U.S. patent application number 15/368269 was filed with the patent office on 2017-07-06 for deterent for unmanned aerial systems.
The applicant listed for this patent is XiDrone Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Dwaine A. PARKER, Lawrence S. PIERCE, Damon E. STERN.
Application Number | 20170192089 15/368269 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59226236 |
Filed Date | 2017-07-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170192089 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
PARKER; Dwaine A. ; et
al. |
July 6, 2017 |
DETERENT FOR UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS
Abstract
A system (100) for providing an integrated multi-sensor
detection and countermeasure against commercial unmanned aerial
systems/vehicles (44) and includes a detecting element (103, 104,
105), a tracking element (103,104, 105) an identification element
(103, 104, 105) and an interdiction element (102). The detecting
element detects an unmanned aerial vehicle in flight in the region
of, or approaching, a property, place, event or very important
person. The tracking element determines the exact location of the
unmanned aerial vehicle. The identification/classification element
utilizing data from the other elements generates the identification
and threat assessment of the UAS. The interdiction element, based
on automated algorithms can either direct the unmanned aerial
vehicle away from the property, place, event or very important
person in a non-destructive manner, or can disable the unmanned
aerial vehicle in a destructive manner. The interdiction process
may be over ridden by intervention by a System Operator/HiL.
Inventors: |
PARKER; Dwaine A.; (Naples,
FL) ; STERN; Damon E.; (Riverview, FL) ;
PIERCE; Lawrence S.; (Huntsville, AL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
XiDrone Systems, Inc. |
Naples |
FL |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
59226236 |
Appl. No.: |
15/368269 |
Filed: |
December 2, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14821907 |
Aug 10, 2015 |
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15368269 |
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62094154 |
Dec 19, 2014 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01S 13/88 20130101;
G01S 7/414 20130101; G01S 13/933 20200101; G01S 7/021 20130101;
G01S 7/38 20130101; F41H 13/0075 20130101; G01S 13/86 20130101;
H04K 2203/22 20130101; H04K 3/92 20130101; G01S 13/66 20130101;
H04K 3/44 20130101; G01S 13/91 20130101; H04K 3/42 20130101; G01S
3/782 20130101; G01S 13/42 20130101; G01S 13/883 20130101; H04K
2203/14 20130101; F41H 11/02 20130101; H04K 3/65 20130101; H04K
3/45 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G01S 7/38 20060101
G01S007/38; G01S 13/66 20060101 G01S013/66; F41H 11/02 20060101
F41H011/02; G01S 13/86 20060101 G01S013/86 |
Claims
1. A multi-sensor system for providing integrated detection,
tracking, and identify/classification against commercial unmanned
aerial vehicles comprising: a direction finding high fidelity RF
receiver coupled with a receiving omnidirectional antenna and a
receiving directional antenna for detecting an RF signature of a
flying unmanned aerial vehicle; a spectral signal identifier
processor for analyzing the RF signature and identifying spectral
signatures of the unmanned aerial vehicle and eliminating
electromagnetic clutter present; a modified radar system originally
intended for detection of terrestrial (Surface) targets, provided
with a radar clutter and target filter processor for providing
input to an azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data processor
for determining the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle; a
signal generator that produces at least one tailored signal based
on the spectral signatures of the unmanned aerial vehicle; a
variable strength amplifier that generates an output power; an
antenna alignment assembly for adjusting the alignment of a
transmitting directional and focused antenna based on the location
of the unmanned aerial vehicle as determined by the azimuth and
elevation vector coordinate data processor; and the signal
generator and amplifier coupled with the transmitting antenna to
send at least one signal to the unmanned aerial vehicle to alter at
least one of the speed, direction and altitude of the unmanned
aerial vehicle.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a Multiband LNA
Assembly for amplifying received signals from the receiving
omnidirectional and receiving directional antennae and transmitting
signals to an Uplink Receive Host Workstation that sends
information to the spectral signal identifier processor where the
type of unmanned aerial vehicle is identified using a database of
known spectral signal wave information for known unmanned aerial
vehicles, and a Frequency and Wave Form Parameters unit coupled to
a Modulation Look Up Table coupled to an ECM Modulation Type Select
unit that is coupled to the signal generator that produces at least
one tailored signal which is then transmitted in a highly focused
and variable strength beam precisely aimed at the subject unmanned
aerial system.
3. The system of claim 1 further comprising a Receive Blanking unit
that forces the receiving omnidirectional and a receiving
directional antenna to stop receiving a radio frequency being
transmitted by the transmitting directional and focused
antennae.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the azimuth and elevation vector
coordinate data processor uses a spherical coordinate system for
three-dimensional space wherein three numbers specify the position
of a point measured in latitude, longitude and elevation obtained
from the radar.
5. The system of claim 1 further comprising a laser range finder
and wherein the azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data
processor uses a spherical coordinate system for three-dimensional
space wherein three numbers specify the position of a point
measured in latitude, longitude and elevation obtained from the
laser range finder and associated computational algorithms.
6. The system of claim 1 further comprising Electro-Optical and
Infrared Sensors and associated computational algorithms and
co-located with a Laser Range Finder to provide a comprehensive,
multi-purpose targeting system that incorporates a fire-control
capability and digital display to the system operator/HIL that
shows the field of view of the suspect UAS target(s) along with
vital pieces of data including range-to-target, target velocity,
elevation, azimuth, wind velocity and direction, deterrent zone
size, countermeasure type, temperature, barometric pressure and
time of day.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one tailored signal
produced by the signal generator is an electronic counter measure
either specifically calculated or selected using modulation lookup
table to determine a broad range of RF signatures used by the
flying unmanned aerial vehicle utilizing a database library of
specific radio frequencies characteristics common to unmanned
aerial vehicles
8. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one tailored signal
produced by the signal generator is an electronic counter measure
either specifically calculated or selected using modulation lookup
table to determine a broad range of RF signatures used by the
flying unmanned aerial vehicle utilizing a database library of
specific radio frequencies characteristics common to unmanned
aerial vehicles, is augmented by the observed frequencies detected
by the RF detection.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one tailored signal
produced by the signal generator is an electronic counter measure
either specifically calculated or selected using modulation lookup
table to determine a broad range of RF signatures used by the
flying unmanned aerial vehicle utilizing a database library of
specific radio frequencies characteristics common to unmanned
aerial vehicles this tailored signal may vary from the received
signal in that a harmonic of the received signal may prove more
effective in deterring the suspect UAV than the actual received
signal.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one tailored signal
produced by the signal generator is an electronic counter measure
either specifically calculated or selected using modulation lookup
table to determine a broad range of RF signatures used by the
flying unmanned aerial vehicle utilizing a database library of
specific radio frequencies characteristics common to unmanned
aerial vehicles, use of the frequency harmonic will allow reduced
transmit power and minimize unintended collateral effects.
11. The system of claim 1 wherein the transmitting directional and
focused antenna is a component of a directional transmitting
antenna array.
12. The system of claim 1 wherein a capability to engage an
airborne UAS/UAV in either a destructive (kinetic) or a
non-destructive (non-kinetic) manner.
13. The system of claim 1 further comprising a means to accept
non-system generated suspect sUAS identification and location
information received from outside sources and to detect and track
traditional commercial sUAS/UAV containing or not containing
electronic transponder identification technology and a means to
detect and track non-traditional aerial systems (Manned or
unmanned) with similar spectral signatures operating in similar low
altitude environments.
14. The system of claim 1 further comprising of a secure control
network (using existing infrastructure or dedicated high bandwidth
point-to-point communications hardware) that allows non-collocated
emplacement of system elements to provide control of the system
from remote locations or add additional sensors from remote
sources.
15. A system comprising: a ground radar transceiver; at least one
radio frequency receiving antenna; at least one optical and/or
infrared sensor; and at least one sensor fusion processor coupled
to the receiving antenna, the radar transceiver and the sensor, the
sensor fusion processor fusing data from the receive antenna, the
radar transceiver and the sensor to identify a multi-sensor threat
assessment for a drone target.
16. The system of claim 15 further including an interdiction
capability.
17. The system of claim 16 wherein the interdiction capability
comprises an RF jamming directional antenna.
18. The system of claim 16 wherein the interdiction capability
comprises a fire control unit.
19. The system of claim 15 wherein the radar transceiver comprises
a commercial surface X band radar.
20. The system of claim 15 further including a laser range
finder.
21. The system of claim 15 wherein the receive antenna comprises a
receive directional antenna array and a receive omnidirectional
antenna.
22. The system of claim 15 further including a tracking processor
that tracks the identified drone and automatically generates
azimuth and elevation control signals to direct a highly tailored
narrow beam RF pulse to the drone.
23. The system of claim 15 wherein the processor performs slew to
cue processing to keep cued targets in view with or without human
intervention.
24. The system of claim 15 wherein the sensor fusion processor uses
criteria including location, classification, bearing, speed,
payload, size and flight profile of a target to generate the threat
assessment.
25. A method comprising: detecting a suspect sUAS target; tracking
a suspect sUAS target; identifying a suspect sUAS target and an
associated numerical threat assessment value; comparing the threat
assessment value with a threshold; and conditioned on the results
of the comparison, deterrent targeting a suspect sUAS.
26. The method of claim 24 further including destroying the target
using a kinetic weapon system
27. The method of claim 24 further including incapacitating the
target using a non-kinetic RF deterrent.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/821,907 filed Aug. 10, 2015; which claims
benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/094,154 filed Dec.
