110), ceiling (200), or elsewhere in a room.
Low-elevation sensor(s) (130) may be located at or near the level
in which the room will be occupied. Optionally, the exemplary
thermal comfort control system may include external sensors (180)
that will sense the dry bulb temperature, relative humidity,
barometric pressure, or other conditions that may exist external to
the building envelope. Finally, occupancy sensor(s) (150) will
sense the presence of occupants within a room. Occupancy sensor(s)
(150) may be placed throughout a room, but may be especially
effective in places of entry, as shown in FIG. 3. Sensors (130,
140, 150, 180) may be placed in a single room or zone, or may be
placed in multiple rooms or zones. Measurements from high-elevation
sensor(s) (140), low-elevation sensor(s) (130), external sensor(s)
(180), and occupancy sensor(s) (150) may be communicated to the
master control system (160). As a merely illustrative example,
temperature sensors (130, 140) described above may be configured in
accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2010/0291858,
entitled "Automatic Control System For Ceiling Fan Based On
Temperature Differentials," published Nov. 18, 2010, the disclosure
of which is incorporated by reference herein. Of course, the
locations of sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) described above and shown
in FIG. 3, are merely exemplary, and any other suitable location
may be utilized.
[0060] Master control system (160) may include a processor capable
of interpreting and processing the information received from
sensors (130, 140, 150, 180, 190) to determine when the temperature
is outside the relevant set range and also to identify temperature
differentials that may exist throughout a room. The processor may
also include control logic for executing certain control procedures
in order to effectuate an appropriate control response based upon
the information (temperature, air speed, relative humidity, etc.)
communicated from sensors (130, 140, 150, 180, 190) and the setting
automatically chosen by master control system (160) or manually
chosen by the occupant. An appropriate control response may be
carried out through commands communicated from master control
system (160) to fan(s) (110) and/or HVAC system (170) based on the
control procedures. By way of example only, fan(s) (110) may be
driven through a control procedure that varies fan speed as a
function of sensed temperature and humidity. Some such versions may
provide a control procedure like the one taught in U.S. Pat. Pub.
No. 2010/0291858, the disclosure of which is incorporated by
reference herein. In some settings, varying fan speed as a function
of sensed dry bulb or surface temperature and humidity may assist
in avoiding condensation on objects within the same room as fan(s)
(110); and/or may provide other effects.
[0061] As a merely illustrative example, the basis of the control
logic may be derived from the thermal comfort equations in ASHRAE
Standard 55-2013 (incorporated herein by reference) and/or other
relevant comfort related theory or research. The air speed and
effective temperature, as described below, may be derived from the
SET method of ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 and/or other relevant comfort
related theory or research. The control logic may incorporate such
factors as dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, air speed,
light levels, physiological condition of a user, and/or other
conditions which may exist; to determine how to most efficiently
achieve acceptable levels of occupant thermal comfort. Master
control system (160) may learn the thermal preferences of the
occupants during an initial "learning period." Master control
system (160) may then apply the control logic to the thermal
preferences of the occupant to reduce the energy consumption of
HVAC system (170) and fan(s) (110). In the case of the master
control system (160) utilizing a measured physiological condition
of the user, such as MET, the derivation of relevant parameters
according to the SET method and/or other relevant comfort related
theory or research may utilize real-time physiological measurements
of the user(s) in the space, rather than default settings chosen
during an initial set-up period. Accordingly, these derivations may
be performed more quickly and more accurately through a more
accurate assessment of the environment and system.
[0062] Communication between master control system (160), HVAC
system (170), fan(s) (110), and various sensors (130, 140, 150,
180, 190) may be accomplished by means of wired or wireless
connections, RF transmission, infrared, Ethernet, or any other
suitable and appropriate mechanism. Master control system (160) may
also be in communication with additional devices (which may include
computers, portable telephones or other similar devices) via the
Local Area Network, internet, cellular telephone networks or other
suitable means, permitting manual override control or other
adjustments to be performed remotely. Thermal comfort control
system (100) may be controlled by wall-mounted control panels
and/or handheld remotes. In some versions, thermal comfort control
system (100) may be controlled by a smart switch, an application on
a smart phone, other mobile computing device, or a ZigBee.RTM.
controller by ZigBee Alliance of San Ramon, Calif. Such an
application may include on/off, dimming, brightening, and Vacation
Mode among other options.
[0063] A smart switch could include sensors (130, 140, 150, 180),
including one adapted for being positioned in a standard wall
mounted box for receiving a conventional "Decora" style of light
switch. Such a smart switch could be retrofitted within a space to
provide information from sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) to master
control system (160). A smart switch may also comprise master
control system (160) in addition to or in lieu of sensors (130,
140, 150, 180). Such a smart switch could be retrofitted within a
space to operate as master control system (160) of exemplary
thermal comfort control system (100) by controlling any existing
HVAC system (170), fan(s) (110), and/or any other climate and
environmental control products.