19, 2014. The disclosures of these prior applications are
incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] None.
FIELD
[0003] The technology herein relates to reliable detection and
interdiction of unmanned aerial systems such as drones.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
[0004] Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS), weighing less than 20
kg or 55 pounds, which are commonly referred to as "drones", are
commercially available to the general public. Drone--designated as
44 in FIG. 1A, thus refers to an unmanned aircraft or ship guided
by remote control or onboard computers, allowing for human
correction (i.e., semi-autonomous), or autonomous, see also UAV,
UAS, sUAS, RPA. While there may be many safe commercial and
recreational uses for unmanned aerial systems, recent publicized
events tell us that significant hazards exist to commercial and
general aviation, public, private and government interests even if
a UAS is operated without malicious intent. Furthermore, unmanned
aerial systems have been used intentionally to violate the privacy
of personal, commercial, educational, athletic, entertainment and
governmental activities. An unintended consequence of off-the-shelf
(OTS) commercially available unmanned aerial systems is the
capability to be used in the furtherance of invading privacy, or
carrying out terrorist and/or criminal activities. There is a
genuine need for an integrated system and method of detecting,
tracking, identifying/classifying and deterring the approach of a
commercial unmanned aerial system towards a location where
personal, public, commercial, educational, athletic, entertainment,
governmental and military activities occur and where a commercial
unmanned aerial system could potentially be used for invading
privacy, or carrying out terrorist and criminal activities within a
civilian environment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] FIG. 1 shows an example of non-limiting drone detection,
classification and interdiction system.
[0006] FIG. 1A is a schematic representation of the components and
function of an example non-limiting integrated detection and
countermeasure system for use against small-unmanned aerial systems
(sUAS).
[0007] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the deterrent and
countermeasure system for use against small unmanned aerial systems
(sUAS), 44 of FIG. 1A.
[0008] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the Radio Frequency
(RF) detection system for use against small unmanned aerial systems
(sUAS), 44 of FIG. 1A.
[0009] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the Radar detection
system and Electro Optical/Infer Red (EO/IR) camera & Laser
Range Finder (LRF) system for use against small unmanned aerial
systems (sUAS), 44 of FIG. 1A.
[0010] FIG. 5 is a simplified flow-chart showing computational
processes and functions that locate, identify/classify, track and
deter a small unmanned aerial system (sUAS), 44 of FIG. 1A in an
automated manner.
[0011] FIG. 6 is an example non-limiting process diagram for an
embodiment of the sensor fusion processor.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE NON-LIMITING EMBODIMENTS
[0012] FIG. 1 shows an example non-limiting system for detecting,
tracking, classifying and interdicting a UAS such as a drone 44. In
the example shown, several different sensors using different
technologies are used to detect the target 44. Such sensors
include, in one non-limiting embodiment, a commercial ground based
radar 43; an optical and/or infrared and/or laser range finder 16;
an omnidirectional radio frequency (RF) receiving antenna 14; and a
directional radio frequency (RF) receiving/direction finding
antenna 12. Such equipment can be mounted on separate fixtures such
as mobile trailers, or on the same fixture or other structure. The
outputs of these sensors are analyzed using a sensor fusion
processor (described below) to detect and classify the target 44,
and to determine a level of threat assessment. In some non-limiting
embodiments, a human can be in the loop (HiL or "human in the
loop") to render judgment; in other scenarios the system is
entirely automatic. If the threat assessment level exceeds a
certain threshold, the system can automatically deploy interdiction
10 to incapacitate or destroy the target 44. The system can
therefore be instrumental in protecting critical infrastructure
such as airports, bridges, power lines, factories, nuclear/power
plants, shipping facilities, football stadiums, military
installations, large public venues, etc., from being threatened by
the target 44.
[0013] Example non-limiting embodiments provide a fully integrated
multi-phenomenology detection and interdiction solution which
leverages the strength of multiple individual sensor systems
including but not limited to: Radar, Radio Frequency Direction
Finding (DF), Electro Optical and Infra-Red (EO/IR) imagers, and
Laser Range Finding (LRF), used to derive necessary location and
spectral characteristics of a commercial unmanned aerial system
(UAS) or drone. Unique analytic processes and algorithms use the
data collected by the sensor suite to identify, classify and
specify the specific waveform, pulse width, and frequency to be
generated for use by an RF counter-measure, thereby exploiting
inherent vulnerabilities within the flight controller of a subject
UAS. sUAS--designated as 44 in FIG. 1 small Unmanned Aerial System,
usually weighing less than 20 kg or 55 lbs. The highly accurate,
narrow beam RF counter-measure transmits the specifically generated
RF signal, disrupting and overwhelming the subject UAS control and
navigation systems resulting in the airborne UAS landing or
returning to launch location based on the subject's onboard
processes.
[0014] Traditionally, air defense has been the purview of the
military, not law enforcement or private security forces. However,
the advent of affordable and capable sUAS, weighing less than 20 kg
or 55 pounds, creates a need to detect and deter unauthorized or
hostile use of this technology. Small drone systems present
different detection signatures, flight characteristics and
profiles, and are not likely to be detected by more conventional
radar or deterred by electronic countermeasures, or kinetic systems
without the risk of significant collateral damage. Existing UAS
countermeasure systems are designed primarily and focus on
detecting and destroying larger aircraft such as drones similar to
the Iranian Ababil 3, Chinese Sky-09P and the Russian ZALA 421-08
for example. These midsize to large unmanned aerial vehicles are
not likely to be used within a domestic, non-combat, environment.
Due to their size and flight characteristics, detecting and
tracking midsize to large military drones is accomplished with
great success using traditional military radar/air defense systems
designed to scan the sky. In addition, the military countermeasures
used to combat UAS/UAVs against friendly positions consist of
lethal offensive systems armed with deadly and destructive
munitions such as bullets, artillery, electromagnetic and laser
beams. Also integrated in the military countermeasures are powerful
RF systems designed to disrupt, jam or spoof the SATNAV (GPS)
(satellite navigation/global positioning system) signals needed for
aerial navigation. This traditional approach produces a high risk
of collateral damage or negative navigation effects on all GPS
receivers operating in the area. The system of the non-limiting
embodiments(s) resolves these negative or collateral effects by
offering a precise and tailored application of the specific RF
emission needed to remotely control these small commercial drones
without specifically targeting the SATNAV (GPS) signal.
[0015] Military UAS countermeasures are designed and used in a
battlefield or hostile environment. Using a military solution
within a civilian or commercial environment would not be suitable
or permissible due to the inherent liabilities and government
regulations. Furthermore, the use of SATNAV/GPS jamming and
spoofing can severely disrupt broad military and civilian
activities such as cell phone towers and aviation navigation making
it illegal outside of a military operation or combat zone. Another
issue with using current military UAS/UAV countermeasures against
commercial drones is the military focus on traditional force
protection and counter battery missions using battlefield radar
systems that are not designed for or capable of detecting slow
moving targets that operate at relatively low angles or altitudes
above buildings, trees and just above the horizon. Using
countermeasure systems that rely only on aircraft detecting radar
and GPS jamming/spoofing systems does not provide a viable
defensive solution to commercially available sUAS. The full
military approach to UAS countermeasure system has several
drawbacks with its use in a civilian or commercial environment that
includes cost, weight, size, power consumption and collateral
effects using high-powered RF jamming or kinetic technologies. This
gap between the military and civilian operational environment
demands that an integrated, multi-sensor counter sUAS system be
developed. The demand for a successful counter sUAS system that
detects, tracks, identifies/classifies and deters against
commercial drones without causing collateral damage or interference
in a civilian environment is growing exponentially.
[0016] The exemplary non-limiting implementations herein alleviate
the problems noted with the military counter UAS systems and
provide a novel, efficient and effective integrated detection,
tracking, identifying/classifying and countermeasure solution
against small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) operating in a
commercial or civilian environment. The implementations herein
further offer increased awareness, security, privacy, and
protection from the threats involving small unmanned aerial
systems/vehicles, (sUAS/UAV) or other similar manned systems--such
as ultra-light aircraft, and is applicable to governmental,
military, commercial, private, and public concerns.--Example
embodiments herein provide Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems of
Systems (CUASs2) to detect, identify/classify, track and deter or
interdict small unmanned aerial vehicles or systems
[0017] The example non-limiting systems disclosed herein provide an
integrated solution providing protection from ground level to
several thousand feet above ground level and laterally several
miles comprising components using in part: some existing
technologies for a new use; multiplexing hardware components
designed for this application; development of the integrating
sophisticated built-in software algorithms which calculates the
exact X, Y, Z (Longitude, Latitude and Altitude) coordinates of the
subject sUAS; subject sUAS RF signal analysis to determine the most
appropriate RF signal characteristics required to affect the
subject sUAS; video/photo analytics to identify/classify sUAS type
and threat assessment, precision alignment of high definition
electro-optical (EO) sensors and infrared (IR) sensors and image
recognition algorithms; a Laser Range Finder (LRF) capable of
tracking multiple targets, providing X, Y, Z coordinate data,
heads-up display data and a fire-control capability. Such
capability allows for operation in a completely autonomous manner
or in a supervised manner by providing a system operator, also
known as a Human-in-the loop (HiL), a real-time imagery and data to
assist in picture compilation and threat assessment as well a
visual display of the suspect sUAS location and image, thus,
providing positive confirmation that the targeted sUAS/UAV is in
violation of airspace authorization, presents a physical threat to
an area of concern or has entered a designated protected area.
[0018] Operating a counter sUAS system within a civilian or
commercial environment will mandate precision countermeasures to
ensure very minimal to zero collateral damage or exposure to areas
surrounding the targeted sUAS. The non-limiting embodiments(s)
unique capability is the way it integrates multiple sensors to
detect, track, identify/classify and deter sUAS/UAV systems. In
addition, the system utilizes three independent sources to acquire
the X, Y and Z coordinate data needed to automatically direct and
align the automatic antenna alignment system and provide the
initial targeting/tracking data to the EO/IR system (16) and the
countermeasure system (10). The three independent sources are the
radar system (43), the DF system (14) and the combined EO/IR &
LRF system (16). Combining the independent X, Y, and Z coordinate
data of each system will provide a precise 8-digit GPS
geo-location/tracking to use in the geo-location, mapping, aiming
and tracking systems. It should be noted that the military systems
rely only on radar for GPS location when tracking a suspected
airborne target or UAV.
[0019] The example non-limiting technology herein utilizes radar in
the X-Band frequency range as one of the sensors to detect, track
and classify a commercial sUAS/UAV. The unique application of radar
more typically used to detect ground targets allows greater
discrimination between the suspect sUAS and the highly cluttered,
low altitude environment. Military air defense radars are optimized
for much higher altitude and velocity targets utilizing the K and
Ka bands. Existing art approaches the technical challenge of sUAS
detection like any other aerial target while the non-limiting
embodiments(s) described approaches this challenge as if it were a
ground target. This fundamentally different approach provides a
novel and unique solution for the detection of airborne sUAS or
similar signature systems. Due to the high frequency, range, power,
and other optimized characteristics, typical applications of
aircraft detection radars are more susceptible to distortion when
viewing ground-associated objects that is then classified as
"Clutter".
[0020] The example non-limiting technology herein utilizes a Laser
Range Finder (LRF) coupled with an Electrical Optic and Infra-Red
(EO/IR) camera system as one of the sensors to detect, track, and
identify/classify a commercial sUAS/UAV. The EO/IR & LRF system
(16) receives its initial target data (location) from the radar
system (43). The X, Y and Z coordinate data from the radar aligns
the EO/IR camera and LRF towards the suspect sUAS target. The LRF
is a comprehensive, multi-purpose targeting system that
incorporates the same tracking and fire-control capabilities found
in advanced military weapon systems including fighter aircraft,
armored vehicles, and precision-guided munitions. The LRF combined
with the EO/IR camera system provides the digital display to the
system operator, (HIL), that shows the field of view and displays
the suspect sUAS target(s) along with vital pieces of data
including range-to-target, target velocity, deterrent angle,
compass heading, wind velocity and direction, deterrent zone size,
countermeasure type, temperature, barometric pressure and time of
day. Fire control technology is at the core of the LRF and ensures
extreme accuracies at long distances with slow to fast moving sUAS
targets. It is what allows the non-limiting embodiments(s) to
execute precision countermeasures within a controlled civilian or
commercial environment. Fire control systems are basically
computers that guide the release of the chosen countermeasure. Once
the suspect sUAS is tagged the LRF produces an X, Y and Z data
point that is sent to the countermeasure system (14) for automatic
alignment of the destructive or non-destructive deterrent element
(10), (RF, Laser, Impulse, Munitions, etc.). This is a significant
advantage over current military systems for providing the necessary
steps for increased safety when operating in a civilian/commercial
environment. During the time that the suspect sUAS is being viewed
through the EO/IR camera system, the images and heat signatures are
compared with known sUAS images and heat signatures for possible
type identification/classification and threat assessment.
Video/photo analytics are used to determine the type of sUAS and if
the suspect sUAS contains a payload.
[0021] The example non-limiting technology herein utilizes
components of the LRF to connect the tracking EO/IR optic with the
fire control trigger. Targeting technology lets you designate an
exact sUAS target(s) by placing the aligned reticle on the sUAS and
then pressing the tag button. When you tag a target, the tracking
optic then knows what you want to engage. The optic and trigger
collaborate to precisely release your chosen countermeasure. Once
the decision has been made to engage the target sUAS, the tracking
system then guides the fire control trigger to release the
countermeasure at the exact moment needed to affect your target
with minimal collateral damage to areas surrounding the target
sUAS. The connection between the tracking optic and the fire
control trigger contains dozens of microprocessors and electronic,
electro-optic, and electro-mechanical components. When the system
engages the fire control triggering mechanism, the image is
compared to the original selected image. If the two images are not
perfectly aligned with the designated or tagged point, the tracking
optic interrupts the triggering signal and prevents transmission of
the tailored RF interdiction signal. At the time when the images
are aligned and matched, the interrupt is released allowing the
transmission of the desired interdiction transmission. As soon the
system intersects the designation point, the fire control trigger
is released executing a perfectly aimed deterrent countermeasure.
This automated fire control system virtually eliminates human error
caused by misaiming, mistiming, system movement, vibration or other
environmental factors.
[0022] One example non-limiting technology herein utilizes Radio
Frequency (RF) and Direction Finding (DF) technology to detect, and
track, identify/classify a commercial sUAS/UAV. The system uses a
very sensitive RF receiver scanning the area of interest, in a
360-degree manner, for any RF signal commonly used as the
communication link between the operator and the sUAS. Filters
within the signal processor eliminate those signatures that are not
found within the population of the commercially available sUAS
market. Observed signal characteristics are compared to a library
or database of modulation, frequency, pulse-width and duration
characteristics to identify known commercial sUAS. When an observed
signal matches or is statistically similar to an expected sUAS RF
signature, the azimuth of the suspect sUAS is passed to the other
sensor systems for closer attention. The high gain antenna is also
directed to that azimuth further refining the azimuth and elevation
of the suspect sUAS. This system sensor element allows the
non-limiting embodiments(s) to operate passively when required.
[0023] The example non-limiting technology herein utilizes a
deterrent element to deter, suppress, control (or destroy if
operated in an applicable environment) a commercial sUAS/UAV.
Additional deterrent values include the ability of the systems
detect function to locate and track low flying airborne threats
that are not sUAS/UAV in nature. Any future technology will by
matter of physics present a variety of signatures which are
observable by the non-limiting embodiments(s) fused set of sensor
phenomenology's, even though they may avoid detection by
conventional air defense systems. In addition, should the FAA
(Federal Aviation Authority) mandate future transponder
identification processes on commercial sUAS/UAV; the non-limiting
embodiments(s) RF/DF system is designed to accept state data
generated by non-organic sensors and will incorporate this
"told-in" data into the target identification process and
algorithms.
[0024] As stated above, the example non-limiting technology herein
is designed to accept but does not require; subject sUAS location,
classification, or other state data generated by non-organic
sensors. The integration of these components via the herein
disclosed mechanism, is a novel combination of software and
hardware, not related to existing art in purpose, is non-obvious,
and provides a useful solution to uninvited, invasive and
potentially hazardous commercial sUAS/UAV operations regarding
privacy, security, illegal activity and terrorist threats from
commercial unmanned aerial vehicles. The individual elements of the
non-limiting embodiments(s) are linked via secure internal control
networks and can use existing communications infrastructure or
dedicated high bandwidth point-to-point communications hardware to
operate the entire system remotely or add additional sensors from
remote sources.
[0025] The system of the example non-limiting technology herein
provides an integrated multi-sensor system that can be deployed as
a "permanent placement" or as a mobile system on land, sea, or air
platform.
[0026] The system of the example non-limiting technology herein may
be strategically deployed to monitor the airspace around a
protected interest such as a property, place, event or very
important person (VIP) offering 360-degree azimuth coverage
extending from the receiving antennae of the system out to a
lateral distance of about 2 kilometers (6560 feet) and within the
lateral boundaries up to an altitude of about 1.5 kilometers (4920
feet) above ground level (AGL). These distances are averaged and
may increase through the natural progression when incorporating
future technologies and optional embodiments. The area within the
detection boundaries is considered to be a designated protected
area. A protected area is identified, outlined and overlaid on the
system mapping display and can be viewed remotely and monitored by
the system operator/HiL.
[0027] The deterrent system, 102, transmitted RF frequency power is
variable based on range and observed effect on the subject sUAS
control system. The highly focused RF beam minimizes collateral
effects on non-target receivers.
[0028] A multi-sensor system for providing integrated detection,
tracking, identify/classification and countermeasures against
commercial unmanned aerial vehicles weighing less than 20 kg or 55
pounds may comprise:
[0029] (a) a direction finding high fidelity RF receiver coupled
with a receiving omnidirectional antenna and a receiving
directional antenna for detecting an RF signature of a flying
unmanned aerial vehicle, and a spectral signal identifier processor
for analyzing the RF signature for identifying a set of spectral
signatures of the unmanned aerial vehicle and eliminate
electromagnetic clutter present in the typical UAS RF spectrum;
[0030] (b) a modified radar system originally intended for
detection of terrestrial (Surface) targets, provided with a radar
clutter and target filter processor for providing input to an
azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data processor for
determining the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle; and
[0031] (c) a signal generator that produces at least one tailored
signal based on the spectral signatures of the unmanned aerial
vehicle and a variable strength amplifier that generates an output
power, an antenna alignment assembly for adjusting the alignment of
a transmitting directional and focused antenna based on the
location of the unmanned aerial vehicle as determined by the
azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data processor, the signal
generator and amplifier coupled with the transmitting antenna to
send at least one signal to the unmanned aerial vehicle to alter at
least one of the speed, direction and altitude of the unmanned
aerial vehicle.