[0064] As a merely illustrative example, suppose that master
control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the occupant
had manually chosen "Occupied Heating" mode (458), and set the
effective temperature at 70.degree. F. As shown in FIG. 4, if the
high-elevation dry bulb temperature is warmer than the
low-elevation temperature, the fan speed may be increased to
"Winter Maximum Speed" (512) to circulate the warmer air throughout
the room. "Winter Maximum Speed" is 30% of the maximum fan speed
(512) in the present example, though it should be understood that
any other suitable speed may be used. If however, the
high-elevation dry bulb temperature is cooler than the
low-elevation drub bulb temperature, the fan speed may remain
constant at "Winter Minimum Speed" (514) to prevent air pockets
from forming throughout the room. The "Winter Minimum Speed" is 15%
of the maximum fan speed (514) in the present example, though it
should be understood that any other suitable speed may be used. If
at any time, low-elevation temperature sensor(s) (130) communicates
to master control system (160) that the effective temperature has
fallen to 69.5.degree. F. (520), master control system (160) may
first compare the high-elevation temperature and low-elevation dry
bulb temperature (510); and if the high-elevation temperature is
warmer than the low-elevation dry bulb temperature, the fan speed
may be increased to "Winter Maximum Speed" (512) to circulate the
warmer air throughout the room prior to activating HVAC system
(170). After allowing suitable time for the warm air to circulate
the room, the dry bulb temperature may again be measured, or
continuous measurements may be taken as part of a continuous
feedback loop, and an appropriate control response may then be
taken by master control system (160). If at any time, low-elevation
temperature sensor(s) (130) communicates to master control system
(160) that the dry bulb temperature has fallen to 69.degree. F.
(530), master control system (160) will activate HVAC system (170)
(532). Of course, any other suitable temperature values may be used
in "Occupied Heating" mode (458).
[0065] As another merely illustrative example, suppose that master
control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the occupant
had manually chosen "Unoccupied Heating" mode (456), and set the
effective temperature at 55.degree. F. As shown in FIG. 6, if the
high-elevation dry bulb temperature is warmer than the
low-elevation dry bulb temperature, the fan speed may be increased
to "Winter Maximum Speed" (612) to circulate the warmer air
throughout the room. "Winter Maximum Speed" is 30% of the maximum
fan speed (612) in the present example, though it should be
understood that any other suitable speed may be used. If however,
the high-elevation dry bulb temperature is cooler than the
low-elevation temperature, the fan speed may remain constant at
"Winter Minimum Speed" (614) to prevent air pockets from forming
throughout the room. The "Winter Minimum Speed" is 15% of the
maximum fan speed (614) in the present example, though it should be
understood that any other suitable speed may be used. If at any
time, low-elevation temperature sensor(s) (130) communicates to
master control system (160) that the dry bulb temperature has
fallen to 54.5.degree. F. (620), master control system (160) may
first compare the high-elevation dry bulb temperature and the
low-elevation dry bulb temperature (610); and if the high-elevation
dry bulb temperature is warmer than the low-elevation dry bulb
temperature, the fan speed may be increased to "Winter Maximum
Speed" (612) to circulate the warmer air throughout the room prior
to activating HVAC system (170).
[0066] After allowing suitable time for the warm air to circulate
the room, the temperature may again be measured, or continuous
measurements may be taken as part of a continuous feedback loop,
and an appropriate control response may then be taken by master
control system (160). If at any time, low-elevation dry bulb
temperature sensor(s) (130) communicates to master control system
(160) that the temperature has fallen to 54.degree. F. (630),
master control system (160) will activate HVAC system (170) (632).
Of course, any other suitable temperature values may be used in
"Unoccupied Heating" mode (456).
[0067] As yet another merely illustrative example, suppose that
master control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the
occupant had manually chosen "Occupied Cooling" mode (454), and set
the effective temperature at 80.degree. F. and master control
system (160) determined the optimum relative humidity to be 55%. As
shown in FIG. 7, if low-elevation sensor(s) (130) communicates to
master control system (160) that the low-elevation effective
temperature has raised to a point within 5.degree. F. of set
temperature (710), master control system may activate fan(s) (110).
Master control system (160) may increase the speed of fan(s) (110)
as the low-elevation effective temperature approaches set effective
temperature (712, 714, 716, 718, 720, 722) until the fan speed
reaches 100% of the maximum fan speed (722), as shown in FIG. 6.
The air movement created by fan(s) (110) creates a lower effective
temperature by increasing the rate of heat transfer from the
body.