[0032] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
comprise: a Multiband LNA Assembly for amplifying received signals
from the receiving omnidirectional and receiving directional
antennae and transmitting signals to an Uplink Receive Host
Workstation that sends information to the spectral signal
identifier processor where the type of unmanned aerial vehicle is
identified using a database of known spectral signal wave
information for known unmanned aerial vehicles, and a Frequency and
Wave Form Parameters unit coupled to a Modulation Look Up Table
coupled to an ECM Modulation Type Select unit that is coupled to
the signal generator that produces at least one tailored signal
which is then transmitted in a highly focused and variable strength
beam precisely aimed at the subject unmanned aerial system.
[0033] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
comprise a Receive Blanking unit that forces the receiving
omnidirectional and a receiving directional antenna to stop
receiving a radio frequency being transmitted by the transmitting
directional and focused antennae.
[0034] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
provide an azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data processor
that uses a spherical coordinate system for three-dimensional space
wherein three numbers specify the position of a point measured in
latitude, longitude and elevation obtained from the radar.
[0035] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
comprise a laser range finder and wherein the azimuth and elevation
vector coordinate data processor uses a spherical coordinate system
for three-dimensional space wherein three numbers specify the
position of a point measured in latitude, longitude and elevation
obtained from the laser range finder and associated computational
algorithms.
[0036] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
comprise Electro-Optical and Infrared Sensors and associated
computational algorithms and co-located with a Laser Range Finder
to provide a comprehensive, multi-purpose targeting system that
incorporates a fire-control capability and digital display to the
system operator/HIL that shows the field of view of the suspect UAS
target(s) along with vital pieces of data including
range-to-target, target velocity, elevation, azimuth, wind velocity
and direction, deterrent zone size, countermeasure type,
temperature, barometric pressure and time of day.
[0037] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may employ at
least one tailored signal produced by the signal generator that is
an electronic counter measure either specifically calculated or
selected using modulation lookup table to determine a broad range
of RF signatures used by the flying unmanned aerial vehicle
utilizing a database library of specific radio frequencies
characteristics common to unmanned aerial vehicles
[0038] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further employ
at least one tailored signal produced by the signal generator is an
electronic counter measure either specifically calculated or
selected using modulation lookup table to determine a broad range
of RF signatures used by the flying unmanned aerial vehicle
utilizing a database library of specific radio frequencies
characteristics common to unmanned aerial vehicles, is augmented by
the observed frequencies detected by the RF detection.
[0039] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further employ
at least one tailored signal produced by the signal generator that
is an electronic counter measure either specifically calculated or
selected using modulation lookup table to determine a broad range
of RF signatures used by the flying unmanned aerial vehicle
utilizing a database library of specific radio frequencies
characteristics common to unmanned aerial vehicles this tailored
signal may vary from the received signal in that a harmonic of the
received signal may prove more effective in deterring the suspect
UAV than the actual received signal.
[0040] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further employ
at least one tailored signal produced by the signal generator that
is an electronic counter measure either specifically calculated or
selected using modulation lookup table to determine a broad range
of RF signatures used by the flying unmanned aerial vehicle
utilizing a database library of specific radio frequencies
characteristics common to unmanned aerial vehicles, use of the
frequency harmonic will allow reduced transmit power and minimize
unintended collateral effects.
[0041] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further employ
a transmitting directional and focused antenna that is a component
of a directional transmitting antenna array.
[0042] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further employ
a capability to engage an airborne UAS/UAV in either a destructive
(kinetic) or a non-destructive (non-kinetic) manner.
[0043] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
comprise a means to accept non-system generated suspect sUAS
identification and location information received from outside
sources and to detect and track traditional commercial sUAS/UAV
containing or not containing electronic transponder identification
technology and a means to detect and track non-traditional aerial
systems (Manned or unmanned) with similar spectral signatures
operating in similar low altitude environments.
[0044] The system for providing integrated detection and
countermeasures against unmanned aerial vehicles may further
comprise a secure control network (using existing infrastructure or
dedicated high bandwidth point-to-point communications hardware)
that allows non-collocated emplacement of system elements 102 (FIG.
2), 103 (FIG. 3) and 104 & 105 (FIG. 4) to provide control of
the system from remote locations or add additional sensors from
remote sources.
More Detailed Non-Limiting Example Embodiments
[0045] Referring to FIGS. 1A-4 there are shown schematic
representations of the components of an integrated detection,
tracking, identification/classification and countermeasure system
100 for use against small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) 44. In
particular, FIG. 1A shows an example non-limiting embodiment of an
overall system 100.
[0046] In FIG. 1A, a multiband high gain directional antenna array
with vertical polarization transmits multiband high gain RF
signals. Matrix Directional Transmit Antenna Array--designated as
10 in FIGS. 1A and 2, is a signal processing technique used in
sensor (Antenna) arrays for directional signal transmission; this
is achieved by combining elements in a phased array in such a way
that signals at particular angles experience constructive
interference while others experience destructive interference; this
equipment can be purchased "Off-The-Shelf" and one common
manufacturer of this type of equipment is Motorola. Directional
Antenna--designated as 10 in FIGS. 1A and 2, and 12 in FIGS. 1A and
3, may comprise in one non-limiting embodiment a class of
directional or beam antenna that radiates greater power in one or
more directions allowing for increased performance on transmits and
receives and reduced interference from unwanted sources. These
transmitted RF signals are specifically generated to interrupt or
"spoof" the UAS/UAV on-board receivers or any other
destructive/non-destructive deterrent.
[0047] A receive omnidirectional antenna array 12 is used to refine
the inbound azimuth of the suspect sUAS 44 and can produce an X, Y
coordinate when the RF signal is detected by more than one RF
receiver being utilized with the system. Receive Directional
Antenna Array--designated as 12 in FIGS. 1A and 3, refers to
multiple receiving antennae arranged such that the superposition of
the electromagnetic waves is a predictable electromagnetic field
and that the currents running through them are of different
amplitudes and phases; this equipment can be purchased
"Off-The-Shelf" and one common manufacturer of this type of
equipment is Motorola and WiNRADIO.
[0048] A receive omnidirectional antenna array 14 provides
360.degree. alerting and cueing data which allows the directional
antenna 12 to be precisely aimed at the suspect sUAS 44.
Omni-directional Antenna--designated as 14 in FIGS. 1A and 3, may
comprise a class of antenna which receives or transmits radio wave
power uniformly in all directions in one plane, with the radiated
power decreasing with elevation angle above or below the plane,
dropping to zero on the antenna's axis. Receive Omni Antenna
Array--designated as 14 in FIGS. 1A and 3, may comprise a class of
antenna that receives radio wave power uniformly in all directions
in one plane; this equipment can be purchased "Off-The-Shelf" and
one common manufacturer of this type of equipment is Motorola.
[0049] EO/IR sensor 16 (electro-optical and/or infrared) may be
collocated with LRF (laser range finder) with target acquisition
and fire control system. Electro-Optical and Infrared
Sensors--designated as 16 in FIGS. 1A and 4, is a combination of a
standard high definition video camera capable of viewing in
daylight conditions and an infrared video camera capable of viewing
in the infrared light perspective; both camera systems can be
purchased "Off-The-Shelf" as common technology, one common
manufacturer of this type of camera systems is FLIR Systems.
IR--infrared is invisible (to the human eye) radiant energy,
electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of
visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible
spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz).
Laser Range Finder--designated as 16 in FIGS. 1A and 4, is a
rangefinder which uses a laser beam, usually pulsed, to determine
vital pieces of data including range-to-target, target velocity,
deterrent angle, compass heading, wind velocity and direction,
deterrent zone size, countermeasure type, temperature, barometric
pressure and time of day. This equipment can be purchased
"Off-The-Shelf" and one common manufacturer of this type of
equipment is TrackingPoint. This LRF-sensor arrangement 16 provides
images for recognition of a suspect sUAS 44. LRF sensor arrangement
16 may also provide an X, Y, Z coordinate for the target 44 that is
detected.
[0050] An automatic antenna alignment assembly 18 provides
precision antenna alignment based on the X, Y, Z data produced by a
radar system 43 and LRF system 16, for both the interdiction and
directional antennas. Automatic Antenna Alignment
Assembly--designated as 18 in FIGS. 1A, 2 and 3, and as 22 in FIGS.
1A and 4, is specialized electronic equipment specifically designed
to automatically point the directional antennae and or camera,
laser systems to the desired location, namely a small unmanned
aerial vehicles/systems (sUAS) designated as a target 44 in FIG.
1A, based on longitude and or latitude information gained or
received by the receiving antennae, designated as 12 and 14 in
FIGS. 1A and 3, and or radar antennae designated as 43 in FIGS. 1A
and 4; this specialized equipment can be purchased from and is
proprietary to enrGies Engineering located in Huntsville, Ala.
[0051] A multiband LNA (low noise amplifier) assembly 20 amplifies
the low power waveform received by antennas 12, 14 for use by other
processing functions. Multiband Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
Assembly--designated as 20 in FIGS. 1A and 3, is a multi-radio
frequency electronic amplifier used to amplify possibly very weak
signals, for example captured by an antenna.
[0052] An automatic antenna alignment assembly 22 similarly
provides precision antenna alignment based on the X, Y, Z data
produced by the radar system 43 for the LRF subsystem and the EO/IR
sensor 16.
[0053] High fidelity RF receivers are coupled to a host workstation
CPU 24. CPU 24 executes control signal processing algorithms based
on software instructions stored in non-transitory memory.
Uplink/Video Standard Definition (SD) Receiver & Host
Workstation--designated as 24 in FIGS. 1A and 3, is a connection
from the antennae to the video encoder where the information is
processed by the main computer network; the uplink equipment can be
purchased "Off-The-Shelf" and one common manufacturer of this type
of equipment is Cisco Systems; the video receiver and main computer
is also "Off-The-Shelf" technology and are readily available from
numerous manufacturers.
[0054] An azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data processor 26
is used to calculate azimuth and elevation of target 44. Azimuth
and Elevation Vector Coordinate Data--designated as 26 in FIGS. 1A
and 4, is specialized algorithm software that has been developed to
be used with a spherical coordinate system for three-dimensional
space where three numbers specify the position of a point measured
in latitude, longitude and elevation obtained from the LRF &
EO/IR Sensors designated as 16 in FIGS. 1A and 4 that includes a
Laser Range Finder, and/or Radar designated as 43 in FIGS. 1A and
4.
[0055] Uplink Video/Radio Transmitter Assembly--designated as 28 in
FIGS. 1A and 2, is a device that will take the received radio or
video frequency information from database libraries designated as
36 in FIGS. 1 and 3, 40 in FIGS. 1A-3, and 42 in FIGS. 1A and 3 and
send it through a radio amplifier designated as 34 in FIGS. 1A-3 to
a transmitting directional antenna or matrix directional transmit
antenna array designated as 10 in FIGS. 1A and 2; this equipment
can be purchased "Off-The-Shelf" and one common manufacturer of
this type of equipment is Motorola.
[0056] An Empower 1189-BVM3 wideband HPA assembly with a receive
blanking unit 30 is provided. Blanking--designated as 30 in FIGS.
1A, 2 and 3 is the time between the last radio transmitting signal
and the beginning of the next radio transmitting signal. Receive
Blanking--designated as 30 in FIG. 1A-3, is specialized algorithm
software that has been developed to stop the receiving antennae,
designated as 12 and 14 in FIGS. 1A and 3, from receiving radio
frequency signals during the time that the counter measure
transmitting frequency, designated as 34 in FIGS. 1A-3, is being
transmitted by directional transmitting antennae, designated as 10
in FIGS. 1A and 2, for the purpose of deterrence or interdiction of
the suspect unmanned aerial vehicle/system, designated as a target
44 in FIG. 1A, identified as a known threat.
[0057] A sensor fusion processor 32 includes a direction detect and
range estimator that estimates direction and range of target 44
based upon inputs received from the radar 43 and the LRF 16.
Direction Detection and Range Estimation--designated as 32 in FIGS.
1A-4, is specialized algorithm software that has been developed to
detect a suspected target or signal of interest and calculated to
obtain the azimuth and distance to that target or signal of
interest based on data obtained by the Radio Frequency (RF)
detection section 103 in FIG. 3, the Radar detection section 104 in
FIG. 4, and the Electro Optical/Infrared (EO/IR,) (16) and
co-located LRF (Laser Range Finder) (16) detection section 105 in
FIG. 4. DF--designated as 12 in FIGS. 1A and 3, Direction Finding
refers to the measurement of the direction from which a received
signal was transmitted; this can refer to radio or other forms of
wireless communication. Sensor Fusion Processor--Designated as
number 32 in FIGS. 1A, 2, 3, and 4 is a control system processor
which integrates the discrete data from all inputting sensors--This
set of algorithms and processes provides the Human in the Loop
(HiL) a visual display of subject location and type classification,
as well as EO/IR imagery; overlaid on a moving map display; and
includes the interdict command logic. These control functions are
available via a service on our system secure internal network.
[0058] A Keysight--N9310A RF signal generator with multiple
modulation sources is coupled to an ECM modulation type selector
38. Electronic Counter Measure (ECM) Modulation Type
Select--designated as 38 in FIGS. 1A-3 is specialized algorithm
software that has been developed to help narrow down the radio
frequency identified by a modulation lookup table of the specific
unmanned aerial vehicle/system of interest, designated as a target
44 in FIG. 1A, utilizing a database library that was created and
categorized with the specific radio frequencies common to all
unmanned aerial vehicles/systems. A Spectral Signal Detect and Type
Identifier 36 contains an RF library in databases of current,
previously stored and new wave forms and frequencies of sUAS 44.
Spectral Signal--designated as 36 in FIGS. 1A and 3, the frequency
spectrum of a time-domain signal is a representation of that signal
in the frequency domain. Spectral Signal Detection and Type
Identification--designated as 36 in FIGS. 1A and 3, is specialized
algorithm software that has been developed to detect and identify
unmanned aerial vehicles/systems utilizing a database library that
was created and categorized with the spectral signatures common to
all unmanned aerial vehicles/systems.
[0059] A frequency and waveform parameter generator 40 is used to
specify frequency and waveform parameters for transmission.
Frequency and Waveform Parameters--designated as 40 in FIGS. 1A-3,
Is specialized algorithm software that has been developed to
identify unmanned aerial vehicles/systems utilizing a database
library that was created and categorized with the specific radio
frequency waveform common to all unmanned aerial
vehicles/systems.
[0060] FIG. 2 shows a countermeasure and deterrent section couple
to the multiband high gain directional antenna array 10. In this
example, an automatic antenna alignment assembly 18 may be
mechanically and/or electrically coupled to the antenna array 10 to
set and change the azimuth and elevation of the antenna. As shown
in FIG. 2, the automatic antenna alignment assembly 18 may include
various components including a pan/tilt unit (PTU) 18a, a magnetic
compass 18b, a position location modem 18c, and a power and signal
processor 18d. The automatic antenna alignment assembly 18 is
controlled by the sensor fusion processor/identification subsystem
32 including a detection and range estimation processor. The
detection range estimation processor uses received sensor signals
to identify potential targets 44, and then controls the automatic
antenna alignment assembly 18 to move and/or reconfigure the
multiband high gain directional antenna array in order to beam
transmission signals at the target. A multiband antenna array 10
receives signals to transmit from the Empower 1189-BVM3 wideband
HPA assembly, which is coupled to a system power and system monitor
99. The Empower unit 28 interacts with a Keysight N9310A RF signal
generator with multiple modulation sources 34, thereby generating
particular signals with particular modulation superimposed thereon
for transmission by antenna array 10.
[0061] ECM modulation configuration data and receive blanking
signal unit 30 interacts with the Keysight unit 34. Modulation
Function Generation--designated as 34 in FIGS. 1A-3, Is specialized
algorithm software that has been developed to transmit (Jam) a
specific radio frequency, designated by 38 in FIG. 1A-3 and 42 in
FIGS. 1A and 3, which is unique to a specific unmanned aerial
vehicles/systems utilizing a database library that was created and
categorized with the specific radio frequencies used on all common
unmanned aerial vehicles/systems. The ECM modulation configuration
data unit 38 in turn receives input signals from the identification
subsystems 30, 40. Modulation Lookup Table--designated as 42 in
FIGS. 1A and 3, is specialized algorithm software that has been
developed to identify the broad range of radio frequencies being
used by a specific unmanned aerial vehicle/system of interest,
designated as a target 44 in FIG. 1A, utilizing a database library
that was created and categorized with the specific radio
frequencies common to all unmanned aerial vehicles/systems.
Identification subsystem 30 uses receive blanking control, whereas
the identification subsystem 40 uses frequency waveform
algorithms.
[0062] FIG. 3 shows the example non-limiting radio frequency
detection section 103. In this example, the received directional
antenna array 12 provides its received signal output to a WD-3300
direction finding system 20. The RF receiving omnidirectional
antenna 14 provides its received signals to an MS-811A wideband
multichannel monitoring system 20'. These receivers provide
modulated signals to the uplink/video SD receivers/host work
station/CPU 24 that executes direction detect and range estimation
algorithms under software instruction control stored in
non-transitory memory (sometimes with humans in the loop). The CPU
24 operates in conjunction with ECM modulation type and data
selection 38 and frequency and waveform parameter selection
algorithm 40. A spectral signal detected type identification
modulation data algorithm 36 and receive blanking control 30 also
operates in conjunction with CPU 24. Receive blanking control 30
provides its receive blanking output to the interdictions subsystem
34. The ECM modulation type and data selection 38 similarly
provides its output to an interdiction subsystem 42 based upon ECM
modulation and configuration data. The CPU 34 provides an output to
an interdiction subsystem A4 system with steering data 18, and
receives inputs from the detection subsystem sensor azimuth and
elevation data 46.
[0063] FIG. 4 shows an example non-limiting radar detection section
104 and EO/IR/LRF detection section 105. In this example, the radar
detection section 104 includes, for example, an X-band radar such
as a Vista Smart Sensor SSSR 43. The power output of the X-band
radar transceiver will be selected for desired range. The Vista
smart sensor radar processor SSSR 33' coupled to the radar
detection section 43 may provide azimuth and elevation vector
coordinate data to unit 26. Target clutter and filter algorithms 45
may be used and/or executed by the Vista smart sensor radar
processor SSSR 43'. The EO/IR/LRF detection section 16 may provide
its output as explained above to an automatic antenna alignment
assembly 22. The automatic antenna alignment assembly 22 may be
informed by the azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data 26.