[0068] Master control system (160) may adjust the set dry bulb
temperature to a higher actual set temperature that accounts for
the perceived cooling effect (724), while maintaining an effective
temperature at the original set temperature, 80.degree. F. The
control logic utilized by master control system (160) to determine
the perceived temperature may be derived from the SET method of the
ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 and/or other relevant comfort related
theory or research. The effective temperature may be based upon the
dry bulb temperature, relative air humidity, and/or air speed,
among other conditions which may exist. If the effective
temperature rises above original set effective temperature (730),
then master control system (160) may activate HVAC system (170)
(732). If the relative humidity level rises above the optimum
relative humidity (740), then master control system (160) may also
activate HVAC system (170) (742) (i.e. regardless of what the
actual or effective temperature may be). Of course, any other
suitable temperature and/or relative humidity level values and/or
fan speeds may be used in "Occupied Cooling" mode (454).
[0069] In a similar illustrative example as shown in FIG. 8, the
master control system (16) may have automatically chosen and/or the
occupant may have manually chosen "Occupied Cooling" mode (454),
and set the temperature at 80.degree. F. and master control system
(160) may have determined the optimum relative humidity to be 55%.
In this embodiment, a physiological sensor (190) may communicate to
the master control system (160) a value of a physiological
condition of a user, such as MET. The physiological sensor (190)
may alternately measure one or more of heart rate, pulse, blood
pressure, body (e.g., skin surface) temperature, respiration,
weight, perspiration, blood oxygen level, galvanic skin response,
or an accelerometer, or any combination of the foregoing. The
sensor may be wearable, and may be positioned on a wristband,
armband, belt, watch, glasses, clothing, clothing accessory (e.g.,
a hat, earring, necklace), or any combination thereof.
Alternatively, the sensor may be embedded or ingested. The sensor
may close an associated window device, such as a shade or covering,
if it is determined that the occupants are hot and sunny conditions
are present.
[0070] When the physiological sensor (190) communicates to the
master control system (160) that the user's condition has exceeded
a minimum threshold, such as MET.gtoreq.1.2 (750), the master
controller system may activate fan(s) (110). Master control system
(160) may increase the speed of fan(s) (110) as the user's measured
MET increases (752, 754, 756, 758, 760, 762) until the fan speed
reaches 100) of the maximum fan speed (762), as shown in FIG. 9.
The air movement created by fan(s) (110) creates a lower effective
temperature by increasing the rate of heat transfer from the
body.
[0071] Master control system (160) may adjust the set dry bulb
temperature to a higher actual set dry bulb temperature that
accounts for the perceived cooling effect (724), while maintaining
a perceived temperature at the original set effective temperature,
80.degree. F. The control logic utilized by master control system
(160) to determine the effective temperature may be derived from
the SET method of the ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 and/or other relevant
comfort related theory or research. The effective temperature may
be based upon the temperature, relative air humidity, and/or air
speed, as well as the user's physiological condition, among other
conditions which may exist. If the effective temperature rises
above original set effective temperature (730), then master control
system (160) may activate HVAC system (170) (732). If the relative
humidity level rises above the optimum relative humidity (740),
then master control system (160) may also activate HVAC system
(170) (742) (i.e. regardless of what the actual or effective
temperature may be). The use of data from a physiological sensor
(190) may be utilized by the master control system (160) alone or
in combination with data from any other sensor (130, 140, 150, 180)
in adjusting fan speed to account for a change in effective
temperature.
[0072] As yet another merely illustrative example, suppose that
master control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the
occupant had manually chosen the "Unoccupied Cooling" mode (452),
and set the temperature at 90.degree. F. As shown in FIG. 10, fan
(110) may remain off even if HVAC system (170) has been activated
by master control system (160), because the cooling effect of the
air is not useful in an unoccupied room. If the temperature rises
above the original set temperature (810), then master control
system (160) may activate HVAC system (170) (812). Of course, any
other suitable temperature and/or relative humidity level values
may be used in "Unoccupied Cooling" mode (452).
[0073] Thermal comfort control system (100) could be used in
combination with a radiant heating system (e.g. radiant heat
flooring, steam pipe radiator systems, etc.) in addition to or in
lieu of being used with HVAC system (170). Thermal comfort control
system (100) may operate as discussed above to determine and change
or maintain the effective temperature at the level of occupancy
within a room. Fans (110) may be utilized to evenly distribute heat
from the radiant heat source throughout the entire space. This may
improve energy efficiency and decrease warm-up and/or cool-down
time within the space.
[0074] Thermal comfort control system (100) may be programmed to
learn preferences of the occupant over a period of time. As an
example of such a capability, master control system (160) may
determine, as a result of the occupant's preferences over time,
that the occupant prefers a certain relative humidity level in
combination with a particular fan speed and/or dry bulb temperature
setting, or vice versa. Such preferences may be established for
particular periods of time, for instance during particular times of
the year such that master control system (160) may establish
different occupancy preferences for different times during the
year; or such preferences may be established for particular
external conditions which may exist as discussed above such that
master control system (160) may establish different occupancy
preferences for different external conditions.