The azimuth and elevation vector coordinate data 26 may operate in
cooperation with a detect direction and range estimation process
the sensor fusion processor 32 implements. STC--Slew To Cue, the
autonomous actions of electronic, radio or optical sensors to
rotate using an automatic antenna alignment assembly designated as
18 in FIGS. 1A-3, and 22 in FIGS. 1A and 4 to move and point
cameras 16 in FIGS. 1A and 4 and countermeasures 10 in FIGS. 1A and
2 in the direction of a suspect target 44 in FIG. 1A, based on
input from data processed by components 26 in FIGS. 1A and 4, and
46 in FIGS. 1A, 3 and 4, thus, keeping the "cued" targets in view
at all times with or without human intervention.
[0064] FIG. 5 shows an example non-limiting flow chart that
describes operation of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A-4. Upon
initial RF detection of a target 44 (block 510), and/or initial
radar detection block 510a, the system may process these signals to
identify a preliminary position (X, Y, Z) of the target (block
510b). The optical/IR/laser range finder may be used to derive a
more precise X, Y, Z location, and imagery is fed to the sensor
fusion processor (block 520). The system may then refine the X, Y,
and Z coordinate position of the target and analyze received
signatures and then begin tracking the target (block 520a). The
system may next select a deterrent mode form and frequency for use
in interdiction (block 520a). The system may then use sensor data
fusion to yield a target ID/classification with or without a human
in the loop (block 530). HiL--Designated as part of sensor fusion
processor 32 in FIGS. 1A, 2, 3 and 4 is the system control position
allowing the system operator or also referred to as the Human in
the Loop (HiL) the ability to monitor all system functions/displays
and has the opportunity to override the automated functions of the
system. The computers and/or a human in the loop may observe the
EO/IR imagery and make deter/non-deter decision (block 530). If the
decision is to deter, then interdiction is initiated (block 540).
Such interdiction may result from the application of a highly
tailored narrow beam RF pulse which is generated, amplified and
transmitted along the azimuth and elevation determined in the
tracking processes with power based on the range to the target
(block 540).
[0065] FIG. 5 thus represents a simplified visual over-view of the
system processes that occur, from start to finish, in detecting
(510), tracking (520), identification/classification (530) and
deterring (540) a sUAS (44). [0066] 1. A first function of the
system is detecting a suspect sUAS target as reflected in sections
103-105 and 510 of FIG. 3-5. [0067] 2. The second function of the
system is tracking a suspect sUAS target as reflected in sections
103-105 and 520 of FIG. 3-5. [0068] 3. The third function of the
system is identifying a suspect sUAS target as reflected by
sections 103-105 and 530 of FIG. 3-5. [0069] 4. The fourth function
of the system is a deterrent targeting a suspect sUAS as reflected
by section 102 and 540 of FIG. 3-5. This element of the system may
be augmented with a destructive element consisting of a kinetic
weapon system but is currently illustrated in FIG. 1A using a
non-kinetic RF deterrent.
[0070] In more detail, the first function of the system is to
detect the Radar and RF signatures of a suspect sUAS flying near or
within the system's detection boundaries. All sUAS's have a
distinct set of spectral signatures (sound, heat, radar cross
section, radio frequency wave pattern) detected by a spectral
signal identifier processor 36. This fact is the basis for the
detection sections 103-105 of the system 100 of the non-limiting
embodiments(s). Section 510 of FIG. 5, Section 104 of FIG. 4 and
Section 103 of FIG. 3 of the example non-limiting technology herein
are used for the detection process. This process begins with the
radar 43 and/or the Receive Omni Antenna Array 14 detecting the
presence of an airborne sUAS 44 within the defined area of
protection. Any suspect sUAS 44 detected by the radar 43 produces
radar-generated signature that is compared with known radar
signatures, stored within the radar library database 43, of common
sUAS systems to verify that the suspect target is a sUAS. The
system of the non-limiting embodiments(s) will use a proven
high-end direction finding (DF) equipment 12, 14 and a high
fidelity RF receiver 24 coupled with omnidirectional and
directional antennae 12 and 14 to detect the communication link
between a sUAS 44 and its operator. When the DF equipment 12, 14
has detected a communication link of a sUAS within the system
boundaries, the receive host workstation 24 will analyze the radio
frequency wave signature and confirm that the RF detected is from a
sUAS.
[0071] This identification process also applies when a radar unit
43 is integrated with the DF equipment. This element of the system
may be augmented with additional signature detection elements
consisting of acoustic sensors but is currently illustrated in FIG.
1A using the primary radar sensors 43, RF sensors 12, 14 and
electro optical sensor 16. In addition, the RF receiver 20 scans
for the presence of known C2 uplink or downlink and video uplink or
downlink frequencies commonly used by sUAS and compare the received
signature against known RF signatures stored within a library
database 36. Successful matches generate a target file and release
the X, Y, and Z coordinate data 26 and 46 of that target to the A4
units 18 & 22 to begin the process of tracking. Integrating
multiple Direction Finding (DF) equipment 12, 14 to the system of
the non-limiting embodiments(s) will increase the precision in
obtaining the azimuth that the sUAS is flying. Integrating radar
equipment 43 provided with a radar clutter and target filter
processor 45, with the direction finding (DF) equipment and LRF 16
will provide the non-limiting embodiments(s) the ability to
determine with greater accuracy the altitude and azimuth of the
sUAS 44 at the time of discovery and during the time it remains
within the systems detection boundaries.
[0072] The coordinate data obtained from DF 26, 46, radar unit 43
and LRF 16, is then sent to the direction detect and range
estimation, (Sensor Fusion Processor) 32, where algorithms will be
used to send sUAS location coordinates to the Automatic Antenna
Alignment Assembly (A4) 22, 18. Put another way, using an enhanced
analytic function commonly referred to as "Slew-To-Cue", the
non-limiting embodiments(s) causes autonomously, the actions of the
electronic, radio frequency sensors and/or optical sensors to
rotate using the automatic antenna alignment assembly 18, 22 to
move and point cameras and collocated LRF 16 with countermeasures
antenna 10, in the direction of a suspect sUAS 44 based on input
from data processed by the azimuth and elevation unit 26, 46, thus,
keeping the "cued" targets in view at all times with or without
human intervention. This information will then direct the Automatic
Antenna Alignment Assembly (A4) 22 to point the Electro-Optical and
Laser Range Finding unit 16 at the sUAS. This precise aiming
function enables highly accurate visual and non-visual imagery to
be captured of the suspect sUAS, 44. By comparison of the captured
imagery against known and continuously improving profile databases
maintained or accessed by sensor fusion processor 32, sophisticated
pixel and histogram comparison algorithms will confirm or deny that
the target being viewed is a sUAS and a threat assessment is then
generated.
[0073] The detect elements operate with unique software translating
discernable signatures (Radar, RF, EO/IR) into identifiable data
aiding in the detection and identification/classification process.
All signature data (Radar, RF & EO/IR) is then processed and
coupled with the LRF 16 data to generate a reference azimuth and
elevation 26, 46 of the suspect sUAS 44. The information generated
by the systems detection section is then passed electronically to
the direction and range estimation processor, (Sensor Fusion
Processor) 32, to yield a sUAS location and overlaid on the system
mapping display to be viewed by the system operator/HiL. The RF
detection receiver and processors 24 determine the: radio (carrier)
frequency, pulse width or pulse duration, pulse repetition
interval, signal amplitude and polarization; to a lesser extent the
scan pattern and rate. These characteristics are then compared
within the library database 36 to the known characteristics of the
most likely sUAS RF element profiles. This analytic function is
performed in an automated process resident in system detect element
103.
[0074] The example non-limiting technology herein is intended to
utilize all of the multi-sensors described above to obtain X, Y and
Z (Longitude, Latitude and Altitude) of the suspect sUAS. Each
sensor may be used independently or collectively. The Radar in FIG.
2 can be use in stand-alone mode to provide the X, Y, Z coordinates
to Azimuth and Elevation Vector Coordinate Data Processor 46 and
Directional Detect and Range Estimation function of sensor fusion
processor 32 that enables the slew to clue (STC) to the EO/IR/LRF
16 and Receive Directional Antenna 12 and or Deterrent system
Antennae 10. The RF receive antenna 12 and Omni-directional antenna
14 in FIG. 3 can also provide the X and Y coordinates in
stand-alone mode to activate the Automatic Antenna Alignment
Assembly 18 & 22, the Multiband High gain Directional Antenna
Array 10 and EO/IR/Laser Range Finder 16 as displayed in FIGS. 1A
and 2. This automated function points the directional antennae 10
and or EO/IR and Laser Range Finder 16 to the desired location
based on longitude and or latitude information gained or received
by the receiving antennae, designated as 12 and 14 in FIGS. 1A and
3, and or radar antennae designated as 43 in FIGS. 1A and 4.
Additionally, non-system generated suspect sUAS identification and
location information received from outside sources may be used in
the calculation processes within the system of example non-limiting
technology herein.
[0075] The example non-limiting technology herein begins
calculation of the optimized waveform and necessary power and
frequency to interfere with the suspect sUAS on-board electronic
controls and communication links. Simultaneously, the threat
assessment and sUAS identity information is made available via
visual display to the system operator/HiL providing an opportunity
to override the interdiction sequence of the non-limiting
embodiments(s) if desired.
[0076] A second function of the system, 520 of FIG. 5, is to track
a suspect sUAS that is within the system boundaries or approaching
a protected area. When a suspect sUAS nears or enters the system
boundaries, azimuthal data obtained by the detection sections 103,
104 and 105 is sent to the automatic antenna alignment assembly 22
and 18. Section 104 &105 of FIG. 4 and Items 12, 14, 16, 20
& 32 of FIG. 3 of the non-limiting embodiments(s) are used for
the tracking process. Coordinate data obtained by the radar 43,
Omni and Directional antennas 12, 14 and the LRF 16 are sent to the
Sensor Fusion Processor 32 where a set of algorithms and processes
provides the System Operator/HiL a visual display of continuous
suspect sUAS 44 location as well as the EO/IR imagery and threat
assessment, overlaid on a moving map display and includes the
interdict command logic needed in Step 4. The radar 43 will
provides X, Y, Z location data and preliminary suspect sUAS
identification based on the observed radar signature
(cross-section, Doppler effect, polarization). The observed sUAS
characteristics are compared in a signature library or database 43
of known sUAS of concern. This database is updated with observed
characteristics and becomes more refined with use. These
computational functions take place within 43 and are continuously
refined as the suspect sUAS 44 is tracked. The system's control
software/hardware provides this information to the integrated
Electro-Optical (EO) and Infrared (IR) sensor 16, which
autonomously centers the field of regard of the EO/IR sensor to the
known location of the suspect sUAS 44.
[0077] The LRF 16, assisted by the system of software/hardware,
will then determine the precise X, Y, Z coordinates (X=longitude,
Y=latitude, Z=altitude) of the suspect sUAS. The azimuth, elevation
and distance is obtained by the Laser Range Finder 16, and is
transferred to the Azimuth and Elevation Vector Coordinate Data
processor unit 26 that calculates the precise azimuth and elevation
information and uses that to generate servo commands which drive
the A4 system 18 controlling the Matrix Directional Transmit
Antenna Array 10 via the Direction Detect and Range Estimation
function of sensor fusion processor 32; to aim the associated
equipment at the suspect sUAS 44. This precise location and range
information is provided to the countermeasure and deterrent section
102 of the system 100. Using this data, the countermeasure and
deterrent section 102 computes the RF spectral characteristics that
will nullify control signals that the suspect sUAS expects to
receive. A signal generator 34 produces a tailored signal and a
variable strength amplifier 28 generates the output power required
to cause the desired effect at the desired range to the targeted
sUAS 44 as indicated within the fourth function of the system.
[0078] A third function of the system, 530 of FIG. 5, is to
identify the sUAS that is approaching or within the system
boundaries or protected area. Item 36 of FIG. 3, Item 43 of FIG. 4
and Item 32 of FIGS. 1A, 2, 3 and 4 of the non-limiting
embodiments(s) is the identification process. This process utilizes
radar data obtained by Radar 43, the RF data 36 gathered by the
Receive Omni & Directional Antenna Array 14 & 12 combined
with the visual and or heat signatures generated from the EO/IR
camera system 16 to determine the type of sUAS and any payload the
sUAS may have attached to it. This data is sent to the Sensor
Fusion Processor 32 that integrates the discrete data from all
inputting sensors listed above to aid in target identification and
threat assessment. Further, a set of algorithms and processes
continues to provide the System Operator/HiL a visual display of
geo-referenced suspect sUAS 44 locations and type classification,
as well as EO/IR imagery overlaid on a moving map display. These
functions are described in a linear manner but are continuously
updated, thereby increasing the positional and sUAS
identification/threat assessment accuracy.
[0079] As this data is collected and refined, the interdiction RF
waveform amplitude, pulse width and repetition frequency is also
refined. The interdiction RF frequency is determined and will be a
harmonic of the detected RF frequency controlling the suspect sUAS,
thereby, increasing its effects on the sUAS control sensors and
minimizing potential for unintended collateral effect. The system
uses the hardware and software of the Radio Frequency (RF)
detection section 103 and the associated known and observed
communication radio frequencies signatures exhibited between the
sUAS and its controlling operator, to include video data exchange,
and compares it against the stored data (RF Database 42) of known
sUAS control/video frequencies. The system also analyzes and
determines the RF spectral characteristics needed to nullify the
communication control signals of the suspect sUAS 44.
[0080] During the identification process, the system will also
conduct an automated threat assessment to determine if the suspect
sUAS is carrying a payload of concern (size and shape) by comparing
video/photo analytics and radar signatures, to include visual
inspection/verification by the system operator, and evaluate other
concerning data, such as detection of an encrypted video downlink,
flight profile or course, to generate a continuous threat
assessment. By comparing known non-threatening sUAS analytic
profiles with known threatening sUAS profiles, the system can
classify a targeted sUAS with an initial threat level or advance to
a higher threat level if additional concerning data is received or
observed. The system continuously monitors the location and threat
assessment information of the targeted sUAS allowing the system
operator live information prior to deterring the sUAS with a
non-kinetic interdiction response or destroy the sUAS if the system
is armed with a kinetic countermeasure device.
[0081] The fourth function of the system, 540 of FIG. 5, is to
deter/interdict the operation of a targeted sUAS that has entered
into the system boundaries or protected area. Section 102 of FIG. 2
and Item 32 of FIGS. 1A, 2, 3 and 4 of the non-limiting
embodiments(s) is the deterrence process. This process can use
either a non-destructive method to force the sUAS to land or return
to its departure location or a destructive method in
stopping/destroying a sUAS threat. FIG. 5, section 540, represents
a non-destructive method utilizing a Multi Band High Gain
Directional antenna array 10 using vertical polarization to
transmit RF signals directly at the targeted sUAS 44. These RF
waveforms are then used to disrupt the expected inputs to the
onboard controller of the targeted sUAS 44. However, depending on
the operational environment; a non-destructive system may be
augmented or coupled with a destructive system consisting of a
kinetic weapon system.
[0082] The system's non-destructive deterrence against a targeted
sUAS is achieved by transmitting the most advantageous RF frequency
derived based on the identification information obtained from RF
frequency database 42 and RF spectral analysis 36 derived in Step 2
and 3. This concentrated Radio Frequency (RF) emission tuned to the
specific sUAS characteristics identified by the spectral analysis
during the detection process is obtained when the communications
link, or any other RF emission generated by subject sUAS is
detected by the Radio Frequency (RF) detection section 103 of the
system. Information is passed through the Multiband LNA Assembly 20
and through the Uplink Receive Host Workstation 24. The information
is then sent to the Spectral Signal Detect and Type Identification
unit 36 where the type of sUAS is determined based on a known sUAS
RF profile database containing Spectral Signal Wave information 36.
When the Spectral Signal Waveform information is known the
information is sent to the Frequency and Wave Form Parameters unit
40 where the analyzed RF data is sent to the Modulation Look Up
Table 42. When the Modulation characterization is made, that data
is transferred to the ECM Modulation Type Select processor 38 where
the non-limiting embodiments(s) creates a uniquely tailored
waveform. The selected modulation waveform is then sent to the
Uplink Video Transmitter Assembly 28. That unit works in
conjunction with the Receive Blanking unit 30. When the Uplink
Video Transmitter 28 is transmitting a radio signal the Receive
Blanking unit 30 will force the DF antennae 12, 14 to stop
receiving the radio frequency being transmitted by the Matrix
Directional Transmit Antenna Array 10. The radio frequency selected
to disrupt the communication link between the targeted sUAS 44 and
its' operator is then transmitted by the Transmitter Assembly 28
using the Matrix Directional Transmit Antenna Array 10 aimed at the
sUAS 44 via the Automatic Antenna Alignment Assembly 18. The
countermeasure and deterrent section 102 broadcasts this unique
generated RF waveform using highly directional and focused antennae
10. The system uses Blanking 30 at the time between the last radio
transmitting signal and the beginning of the next
radio-transmitting signal of the transmitted signal in accordance
with the frequency and waveform parameters 40 to avoid negative
internal effects to system 103.
[0083] The countermeasure and deterrent section 102 of the system
100 interdicts the operation of a targeted sUAS in a
non-destructive manner by using the non-destructive technology
described above to generate an interdict transmission signal that
is significantly higher gain (Stronger Signal) than the control
signals produced from an operator control unit transmitting to the
targeted sUAS 44. The video downlink frequency is the initial
target of the interdiction process. If this interruption is not
sufficient to deter the targeted sUAS 44, the RF transmitter will
be tuned to the appropriate control frequency to disrupt the
targeted sUAS 44 on-board electronics increasing the probability of
the targeted sUAS 44 entering into its "Fail Safe Mode". This
action is sUAS specific and is based on the manufacturer design and
sUAS operational capabilities. The interdict transmission will
target both the sensor and the control electronics of the sUAS. The
effects of the higher gain radio transmission will cause amongst
other effects, servo-chatter and disruption of most on-board
electronic processes resulting in the loss of control of the
targeted sUAS 44 or forcing it to land or return back to its
departure location (Fail Safe Mode).
[0084] The non-limiting embodiments(s) considers the differences
based on the manufacturer design and operational capabilities of
the sUAS on a case-by-case basis and tailors the systems
countermeasure/deterrent response accordingly. The interdiction
process may be augmented with electro-magnetic pulse technology,
pulsed laser and is specifically designed to accept other current
or future counter-measures used to defeat the sUAS' electronics,
motors and or navigation systems. In addition, a separate, system
operated, sUAS can be dispatched with autonomous navigation data
being supplied by the system of non-limiting embodiments(s) to
locate and intentionally disable the opposing sUAS by flying into
it, dropping a net on the threat, covering it with spray foam or
liquid or capturing the opposing sUAS.