[0075] Exemplary thermal comfort control system (100) may provide
zone-based thermal control whereas traditionally an HVAC system
(170) is controlled across a multitude of rooms or zones. Sensors
(130, 140, 150, 180) may be placed in multiple rooms or zones and
the occupant may establish an average temperature set range for use
throughout all the rooms or zones, or the occupant may establish
individual temperature set ranges particular to each room or
zone.
[0076] Master control system (160) may determine appropriate
control responses based upon the average or particular effective
temperature set range and the thermal and/or occupancy conditions
which may exist in each individual room or zone in which sensors
(130, 140, 150, 180) are located. Master control system (160) may
activate or shutdown particular fans (110) and/or may activate or
shutdown HVAC system (170) in a particular zone or room depending
upon the sensed thermal and/or occupancy conditions. Thus, while
the average dry bulb temperature across a zone may not exceed the
set range to activate HVAC system (170), fans (110) in occupied
rooms may be activated by master control system (160) to increase
comfort in those rooms while fans (110) in unoccupied rooms remain
idle to reduce power consumption.
[0077] Automated dampers may also be included within HVAC system
(170) to rebalance HVAC system (170) by automatically diverting air
to occupied zones and away from unoccupied zones. Such dampers
would allow master control system (160) to divert air that would
otherwise be wasted on unoccupied zones to those zones which are
occupied. The automated dampers may be driven by motors, solenoids,
etc. that are in communication with master control system (160).
Master control system (160) may be capable of maintaining a lower
dry bulb temperature (in winter) or higher dry bulb temperature (in
summer) in those rooms that are unoccupied, for instance by varying
the dry bulb temperature limit by 2.degree. F-3.degree. F. until a
room becomes occupied. As described in more detail below, master
control system (160) may be integrated with other thermal control
products in each room or zone to facilitate more efficient climate
control.
[0078] The master control (160) may include a module, such as a
display, for allowing for the control to be undertaken as well. The
control (160) may allow for the user to override the independent
control of the fans in the space, or require the fans to operate in
a certain sequence over time based on sensed condition. The control
(160) may also allow for the sensed condition that triggers
adjustments in the fan regulation to be controlled, including
possibly by causing the fan(s) in the zone(s) to turn on when a
certain condition is sensed, turn off when a certain condition is
sensed (time, temperature, light, etc.), or otherwise regulate the
speed based on sensed conditions.
[0079] Another benefit of the exemplary thermal comfort control
system (100) is that it may provide scheduled thermal control,
whereas traditionally an HVAC system (170) ran around the clock.
Master control system (160) may be programmed to operate fans (110)
and/or HVAC system (170) only during particular times. An example
of such a time may be when the occupant is typically at work.
Master control system (160) may also be programmed to determine
appropriate control responses based upon different settings or
effective temperature set ranges during particular times. An
example of such a time may be when the occupant is sleeping;
thermal control system (160) may be programmed to a lower effective
temperature set range (during winter) or a higher effective
temperature set range (during summer) during this time, and then
may begin to raise (during winter) or lower (during summer) the
effective temperature at a time just before the occupant typically
awakens. The system (160) may also regulate window coverings or
openings if high humidity is sensed in a particular location, such
as showering in a bathroom.
[0080] Master control system (160) may also be programmed to
operate fans (110) and/or HVAC system (170) only during particular
times based on a "room name" that is programmed into master control
system (160) and associated with a particular room and a typical
occupancy of such a room. As an example of such an operation, a
room may be programmed into master control system (160) as
"bedroom" and master control system (160) may automatically
determine that fans (110) and/or HVAC system (170) need only be
operated during typical occupancy periods of a bedroom, for
instance, at night when the occupants are typically sleeping.
Master control system (160) may also be capable of learning the
occupancy habits within particular spaces. For instance, master
control system (160) may determine that the occupant typically only
uses a particular space during a particular period of time, and
therefore only operate fans (110) and/or HVAC system (170) during
that particular time to save energy. Finally, master control system
(160) may be programmed to only operate fans (110) or HVAC system
(170) within occupied zones regardless of the arbitrary location of
sensors (130, 140), which may or may not be the same location as
the occupied zone.
[0081] Thermal comfort control system (100) may also be utilized to
assist in improving the efficiency of artificial lighting within a
particular space. Light sensors may be incorporated on or within
fans (110) and/or sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) to measure a light
level within a particular space. Master control system (160) may be
integrated with the artificial lighting within a particular space,
and when the light level of a particular space exceeds a
predetermined or programmed level, the artificial lighting may be
dimmed until the light level reaches the predetermined or
programmed level. As discussed below, master control system (160)
may be integrated with automated blinds within a particular space,
and when the light level of a particular space falls below the
predetermined or programmed level, master control system (160) may
open the automated blinds to utilize natural lighting, and if
necessary, master control system (160) may brighten the artificial
lighting until the light level reaches the predetermined or
programmed level. Automated blinds could also be automatically
opened to assist with heating in winter during the day; or be
automatically closed to reduce the cooling load in the summer
during the day. Other suitable ways in which automated blinds may
be integrated with system (100) will be apparent to those of
ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.
[0082] Thermal control system (100) may also be programmed for less
routine events, such as vacation ("Vacation Mode"), when, as
described above, thermal control system (100) may shutdown fans
(110) and/or HVAC system (170) or determine appropriate control
responses based upon different settings or temperature set ranges.
Such a Vacation Mode or other less routine operations may be
manually triggered by the occupant and/or automatically triggered
by thermal control system (100) after a lack of occupancy is sensed
for an established threshold period. During Vacation Mode, master
control system (160) may increase energy efficiency by not
operating HVAC system (170) and/or fan(s) (110), or by operating
HVAC system (170) and/or fan(s) (110) at more efficient energy
levels. As discussed below, such operations may be tied into other
any number of climate control products. In addition, system (100)
may reset or otherwise reduce power consumption by a water heater
and/or other equipment capable of such control during a Vacation
Mode.
[0083] Thermal comfort control system (100) may be integrated with
a NEST.TM. thermostat system by Nest Labs, Inc. of Palo Alto,
Calif. Such integration may allow for the NEST.TM. thermostat
system to receive information from and/or control the components of
thermal comfort control system (100); including HVAC system (170),
fan(s) (110) and/or sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) among others.
Fan(s) (110) and/or sensors (130, 140, 150, 180) may also serve as
a gateway into other devices and bring all of those points back to
the NEST.TM. thermostat system. As merely an example of other
devices, smart plugs for advanced energy monitoring may be coupled
with the NEST.TM. thermostat system via fans (110) and/or sensors
(130, 140, 150, 180). Integration may also allow the programmed or
learned periods of occupancy discussed above to be included in the
NEST.TM. thermostat system. Master control system (160) may
communicate energy usage to the NEST.TM. thermostat system. Master
control system (160) may also be programmed to operate as a
NEST.TM. thermostat controller in addition to or in lieu of a
NEST.TM. thermostat controller. Fan (110) energy usage, as
discussed above, may be communicated to the NEST.TM. thermostat
system. Finally, the operating hours of fan(s) (110), as determined
by the programmed or learned period of occupancy as discussed
above, may be included in the data logging of the NEST.TM.
thermostat system. As yet another merely illustrative example,
thermal comfort control system (100) may be integrated with an
IRIS.TM. system by Lowe's Companies, Inc. of Mooresville, N.C.
Other suitable systems and/or components that may be combined with
system (100) will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art
in view of the teachings herein. A further example is the Ecobee
Smart thermostat.
[0084] As shown in FIG. 3, exemplary thermal comfort control system
(100) described above may be combined with any number of climate
and environmental control products, and the capabilities and
operations discussed above may be configured to include any number
of climate and environmental control products. An example of such
an additional product would be automated blinds (920) that may be
opened or closed (fully or modulated to a particular amount)
depending upon the light levels being introduced into the space at
any particular moment. The blinds (920) may also be set in a
"privacy" mode to prevent them from being opened when intentionally
closed (or, in the case of vertical blinds, to cause them to only
partially open, such as from the top down).
[0085] Another example of such a product would be an air purifier
(922) that may be utilized to improve the air quality within a room
based upon air quality measurements taken by sensors (130, 140)
described above. Yet another example of such a product would be an
air humidifier or dehumidifier (924) to control the relative
humidity within a room based upon the relative humidity
measurements taken by sensors (130,140). Yet another example of
such a product would be a water heater (926). Yet another example
of such a product would be a scent generator (928) which may
include an air freshener to distribute aromatic scents throughout
all the spaces or only particular spaces. Master control system
(160) may also be integrated with other network systems that will
allow for additional features to be controlled such as lighting and
music among others.
[0086] In one approach, the system (100) incorporating the master
control system (160) is adapted for sensing or estimating the
effects of external radiation on the thermal comfort of the
occupant(s) of associated space(s), and controlling one or more of
the fan (110) or the HVAC system (170) as a result. In one example,
this may be achieved by providing a sensor for sensing the amount
of radiant energy, such as a radiant heat flux sensor (1000), which
may be placed on or adjacent to a window associated with the space
or other structure representative of the amount of radiant flux
associated with the space (e.g., a solar tube, portal, or the
like). An example of a radiant heat flux sensor may be found at
http://www.captecentreprise.com/prod02.htm (incorporated herein by
reference), but this is not meant to limit the disclosure to any
particular form, including based on after-arising technology for
sensing radiant heat flux.
[0087] The radiant heat flux determination may be used to
automatically control the environmental conditions. For example,
the sensed heat flux may be used to regulate an automated window or
window shade (including possibly the degree of opening or closing),
such as automated blinds (920), in an effort to control the effects
of solar emissions on the space and its occupants, if present. For
example, if it is determined that the radiant heat flux is below a
particular value, then the amount of light entering the space from
outside may be controlled by controlling the blinds (920) to open
(partially or fully). Likewise, if radiant heat flux is determined
to be above a particular value, then the light entering the space
may be regulated to ameliorate the resulting thermal effects, such
as by controlling the blinds (920) to close (and then further with
the control of the fan (110) and/or the HVAC system (170)). This
regulation of the light penetration from outside may also be done
in connection with the master control system (160) sensing the
indoor light intensity in the space, such as using a light sensor
(1010), which may also be used to modulate the amount of artificial
lighting supplied from an electric light (L) (which may be
associated with the fan (110) or otherwise arranged for providing
illumination to the space) in order to maintain a particular value,
such as a set point indicated by a user. In lieu of or in addition
to a radiant heat flux sensor, a fenestration surface temperature
sensor (1020) may also be used to determine the surface temperature
adjacent to a window, and a solar intensity sensor (1030) may be
used to determine the amount of solar intensity.
[0088] In situations where windows are positioned on different
sides of a space, the system (160) may use the inputs from multiple
radiant flux sensors in order to regulate the amount of light
provided in the space. For instance, if a radiant flux sensor
associated with a window facing east in the morning is receiving
direct sunlight, it may close the associated covering, while
opening another facing west to admit indirect sunlight (and
combined with possible regulation of the artificial lighting in
order to meet any set value). The reverse operation can be done in
the evening, when the sunlight is projected onto the western-facing
window. Strategically positioned artificial lights may also be used
to compensate for the different amounts of light admitted through
the different windows.
[0089] The system (160) logic may also operate based on predicted
conditions, such as weather reports (which may be received
wirelessly, such as over the internet). For example, if a sunny day
is predicted, then the system (160) may regulate the window
covering (e.g., automated blinds 920) differently than if a cool,
cloudy day is predicted Likewise, the system (160) may also
regulate the control of the fan(s) (110) or HVAC system (170)
accordingly. The prediction may be based on known reactions of the
system during similar past weather events (e.g., the fan, HVAC
system, or window covering changes during a day when the dry bulb
temperature, humidity, and/or amount of sunlight were similar or
the same as predicted). The prediction may also be time-based, such
that the system (160) attempts to regulate the effective
temperature using the fan (110) in the morning when conditions are
cooler, as compared to later in the day when the dry bulb
temperature normally rises.
[0090] As mentioned above, the system (160) may also be used to
control the selective opening and closing (and the degree to which
such are opened or closed) of natural sources of ventilation, such
as windows or vents. This opening or closing may be based on one or
more of indoor dry bulb temperature, occupancy conditions, heat
flux, or may be done based on an estimated or actual wind speed,
and may be done using an associated motor for controlling the
window position (e.g., between open and closed, or among a
plurality of open positions, depending on the desired degree of
ventilation). The wind speed may be determined based on a received
report, or based on an actually sensed wind speed at a location
adjacent to the window, such as by a wind speed sensor (1040).
Thus, the sensed wind speed may be used to determine if the window
should be modulated to be opened to a particular degree (thus
leading to ventilation of the spaced and potentially enhanced
comfort) or closed to a particular degree, which may also be done
based on the set point selected by the user. The wind speed may
also be used to control the speed of any fan (110) in the space in
the event a window is open to aid in controlling heating or
cooling. The HVAC system (170) may also be turned off or disabled
by the system (160) if the window is open or controlled to be open,
so as to avoid wasting energy. The system (160) may also be set to
a security mode to prevent the window from being opened or
otherwise adjusted from a pre-determined setting. Alternatively, in
lieu of automated windows, the system (160) may indicate to the
user the desirability of manually opening or closing window(s) in
order to achieve the desired set temperature, such as by providing
an alarm or sending an e-mail, text message, or like communication
to a computing device, such as a mobile phone.
[0091] As a merely illustrative example, suppose that master
control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the occupant
had manually chosen "Occupied Heating" mode, and set the dry bulb
temperature at 70.degree. F., as indicated in FIG. 6. If the dry
bulb temperature sensed in the space is less than the set
temperature, the HVAC system shall activate to maintain the dry
bulb temperature at the set point. The master control system (160)
will also control the ceiling fan (110) to be on at a given speed,
which may be pre-determined or adaptive based on known user
preferences (or, for example, measured wind speed, as noted above).
Furthermore, as indicated in FIG. 11, the master control system
(160) may operate to control the amount of light in the room, such
as by controlling artificial or natural lighting. For example, if
the sensed radiative heat flux exceeds a particular amount, such as
200 W/m.sup.2 (which may be pre-programmed and/or regulated or set
by the user), the system (160) shall control the blinds (920) to
open fully, unless set to privacy mode (which, as noted above, may
include a degree of partial opening while retaining privacy in some
situations). Furthermore, the system (160) may in such instance
control the lighting in the space to maintain a desired amount of
lighting, which may be set by the user. If the temperature is
between the set point and a predetermined upper value (e.g.,
75.degree. F.), the opening of the blinds (920) will be modulated
to minimize the change in temperature and without causing
perceptible changes in the ambient light (such as determined by
light sensor 1010). When the temperature is below the set point,
the blinds (920) will be completely opened; when the temperature is
above the upper value, the blinds (920) shall be closed. Otherwise,
the blinds (920) are closed.
[0092] As another merely illustrative example, suppose that master
control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the occupant
had manually chosen "Unoccupied Heating" mode, and set the dry bulb
temperature at 55.degree. F., as indicated in FIG. 7. If the dry
bulb temperature sensed is less than the set temperature, the HVAC
system (170) shall activate to maintain the dry bulb temperature at
the set point. The master control system (160) shall also control
the ceiling fan (110) to be on at a minimum operating speed in
order to provide a minimal level of air circulation. As indicated
in FIG. 12, the blinds (920) shall be opened if the sensed
radiative heat flux exceeds the pre-determined value (unless set to
privacy mode), and the light(s) (L) shall be turned off. Otherwise,
the blinds (920) shall be closed.
[0093] As yet another merely illustrative example, suppose that
master control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the
occupant had manually chosen "Occupied Cooling" mode, and set the
dry bulb temperature at 80.degree. F., as indicated in FIG. 8. If
the dry bulb temperature sensed exceeds the set dry bulb
temperature, the HVAC system (170) shall activate to maintain the
dry bulb temperature at the set point. The master control system
(160) shall also control the ceiling fan (110) to be on at a
particular speed. As indicated in FIG. 13, the blinds (920) shall
be closed if the sensed radiative heat flux exceeds the
pre-determined value, and the light(s) (L) shall be turned on to
maintain the desired amount of lighting. Otherwise, the blinds
(920) shall be open and the lights shall be dimmed (unless set to
privacy mode).
[0094] As yet another merely illustrative example, suppose that
master control system (160) had automatically chosen and/or the
occupant had manually chosen the "Unoccupied Cooling" mode, and set
the dry bulb temperature at 90.degree. F. If the dry bulb
temperature sensed exceeds the set dry bulb temperature, the HVAC
system (170) shall activate to maintain the temperature at the set
point. The master control system (160) shall also control the
ceiling fan (110) to be off. The blinds (920) shall be closed if
the sensed radiative heat flux exceeds the pre-determined value,
and the light(s) (L) shall turn off, as indicated in FIG. 14. If
the outdoor dry bulb temperature is sensed to be less than the
indoor dry bulb temperature, the indoor dry bulb temperature is
greater than a particular amount (e.g., 75.degree. F.), and the
radiative heat flux is less than the predetermined amount, the
blinds (920) shall open (unless set to privacy mode). Otherwise,
the blinds (920) shall be closed.
[0095] An example of a predictive algorithm based on one or more
weather conditions is also provided. In this example, the system
(160) is provided information early in the day on the predicted
weather for the day, which for example is a predicted outdoor dry
bulb temperature of 85.degree. F. and sunny conditions. The system
(160) then looks for any previous similar days and, based on
locating a match, determines that it is highly likely that the HVAC
system (170) will be heavily used in cooling mode to maintain
comfort in the space, which is what occurred during the prior
conditions. Using this as a past protocol, a current protocol is
developed, which may involve keeping the blinds (920) closed all
morning to minimize solar heat gain into the space, even though the
system (160) might normally have opened them. By minimizing heat
gain early in the day, the space dry bulb temperature increases
more slowly and the HVAC system (170) would start to operate later
than would otherwise be the case. In the meantime, the fan (110)
may be used to provide cooling until the set dry bulb temperature
is exceeded. If window controls are included, the system (160)
could also open the windows at night to pre-cool the space before
the air temperature rises during the day, thus further delaying the
use of the HVAC system (170). The wind direction could also be used
for control, such as by opening and closing certain windows for
increased ventilation or to ensure a cross breeze.
[0096] According to another aspect of the disclosure, a system and
method of thermal control may utilize the thermal mass of a
partition in the space, such as a wall, ceiling, floor or flooring
system (hereinafter "floor") to store solar heat energy acquired
during the day for use at night. As background, large thermal mass
objects (such as building foundations) will store and release heat
slowly over long periods of time. If sunlight happens to shine on a
thermal mass, then that mass can increase temperature far above
ambient air conditions and maintain that elevated temperature long
after the sun stops shining. Traditionally, solar heating using
thermal masses was only a passive technique. This function aims to
increase the usefulness of solar thermal mass heating. However,
this disclosure proposes modulating heat availability through
shading control and convective extraction (using ceiling fan).
[0097] Certain parameters may be evaluated for determining whether
to operate in a thermal storage mode (TSM). Parameters allowing for
thermal storage mode (TSM) may include the amount of solar flux
available for a given space (e.g., if solar flux is greater than a
particular threshold, such as the 200 W/m.sup.2 value noted above).
Also, the criteria may include examining whether the thermal
storage potential of the partition, such as the floor, is
sufficient to maintain a predetermined temperature difference (for
example, more than 50% of a greater than 5.degree. F. delta
temperature difference over room temperature for more than 2 hours
under typical solar flux). This criteria could be determined by
thermal calculations (see example below) or by learned thermal
reaction of building materials (such as by measuring temperature
change of the floor after shade closure and recording time to 50%
temperature decrease). If over a particular period of time, such as
several days, this recorded time is greater than a predetermined
amount (e.g., 2 hours), then the floor is sufficient for thermal
storage.
[0098] Thermal calculations may then be done using the following
user inputs and thermal property lookup tables based on those
inputs: (1) floor construction type; (2) floor covering; and (3)
occupancy prediction. The construction of the floor determines how
much energy can be stored and for how long that energy will take to
move into and out of the floor, and could be determined using user
input (choice of floor type; slab on grade, crawl space, second
floor, etc.). The insulation value of the floor will also influence
how fast solar energy can be stored or extracted from a floor. This
could be determined using user input (choice of floor covering;
tile, thick carpet, office carpet, bare slab, etc.).
Occupancy prediction may be done using, for example, thermostat
away settings (e.g., if the user specifies that they will be "away"
during a certain period of the day, then that unoccupied time
period can be used for thermal storage functionality).
Alternatively, the system could use motion sensor data over
multiple days to predict when the occupant will be away from home
on given days of the week.
[0099] An example of the calculation used to determine if a
particular floor is suitable for thermal storage is provided.
Assume the floor is a polished concrete slab of 0.1 meter thickness
(Th) with no carpet, and that the time to maintain the temperature
difference is 2 hours (dt), in which case:
c p = 0.8 1000 J kg K ##EQU00001## .rho. = 2400 kg m 3
##EQU00001.2## dT = ( 5 5 9 ) K ##EQU00001.3##
Presuming a 5 degree F. floor to air difference exists, the energy
storage can be calculated as follows:
Q = .rho. Th c p dT = 5.333 10 5 J m 2 ##EQU00002##
The heat loss due to convection for a slab may be determined as
follows:
q conv = h dT = 25 W m 2 ##EQU00003##
Where the convection coefficient of a horizontal plane in still air
is:
h = 9 W m 2 K ##EQU00004##
The heat loss due to radiation from the floor to walls may be
estimated as follows:
q rad = .sigma. ( ( 23 .degree. C . + dT ) 4 - ( 23 .degree. C . )
4 ) 1 concrete + 1 wall - 1 ##EQU00005##
Where:
[0100] .epsilon..sub.concrete=0.63
.epsilon..sub.wall=0.92
.sigma.=Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Accordingly, the thermal storage potential for the floor may be
evaluated as follows:
( q rad + q conv ) dt Q = 0.471 ##EQU00006##
As this is less than 50%, the floor is determined sufficient for
thermal storage.
[0101] As indicated in FIG. 12, the thermal storage mode of
operation may be implemented in connection with the thermal comfort
control as outlined in the foregoing description. First, it is
determined whether a particular floor is found to be sufficient for
thermal storage. If so, then it is determined whether heat need is
predicted throughout the majority of the next night (such as based
on a historical observation, a predicted forecast, or user input).
Also, by way of a controller, such as master controller (160), it
is determined whether unoccupied heating mode is active during the
day, and also whether the solar flux is above threshold.
[0102] If these conditions are met, then one or more controller for
regulating an environmental condition would be controlled
accordingly. For example, fans for circulating air in the space
would be turned off or controlled to remain off for a predetermined
time, such as for first half of predicted unoccupied time period,
and the blinds (or other window covering) would remain open. If the
predetermined time is exceeded, then the air circulation devices
would be run, preferably at the maximum possible speed, and the
blinds would remain open. If occupancy is reestablished at any
time, then the speed of the device(s) would be reduced to a maximum
speed that satisfies occupant comfort, as described above, again
with the blinds open. If thermal reservoir is depleted (which may
be sensed using non-contact temperature sensor), then the thermal
mode of operation may be discontinued.
[0103] As used herein, the term "window" is considered to include
any opening constructed in a wall, door, or roof that functions to
admit light or air into a space. Hence, the term window may include
skylights or like structures. As used herein, the term "window" is
synonymous with "fenestration," as that term is used in ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-2013, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0104] Having shown and described various embodiments of the
present invention, further adaptations of the methods and systems
described herein may be accomplished by appropriate modifications
by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the
scope of the present invention. Several of such potential
modifications have been mentioned, and others will be apparent to
those skilled in the art. For instance, the examples, embodiments,
geometrics, materials, dimensions, ratios, steps, and the like
discussed above are illustrative and are not required. Accordingly,
the scope of the present invention should be considered in terms of
claims that may be presented, and is understood not to be limited
to the details of structure and operation shown and described in
the specification and drawings.
* * * * *
References