[0085] Example Non-Limiting Threat Assessment Process
[0086] FIG. 6 shows an example non-limiting sensor fusion and
threat assessment process performed by sensor fusion processor 32.
In the example non-limiting embodiment, sensor fusion processor 32
receives and processes the inputs of many different sensors, i.e.,
radar 43, radio frequency receiving antennas 12 and 14 (including
the azimuth/elevation coordinates of receive directional antenna
array 12, optical/infrared sensor and laser range finder 16
(including associated azimuth and elevation information).
Processing is performed based on video-photo analytics 32B,
direction, detection and range estimation 32C, and a fusion process
32D.
[0087] From the radar 43, sensor fusion processor 32 receives
information indicative of detected target presence, detected target
size, detected target range, number of detected targets and
three-dimensional (XYZ) position of each detected target. Radar 43
also provides information concerning detected target speed and
direction. In some embodiments, the radar 43 provides such
information in the form of a display image that sensor fusion
processor 32 analyzes to extract useful information. In other
embodiments, radar 43 may provide data packets encoding such
information periodically, on demand or otherwise.
[0088] From directional RF antenna 12, sensor fusion processor 32
receives information indicative of azimuth and elevation (direction
in 2 dimensions) of a transmitting entity, signal strength of
received transmissions, frequencies on which the transmissions are
occurring (such information can be derived using a spectrum
analyzer for example) and in some cases the content of transmission
including identifiers and the like.
[0089] From omnidirectional RF antenna 12, sensor fusion processor
32 receives signal strength of received transmissions, frequencies
on which the transmissions are occurring (such information can be
derived using a spectrum analyzer for example) and in some cases
the content of transmission including identifiers and the like. The
omnidirectional antenna 14 functions even when the directional
antenna 14 is not (yet) aimed at the target.
[0090] From EO/IR/LRF 16, sensor fusion processor 32 receives
target range information, target direction information
(three-dimensional position XYZ coordinates in the best case) as
well as target movement and speed of movement information. In some
embodiments, the sensor fusion processor 32 also receives images
(IR, visible light or both) of the target that can help with target
identification.
[0091] As can be seen in FIG. 6, the sensor fusion processor 32
uses different combinations of these sensor inputs to determine
different characteristics concerning the target. For example,
sensor fusion processor 32 can detect target location based on the
RF related information, the radar information, the imagery
information and the laser range finder information. The sensor
fusion processor 32 may attempt to classify the target based on RF
information, radar information and imagery. The sensor fusion
processor 32 may determine a bearing/heading for the target and the
speed of the target along that bearing/heading based on the radar
and LRF information. The sensor fusion processor 32 may determine
the size/shape of the target and presence of a payload on the
target based on radar and imagery. The sensor fusion processor 32
may determine a flight profile for the target based on radar,
imagery and LRF.
[0092] The sensor fusion processor 32 in the example non-limiting
embodiment is able to process different inputs with different
algorithm and then correlate or filter results to obtain a more
accurate value than would be possible using single sensor inputs.
For example, radar 43 and laser range finder 16 each provide target
range information, but different conditions and factors such as
weather, nature of the target, ambient lighting, interference and
other factors can affect these two independent sensing mechanisms
differently. The LRF 16 for example may be more accurate at closer
ranges in lower light conditions, whereas the radar 43 may be more
accurate at further ranges when there is no precipitation. Sensor
fusion processor 32 takes such differences in sensor performance
into account when weighting and filtering the different inputs in
order to optimize accuracy and reliability.
[0093] Based on this multi-sensor analysis, the sensor fusion
processor 32 creates a threat value (ThV) for each criterion and in
particular uses a ranking methodology applied to the established
logic of multi-criteria analysis to create a threat value (ThV) for
each criteria which include; Location, Target Classification,
Bearing, Speed, Payload, Size, and Flight Profile. The threat
assessment (ThA) of a function (fx) of these values. The ThA is
compared to a variable set of rules and results in a system
generated interdict/monitor command. The ThA is outputted to an
interdiction system (102) and displayed for a human in the loop
(HIL). Part of the function of sensor fusion processor 32 is to
develop a confidence factor that is used to determine whether to
interdict and what type of interdiction to command. For example,
potentially destructive interdiction is not commanded unless the
confidence value is high.
[0094] Threat Assessment (ThA) in one non-limiting embodiment is
the level of threat assigned a specific target after application of
the analytic processes as well as potential data from external
sources as well as consideration of the ThV. ThA is based on the
sum of ThV of each criteria which is derived from data provided by
the systems input sensors: radar, RF detection, EO/IR imagery, and
range. Each sensor that is currently functioning contributes to the
algorithm based on that sensor's observed phenomenology. Fault
tolerance is provided by continuing to operate with all available
information even when one or more sensors is damaged, has failed or
is otherwise not providing useful information.
[0095] Rule sets, which may be varied, specify the required
interdiction action taken for a given ThA, e.g., ThA of 10 results
in an immediate full power interdiction transmission, continuing
until the target is neutralized; ThA of 1 generates a monitor only
response.
[0096] As example:
TABLE-US-00001 Contributing ThV Sensor Criteria Criteria ThV Weight
(weighted) RF, Radar, Imagery, LRF Location 3 1 3 RF, Radar,
Imagery Classification 5 1 5 Radar, LRF Bearing -1 2 -2 Radar, LRF
Speed 1 2 2 Radar, Imagery Payload 5 2 10 Radar, Imagery Size 3 1 3
Radar, Imagery, LRF Flight Profile 3 1 3 Threat Assessment 24
(ThA)
[0097] In this example, the ThA of 24 would result in immediate
interdiction; the presence of an observable threatening payload.
Such a ThA makes it a very high priority target. This assessment is
an iterative process until the target either leaves the area of
concern or is interdicted.
[0098] Glossary
[0099] Algorithm--a process or set of rules to be followed in
calculations or other problem-solving operations by a computer
[0100] C2 Communications--Command and Control Communications
links
[0101] Commercial--relating to or engaged in commerce (i.e.,
NON-military)
[0102] Counter--to offer in response or act in opposition
[0103] CUASs2--Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems of Systems, the
system of the non-limiting embodiments(s) used to detect,
identify/classify, track and deter or interdict small unmanned
aerial vehicles or systems
[0104] Emitter--to send or give out a matter of energy
[0105] EO--Electro-Optics is a branch of electrical engineering and
materials science involving components, devices and systems that
operate by modification of the optical properties of a material by
an electric field, thus it concerns the interaction between the
electromagnetic (optical) and the electrical (electronic) states of
materials
[0106] Fire control--The computer connection between the tracking
optic and the fire control trigger, located at the system operator
(HIL) console. The computer contains dozens of microprocessors and
electronic, electro-optic, and electro-mechanical components that
guide the release (firing) of the chosen countermeasure to ensure
an accurate engagement over great distances
[0107] Frequency--the rate at which a vibration occurs that
constitutes a wave, either in a material (as in sound waves), or in
an electromagnetic field (as in radio waves and light), usually
measured per second
[0108] Jam or Jammed or Jammers or Jamming--to interfere with or
prevent the clear reception of broadcast signals by electronic
means to become unworkable or to make unintelligible by sending out
interfering signals by any means
[0109] Laser--a device that emits light through a process of
optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of
electromagnetic radiation
[0110] Matrix--an environment in which something develops
[0111] Mobile Platform (MP)--the system installed on any vehicle
with the intent to move from one location to another location as
needed to fulfill a short-term need in the detection, tracking,
identification/classification and deterrence or interdiction of a
small unmanned aerial system (sUAS)
[0112] Modulation--the process of varying one or more properties of
a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating
signal that typically contains information to be transmitted
[0113] Multi-Band--a communication device that supports multiple
radio frequency bands
[0114] OTS--Off The Shelf refers to materials or equipment that
currently exists and is readily available for purchased or use
[0115] Permanent Platform (PP)--the system installed at a specific
location to fulfill a long-term need in the detection, tracking,
identification/classification and deterrence or interdiction of a
small unmanned aerial system (sUAS)
[0116] Pulse--a single vibration or short burst of sound, electric
current, light, or other wave
[0117] RPA--Remotely Piloted Aircraft, aka UAV, UAS
[0118] RF--Radio Frequency is a rate of oscillation in the range of
around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of
radio waves, and the alternating currents that carry radio
signals
[0119] Target--something or someone of interest to be affected by
an action or development
[0120] Threat--a declaration or an act of an intention or
determination to inflict the destruction of property or harm,
punishment, injury or death of person(s)
[0121] UAS--Unmanned Aerial System, (aka UAV, RPA)
[0122] UAV--Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, (aka UAS, RPA)
[0123] Uplink--the part of a network connection used to send, or
upload, data from one device to a remote device
[0124] Vector--a quantity having direction as well as magnitude,
especially as determining the position of one point in space
relative to another
[0125] Watt--the system unit of power, equivalent to one joule per
second, corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which
the potential difference is one volt and the current one ampere
[0126] Waveform--a graphic representation of the shape of a wave
that indicates its characteristics as frequency and amplitude.
[0127] While the invention has been described in connection with
what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred
embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be
limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is
intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements
included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *