U.S. patent application number 15/138490 was filed with the patent office on 2017-07-06 for human monoclonal antibodies against interleukin 8 (il-8).
This patent application is currently assigned to CORMORANT PHARMACEUTICALS AB. The applicant listed for this patent is Ole BAADSGAARD, D.M.Sc., Debra HUDSON, Paul PARREN, Jorgen PETERSEN, Jessica TEELING. Invention is credited to Ole BAADSGAARD, D.M.Sc., Debra HUDSON, Paul PARREN, Jorgen PETERSEN, Jessica TEELING.
Application Number | 20170190770 15/138490 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32681965 |
Filed Date | 2017-07-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170190770 |
Kind Code |
A2 |
TEELING; Jessica ; et
al. |
July 6, 2017 |
HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST INTERLEUKIN 8 (IL-8)
Abstract
Isolated human monoclonal antibodies which bind to IL-8 (e.g.,
human IL-8) are disclosed. The human antibodies can be produced in
a hybridoma, transfectoma or in a non-human transgenic animal,
e.g., a transgenic mouse, capable of producing multiple isotypes of
human monoclonal antibodies by undergoing V-D-J recombination and
isotype switching. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the human antibodies, non-human transgenic animals,
hybridomas, and transfectomas which produce the human antibodies,
and therapeutic and diagnostic methods for using the human
antibodies.
Inventors: |
TEELING; Jessica;
(Krommenie, NL) ; PARREN; Paul; (Utrecht, NL)
; BAADSGAARD, D.M.Sc.; Ole; (Hellerup, DK) ;
HUDSON; Debra; (Livermore, CA) ; PETERSEN;
Jorgen; (Rungsted Kyst, DK) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
TEELING; Jessica
PARREN; Paul
BAADSGAARD, D.M.Sc.; Ole
HUDSON; Debra
PETERSEN; Jorgen |
Southampton
Odijk
Hellerup
Livermore
Rungsted Kyst |
CA |
GB
NL
DK
US
DK |
|
|
Assignee: |
CORMORANT PHARMACEUTICALS
AB
Solna
SE
|
Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20160280780 A1 |
September 29, 2016 |
|
|
Family ID: |
32681965 |
Appl. No.: |
15/138490 |
Filed: |
April 26, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14074226 |
Nov 7, 2013 |
|
|
|
15138490 |
|
|
|
|
13337798 |
Dec 10, 2013 |
8603469B2 |
|
|
14074226 |
|
|
|
|
12616615 |
Jan 31, 2012 |
8105588B2 |
|
|
13337798 |
|
|
|
|
11823481 |
Nov 24, 2009 |
7622559B2 |
|
|
12616615 |
|
|
|
|
10738120 |
Oct 16, 2007 |
7282568B2 |
|
|
11823481 |
|
|
|
|
60433728 |
Dec 16, 2002 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 19/10 20180101;
A61P 35/04 20180101; C07K 16/244 20130101; C07K 16/4241 20130101;
C07K 2317/565 20130101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 31/12 20180101;
A61P 13/10 20180101; C07K 2317/24 20130101; A61P 31/16 20180101;
A61K 45/06 20130101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61P
1/16 20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P 21/04 20180101; C07K
2317/56 20130101; A61P 37/06 20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P
7/06 20180101; A61P 31/22 20180101; A61P 17/02 20180101; A61P 25/00
20180101; A61P 31/18 20180101; A61K 2039/505 20130101; C07K
2317/622 20130101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; C07K
2317/21 20130101; A61P 17/06 20180101; A61P 17/00 20180101; G01N
33/6869 20130101; C07K 2317/31 20130101; C07K 2317/92 20130101;
A61P 37/04 20180101; A61P 11/00 20180101; A61K 39/3955 20130101;
A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 37/02 20180101; A61P 7/00 20180101; A61P
13/12 20180101; A61P 37/08 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P
17/10 20180101 |
International
Class: |
C07K 16/24 20060101
C07K016/24; A61K 45/06 20060101 A61K045/06; A61K 39/395 20060101
A61K039/395 |
Claims
1. An isolated human monoclonal antibody which binds to human IL-8
comprising a variable heavy chain amino acid sequence as set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 12 and a variable light chain amino acid sequence as
set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.
2. An isolated human monoclonal antibody which binds to human IL-8,
wherein the antibody comprises a human heavy chain variable region
comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences comprising the amino acid
sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:22, 23, and 24, respectively, and
a human light chain variable region comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3
sequences comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID
NOs: 16, 17 and 18, respectively.
3. The antibody of claim 2, wherein the antibody is an IgG1
antibody.
4. The antibody of claim 3, wherein the antibody is an IgG1.kappa.
or IgG1 .lamda. isotype.
5. The antibody of claim 3, comprising an IgG1 or IgG3 heavy
chain.
6. The antibody of claim 2, wherein the antibody has one or more of
the following characteristics: (i) inhibits IL-8 binding to its
receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2); (ii) inhibits IL-8 induced
proinflammatory effects; (iii) inhibits IL-8 induced chemotactic
activity for neutrophils; (iv) inhibits IL-8 induced calcium flux;
(v) inhibits IL-8 induced changes in expression levels of adhesion
molecules on neutrophils; (vi) inhibits IL-8 induced increased
expression of CD11b (Mac-1) and inhibits IL-8 induced decreased
expression of L-selectin on neutrophils; or (vii) does not
cross-react with related chemokines selected from the group
consisting of human GRO-alpha, human GRO-beta, human IP-10 and
human NAP-2.
7. The antibody of claim 2 having a dissociation equilibrium
constant (KD) of approximately 10.sup.-8 M or less, when determined
by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology using recombinant
human IL-8 as the analyte and the antibody as the ligand.
8. The antibody of claim 2 which is an antibody fragment or a
single chain antibody.
9. The antibody of claim 2 which is a binding-domain immunoglobulin
fusion protein comprising (i) a variable heavy chain amino acid
sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, fused to a variable light
chain amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 via a linker
peptide, that is fused to an immunoglobulin hinge region
polypeptide, (ii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain CH2 constant region
fused to the hinge region, and (iii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain
CH3 constant region fused to the CH2 constant region.
10. The antibody of claim 2, produced by a hybridoma which includes
a B cell obtained from a transgenic non-human animal, in which
V-(D)-J gene segment rearrangements have resulted in the formation
of a functional human heavy chain transgene and a functional human
light chain transgene, fused to an immortalized cell.
11. A bispecific or multispecific molecule comprising the antibody
according to claim 2, and a binding specificity for a human
effector cell.
12. The molecule of claim 11, wherein the binding specificity for a
human effector cell is selected from the group consisting of a
binding specificity for a human Fc gamma receptor, a human Fc alpha
receptor, and a T cell receptor.
13. A composition comprising the antibody of claim 2 and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
14. The composition of claim 13, comprising at least one
therapeutic agent.
15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the agent is selected from
the group consisting of agents for treating inflammatory or
hyperproliferative skin disorders, and anti-inflammatory
agents.
16. A method of treating an inflammatory skin disorder mediated by
human IL-8 comprising administering to a subject an effective
amount of a monoclonal antibody which binds to human IL-8, wherein
the antibody comprises heavy and light chain variable regions
comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and
8, respectively.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the antibody is an antibody
fragment or a single chain antibody.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the disorder is PPP.
19. The method of claim 16, comprising administering at least one
additional therapeutic agent to the subject.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the agent is selected from the
group consisting of coal tar, A vitamin, anthralin, calcipotrien,
tarazotene, corticosteroids, methotrexate, retinoids, and
hydroxyurea.
21. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of exposing
the subject to sunlight or phototherapy.
22. The method of claim 19, wherein the agent is selected from the
group consisting of agents that block or interfere with the
function of CC or CXC chemokine receptors, and agents that block
the function of chemokine ligands.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the agent is selected from the
group consisting of, an antagonist of CXCR1, an antagonist of
CXCR2, an antagonist of CCR1, an antagonist of CCR2, an antagonist
of CCR5, an antibody to MIP-1 alpha, an antibody to MIP-1 beta, an
antibody to RANTES, an antibody to MCP-1, an antibody to MCP-2, an
antibody to MCP-3, and an antibody to MCP-4.
24. The method of claim 16, wherein the skin disorder is selected
from the group consisting of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, guttate
type psoriasis, bullous skin disease, contact dermatitis, eczema,
erythematosus, and atopic dermatitis.
25. A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a
subject an effective amount of a monoclonal antibody which
specifically binds to human IL-8 comprising human heavy and light
chain variable regions comprising amino acid sequences set forth in
SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 8, respectively.
26. A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a
subject an effective amount of a monoclonal antibody which
specifically binds to human IL-8, where in the antibody comprises
heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences as set
forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, and 24, respectively, and light chain
variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences as set forth in SEQ
ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody is an IgG1
antibody.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the antibody is an IgG1.kappa.
or IgG1 isotype.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody: (i) inhibits IL-8
binding to its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2); (ii) inhibits IL-8
induced proinflammatory effects; (iii) inhibits IL-8 induced
chemotactic activity for neutrophils; (iv) inhibits IL-8 induced
calcium flux; (v) inhibits IL-8 induced changes in expression
levels of adhesion molecules on neutrophils; (vi) inhibits IL-8
induced increased expression of CD11b (Mac-1) and inhibits IL-8
induced decreased expression of L-selectin on neutrophils; (vii)
does not cross-react with related chemokines selected from the
group consisting of human GRO-alpha, human GRO-beta, human IP-10
and human NAP-2; or (viii) significantly inhibits chemotaxis
induced by biological fluids which contain multiple chemotactic
factors including IL-8.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody has a dissociation
equilibrium constant (KD) of approximately 10.sup.-8 M or less,
when determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a
BIACORE 3000 instrument using recombinant human IL-8 as the analyte
and the antibody as the ligand.
31. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody is an intact
antibody selected from the group consisting of an intact IgG1
antibody, an intact IgG2 antibody, an intact IgG3 antibody, an
intact IgG4 antibody, an intact IgM antibody, an intact IgA1
antibody, an intact IgA2 antibody, an intact secretory IgA
antibody, an intact IgD antibody, and an intact IgE antibody,
wherein the antibody is glycosylated in a eukaryotic cell.
32. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody is an antibody
fragment or a single chain antibody.
33. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody is a
binding-domain immunoglobulin fusion protein comprising (i) a
variable heavy chain amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
12, a variable light chain amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ
ID NO:8, or a variable heavy chain amino acid sequence as set forth
in SEQ ID NO: 12, fused to a variable light chain amino acid
sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 via a linker peptide, that is
fused to an immunoglobulin hinge region polypeptide, (ii) an
immunoglobulin heavy chain CH2 constant region fused to the hinge
region, and (iii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain CH3 constant region
fused to the CH2 constant region.
34. The method of claim 26, wherein the cancer is selected from the
group consisting of melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, transitional cell
carcinoma, trichilemmona, squamous cell carcinoma and breast
cancer.
35. The method of claim 26, comprising administering at least one
additional therapeutic agent to the subject.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the agent is selected from the
group consisting of coal tar, A vitamin, anthralin, calcipotrien,
tarazotene, corticosteroids, methotrexate, retinoids, and
hydroxyurea.
37. The method of claim 35, further comprising the step of exposing
the subject to sunlight or phototherapy.
38. The method of claim 35, wherein the agent is selected from the
group consisting of agents that block or interfere with the
function of CC or CXC chemokine receptors, and agents that block
the function of chemokine ligands.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the agent is selected form the
group consisting of, an antagonist of CXCR1, an antagonist of
CXCR2, an antagonist of CCR1, an antagonist of CCR2, an antagonist
of CCR5, an antibody to MIP-1alpha, an antibody to MIP-1beta, an
antibody to RANTES, an antibody to MCP-1, an antibody to MCP-2, an
antibody to MCP-3, and an antibody to MCP-4.
40. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody is a human,
humanized, or chimeric antibody.
41. The method of claim 26, wherein the antibody has a dissociation
equilibrium constant (KD) of approximately 10.sup.-8 M or less,
when determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a
BIACORE 3000 instrument using recombinant human IL-8 as the analyte
and the antibody as the ligand.
42. The method of claim 26, wherein the cancer is selected from the
group consisting of melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, transitional cell
carcinoma, trichilemmona, squamous cell carcinoma and breast
cancer.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/074,226, filed on Nov. 7, 2013, which is a
divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/337,798, filed on
Dec. 27, 2011, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 12/616,615, filed on Nov. 11, 2009, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/823,481, filed
on Jun. 27, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/738,120, filed Dec. 16, 2003, which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
60/433,728, filed Dec. 16, 2002, the entire contents of which are
incorporated herein by this reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Chemokines represent a superfamily of about 30 chemotactic
cytokines acting as vital initiators and promulgators of
inflammatory reactions. They range from 8 to 11 kD in molecular
weight, are active over a 1 to 100 ng/mL concentration range, and
are produced by a wide variety of cell types.
[0003] Interleukin 8 (IL-8), formerly called monocyte-derived
neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) or neutrophil
attractant/activation protein-1 (NAP-1), is a chemokine and a
member of the cytokine family that displays chemotactic activity
for specific types of leukocytes. IL-8 is a member of the CXC
chemokine family in which an amino acid is present between the
first two of four highly conserved cysteine residues. IL-8 is a
polypeptide of which two predominant forms consist of 72 amino
acids and 77 amino acids. Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils,
lymphocytes, dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, vascular
endothelial cells, melanocytes, hepatocytes, and various tumor cell
lines produce IL-8. IL-8 is a potent neutrophil chemokine and
participates in the migration of neutrophils towards inflammatory
sites. Upon binding to its high-affinity receptors (CXCR1 and
CXCR2) which are present on the surface of neutrophils, IL-8
activates neutrophils by accelerating degranulation and elevating
the free Ca.sup.2+ concentration in the cytoplasm and also induces
neutrophil migration to thereby destroy the infiltrated tissue.
[0004] Although the neutrophil inflammatory response is essential
for the destruction of bacteria which are invading the body,
inappropriate neutrophil activation can cause a number of
inflammatory disorders. For example, IL-8 has been recovered from
inflammatory sites such as, pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP)
lesions, psoriatic scales, synovial fluid of patients with
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pleural fluid from empyema patients,
alveolar macrophages from lungs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,
broncheoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with adult respiratory
distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and
bronchiectasis. IL-8 is also associated with sepsis, asthma,
glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
ischaemia-reperfusion injury and multiple myeloma. Such conditions
are characterized by inflammation accompanied by neutrophil
infiltration and tissue damage.
[0005] IL-8 is also known to promote angiogenesis and, thus, growth
of tumors. Such activity has been associated with the ELR motif
within the IL-8 sequence. Human tumor cell lines such as, thyroid
carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, trichilemmona, squamous
cell carcinoma, and melanoma constitutively express IL-8 which
plays a role in tumor invasion and metastasis.
[0006] Accordingly, antibodies specific for IL-8 are
therapeutically important for treating diseases mediated by IL-8
activity. A hybridoma producing a human antibody against human
IL-8, referred to as 2C6, has been described previously (U.S. Pat.
No. 6,300,129 by Lonberg and Kay). However, additional antibodies
specific for IL-8 are still needed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides isolated human monoclonal
antibodies which bind to human IL-8, as well as bispecific and
multispecific molecules and other therapeutic compositions
containing such antibodies, alone or in combination with additional
therapeutic agents. Also provided are methods for treating a
variety IL-8 mediated diseases using the antibodies and
compositions of the invention.
[0008] The fully human antibodies of the present invention bind to
IL-8 and inhibit IL-8 function (and IL-8 mediated effects) by
blocking IL-8 binding to its receptor. For example, the antibodies
can inhibit proinflammatory and angiogenic effects induced by IL-8,
such as IL-8 induced chemotactic activity for leukocytes and IL-8
induced calcium flux. The antibodies can also inhibit IL-8 induced
increased expression of CD11b (Mac-1) and decreased expression of
L-selectin (CD62L). Accordingly, particular antibodies of the
invention have one or more of the following characteristics:
[0009] (i) inhibits IL-8 binding to its receptors (CXCR1 and
CXCR2);
[0010] (ii) inhibits IL-8 induced proinflammatory effects;
[0011] (iii) inhibits IL-8 induced chemotactic activity for
neutrophils;
[0012] (iv) inhibits IL-8 induced calcium flux;
[0013] (v) inhibits IL-8 induced changes in expression levels of
adhesion molecules on neutrophils;
[0014] (vi) inhibits IL-8 induced increased expression of CD11b
(Mac-1) and inhibits IL-8 induced decreased expression of
L-selectin on neutrophils;
[0015] (vii) does not cross-react with related chemokines selected
from the group consisting of human GRO-.alpha., human GRO-.beta.,
human IP-10 and human NAP-2;
[0016] (viii) significantly inhibits chemotaxis induced by
biological fluids which contain multiple chemotactic factors
including IL-8.
[0017] Therefore, the human antibodies of the present invention
provide an improved means for treating and preventing disorders
mediated by IL-8 activity attributable in part to their unique
specificity (e.g., epitope specificity and lack of cross-reactivity
with related chemokines), affinity, structure, functional activity
and the fact that they are fully human, making them significantly
less immunogenic and more therapeutically effective and useful when
administered to human patients than other IL-8 antibodies
previously generated (e.g., murine and humanized antibodies).
[0018] Isolated human antibodies of the invention include a variety
of antibody isotypes, such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1,
IgA2, secretory IgA, IgD, and IgE. Typically, they include IgG1
(e.g., IgG1,.kappa. or IgG1,.lamda.), IgG3, IgG4 and IgM isotypes.
The antibodies can be intact (e.g., an IgG1 or IgG3 antibody) or
can include only an antigen-binding portion (e.g., a Fab,
F(ab').sub.2, Fv or a single chain Fv fragment).
[0019] Particular therapeutic antibodies of the invention include
human monoclonal antibody (HuMab) 10F8 and functionally equivalent
antibodies which (a) are encoded by human heavy chain and human
light chain nucleic acids comprising nucleotide sequences in their
variable regions as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO:6,
respectively, and sequences which are at least 95% homologous
therewith, or (b) include heavy chain and light chain variable
regions which comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:
12 and SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, and sequences which are at least
95% homologous therewith.
[0020] Still other particular human antibodies of the invention
include those which comprise a CDR domain having a human heavy and
light chain CDR1 region, a human heavy and light chain CDR2 region,
and a human heavy and light chain CDR3 region, wherein the antibody
comprises at least one CDR sequence selected from the group
consisting of: V.sub.L CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 16, V.sub.L CDR2 of SEQ
ID NO: 17, V.sub.L CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 18, V.sub.H CDR1 of SEQ ID
NO: 22, V.sub.H CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 23, and V.sub.H of SEQ ID NO:
24. Antibodies which comprise at least the V.sub.H CDR3 of SEQ ID
NO: 24 are also encompassed by the present invention, as well as
antibodies which comprise at least four CDR sequences selected from
the group consisting of: V.sub.L CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 16, V.sub.L
CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 17, V.sub.L CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 18, V.sub.H CDR1
of SEQ ID NO: 22, V.sub.H CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 23, and V.sub.H of SEQ
ID NO: 24 and antibodies which comprise the six CDR sequences:
V.sub.L CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 16, V.sub.L CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 17,
V.sub.L CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 18, V.sub.H CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 22,
V.sub.H CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 23, and V.sub.H of SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0021] The present invention further includes antibodies which bind
to an epitope on human IL-8 defined by antibody 10F8, and/or which
compete for binding to IL-8 with antibody 10F8, or which have other
functional binding characteristic exhibited by antibody 10F8. Such
antibodies include those which bind to IL-8 with a dissociation
equilibrium constant (K.sub.D) of approximately 10.sup.-8 M or
less, 10.sup.-9 M or less, 10.sup.-10 M or less, or 10.sup.-11 M or
even less. Such antibodies also include those which do not
cross-react with related chemokines, e.g., human GRO-.alpha., human
GRO-.beta., IP-10 or human NAP-2, and thus do not inhibit their
function.
[0022] In another aspect, human antibodies of the invention can be
co-administered with one or more further therapeutic agents. They
can be coadministered simultaneously with such agents (e.g., in a
single composition or separately) or can be administered before or
after administration of such agents. Such further agents can
include agents for treating inflammatory or hyperproliferative skin
disorders, immunosuppressive agents, anti-inflammatory agents, or
chemotherapeutic agents.
[0023] In another aspect, the present invention provides
compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions,
comprising one or more (i.e., a combination of) human anti-IL-8
antibodies together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The
composition can further include one or more other therapeutic
agents, such as those disclosed above.
[0024] For use in in vivo treatment and prevention of IL-8 mediated
diseases, human antibodies of the present invention are
administered to patients (e.g., human subjects) at therapeutically
effective dosages using any suitable route of administration, such
as injection or infusion and other routes of administration known
in the art for antibody-based clinical products.
[0025] In yet another aspect, the invention provides methods for
inhibiting the proinflammatory effects of IL-8, such as IL-8
induced chemotactic activity for leukocytes.
[0026] Accordingly, human antibodies of the present invention can
be used to treat and/or prevent a variety of IL-8 mediated diseases
by administering the antibodies to patients suffering from such
diseases.
[0027] Exemplary diseases that can be treated (e.g., ameliorated)
or prevented using the methods and compositions of the invention
include, but are not limited to, inflammatory or hyperproliferative
skin disorders, immune, autoimmune, inflammatory or infectious
diseases, and diseases involving IL-8 mediated angiogenesis, such
as tumors and cancers.
[0028] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a
method for detecting in vitro or in vivo the presence of IL-8 in a
sample or an individual, e.g., for diagnosing an IL-8-related
disease. This can also be useful for monitoring a IL-8 related
disease and the effect of treatment with an anti-IL-8 antibody and
for determining and adjusting the dose of the antibody to be
administered. In one embodiment, the presence of IL-8 is detected
by contacting a sample to be tested, optionally along with a
control sample, with a human monoclonal antibody of the invention
under conditions that allow for formation of a complex between the
antibody and IL-8. Complex formation is then detected (e.g., using
an ELISA). When using a control sample along with the test sample,
complex is detected in both samples and any statistically
significant difference in the formation of complexes between the
samples is indicative of the presence of IL-8 in the test
sample.
[0029] In a further aspect, the invention relates to anti-idiotypic
antibodies which bind to the human monoclonal antibodies of the
invention. These anti-idiotypic antibodies can be used as an
immunodiagnostic tool to detect and quantify levels of human
monoclonal antibodies against IL-8 in laboratory or patient
samples. This may be useful for examining pharmacokinetics of the
anti-IL-8 antibody or for determining and adjusting the dosage of
the anti-IL-8 antibody and for monitoring the disease and the
effect of treatment in a patient.
[0030] Mouse anti-idiotypic antibodies can be made, e.g., by
immunizing BALB/C mice with the human monoclonal antibodies
according to the invention, and generating hybridomas from spleens
of these mice by fusion with myeloma cells, such as NS 1 cells,
using standard techniques.
[0031] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a transgenic
non-human animal, such as a transgenic mouse, which express human
monoclonal antibodies that bind to IL-8. In a particular
embodiment, the transgenic non-human animal is a transgenic mouse
having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a
human light chain transgene encoding all or a portion of an
antibody of the invention. The transgenic non-human animal can be
immunized with a purified or enriched preparation of IL-8 antigen,
recombinant IL-8 antigen and/or cells expressing IL-8, including
cells transfected with IL-8. Preferably, the transgenic non-human
animal, e.g., the transgenic mouse, is capable of producing
multiple isotypes of human monoclonal antibodies to IL-8 (e.g.,
IgG, IgA and/or IgM) by undergoing V-D-J recombination and isotype
switching. Isotype switching may occur by, e.g., classical or
non-classical isotype switching.
[0032] Accordingly, in yet another aspect, the invention provides
isolated B cells from a transgenic non-human animal as described
above, e.g., a transgenic mouse, which expresses human anti-IL-8
antibodies. The isolated B cells can then be immortalized by fusion
to an immortalized cell to provide a source (e.g., a hybridoma) of
human anti-IL-8 antibodies. Such hybridomas (i.e., which produce
human anti-IL-8 antibodies) are also included within the scope of
the invention.
[0033] As exemplified herein, human antibodies of the invention can
be obtained directly from hybridomas which express the antibody, or
can be cloned and recombinantly expressed in a fju'\m (e.g., a CHO
cell, or a NS/0 cell). Further examples of host cells are HEK293
cells, plant cells, microorganisms, such as E. coli, and fungi,
such as yeast. Alternatively, they can be produced recombinantly in
a transgenic non-human animal or plant.
[0034] Accordingly, in yet another aspect, the invention provides
nucleic acid molecules encoding human anti-IL-8 antibodies, as well
as recombinant expression vectors which include the nucleic acids
of the invention, and host cells transfected with such vectors.
Methods of producing the antibodies by culturing these host cells
are also encompassed by the invention. Particular nucleic acids
provided by the invention comprise the nucleotide sequences shown
in SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO:6, encoding to the heavy and light
chains respectively of 10F8.
[0035] Other features and advantages of the instant invention will
be apparent from the following detailed description and examples
which should not be construed as limiting.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] FIG. 1 shows the nucleotide sequences of the V.sub.L- and
V.sub.H-regions (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3), respectively, from HuMab
10F8. Leader sequences are underlined.
[0037] FIG. 2 is an alignment comparison of the nucleotide sequence
of the light (kappa) chain V region of HuMab 10F8 (SEQ ID NO:6) and
the corresponding V.kappa. A-27 germline nucleotide sequence (SEQ
ID NO:5).
[0038] FIG. 3 is an alignment comparison of the amino acid sequence
of the light (kappa) chain V region of HuMab 10F8 (SEQ ID NO:8) and
the corresponding V.kappa. A-27 germline-encoded amino acid
sequence (SEQ ID NO:7).
[0039] FIG. 4 is an alignment comparison of the nucleotide sequence
of the heavy chain V region of HuMab 10F8 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and the
corresponding V.sub.H 3-33 germline nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID
NO:9).
[0040] FIG. 5 is an alignment comparison of the amino acid sequence
of the heavy chain V region of HuMab 10F8 (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the
corresponding V.sub.H 3-33 germline-encoded amino acid sequence
(SEQ ID NO: 11).
[0041] FIG. 6 is a graph showing that HuMab 10F8 binds to both
endothelial cell derived and monocyte derived IL-8, but that it
does not bind to IP-10, GRO-.alpha. or GRO-.beta..
[0042] FIG. 7A is a graph showing inhibition of [.sup.125I]-IL-8
binding to neutrophils by HuMab 10F8 (open squares) as compared to
a murine IL-8-specific antibody (m-a-IL8) (asterisks).
[0043] FIG. 7B is a graph showing inhibition of [.sup.125I]-IL-8
binding to neutrophils by hybridoma-derived HuMab 10F8 (10F8 H)
(open squares) and transfectoma-derived HuMab 10F8 (10F8 T) (closed
squares), respectively.
[0044] FIG. 8A is a graph showing inhibition of IL-8 mediated
neutrophil chemotaxis by HuMab 10F8 (triangles) as compared to a
murine IL-8-specific antibody (6217.111) (squares).
[0045] FIG. 8B is a graph showing inhibition of IL-8 mediated
neutrophil chemotaxis by HuMab 10F8 as determined by a
transmigration assay using a Boyden chamber.
[0046] FIG. 9A is a graph showing inhibition of IL-8 mediated
shedding of L-selectin (CD62L) on the surface of neutrophils by
HuMab 10F8 (closed squares) as compared to an irrelevant human
isotype control antibody (asterisks).
[0047] FIG. 9B is a graph showing inhibition of IL-8 mediated
expression of CD11b on the cell surface of neutrophils by HuMab
10F8 (closed squares) as compared to an irrelevant human isotype
control antibody (asterisks).
[0048] FIG. 10 is a graph showing the presence of IL-8 and GRO-ca
in pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP) patient material as determined
by ELISAs.
[0049] FIG. 11 shows the results of the measurement of IL-8,
GRO-.alpha. and C5a present in feet water fluid obtained from
healthy controls (n=6), eczema patients (n=6) or PPP patients
(n=6).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0050] The present invention provides improved human antibodies
which bind to human IL-8 and antibody-based therapies for treating
and diagnosing a variety of disorders mediated by IL-8 (e.g.,
disorders caused by the proinflammatory effects and the angiogenic
effects of IL-8). As used herein, the term "proinflammatory
effects" includes any humoral or cell-mediated immune response
induced by IL-8, such as the chemotactic activity for leukocytes.
The term "angiogenic effects of IL-8" includes the growth of new
blood vessels or the vascularization of tumor cells induced by
IL-8. Therapies of the invention employ human monoclonal antibodies
which bind to and inhibit such functions of IL-8, particularly in
human therapy.
[0051] In one embodiment the antibody is an IgG1 antibody, more
particularly an IgG1,.kappa. or IgG1,.lamda. isotype. In another
embodiment the antibody is an IgG3 antibody, more particularly an
IgG3,.kappa. or IgG3,.lamda. isotype. In yet another embodiment the
antibody is an IgG4 antibody, more particularly an IgG4,.kappa. or
IgG4,.lamda. isotype. In still another embodiment the antibody is
an IgA1 or IgA2 antibody. In yet a further embodiment the antibody
is an IgM antibody.
[0052] In one embodiment, the human antibodies are produced in a
non-human transgenic animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, capable of
producing multiple isotypes of human monoclonal antibodies to IL-8
(e.g., IgG, IgA and/or IgE) by undergoing V-D-J recombination and
isotype switching. Such transgenic animal can also be a transgenic
rabbit for producing polyclonal antibodies such as disclosed in US
2003/0017534. Accordingly, the invention also encompasses human
polyclonal antibodies which specifically bind to IL-8. Accordingly,
particular aspects of the invention include not only antibodies,
antibody fragments, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, but
also non-human transgenic animals, B cells, hybridomas, and
transfectomas which produce monoclonal antibodies. Methods of using
the antibodies of the invention to detect a cell producing IL-8,
either in vitro or in vivo, are also encompassed by the invention.
Methods of using the antibodies of the invention to block or
inhibit IL-8 induced activities, e.g., proinflammatory activities,
chemotactic activities, and angiogenesis are also provided and are
useful in the treatment of disorders associated with IL-8.
[0053] In one embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention can
be used in methods for treating inflammatory or hyperproliferative
skin disorders, such as pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP), psoriasis,
including plaque psoriasis and guttate type psoriasis, bullous skin
diseases, such as bullous pemphigoid, contact dermatitis, eczema,
erythematosus, and atopic dermatitis.
[0054] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
can be used in methods for treating immune, autoimmune,
inflammatory or infectious diseases, such as psoriatic arthritis,
systemic scleroderma and sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute lung injury, such
as acute respiratory distress syndrome or adult respiratory
distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, uveitis, multiple
myeloma, glomerulonephritis, nephritis, asthma, atherosclerosis,
leukocyte adhesion deficiency, multiple sclerosis, Raynaud's
syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, juvenile onset diabetes, Reiter's
disease, Behcet's disease, immune complex nephritis, IgA
nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, immune-mediated
thrombocytopenias, such as acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic
anemia, myasthenia gravis, lupus nephritis, lupus erythematosus,
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spodylitis, pemphigus,
Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, small vessel
vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Omen's syndrome,
chronic renal failure, autoimmune thyroid disease, acute infectious
mononucleosis, HIV, herpes virus associated diseases, human virus
infections, such as common cold as caused by human rhinovirus,
coronavirus, other enterovirus, herpes virus, influenza virus,
parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus or adenovirus
infection, bacteria pneumonia, wounds, sepsis, cerebral
stroke/cerebral edema, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and hepatitis
C.
[0055] In one embodiment, the human monoclonal antibodies can be
used for the treatment of ischaemia-reperfusion injury after
thrombolysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass, or cardiac
transplantation.
[0056] In yet another embodiment, the human antibodies of the
invention can be used for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis and
acute pancreatitis.
[0057] In yet a further embodiment, the human antibodies of the
invention can be used in methods for treating diseases involving
IL-8 mediated angiogenesis, such as tumors and cancers, e.g.,
melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma,
trichilemmona, squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer.
[0058] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
can be used for treating diseases wherein blocking of granulocyte
migration is beneficial, e.g., in
[0059] diseases affecting the central nervous system, such as
isolated cerebral angiitis;
[0060] diseases affecting the peripheral nervous system, such as
mononeuritis multiplex;
[0061] cardiovascular disorders, such as acute myocardial
infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, and Liebman-Sachs
endocarditis;
[0062] pulmonary disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), alveolitis, obliterating bronchiolitis, cystic
fibrosis, allergic aspergillosis, and Lofflers syndrome;
[0063] hepatic disorders, such as sclerosing cholangiolitis;
[0064] urogenital disorders, such as chronic cyctitis;
[0065] renal disorders, such as tubulo-interstial nephritis;
[0066] infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS);
[0067] rheumatic disorders, such as large vessel vasculitides
(including giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and
Takayasu arteritis), medium-sized vessel vasculitides (including
polyarteritis nodosa, localized polyarteritis nodosa, and Kawasaki
disease), small vessel vasculitides (including Churg-Strauss
syndrome, microscopic polyarteritis, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis,
and leucocytoclastic angiitis), secondary vasculitides (including
rheumatoid vasculitis, and vasculitis associated with systemic
lupus erythematosus or Sjogren's syndrome), isolated sacroileitis,
the SAPHO syndrome, and disciitis (including postoperative
disciitis);
[0068] endocrine disorders, such as subacute thyroiditis;
[0069] skin disorders, such as cicatricial pemphigoid, dermatitis
herpetiformis, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, epidermolysis
bullosa acquisita, rosacea, acute febrile dermatosis, granuloma
annulare (including Sweet's syndrome), pyoderma gangraenosum, and
acne (including acne conglobata);
[0070] connective tissue disorders, such as sarcoidosis, relapsing
polychondritis, familial Mediterranean fever, panniculitis,
erythema nodosum, Weber-Christian's disease, and retroperitoneal
fibrosis.
[0071] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
are used for treating diseases wherein interfering with
interactions between IL-8 and osteoclasts is beneficial, such as
osteoporosis, and osteolytic metastases.
[0072] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
are used for treating disease wherein interfering with interactions
between IL-8 and tumor cells is beneficial, such as gastric cancer,
colorectal cancer, and urine bladder cancer.
[0073] In order that the present invention may be more readily
understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions
are set forth throughout the detailed description.
[0074] The terms "IL-8," "IL-8 antigen" and "Interleukin 8" are
used interchangeably herein, and include any variants or isoforms
which are naturally expressed by cells or are expressed by cells
transfected with the IL-8 gene.
[0075] The term "antibody" as referred to herein includes intact
antibodies and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., "antigen-binding
portion") or single chain thereof. An "antibody" refers to a
glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light
(L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen
binding portion thereof. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy
chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V.sub.H) and a heavy
chain constant region. Each light chain is comprised of a light
chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V.sub.L) and a light
chain constant region. The V.sub.H and V.sub.L regions can be
further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed
complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with
regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
Each V.sub.H and V.sub.L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs,
arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following
order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions
of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that
interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies
may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or
factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g.,
effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical
complement system.
[0076] The term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody (or simply
"antibody portion"), as used herein, refers to one or more
fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to bind to an
antigen (e.g., IL-8). It has been shown that the antigen-binding
function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of an intact
antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term
"antigen-binding portion" of an antibody include (i) a Fab
fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the V.sub.L, V.sub.H,
C.sub.L and C.sub.H1 domains; (ii) a F(ab').sub.2 fragment, a
bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a
disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment
consisting of the V.sub.H and C.sub.H1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment
consisting of the V.sub.L and V.sub.H domains of a single arm of an
antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature
341:544-546), which consists of a V.sub.H domain; and (vi) an
isolated complementarity determining region (CDR), e.g., V.sub.H
CDR3. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment,
V.sub.L and V.sub.H, are coded for by separate genes, they can be
joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that
enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the
V.sub.L and V.sub.H regions pair to form monovalent molecules
(known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988)
Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also
intended to be encompassed within the term "antigen-binding
portion" of an antibody. Furthermore, the antigen-binding fragments
include binding-domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins comprising
(i) a binding domain polypeptide (such as a heavy chain variable
region, a light chain variable region, or a heavy chain variable
region fused to a light chain variable region via a linker peptide)
that is fused to an immunoglobulin hinge region polypeptide, (ii)
an immunoglobulin heavy chain CH2 constant region fused to the
hinge region, and (iii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain CH3 constant
region fused to the CH2 constant region. The hinge region is
preferably modified by replacing one or more cysteine residues with
serine residues so as to prevent dimerization. Such binding-domain
immunoglobulin fusion proteins are further disclosed in US
2003/0118592 and US 2003/0133939. These antibody fragments are
obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in
the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same
manner as are intact antibodies.
[0077] The term "epitope" means a protein determinant capable of
specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of
chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino
acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three
dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge
characteristics. Conformational and nonconformational epitopes are
distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter
is lost by treatment with denaturing solvents.
[0078] As used herein, the terms "inhibits binding" and "blocks
binding" (e.g., referring to inhibition/blocking of binding of IL-8
to its receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2) are used interchangeably and
encompass both partial and complete inhibition/blocking. The
inhibition/blocking of IL-8 preferably reduces or alters the normal
level or type of activity that occurs when IL-8 binding occurs
without inhibition or blocking, e.g., inhibition of IL-8 induced
elastase release or calcium flux or inhibition of IL-8 induced
increased expression of CD11b (Mac-1) and decreased expression of
L-selectin. Inhibition and blocking are also intended to include
any measurable decrease in the binding affinity of IL-8 when in
contact with an anti-IL-8 antibody as compared to IL-8 not in
contact with an anti-IL-8 antibody, e.g., the blocking of binding
of IL-8 to its receptor by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,
60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99%, or 100%.
[0079] The terms "monoclonal antibody" or "monoclonal antibody
composition" as used herein refer to a preparation of antibody
molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody
composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for
a particular epitope. Accordingly, the term "human monoclonal
antibody" refers to antibodies displaying a single binding
specificity which have variable and constant regions derived from
human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In one embodiment, the
human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which
includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic non-human animal,
e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavy
chain transgene and a light chain transgene fused to an
immortalized cell.
[0080] The term "recombinant human antibody", as used herein, is
intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared,
expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as (a)
antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is
transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a
hybridoma prepared therefrom (described further in Section I,
below), (b) antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to
express the antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, (c) antibodies
isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library,
and (d) antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any
other means that involve splicing of human immunoglobulin gene
sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies
have variable and constant regions derived from human germline
immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such
recombinant human antibodies can be subjected to in vitro
mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences
is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid
sequences of the V.sub.H and V.sub.L regions of the recombinant
antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to
human germline V.sub.H and V.sub.L sequences, may not naturally
exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.
[0081] As used herein, a "heterologous antibody" is defined in
relation to the transgenic non-human organism producing such an
antibody. This term refers to an antibody having an amino acid
sequence or an encoding nucleic acid sequence corresponding to that
found in an organism not consisting of the transgenic non-human
animal, and generally from a species other than that of the
transgenic non-human animal.
[0082] An "isolated antibody," as used herein, is intended to refer
to an antibody which is substantially free of other antibodies
having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated
antibody that binds to IL-8 is substantially free of antibodies
that bind antigens other than IL-8). An isolated antibody that
binds to an epitope, isoform or variant of human IL-8 may, however,
have cross-reactivity to other related antigens, e.g., from other
species (e.g., IL-8 species homologs). Moreover, an isolated
antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material
and/or chemicals. In one embodiment of the invention, a combination
of "isolated" monoclonal antibodies having different specificities
are combined in a well defined composition.
[0083] As used herein, "specific binding" refers to antibody
binding to a predetermined antigen. Typically, the antibody binds
with an affinity corresponding to a K.sub.D of about 10.sup.-8 M or
less, and binds to the predetermined antigen with an affinity (as
expressed by K.sub.D) that is at least 10 fold less, and preferably
at least 100 fold less than its affinity for binding to a
non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the
predetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen. Alternatively,
the antibody can bind with an affinity corresponding to a K.sub.A
of about 10.sup.7 M.sup.-1 or higher, and binds to the
predetermined antigen with an affinity (as expressed by K.sub.A)
that is at least 10 fold higher, and preferably at least 100 fold
higher than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen
(e.g., BSA, casein) other than the predetermined antigen or a
closely-related antigen. The phrases "an antibody recognizing an
antigen" and "an antibody specific for an antigen" are used
interchangeably herein with the term "an antibody which binds
specifically to an antigen".
[0084] The term "k.sub.d" (sec.sup.-1), as used herein, is intended
to refer to the dissociation rate constant of a particular
antibody-antigen interaction. Said value is also referred to as the
k.sub.off value.
[0085] The term "k.sub.a" (M.sup.-1.times.sec.sup.1), as used
herein, is intended to refer to the association rate constant of a
particular antibody-antigen interaction.
The term "K.sub.A" (M), as used herein, is intended to refer to the
association equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen
interaction.
[0086] The term "K.sub.D" (M.sup.-1), as used herein, is intended
to refer to the dissociation equilibrium constant of a particular
antibody-antigen interaction.
[0087] As used herein, "isotype" refers to the antibody class
(e.g., IgM or IgGl) that is encoded by heavy chain constant region
genes.
[0088] As used herein, "isotype switching" refers to the phenomenon
by which the class, or isotype, of an antibody changes from one Ig
class to one of the other Ig classes.
[0089] As used herein, "nonswitched isotype" refers to the isotypic
class of heavy chain that is produced when no isotype switching has
taken place; the C.sub.H gene encoding the nonswitched isotype is
typically the first C.sub.H gene immediately downstream from the
functionally rearranged VDJ gene. Isotype switching has been
classified as classical or non-classical isotype switching.
Classical isotype switching occurs by recombination events which
involve at least one switch sequence region in the transgene.
Non-classical isotype switching may occur by, for example,
homologous recombination between human .sigma..sub..mu. and human
Zg (8-associated deletion). Alternative non-classical switching
mechanisms, such as intertransgene and/or interchromosomal
recombination, among others, may occur and effectuate isotype
switching.
[0090] As used herein, the term "switch sequence" refers to those
DNA sequences responsible for switch recombination. A "switch
donor" sequence, typically a g switch region, will be 5' (i.e.,
upstream) of the construct region to be deleted during the switch
recombination. The "switch acceptor" region will be between the
construct region to be deleted and the replacement constant region
(e.g., .gamma., .epsilon., etc.).
[0091] As used herein, "glycosylation pattern" is defined as the
pattern of carbohydrate units that are covalently attached to a
protein, more specifically to an immunoglobulin protein. A
glycosylation pattern of a heterologous antibody can be
characterized as being substantially similar to glycosylation
patterns which occur naturally on antibodies produced by the
species of the non-human transgenic animal, when one of ordinary
skill in the art would recognize the glycosylation pattern of the
heterologous antibody as being more similar to said pattern of
glycosylation in the species of the non-human transgenic animal
than to the species from which the C.sub.H genes of the transgene
were derived.
[0092] The term "naturally-occurring" as used herein as applied to
an object refers to the fact that an object can be found in nature.
For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is
present in an organism (including viruses) that can be isolated
from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally
modified by man in the laboratory is naturally-occurring.
[0093] The term "rearranged" as used herein refers to a
configuration of a heavy chain or light chain immunoglobulin locus
wherein a V segment is positioned immediately adjacent to a D-J or
J segment in a conformation encoding essentially a complete V.sub.H
or V.sub.L domain, respectively. A rearranged immunoglobulin gene
locus can be identified by comparison to germline DNA; a rearranged
locus will have at least one recombined heptamer/nonamer homology
element.
[0094] The term "unrearranged" or "germline configuration" as used
herein in reference to a V segment refers to the configuration
wherein the V segment is not recombined so as to be immediately
adjacent to a D or J segment.
[0095] The term "nucleic acid molecule", as used herein, is
intended to include DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid
molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably
is double-stranded DNA.
[0096] The term "isolated nucleic acid molecule," as used herein in
reference to nucleic acids encoding intact antibodies or antibody
portions (e.g., V.sub.H, V.sub.L, CDR3) that bind to IL-8, is
intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule in which the
nucleotide sequences encoding the intact antibody or antibody
portion are free of other nucleotide sequences encoding intact
antibodies or antibody portions that bind antigens other than IL-8,
which other sequences may naturally flank the nucleic acid in human
genomic DNA. In one embodiment, the human anti-IL-8 antibody
includes the amino acid sequence of 10F8, as well as heavy chain
(V.sub.H) and light chain (V.sub.L) variable amino acid regions
having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 8 or encoded by
the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 6.
[0097] The present invention also encompasses "derivatives" of the
amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12, wherein
one or more of the amino acid residues have been derivatised, e.g.,
by acylation or glycosylation, without significantly affecting or
altering the binding characteristics of the antibody containing the
amino acid sequences.
[0098] Furthermore, the present invention comprises antibodies in
which one or more alterations have been made in the Fc region in
order to change functional or pharmacokinetic properties of the
antibodies. Such alterations may result in a decrease or increase
of C1q binding and CDC (complement dependent cytotixicity) or of
Fc.gamma.R binding and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC). Substitutions can for example be made in one or more of the
amino acid positions 234, 235, 236, 237, 297, 318, 320, and 322 of
the heavy chain constant region, thereby causing an alteration in
an effector function while retaining binding to antigen as compared
with the unmodified antibody, cf. U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821 and U.S.
Pat. No. 5,648,260. Further reference may be had to WO 00/42072
disclosing antibodies with altered Fc regions that increase ADCC,
and WO 94/29351 disclosing antibodies having mutations in the
N-terminal region of the CH2 domain that alter the ability of the
antibodies to bind to FcRI and thereby decreases the ability of the
antibodies to bind to C1q which in turn decreases the ability of
the antibodies to fix complement. Furthermore, Shields et al., J.
Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:6591-6604 teaches combination variants,
e.g., T256A/S298A, S298A/E333A, and S298A/E333A/K334A, that improve
Fc.gamma.RIII binding.
[0099] The in vivo half-life of the antibodies can also be improved
by modifying the salvage receptor epitope of the Ig constant domain
or an Ig-like constant domain such that the molecule does not
comprise an intact CH2 domain or an intact Ig Fc region, cf. U.S.
Pat. No. 6,121,022 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551. The in vivo
half-life can furthermore be increased by making mutations in the
Fc region, e.g., by substituting threonine for leucine at position
252, threonine for serine at position 254, or threonine for
phenylalanine at position 256, cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,375.
[0100] Furthermore, the glycosylation pattern of the antibodies can
be modified in order to change the effector function of the
antibodies. For example, the antibodies can be expressed in a
transfectoma which does not add the fucose unit normally attached
to the carbohydrate attached to Asn at position 297 of Fc in order
to enhance the affinity of Fc for Fc.gamma.RIII which in turn will
result in an increased ADCC of the antibodies in the presence of NK
cells, cf. Shield et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem., 277:26733.
Furthermore, modification of galactosylation can be made in order
to modify CDC. Further reference may be had to WO 99/54342 and
Umana et al., Nat. Biotechnol. (1999) 17:176 disclosing a CHO cell
line engineered to express GntIII resulting in the expression of
monoclonal antibodies with altered glycoforms and improved ADCC
activity.
[0101] Furthermore, the antibody fragments, e.g., Fab fragments, of
the invention can be pegylated to increase the half-life. This can
be carried out by pegylation reactions known in the art, as
described, for example, in Focus on Growth Factors (1992) 3:4-10,
EP 154 316 and EP 401 384.
[0102] Accordingly, the invention includes antibodies encoded by
the (heavy and light chain variable region) nucleotide sequences
disclosed herein and/or containing the (heavy and light chain
variable region) amino acid sequences disclosed herein (i.e., SEQ
ID NOs: 10, 6, 12, and 8).
[0103] For nucleic acid and amino acid sequences, the term
"homology" indicates the degree of identity between two sequences,
when optimally aligned and compared, with appropriate insertions or
deletions. Alternatively, substantial homology exists when the DNA
segments will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions,
to the complement of the strand.
[0104] The percent identity between two sequences is a function of
the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., %
homology=# of identical positions/total # of positions.times.100),
taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap,
which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two
sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent
identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a
mathematical algorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples
below.
[0105] The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be
determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package
(available on the website for Accelrys GCG, gcg.com), using a
NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and
a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. The percent identity
between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences can also determined
using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl.
Biosci., 4:11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN
program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap
length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the
percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined
using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970))
algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the
GCG software package (available on the website for Accelrys GCG,
gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and
a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0106] The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present
invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a
search against public databases to, for example, identify related
sequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and
XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol.
Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with
the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide
sequences homologous to the nucleic acid molecules of the
invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST
program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences
homologous to the protein molecules of the invention. To obtain
gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be
utilized as described in Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.
25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs,
the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and
NBLAST) can be used. See the website of the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine,
Building 38A, Bethesda, Md. 20894, U.S.A., ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
[0107] The nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell
lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form. A
nucleic acid is "isolated" or "rendered substantially pure" when
purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants,
e.g., other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, by standard
techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column
chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known
in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New
York (1987).
[0108] The nucleic acid compositions of the present invention,
while often in a native sequence (except for modified restriction
sites and the like), from either cDNA, genomic or mixtures thereof
may be mutated in accordance with standard techniques to provide
gene sequences. For coding sequences, these mutations, may affect
amino acid sequence as desired. In particular, DNA sequences
substantially homologous to or derived from native V, D, J,
constant, switches and other such sequences described herein are
contemplated (where "derived" indicates that a sequence is
identical or modified from another sequence).
[0109] A nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a
functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For
instance, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding
sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence. With
respect to transcription regulatory sequences, operably linked
means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous and, where
necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in
reading frame. For switch sequences, operably linked indicates that
the sequences are capable of effecting switch recombination.
[0110] The term "vector," as used herein, is intended to refer to a
nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid
to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a "plasmid",
which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which
additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a
viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into
the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous
replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g.,
bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and
episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal
mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell
upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby be replicated
along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable
of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively
linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "recombinant
expression vectors" (or simply, "expression vectors"). In general,
expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are
often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification,
"plasmid" and "vector" may be used interchangeably as the plasmid
is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is
intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as
viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses,
adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent
functions.
[0111] The term "recombinant host cell" (or simply "host cell"), as
used herein, is intended to refer to a cell into which a
recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be
understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the
particular subject cell but also to the progeny of such a cell.
Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations
due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny
may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still
included within the scope of the term "host cell" as used herein.
Recombinant host cells include, for example, CHO cells, and NS/0
cells.
[0112] The term "transfectoma", as used herein, includes a
recombinant eukaryotic host cell expressing the antibody, such as
CHO cells, NS/0 cells, HEK293 cells, plant cells, or fungi,
including yeast cells.
[0113] As used herein, the term "subject" includes any human or
non-human animal. The term "non-human animal" includes all
vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human
primates, sheep, dogs, cows, chickens, amphibians, reptiles,
etc.
[0114] The terms "transgenic, non-human animal" refers to a
non-human animal having a genome comprising one or more human heavy
and/or light chain transgenes or transchromosomes (either
integrated or non-integrated into the animal's natural genomic DNA)
and which is capable of expressing fully human antibodies. For
example, a transgenic mouse can have a human light chain transgene
and either a human heavy chain transgene or human heavy chain
transchromosome, such that the mouse produces human anti-IL-8
antibodies when immunized with IL-8 antigen and/or cells expressing
IL-8. The human heavy chain transgene can be integrated into the
chromosomal DNA of the mouse, as is the case for transgenic, e.g.,
HuMAb mice, or the human heavy chain transgene can be maintained
extrachromosomally, as is the case for transchromosomal (e.g., KM)
mice as described in WO 02/43478. Such transgenic and
transchromosomal mice are capable of producing multiple isotypes of
human monoclonal antibodies to IL-8 (e.g., IgG, IgA and/or IgE) by
undergoing V-D-J recombination and isotype switching. Transgenic,
non-human animals can also be used for production of a specific
anti-IL-8 antibody by introducing genes encoding such specific
anti-IL-8 antibody, for example by operatively linking the genes to
a gene which is expressed in the milk of the animal.
[0115] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in the following subsections.
I. Production of Human Antibodies to IL-8
[0116] The human monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be
produced by a variety of techniques, including conventional
monoclonal antibody methodology e.g., the standard somatic cell
hybridization technique of Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature
256:495. Although somatic cell hybridization procedures are
preferred, in principle, other techniques for producing monoclonal
antibody can be employed e.g., viral or oncogenic transformation of
B lymphocytes.
[0117] The preferred animal system for preparing hybridomas is the
murine system. Hybridoma production in the mouse is a very
well-established procedure. Immunization protocols and techniques
for isolation of immunized splenocytes for fusion are known in the
art. Fusion partners (e.g., murine myeloma cells) and fusion
procedures are also known.
[0118] In a preferred embodiment, human monoclonal antibodies
directed against IL-8 can be generated using transgenic mice
carrying parts of the human immune system rather than the mouse
system. These transgenic mice, referred to herein as "HuMAb" mice,
contain a human immunoglobulin gene miniloci that encodes
unrearranged human heavy (.mu. and .gamma.) and .kappa. light chain
immunoglobulin sequences, together with targeted mutations that
inactivate the endogenous .mu. and .kappa. chain loci (Lonberg, et
al. (1994) Nature 368(6474):856-859). Accordingly, the mice exhibit
reduced expression of mouse IgM or .kappa. light chain, and in
response to immunization, the introduced human heavy and light
chain transgenes undergo class switching and somatic mutation to
generate high affinity human IgG.kappa. monoclonal antibodies
(Lonberg, N. et al. (1994), supra; reviewed in Lonberg, N. (1994)
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 113:49-101; Lonberg, N. and
Huszar, D. (1995) Intern. Rev. Immunol. Vol. 13:65-93, and Harding,
F. and Lonberg, N. (1995) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 764:536-546). The
preparation of HuMAb mice is described in detail Section II below
and in Taylor, L. et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Research
20:6287-6295; Chen, J. et al. (1993) International Immunology
5:647-656; Tuaillon et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
90:3720-3724; Choi et al. (1993) Nature Genetics 4:117-123; Chen,
J. et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12:821-830; Tuaillon et al. (1994) J.
Immunol. 152:2912-2920; Lonberg, N. et al., (1994) Nature
368(6474):856-859; Lonberg, N. (1994) Handbook of Experimental
Pharmacology 113:49-101; Taylor, L. et al. (1994) International
Immunology 6:579-591; Lonberg, N. and Huszar, D. (1995) Intern.
Rev. Immunol. Vol. 13:65-93; Harding, F. and Lonberg, N. (1995)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 764:536-546; Fishwild, D. et al. (1996) Nature
Biotechnology 14:845-851. See further, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,806;
5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,789,650; 5,877,397; 5,661,016;
5,814,318; 5,874,299; and 5,770,429; all to Lonberg, N. and Kay, R.
M. and GenPharm International; U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,807 to Surani et
al.; International Publication Nos. WO 98/24884, published on Jun.
11, 1998; WO 94/25585, published Nov. 10, 1994; WO 93/1227,
published Jun. 24, 1993; WO 92/22645, published Dec. 23, 1992; and
WO 92/03918, published Mar. 19, 1992. Preferred HuMAb mice have a
JKD disruption in their endogenous light chain (kappa) genes (as
described in Chen et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12: 821-830), a CMD
disruption in their endogenous heavy chain genes (as described in
Example 1 of WO 01/14424 by Korman et al.), a KCo5 human kappa
light chain transgene (as described in Fishwild et al. (1996)
Nature Biotechnology 14:845-851), and a HCo7 human heavy chain
transgene (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,429 by Lonberg, N.
and Kay, R. M.) and/or a HCo12 human heavy chain transgene (as
described in Example 2 of WO 01/14424 by Korman et al.).
[0119] Alternatively, mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes on a
transchromosomic fragment can be used to generate anti-IL-8
antibodies. Preparation of such transchromosomic mice are described
in WO 97/07671 by Tomizuka et al. A preferred mouse is one in which
certain human immunoglobulin genes are carried on a transgene and
others are carried on a transchromosome, such as a mouse carrying a
human light chain transgene (e.g., the KCo5 kappa chain transgene)
and a human heavy chain transchromosome (e.g, the SC20
transchromosome) as described in detail in WO 02/43478 by Ishida et
al.
HuMAb Immunizations
[0120] To generate fully human monoclonal antibodies to IL-8, HuMAb
mice can be immunized with a purified or enriched preparation of
IL-8 antigen and/or cells producing IL-8 and/or recombinant IL-8,
as described by Lonberg, N. et al. (1994) Nature 368(6474):856-859;
Fishwild, D. et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:845-851 and WO
98/24884. Preferably, the mice will be 6-16 weeks of age upon the
first infusion. For example, recombinant IL-8 can be used to
immunize the HuMAb mice intraperitoneally.
[0121] Cumulative experience with various antigens has shown that
the HuMAb transgenic mice respond best when initially immunized
intraperitoneally (IP) with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant,
followed by every other week i.p. immunizations (up to a total of
6) with antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The immune
response can be monitored over the course of the immunization
protocol with plasma samples being obtained by retroorbital bleeds.
The plasma can be screened by ELISA (as described below), and mice
with sufficient titers of anti-IL-8 human immunoglobulin can be
used for fusions. Mice can be boosted intravenously with antigen 3
days before sacrifice and removal of the spleen. It is expected
that 2-3 fusions for each antigen may need to be performed. Several
mice will be immunized for each antigen. For example, a total of
twelve HuMAb mice of the HCo7 and HCo12 strains can be
immunized.
Generation of Hybridomas Producing Human Monoclonal Antibodies to
IL-8
[0122] The mouse splenocytes can be isolated and fused with PEG to
a mouse myeloma cell line based upon standard protocols. The
resulting hybridomas are then screened for the production of
antigen-specific antibodies. For example, single cell suspensions
of splenic lymphocytes from immunized mice are fused to one-sixth
the number of P3X63-Ag8.653 nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (ATCC,
CRL 1580) with 50% PEG. Cells are plated at approximately
2.times.10.sup.5 in flat bottom microtiter plates, followed by a
two week incubation in selective medium containing 20% fetal Clone
Serum, 18% "653" conditioned media, 5% origen (IGEN), 4 mM
L-glutamine, 1 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 5 mM HEPES,
0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 units/mL penicillin, 50 mg/mL
streptomycin, 50 mg/mL gentamycin and IX HAT (Sigma; the HAT is
added 24 hours after the fusion). After two weeks, cells are
cultured in medium in which the HAT is replaced with HT. Individual
wells are then screened by ELISA for human anti-IL-8 monoclonal IgM
and IgG antibodies. Once extensive hybridoma growth occurs, medium
is observed usually after 10-14 days. The antibody secreting
hybridomas are replated, screened again, and if still positive for
human IgG, anti-IL-8 monoclonal antibodies, can be subcloned at
least twice by limiting dilution. The stable subclones are then
cultured in vitro to generate small amounts of antibody in tissue
culture medium for characterization.
Generation of Transfectomas Producing Human Monoclonal Antibodies
to IL-8
[0123] Human antibodies of the invention also can be produced in a
host cell transfectoma using, for example, a combination of
recombinant DNA techniques and gene transfection methods as is well
known in the art (Morrison, S. (1985) Science 229:1202).
[0124] For example, to express the antibodies, or antibody
fragments thereof, DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and
heavy chains, can be obtained by standard molecular biology
techniques (e.g., PCR amplification, site directed mutagenesis) and
can be inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are
operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control
sequences. In this context, the term "operatively linked" is
intended to mean that an antibody gene is ligated into a vector
such that transcriptional and translational control sequences
within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the
transcription and translation of the antibody gene. The expression
vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible
with the expression host cell used. The antibody light chain gene
and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate
vector or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same
expression vector. The antibody genes are inserted into the
expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of
complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and
vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present).
The light and heavy chain variable regions of the antibodies
described herein can be used to create full-length antibody genes
of any antibody isotype by inserting them into expression vectors
already encoding heavy chain constant and light chain constant
regions of the desired isotype such that the V.sub.H segment is
operatively linked to the C.sub.H segment(s) within the vector and
the V.sub.L segment is operatively linked to the C.sub.L segment
within the vector. Additionally or alternatively, the recombinant
expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates
secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell. The antibody
chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal
peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody
chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal
peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide
from a non-immunoglobulin protein).
[0125] In addition to the antibody chain genes, the recombinant
expression vectors of the invention carry regulatory sequences that
control the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell.
The term "regulatory sequence" is intended to include promoters,
enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g.,
polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or
translation of the antibody chain genes. Such regulatory sequences
are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology.
Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
(1990). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the
design of the expression vector, including the selection of
regulatory sequences may depend on such factors as the choice of
the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein
desired, etc. Preferred regulatory sequences for mammalian host
cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of
protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or
enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Simian Virus 40
(SV40), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter
(AdMLP)) and polyoma. Alternatively, nonviral regulatory sequences
may be used, such as the ubiquitin promoter or 3-globin
promoter.
[0126] In addition to the antibody chain genes and regulatory
sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention may
carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate
replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of
replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker
gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has
been introduced (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and
5,179,017, all by Axel et al.). For example, typically the
selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418,
hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector
has been introduced. Preferred selectable marker genes include the
dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr-host cells
with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for
G418 selection).
[0127] For expression of the light and heavy chains, the expression
vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is transfected into a
host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term
"transfection" are intended to encompass a wide variety of
techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into
a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation,
calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the
like. Although it is theoretically possible to express the
antibodies of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
host cells, expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, and most
preferably mammalian host cells, is the most preferred because such
eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more
likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly
folded and immunologically active antibody.
[0128] Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the
recombinant antibodies of the invention include CHO cells
(including dhfr-CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR
selectable marker, e.g., as described in R. J. Kaufman and P. A.
Sharp (1982) Mol. Biol. 159:601-621), NS/0 myeloma cells, COS
cells, HEK293 cells and SP2.0 cells. In particular for use with
NS/0 myeloma cells, another preferred expression system is the GS
(glutamine synthetase) gene expression system disclosed in WO
87/04462, WO 89/01036 and EP 338 841. When recombinant expression
vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host
cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for
a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody
in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody
into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown.
Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard
protein purification methods.
Further Recombinant Means for Producing Human Monoclonal Antibodies
to IL-8
[0129] Alternatively the cloned antibody genes can be expressed in
other expression systems, including prokaryotic cells, such as
microorganisms, e.g., E. coli for the production of scFv
antibodies, algi, as well as insect cells. Furthermore, the
antibodies can be produced in transgenic non-human animals, such as
in milk from sheep and rabbits or eggs from hens, or in transgenic
plants. See, e.g., Verma, R., et al. (1998). Antibody engineering:
Comparison of bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian expression
systems. J. Immunol. Meth. 216:165-181; Pollock, et al. (1999).
Transgenic milk as a method for the production of recombinant
antibodies. J. Immunol. Meth. 231:147-157; and Fischer, R., et al.
(1999). Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plants.
Biol. Chem. 380:825-839.
Use of Partial Antibody Sequences to Express Intact Antibodies
[0130] Antibodies interact with target antigens predominantly
through amino acid residues that are located in the six heavy and
light chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs). For this
reason, the amino acid sequences within CDRs are more diverse
between individual antibodies than sequences outside of CDRs.
Because CDR sequences are responsible for most antibody-antigen
interactions, it is possible to express recombinant antibodies that
mimic the properties of specific naturally occurring antibodies by
constructing expression vectors that include CDR sequences from the
specific naturally occurring antibody grafted onto framework
sequences from a different antibody with different properties (see,
e.g., Riechmann, L. et al., 1998, Nature 332:323-327; Jones, P. et
al., 1986, Nature 321:522-525; and Queen, C. et al., 1989, Proc.
Natl. Acad. See. U.S.A. 86:10029-10033). Such framework sequences
can be obtained from public DNA databases that include germline
antibody gene sequences. These germline sequences will differ from
mature antibody gene sequences because they will not include
completely assembled variable genes, which are formed by V(D)J
joining during B cell maturation. Germline gene sequences will also
differ from the sequences of a high affinity secondary repertoire
antibody which contains mutations throughout the variable gene but
typically clustered in the CDRs. For example, somatic mutations are
relatively infrequent in the amino terminal portion of framework
region 1 and in the carboxy-terminal portion of framework region 4.
Furthermore, many somatic mutations do not significantly alter the
binding properties of the antibody. For this reason, it is not
necessary to obtain the entire DNA sequence of a particular
antibody in order to recreate an intact recombinant antibody having
binding properties similar to those of the original antibody (see
WO 99/45962). Partial heavy and light chain sequence spanning the
CDR regions is typically sufficient for this purpose. The partial
sequence is used to determine which germline variable and joining
gene segments contributed to the recombined antibody variable
genes. The germline sequence is then used to fill in missing
portions of the variable regions. Heavy and light chain leader
sequences are cleaved during protein maturation and do not
contribute to the properties of the final antibody. To add missing
sequences, cloned cDNA sequences can be combined with synthetic
oligonucleotides by ligation or PCR amplification. Alternatively,
the entire variable region can be synthesized as a set of short,
overlapping, oligonucleotides and combined by PCR amplification to
create an entirely synthetic variable region clone. This process
has certain advantages such as elimination or inclusion of
particular restriction sites, or optimization of particular
codons.
[0131] The nucleotide sequences of heavy and light chain
transcripts from a hybridoma are used to design an overlapping set
of synthetic oligonucleotides to create synthetic V sequences with
identical amino acid coding capacities as the natural sequences.
The synthetic heavy and kappa chain sequences can differ from the
natural sequences in three ways: strings of repeated nucleotide
bases are interrupted to facilitate oligonucleotide synthesis and
PCR amplification; optimal translation initiation sites are
incorporated according to Kozak's rules (Kozak (1991) J. Biol.
Chem. 266:19867-19870); and, HindIII sites are engineered upstream
of the translation initiation sites.
[0132] For both the heavy and light chain variable regions, the
optimized coding, and corresponding non-coding, strand sequences
are broken down into 30-50 nucleotide approximately the midpoint of
the corresponding non-coding oligonucleotide. Thus, for each chain,
the oligonucleotides can be assembled into overlapping double
stranded sets that span segments of 150-400 nucleotides. The pools
are then used as templates to produce PCR amplification products of
150-400 nucleotides. Typically, a single variable region
oligonucleotide set will be broken down into two pools which are
separately amplified to generate two overlapping PCR products.
These overlapping products are then combined by PCR amplification
to form the complete variable region. It may also be desirable to
include an overlapping fragment of the heavy or light chain
constant region (including the BbsI site of the kappa light chain,
or the AgeI site of the gamma heavy chain) in the PCR amplification
to generate fragments that can easily be cloned into the expression
vector constructs.
[0133] The reconstructed heavy and light chain variable regions are
then combined with cloned promoter, leader sequence, translation
initiation, constant region, 3' untranslated, polyadenylation, and
transcription termination sequences to form expression vector
constructs. The heavy and light chain expression constructs can be
combined into a single vector, co-transfected, serially
transfected, or separately transfected into host cells which are
then fused to form a host cell expressing both chains.
[0134] Plasmids for use in construction of expression vectors for
human IgG.kappa. are described below. The plasmids were constructed
so that PCR amplified V heavy and V kappa light chain cDNA
sequences could be used to reconstruct complete heavy and light
chain minigenes. These plasmids can be used to express completely
human IgG1,.kappa. or IgG4,.kappa. antibodies. Similar plasmids can
be constructed for expression of other heavy chain isotypes, or for
expression of antibodies comprising lambda light chains.
[0135] Thus, in another aspect of the invention, the structural
features of a human anti-IL-8 antibody of the invention, e.g.,
10F8, are used to create structurally related human anti-IL-8
antibodies that retain at least one functional property of the
antibodies of the invention, such as binding to IL-8. More
specifically, one or more CDRs of 10F8 can be combined
recombinantly with known human framework regions and CDRs to create
additional, recombinantly-engineered, human anti-IL-8 antibodies of
the invention.
[0136] Accordingly, in another embodiment, the invention provides a
method for preparing an anti-IL-8 antibody comprising:
[0137] preparing an antibody comprising (1) human heavy chain
framework regions and human heavy chain CDRs, wherein at least one
of the human heavy chain CDRs comprises an amino acid sequence
selected from the amino acid sequences of CDRs shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ
ID NOs: 22, 23, or 24); and (2) human light chain framework regions
and human light chain CDRs, wherein at least one of the light chain
CDRs comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid
sequences of CDRs shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, or 18);
[0138] wherein the antibody retains the ability to bind to
IL-8.
The ability of the antibody to bind IL-8 can be determined using
standard binding assays, such as those set forth in the Examples
(e.g., an ELISA).
[0139] Since it is well known in the art that antibody heavy and
light chain CDR3 domains play a particularly important role in the
binding specificity/affinity of an antibody for an antigen, the
recombinant antibodies of the invention prepared, as set forth
above, preferably comprise the heavy and light chain CDR3s of 10F8.
The antibodies further can comprise the CDR2s of 10F8. The
antibodies further can comprise the CDR1s of 10F8. The antibodies
can further comprise any combinations of the CDRs.
[0140] Accordingly, in another embodiment, the invention further
provides anti-IL-8 antibodies comprising: (1) human heavy chain
framework regions, a human heavy chain CDR1 region, a human heavy
chain CDR2 region, and a human heavy chain CDR3 region, wherein the
human heavy chain CDR3 region is the heavy chain CDR3 of 10F8 as
shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO: 24); and (2) human light chain
framework regions, a human light chain CDR1 region, a human light
chain CDR2 region, and a human light chain CDR3 region, wherein the
human light chain CDR3 region is the light chain CDR3 of 10F8 as
shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 18), wherein the antibody binds IL-8.
The antibody may further comprise the heavy chain CDR2 and/or the
light chain CDR2 of 10F8. The antibody may further comprise the
heavy chain CDR1 and/or the light chain CDR1 of 10F8.
[0141] The CDR1, 2, and/or 3 regions of the engineered antibodies
described above can comprise the exact amino acid sequence(s) as
those of 10F8 disclosed herein. However, the ordinarily skilled
artisan will appreciate that some deviation from the exact CDR
sequences of 10F8 may be possible while still retaining the ability
of the antibody to bind IL-8 effectively. Accordingly, in another
embodiment, the engineered antibody may be composed of one or more
CDRs that are 95%, 98% or 99.5% identical to one or more CDRs of
10F8.
[0142] Accordingly, in another embodiment, the invention provides
anti-IL-8 antibodies comprising a heavy chain variable region
and/or a light chain variable region which is homologous to or
derived from its corresponding germline variable region sequence,
e.g., the V.kappa. A-27 germline nucleotide and amino acid
sequences shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 (SEQ ID NOs:5 and 7, respectively)
and/or the V.sub.H 3-33 germline nucleotide and amino acid
sequences shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 (SEQ ID NOs:9 and 11,
respectively), and retains at least one functional property of the
antibodies of the invention, such as binding to IL-8.
[0143] Other particular antibodies of the invention bind to human
IL-8 and comprise a light chain variable region having an amino
acid sequence which is at least about 94% identical, preferably
about 96%, more preferably about 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the
germline amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:7) and/or a
heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence which is
at least about 92% identical, preferably about 94%, more preferably
about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO: 11). Alternatively, the antibodies may
comprise a light chain variable region encoded by a nucleotide
sequence which is at least about 94% identical, preferably about
96%, more preferably about 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the
germline nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:5) and/or a
heavy chain variable region encoded by a nucleotide sequence which
is at least about 92% identical, preferably about 94%, more
preferably about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleotide
sequence shown in FIG. 4 (SEQ ID NO:9).
[0144] Particular antibodies of the invention also include human
antibodies which bind to human IL-8 and comprise a light chain
variable region derived from the V.kappa. A-27 germline amino acid
sequence as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:7) and have an amino acid
sequence which comprises at least one residue selected from the
group consisting of an isoleucine at position 29, a proline residue
at position 52, an alanine residue at position 93, a glycine
residue at position 94, a leucine residue at position 96, a proline
residue at position 100, an aspartic acid at position 105, as shown
in FIG. 3, and any combination thereof. Alternatively or in
addition, the antibodies may comprise a heavy chain variable region
derived from the V.sub.H 3-33 germline amino acid sequence as shown
in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and have an amino acid sequence which
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of an glutamine at position 3, a histidine residue at position 31,
a tyrosine residue at position 35, an isoleucine residue at
position 51, a tyrosine residue at position 57, an asparagine
residue at position 60, an alanine residue at position 61, an
isoleucine residue at position 70, an asparagine residue at
position 74, a glutamine residue at position 82, an arginine
residue at position 100, a leucine residue at position 103, as
shown in FIG. 5, and any combination thereof.
[0145] In another embodiment, the invention provides human
anti-IL-8 antibodies which comprise a CDR domain having a human
heavy and light chain CDR1 region, a human heavy and light chain
CDR2 region, and a human heavy and light chain CDR3 region, wherein
the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 heavy chain regions are derived from the
V.sub.H 3-33 germline amino acid sequence as shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ
ID NO: 11) or wherein the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 light chain regions
are derived from the V.kappa. A-27 germline amino acid sequence as
shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:7), and wherein
[0146] (a) the CDR1 human heavy chain region comprises a histidine
and a tyrosine residue at positions 1 and 5, respectively, as shown
in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:22);
[0147] (b) the CDR2 human heavy chain region comprises an
isoleucine, tyrosine, asparagine, and alanine residue at positions
2, 8, 11, and 12, respectively, as shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID
NO:23);
[0148] (c) the CDR3 human heavy chain region comprises an arginine
and leucine residue at positions 2 and 5, respectively, as shown in
FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:24);
[0149] (d) the CDR1 human light chain region comprises an
isoleucine residue at position 6, as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID
NO:16);
[0150] (e) the CDR2 human light chain region comprises a proline
residue at position 2, as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:17);
[0151] (f) the CDR3 human light chain region comprises a tyrosine,
alanine, glycine, and leucine residue at positions 3, 4, 5, and 6,
respectively, as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:18); and
[0152] (g) any combination of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f).
[0153] In another embodiment, the human antibodies may comprise a
human heavy and light chain CDR1 region, a human heavy and light
chain CDR2 region, and a human heavy and light chain CDR3 region,
wherein the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 heavy chain regions are derived
from the V.sub.H 3-33 germline amino acid sequence as shown in FIG.
5 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and/or wherein the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 light
chain regions are derived from the V.kappa. A-27 germline amino
acid sequence as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:7), and wherein at
least one of the CDR domains is selected from the group consisting
of:
[0154] (a) a light chain CDR1 region comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 92% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16);
[0155] (b) a light chain CDR2 region comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 86% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 17);
[0156] (c) a light chain CDR3 region comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 43% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 18);
[0157] (d) a heavy chain CDR1 region comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 61% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:22);
[0158] (e) a heavy chain CDR2 region comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 77% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:23); and
[0159] (f) a heavy chain CDR3 region comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 76% identical to the amino acid sequence
shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:24); and
[0160] (g) any combination of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f).
[0161] In yet another embodiment, at least one of the CDR domains
of the human antibodies comprises an amino acid sequence selected
from the group consisting of:
[0162] (a) the amino acid sequence of the light chain CDR1 region
comprises an isoleucine residue at position 6, as shown in FIG. 3
(SEQ ID NO: 16);
[0163] (b) the amino acid sequence of the light chain CDR2 region
comprises a proline residue at position 2, as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ
ID NO: 17);
[0164] (c) the amino acid sequence of the light chain CDR3 region
comprises a tyrosine residue at position 3, an alanine residue at
position 4, a glycine residue at position 5, and a leucine residue
at position 7, as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 18);
[0165] (d) the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain CDR1 region
comprises a histidine residue at position 1, and a tyrosine residue
at position 5, as shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:22);
[0166] (e) the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain CDR2 region
comprises an isoleucine residue at position 2, a tyrosine residue
at position 8, an asparagine residue at position 11, and an alanine
residue at position 12, as shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:23);
[0167] (f) the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain CDR3 region
comprises an arginine residue at position 2 and a leucine residue
at position 5, as shown FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO:24); and
[0168] (g) any combination of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f).
[0169] In another embodiment the invention relates to an isolated
human monoclonal antibody which binds to human IL-8 comprising a
V.sub.L CDR3 domain having the amino acid sequence:
TABLE-US-00001 Gln-Gln-Tyr-X.sub.1-X.sub.2-Ser-X.sub.3-Thr, (SEQ ID
NO: 46)
wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represents a natural
amino acid residue, and X.sub.1 is different from Gly, or X.sub.2
is different from Ser, or X.sub.3 is different from Pro.
[0170] In one embodiment X.sub.1 is different from Gly, X.sub.2 is
different from Ser, and X.sub.3 is different from Pro.
[0171] In a further embodiment X.sub.1 is Ala, and X.sub.2 and
X.sub.3 are independently Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, or Ile.
[0172] In yet another embodiment the invention relates to an
isolated human monoclonal antibody which binds to human IL-8
comprising a V.sub.H CDR3 domain having the amino acid
sequence:
TABLE-US-00002 Asp-X.sub.4-Val-Gly-X.sub.5-Phe-Asp-Tyr, (SEQ ID NO:
47)
wherein X.sub.4 is Lys, Arg, or His, and X.sub.5 is Gly, Ala, Val,
Leu, or Ile.
[0173] In still another embodiment the invention relates to an
isolated human monoclonal antibody which binds to human IL-8
comprising a V.sub.L CDR3 domain as disclosed in the above
embodiments and a V.sub.H CDR3 domain as disclosed in the above
embodiments.
[0174] In addition, or alternative, to simply binding IL-8,
antibodies such as those described above may be selected for their
retention of other functional properties of antibodies of the
invention, such as:
[0175] (1) binding to human IL-8 and inhibiting IL-8 induced
proinflammatory effects;
[0176] (2) inhibiting binding of IL-8 to its receptors on
neutrophils;
[0177] (3) inhibiting IL-8 induced chemotactic activity for
neutrophils;
[0178] (4) inhibiting IL-8 induced calcium flux;
[0179] (5) inhibiting IL-8 induced changes in expression levels of
adhesion molecules on neutrophils;
[0180] (6) binding to human IL-8 and inhibiting IL-8 induced
increased expression of CD11b (Mac-1) and decreased expression of
L-selectin on neutrophils;
[0181] (7) not cross-reacting with related chemokines, such as
human GRO-.alpha., human GRO-.beta., human IP-10 and human
NAP-2;
[0182] (8) binding to human IL-8 with a dissociation equilibrium
constant (K.sub.D) of approximately 10.sup.-8 M or less, such as
10.sup.-9 M or less, 10.sup.-10 M or less, or 10.sup.-11 M or even
less; and/or
[0183] (9) significantly inhibiting chemotaxis induced by
biological fluids which contain multiple chemotactic factors
including IL8.
Characterization of Binding of Human Monoclonal Antibodies to
IL-8
[0184] To characterize binding of human monoclonal IL-8 antibodies
of the invention, sera from immunized mice can be tested, for
example, by ELISA. In a typical (but non-limiting) example of an
ELISA protocol, microtiter plates are coated with purified IL-8 at
0.25 .mu.g/mL in PBS, and then blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin
(BSA) in PBS. Dilutions of plasma from IL-8-immunized mice are
added to each well and incubated for 1-2 hours at 37.degree. C. The
plates are washed with PBS/Tween and then incubated with a
goat-anti-human IgG Fc-specific polyclonal reagent conjugated to
alkaline phosphatase for 1 hour at 37.degree. C. After washing, the
plates are developed with pNPP substrate (1 mg/mL), and analyzed at
OD of 405-650. Preferably, mice which develop the highest titers
will be used for fusions.
[0185] An ELISA assay as described above can also be used to screen
for hybridomas that show positive reactivity with IL-8 immunogen.
Hybridomas that bind with high avidity to IL-8 will be subcloned
and further characterized. One clone from each hybridoma, which
retains the reactivity of the parent cells (by ELISA), can be
chosen for making a 5-10 vial cell bank stored at -140.degree. C.,
and for antibody purification.
[0186] To purify human anti-IL-8 antibodies, selected hybridomas
can be grown in two-liter spinner-flasks for monoclonal antibody
purification. Supernatants can be filtered and concentrated before
affinity chromatography with protein A-sepharose (Pharmacia,
Piscataway, N.J.). Eluted IgG can be checked by gel electrophoresis
and high performance liquid chromatography to ensure purity. The
buffer solution can be exchanged into PBS, and the concentration
can be determined by OD.sub.280 using 1.43 extinction coefficient.
The monoclonal antibodies can be aliquoted and stored at
-80.degree. C.
[0187] To determine if the selected human anti-IL-8 monoclonal
antibodies bind to unique epitopes, site-directed or multi-site
directed mutagenesis can be used.
[0188] To determine the isotype of purified antibodies, isotype
ELISAs can be performed. For example, wells of microtiter plates
can be coated with 10 .mu.g/mL of anti-human Ig overnight at
4.degree. C. After blocking with 5% BSA, the plates are reacted
with 10 .mu.g/mL of monoclonal antibodies or purified isotype
controls, at ambient temperature for two hours. The wells can then
be reacted with either human IgG1 or human IgM-specific alkaline
phosphatase-conjugated probes. Plates are developed and analyzed as
described above.
[0189] Anti-IL-8 human IgGs can be tested for reactivity with IL-8
antigen by Western blotting. For example, cell extracts from cells
producing IL-8 can be prepared and subjected to sodium dodecyl
sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After
electrophoresis, the separated antigens will be transferred to
nitrocellulose membranes, blocked with 20% mouse serum, and probed
with the monoclonal antibodies to be tested. Human IgG binding can
be detected using anti-human IgG alkaline phosphatase and developed
with BCIP/NBT substrate tablets (Sigma Chem. Co., St. Louis,
Mo.).
II. Production of Transgenic Non-Human Animals which Generate Human
Monoclonal Anti-IL-8 Antibodies
[0190] In yet another aspect, the invention provides transgenic and
transchromosomal non-human animals, such as transgenic or
transchromosomal mice, which are capable of expressing human
antibodies that specifically bind to IL-8. In a particular
embodiment, the invention provides a transgenic or transchromosomal
mouse having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene,
such that the mouse produces human anti-IL-8 antibodies when
immunized with cells producing IL-8. The human heavy chain
transgene can be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the mouse,
as is the case for transgenic, e.g., HuMAb mice, as described in
detail herein and exemplified. Alternatively, the human heavy chain
transgene can be maintained extrachromosomally, as is the case for
transchromosomal (e.g., KM) mice. More particularly, in the KM
mouse strain, the endogenous mouse kappa light chain gene has been
homozygously disrupted as described in Chen et al. (1993) EMBO J.
12:811-820 and the endogenous mouse heavy chain gene has been
homozygously disrupted as described in Example 1 of WO 01/09187.
This mouse strain carries a human kappa light chain transgene,
KCo5, as described in Fishwild et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology
14:845-851. This mouse strain also carries a human heavy chain
transchromosome composed of chromosome 14 fragment hCF (SC20) as
described in WO 02/43478.
[0191] Such transgenic and transchromosomal animals are capable of
producing multiple isotypes of human monoclonal antibodies to IL-8
(e.g., IgG, IgA and/or IgE) by undergoing V-D-J/V-J recombination
and isotype switching.
[0192] The design of a transgenic or transchromosomal non-human
animal that responds to foreign antigen stimulation with a
heterologous antibody repertoire, requires that the heterologous
immunoglobulin transgenes contained within the transgenic animal
function correctly throughout the pathway of B cell development.
This includes, for example, isotype switching of the heterologous
heavy chain transgene. Accordingly, transgenes are constructed so
as that isotype switching can be induced and one or more of the
following characteristics of antibody genes: (1) high level and
cell-type specific expression, (2) functional gene rearrangement,
(3) activation of and response to allelic exclusion, (4) expression
of a sufficient primary repertoire, (5) signal transduction, (6)
somatic hypermutation, and (7) domination of the transgene antibody
locus during the immune response.
[0193] Not all of the foregoing criteria need be met. For example,
in those embodiments wherein the endogenous immunoglobulin loci of
the transgenic animal are functionally disrupted, the transgene
need not activate allelic exclusion. Further, in those embodiments
wherein the transgene comprises a functionally rearranged heavy
and/or light chain immunoglobulin gene, the second criteria of
functional gene rearrangement is unnecessary, at least for that
transgene which is already rearranged. For background on molecular
immunology, see, Fundamental Immunology, 2nd edition (1989), Paul
William E., ed. Raven Press, N.Y.
[0194] In certain embodiments, the transgenic or transchromosomal
non-human animals used to generate the human monoclonal antibodies
of the invention contain rearranged, unrearranged or a combination
of rearranged and unrearranged heterologous immunoglobulin heavy
and light chain transgenes in the germline of the transgenic
animal. Each of the heavy chain transgenes comprises at least one
C.sub.H gene. In addition, the heavy chain transgene may contain
functional isotype switch sequences, which are capable of
supporting isotype switching of a heterologous transgene encoding
multiple C.sub.H genes in the B cells of the transgenic animal.
Such switch sequences may be those which occur naturally in the
germline immunoglobulin locus from the species that serves as the
source of the transgene C.sub.H genes, or such switch sequences may
be derived from those which occur in the species that is to receive
the transgene construct (the transgenic animal). For example, a
human transgene construct that is used to produce a transgenic
mouse may produce a higher frequency of isotype switching events if
it incorporates switch sequences similar to those that occur
naturally in the mouse heavy chain locus, as presumably the mouse
switch sequences are optimized to function with the mouse switch
recombinase enzyme system, whereas the human switch sequences are
not. Switch sequences may be isolated and cloned by conventional
cloning methods, or may be synthesized de novo from overlapping
synthetic oligonucleotides designed on the basis of published
sequence information relating to immunoglobulin switch region
sequences (Mills et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 15:7305-7316 (1991);
Sideras et al., Intl. Immunol. 1:631-642 (1989)). For each of the
foregoing transgenic animals, functionally rearranged heterologous
heavy and light chain immunoglobulin transgenes are found in a
significant fraction of the B cells of the transgenic animal (at
least 10%).
[0195] The transgenes used to generate the transgenic non-human
animals of the invention include a heavy chain transgene comprising
DNA encoding at least one variable gene segment, one diversity gene
segment, one joining gene segment and at least one constant region
gene segment. The immunoglobulin light chain transgene comprises
DNA encoding at least one variable gene segment, one joining gene
segment and at least one constant region gene segment. The gene
segments encoding the light and heavy chain gene segments are
heterologous to the transgenic animal in that they are derived
from, or correspond to, DNA encoding immunoglobulin heavy and light
chain gene segments from a species not consisting of the transgenic
non-human animal. In one aspect of the invention, the transgene is
constructed such that the individual gene segments are
unrearranged, i.e., not rearranged so as to encode a functional
immunoglobulin light or heavy chain. Such unrearranged transgenes
support recombination of the V, D, and J gene segments (functional
rearrangement) and preferably support incorporation of all or a
portion of a D region gene segment in the resultant rearranged
immunoglobulin heavy chain within the transgenic animal when
exposed to IL-8 antigen.
[0196] In an alternative embodiment, the transgenes comprise an
unrearranged "mini-locus". Such transgenes typically comprise a
substantial portion of the C, D, and J segments as well as a subset
of the V gene segments. In such transgene constructs, the various
regulatory sequences, e.g., promoters, enhancers, class switch
regions, splice-donor and splice-acceptor sequences for RNA
processing, recombination signals and the like, comprise
corresponding sequences derived from the heterologous DNA. Such
regulatory sequences may be incorporated into the transgene from
the same or a related species of the non-human animal used in the
invention. For example, human immunoglobulin gene segments may be
combined in a transgene with a rodent immunoglobulin enhancer
sequence for use in a transgenic mouse. Alternatively, synthetic
regulatory sequences may be incorporated into the transgene,
wherein such synthetic regulatory sequences are not homologous to a
functional DNA sequence that is known to occur naturally in the
genomes of mammals. Synthetic regulatory sequences are designed
according to consensus rules, such as, for example, those
specifying the permissible sequences of a splice-acceptor site or a
promoter/enhancer motif. For example, a minilocus comprises a
portion of the genomic immunoglobulin locus having at least one
internal (i.e., not at a terminus of the portion) deletion of a
non-essential DNA portion (e.g., intervening sequence; intron or
portion thereof) as compared to the naturally-occurring germline Ig
locus.
[0197] Preferred transgenic and transchromosomal non-human animals,
e.g., mice, will exhibit immunoglobulin production with a
significant repertoire, ideally substantially similar to that of a
human after adjusting for volume.
[0198] The repertoire will ideally approximate that shown in a
human when adjusted for volume, usually with a diversity at least
about 10% as great, preferably 25 to 50% or more. Generally, at
least about a thousand different immunoglobulins (ideally IgG),
preferably 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.6 or more, will be produced,
depending on the number of different V, J and D regions introduced
into the mouse genome and driven by the additional diversity
generated by V(-D-)J gene segment rearrangements and random
nucleotide additions at the joining regions. Typically, the
immunoglobulins will exhibit an affinity (K.sub.D) for preselected
antigens of about 10.sup.-8 M or less, 10.sup.-9 M or less, or
10.sup.-10 M or even lower.
[0199] Transgenic and transchromosomal non-human animals, e.g.,
mice, as described above can be immunized with, for example, cells
producing IL-8. Alternatively, the transgenic animals can be
immunized with DNA encoding human IL-8. The animals will then
produce B cells which undergo class-switching via switch
recombination (cis-switching) and express immunoglobulins reactive
with IL-8. The immunoglobulins will be human antibodies (also
referred to as "human sequence antibodies"), wherein the heavy and
light chain polypeptides are encoded by human transgene sequences,
which may include sequences derived by somatic mutation and V
region recombinatorial joints, as well as germline-encoded
sequences; these human antibodies can be referred to as being
substantially identical to a polypeptide sequence encoded by human
V.sub.L and J.sub.L or V.sub.H, D.sub.H and J.sub.H gene segments,
even though other non-germline sequences may be present as a result
of somatic mutation and differential V-J and V-D-J recombination
joints. The variable regions of each antibody chain are typically
at least 80% similar to human germline V, and J gene segments, and,
in the case of heavy chains, human germline V, D, and J gene
segments; frequently at least 85% similar to human germline
sequences present on the transgene; often 90 or 95% or more similar
to human germline sequences present on the transgene. However,
since non-germline sequences are introduced by somatic mutation and
VJ and VDJ joining, the human sequence antibodies will frequently
have some variable region sequences which are not encoded by human
V, D, or J gene segments as found in the human transgene(s) in the
germline of the mice. Typically, such non-germline sequences (or
individual nucleotide positions) will cluster in or near CDRs, or
in regions where somatic mutations are known to cluster.
[0200] Another aspect of the invention includes B cells derived
from transgenic or transchromosomal non-human animals as described
herein. The B cells can be used to generate hybridomas expressing
human monoclonal antibodies which bind with high affinity to human
IL-8. Thus, in another embodiment, the invention provides a
hybridoma which produces a human antibody having an affinity
(K.sub.D) of about 10.sup.-8 M or less, 10.sup.-9 M or less,
10.sup.-10 M or less when determined by surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) technology in a BIACORE 3000 instrument using recombinant
human IL-8 as the analyte and the antibody as the ligand, or when
determined by scatchard analysis of IL-8 expressing cells using a
radio-actively labeled monoclonal antibody, or by determination of
the half-maximal binding concentration using FACS analysis.
[0201] Herein the monoclonal antibody comprises a human sequence
light chain composed of (1) a light chain variable region having a
polypeptide sequence which is substantially identical to a
polypeptide sequence encoded by a human V.sub.L gene segment and a
human J.sub.L segment, and (2) a light chain constant region
encoded by a human C.sub.L gene segment; and
[0202] a human sequence heavy chain composed of a (1) a heavy chain
variable region having a polypeptide sequence which is
substantially identical to a polypeptide sequence encoded by a
human V.sub.H gene segment, a D region, and a human J.sub.H
segment, and (2) a constant region encoded by a human C.sub.H gene
segment.
[0203] The development of high affinity human monoclonal antibodies
against IL-8 can be facilitated by a method for expanding the
repertoire of human variable region gene segments in a transgenic
non-human animal having a genome comprising an integrated human
immunoglobulin transgene, said method comprising introducing into
the genome a V gene transgene comprising V region gene segments
which are not present in said integrated human immunoglobulin
transgene. Often, the V region transgene is a yeast artificial
chromosome (YAC) comprising a portion of a human V.sub.H or V.sub.L
(V.sub.K) gene segment array, as may naturally occur in a human
genome or as may be spliced together separately by recombinant
methods, which may include out-of-order or omitted V gene segments.
Often at least five or more functional V gene segments are
contained on the YAC. In this variation, it is possible to make a
transgenic animal produced by the V repertoire expansion method,
wherein the animal expresses an immunoglobulin chain comprising a
variable region sequence encoded by a V region gene segment present
on the V region transgene and a C region encoded on the human Ig
transgene. By means of the V repertoire expansion method,
transgenic animals having at least 5 distinct V genes can be
generated; as can animals containing at least about 24 V genes or
more. Some V gene segments may be non-functional (e.g., pseudogenes
and the like); these segments may be retained or may be selectively
deleted by recombinant methods available to the skilled artisan, if
desired.
[0204] Once the mouse germline has been engineered to contain a
functional YAC having an expanded V segment repertoire,
substantially not present in the human Ig transgene containing the
J and C gene segments, the trait can be propagated and bred into
other genetic backgrounds, including backgrounds where the
functional YAC having an expanded V segment repertoire is bred into
a non-human animal germline having a different human Ig transgene.
Multiple functional YACs having an expanded V segment repertoire
may be bred into a germline to work with a human Ig transgene (or
multiple human Ig transgenes). Although referred to herein as YAC
transgenes, such transgenes when integrated into the genome may
substantially lack yeast sequences, such as sequences required for
autonomous replication in yeast; such sequences may optionally be
removed by genetic engineering (e.g., restriction digestion and
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis or other suitable method) after
replication in yeast is no longer necessary (i.e., prior to
introduction into a mouse ES cell or mouse prozygote). Methods of
propagating the trait of human sequence immunoglobulin expression,
include breeding a transgenic animal having the human Ig
transgene(s), and optionally also having a functional YAC having an
expanded V segment repertoire. Both V.sub.H and V.sub.L gene
segments may be present on the YAC. The transgenic animal may be
bred into any background desired by the practitioner, including
backgrounds harboring other human transgenes, including human Ig
transgenes and/or transgenes encoding other human lymphocyte
proteins. The invention also provides a high affinity human
sequence immunoglobulin produced by a transgenic mouse having an
expanded V region repertoire YAC transgene. Although the foregoing
describes a preferred embodiment of the transgenic animal of the
invention, other embodiments are contemplated which have been
classified in three categories:
[0205] I. Transgenic animals containing an unrearranged heavy and
rearranged light chain immunoglobulin transgene;
[0206] II. Transgenic animals containing an unrearranged heavy and
unrearranged light chain immunoglobulin transgene; and
[0207] III. Transgenic animal containing rearranged heavy and an
unrearranged light chain immunoglobulin transgene;
[0208] Of these categories of transgenic animal, the preferred
order of preference is as follows II>I>III where the
endogenous light chain genes (or at least the K gene) have been
knocked out by homologous recombination (or other method) and
I>II>III where the endogenous light chain genes have not been
knocked out and must be dominated by allelic exclusion.
III. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0209] In another aspect, the present invention provides a
composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, containing at
least one human monoclonal antibody of the present invention,
formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In
one embodiment, the composition includes a combination of multiple
(e.g., two or more) isolated human antibodies of the invention.
Preferably, each of the antibodies of the composition binds to a
distinct, pre-selected epitope of IL-8.
[0210] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention also can be
administered in combination therapy, i.e., combined with other
agents. For example, the combination therapy can include a
composition of the present invention with at least one agent for
treating inflammatory or hyperproliferative skin disorders, at
least one anti-inflammatory agent, at least one immunosuppressive
agent, or at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
[0211] In one embodiment, such therapeutic agents include one or
more agents for inflammatory or hyperproliferative skin disorders,
such as topical medications, including coal tar, A vitamin,
anthralin, calcipotrien, tarazotene, and corticosteroids, oral or
injected medications, such as corticosteroids, methotrexate,
retinoids, e.g., acitretin, cyclosporine, etanercept, alefacept,
efalizumab, 6-thioguanine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus
(FK-506), and hydroxyurea. Other examples are CTLA4Ig and
infliximab. Other treatments may include exposure to sunlight or
phototherapy, including UVB (broad-band and narrow-band ultraviolet
B), UVA (ultraviolet A) and PUVA (psoralen methoxalen plus
ultraviolet A).
[0212] In a further embodiment, the compositions of the invention
are administered in conjunction with two or more of the above
therapies, such as methotrexate+phototherapy (PUVA or UVA);
methotrexate+acitretin; acitretin+phototherapy (PUVA or UVA);
methotrexate+acitretin+phototherapy (PUVA or UVB);
hydroxyurea+phototherapy (PUVA or UVB); hydroxyurea+acitretin;
cyclosporine+methotrexate; or calcipotrien+phototherapy (UVB).
[0213] In another embodiment such therapeutic agents include one or
more anti-inflammatory agents, such as a steroidal drug or a NSAID
(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug). Preferred agents include,
for example, aspirin and other salicylates, Cox-2 inhibitors, such
as rofecoxib and celecoxib, NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, fenoprofen,
naproxen, sulindac, diclofenac, piroxicam, ketoprofen, diflunisal,
nabumetone, etodolac, oxaprozin, and indomethacin.
[0214] In another embodiment, such therapeutic agents include one
or more DMARDs (disease modifying antirheumatic drugs), such as
methotrexate, hydroxy-chloroquine, sulfasalazine, pyrimidine
synthesis inhibitors, e.g., leflunomide, IL-1 receptor blocking
agents, e.g., anakinra, and TNF-.alpha. blocking agents, e.g.,
etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab. Further representatives are
IL-10, anti-IL-15 antibodies, soluble IL-15R, and anti-CD20
antibodies.
[0215] In another embodiment, such therapeutic agents include one
or more immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporine,
azathioprine, mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil,
corticosteroids, such as prednisone, methotrexate, gold salts,
sulfasalazine, antimalarials, brequinar, leflunomide, mizoribine,
15-deoxyspergualine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, rapamycin,
and tacrolimus (FK-506).
[0216] In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention are
administered in combination with two or more immunosuppressive
agents, such as prednisone and cyclosporine; prednisone,
cyclosporine and azathioprine; or prednisone, cyclosporine and
mycophenolate mofetil.
[0217] In another embodiment, such therapeutic agents include one
or more chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin,
bleomycin, carmustin, cyclophos-phamide, and chlorambucil.
[0218] In another embodiment, the present human monoclonal
antibodies may be administered in conjunction with
radiotherapy.
[0219] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
may be administered in combination with one or more other
antibodies, e.g., one or more human antibodies such as, e.g.,
anti-CD4 antibodies, anti-EGFr antibodies, anti-CD20 antibodies,
anti-IL15 antibodies, or anti-IL15R antibodies.
[0220] In yet another embodiment, the human antibodies of the
invention may be administered in combination with one or more
agents, that block or interfere with the function of CC or CXC
chemokine receptors, such as antibodies to CXCR1, CXCR2, CCR1,
CCR2, or CCR5, or natural or synthetic molecules that act as
chemokine receptor antagonists.
[0221] In still another embodiment, the human antibodies of the
invention may be administered in combination with one or more
agents, that block the function of chemokine ligands, such as
antibodies to MIP-1.alpha., MIP-1.beta., RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-2,
MCP-3 or MCP-4.
[0222] Furthermore, the human anti-IL-8 antibodies of the present
invention can be derivatized, linked to or co-expressed with other
binding specificities. In a particular embodiment, the invention
provides a bispecific or multispecific molecule comprising at least
one first binding specificity for IL-8 (e.g., a human anti-IL-8
antibody or mimetic thereof), and a second binding specificity for
a human effector cell, such as a binding specificity for an Fc
receptor (e.g., a human Fc.gamma. receptor, such as Fc.gamma.RI, or
a human Fc.alpha. receptor) or a T cell receptor, e.g., CD3.
[0223] Accordingly, the present invention includes bispecific and
multispecific molecules that bind to both human IL-8 and to an Fc
receptor or a T cell receptor, e.g., CD3. Examples of Fc receptors
are, e.g., a human IgG receptor, e.g., an Fc-gamma receptor
(Fc.gamma.R), such as Fc.gamma.RI (CD64), Fc.gamma.RII (CD32), and
Fc.gamma.RIII (CD16). Other Fc receptors, such as human IgA
receptors (e.g., Fc.alpha.RI), also can be targeted. The Fc
receptor is preferably located on the surface of an effector cell,
e.g., a monocyte, macrophage or an activated mononuclear cell. In a
preferred embodiment, the bispecific and multispecific molecules
bind to an Fc receptor at a site which is distinct from the
immunoglobulin Fc (e.g., IgG or IgA) binding site of the receptor.
Therefore, the binding of the bispecific and multispecific
molecules is not blocked by physiological levels of
immunoglobulins.
[0224] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier"
includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings,
antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonicity and absorption
delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular,
subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g.,
by injection or infusion).
[0225] A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that
retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and
does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g.,
Berge, S. M., et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). Examples of
such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic
acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric,
hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous acids and the like, as well as
from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and
dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy
alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic
acids and the like. Base addition salts include those derived from
alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium,
calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such
as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine,
choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the
like.
[0226] A composition of the present invention can be administered
by a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by
the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will
vary depending upon the desired results. The active compounds can
be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against
rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including
implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery
systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as
ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid,
collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for
the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally
known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and
Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed.,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.
[0227] To administer a compound of the invention by certain routes
of administration, it may be necessary to coat the compound with,
or co-administer the compound with, a material to prevent its
inactivation. For example, the compound may be administered to a
subject in an appropriate carrier, for example, liposomes, or a
diluent. Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and
aqueous buffer solutions. Liposomes include water-in-oil-in-water
CGF emulsions as well as conventional liposomes (Strejan et al.
(1984) J. Neuroimmunol. 7:27).
[0228] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous
solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous
preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use
of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is
known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent
is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the
pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated.
Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the
compositions.
[0229] Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and
stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The
composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion,
liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug
concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium
containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example,
glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the
like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be
maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin,
by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be
preferable to include isotonicity agents, for example, sugars,
polyalcohols such as glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium
chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable
compositions can be brought about by including in the composition
an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts
and gelatin.
[0230] In one embodiment the human monoclonal antibodies of the
invention are administered in crystalline form by subcutaneous
injection, cf. Yang et al. (2003) PNAS, 100(12):6934-6939.
[0231] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an
appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients
enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization
microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by
incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that
contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other
ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile
powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the
preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and
freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active
ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously
sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0232] Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired
response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single
bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be
administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or
increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic
situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral
compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and
uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to
physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the
subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity
of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic
effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The
specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are
dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique
characteristics of the active compound and the particular
therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent
in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment
of sensitivity in individuals.
[0233] Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants
include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid,
cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite,
sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as
ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol,
and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid,
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid,
phosphoric acid, and the like.
[0234] For the therapeutic compositions, formulations of the
present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical
(including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or
parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be
presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods
known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which
can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage
form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the
particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient
which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single
dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition which
produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of 100%, this amount
will range from about 0.01% to about 99% of active ingredient,
preferably from about 0.1% to about 70%, most preferably from about
1% to about 30%.
[0235] Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for
vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams,
gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers
as are known in the art to be appropriate. Dosage forms for the
topical or transdermal administration of compositions of this
invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams,
lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active
compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,
buffers, or propellants which may be required.
[0236] The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered
parenterally" as used herein means modes of administration other
than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection or
infusion, and includes, without limitation, intravenous,
intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular,
intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,
transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular,
subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal
injection and infusion.
[0237] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which
may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention
include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures
thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic
esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained,
for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by
the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0238] These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as
preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing
agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured
both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of
various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben,
chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be
desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium
chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition,
prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be
brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption
such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0239] When the compounds of the present invention are administered
as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given alone
or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.01 to
99.5% (more preferably, 0.1 to 90%) of active ingredient in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0240] Regardless of the route of administration selected, the
compounds of the present invention, which may be used in a suitable
hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the
present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable
dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the
art.
[0241] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the
pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be varied
so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is
effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a
particular patient, composition, and mode of administration,
without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will
depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the
activity of the particular compositions of the present invention
employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of
administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion
of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the
treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in
combination with the particular compositions employed, the age,
sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of
the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the
medical arts.
[0242] A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art
can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the
pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or
veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention
employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than
that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is
achieved. In general, a suitable daily dose of a compositions of
the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the
lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an
effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described
above. It is preferred that administration be intravenous,
intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous, preferably
administered proximal to the site of the target. If desired, the
effective daily dose of a therapeutic composition may be
administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses
administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the
day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. While it is possible for a
compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is
preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical
formulation (composition). The dosage can be determined or adjusted
by measuring the amount of circulating monoclonal anti-IL-8
antibodies at different time points following administration in a
biological sample by making use of anti-idiotypic antibodies
targeting the anti-IL-8 antibodies or by using other specific
methods to detect the anti-IL8 antibodies for instance by an ELISA
assay using IL-8 as coating.
[0243] In one embodiment, the human monoclonal antibodies according
to the invention may be administered by infusion in a dosage of
0.15 to 8 mg/kg, e.g., 0.15 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg,
2.0 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, or 8 mg/kg, on day 0 followed by 2 to 8
administrations once a week, such as 4 administrations once a week
starting at day 28. The administration may be performed by
continuous infusion over a period of 24 hours or over a period of
more than 24 hours, in order to reduce toxic side effects.
[0244] In yet another embodiment, the human monoclonal antibodies
are administered by maintenance therapy, such as, e.g., once a
week, once every second week or once a month for a period of 6
months or more.
[0245] Therapeutic compositions can be administered with medical
devices known in the art. For example, in a preferred embodiment, a
therapeutic composition of the invention can be administered with a
needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335;
5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556. Examples of
well-known implants and modules useful in the present invention
include: U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable
micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for
administering medicaments through the skin; U.S. Pat. No.
4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for
delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Pat. No.
4,447,224, which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion
apparatus for continuous drug delivery; U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,196,
which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having
multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,196, which
discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. Many other such
implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled
in the art.
[0246] In certain embodiments, the human monoclonal antibodies of
the invention can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in
vivo. For example, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes many
highly hydrophilic compounds. To ensure that the therapeutic
compounds of the invention can cross the BBB (if desired), they can
be formulated, for example, in liposomes. For methods of
manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,522,811;
5,374,548; and 5,399,331. The liposomes may comprise one or more
moieties which are selectively transported into specific cells or
organs, thus enhancing targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V. V.
Ranade (1989) J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685). Exemplary targeting
moieties include folate or biotin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides (Umezawa et al., (1988)
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038); antibodies (P. G. Bloeman
et al. (1995) FEBS Lett. 357:140; M. Owais et al. (1995)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:180); surfactant protein A
receptor (Briscoe et al. (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 1233:134),
different species of which may comprise the formulations of the
inventions, as well as components of the invented molecules; p120
(Schreier et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:9090); see also K.
Keinanen; M. L. Laukkanen (1994) FEBS Lett. 346:123; J. J. Killion;
I. J. Fidler (1994) Immunomethods 4:273. In one embodiment of the
invention, the therapeutic compounds of the invention are
formulated in liposomes; in a more preferred embodiment, the
liposomes include a targeting moiety. In a most preferred
embodiment, the therapeutic compounds in the liposomes are
delivered by bolus injection to a site proximal to the desired
area, e.g., the site of inflammation or infection, or the site of a
tumor. The composition must be fluid to the extent that easy
syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of
manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the
contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and
fungi.
[0247] The efficient dosages and the dosage regimens for the human
monoclonal antibodies of the invention depend on the disease or
condition to be treated and can be determined by the persons
skilled in the art.
[0248] A "therapeutically effective dosage" for PPP preferably will
result in a reduction in the overall PPP evaluation comparing
impression of improvement after drug treatment with pretreatment
condition. This can, e.g., be evaluated by the reduction in the
number of fresh pustules, a PASI like score adapted to PPP denoted
PPPASI. Preferably, the treatment will result in a PPPASI50, more
preferably a PPPASI75, and even more preferably a PPPASI90.
[0249] A "therapeutically effective dosage" for psoriasis
preferably will result in a PASI50, more preferably a PASI75, and
even more preferably a PASI90 in the patients or a reduction in the
overall psoriasis evaluation comparing impression of improvement
after drug treatment with pretreatment condition. PASI (Psoriasis
Area and Severity Index) is a score system used for evaluation of
the area and severity of the disease. PASI50 is defined as
.gtoreq.50% improvement of the score. In the same way, PASI75 and
PASI90 are defined as .gtoreq.75% and .gtoreq.90% improvement of
the score, respectively.
[0250] A "therapeutically effective dosage" for rheumatoid
arthritis preferably will result in an ACR20 Preliminary Definition
of Improvement in the patients, more preferred in an ACR50
Preliminary Definition of Improvement and even more preferred in an
ACR70 Preliminary Definition of Improvement.
[0251] ACR20 Preliminary Definition of Improvement is defined as:
.gtoreq.20% improvement in: Tender Joint Count (TJC) and Swollen
Joint Count (SJC) and .gtoreq.20% improvement in 3 of following 5
assessments: Patient Pain Assessment (VAS), Patient Global
assessment (VAS), Physician Global Assessment (VAS), Patient
Self-Assessed Disability (HAQ), and Acute Phase Reactant (CRP or
ESR).
[0252] ACR50 and ACR70 are defined in the same way with .gtoreq.50%
and .gtoreq.70% improvements, respectively. For further details see
Felson et al. in American College of Rheumatology Preliminary
Definition of Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis; Arthritis
Rheumatism (1995) 38:727-735.
[0253] Alternatively, a therapeutically effective dosage for
rheumatoid arthritis can be measured by DAS (disease activity
score), including DAS28 and more preferably DAS56, as defined by
EULAR.
[0254] A "therapeutically effective dosage" for tumor therapy can
be measured by objective tumor responses which can either be
complete or partial. A complete response (CR) is defined as no
clinical, radiological or other evidence of disease. A partial
response (PR) results from a reduction in aggregate tumor size of
greater than 50%. Median time to progression is a measure that
characterizes the durability of the objective tumor response.
[0255] A "therapeutically effective dosage" for tumor therapy can
also be measured by its ability to stabilize the progression of
disease. The ability of a compound to inhibit cancer can be
evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in human
tumors.
[0256] A therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound
can decrease tumor size, or otherwise ameliorate symptoms in a
subject. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to
determine such amounts based on such factors as the subject's size,
the severity of the subject's symptoms, and the particular
composition or route of administration selected.
IV. Uses and Methods of the Invention
[0257] The human antibodies and antibody compositions of the
present invention have numerous in vivo and in vitro therapeutic
and diagnostic utilities involving the treatment and diagnosis of
IL-8 mediated disorders or disorders involving IL-8 activity. These
molecules can be administered to human subjects, e.g., in vivo, or
to cells in culture, e.g., in vitro or ex vivo, to treat, prevent
and to diagnose a variety of disorders. As used herein, the term
"subject" is intended to include human and non-human animals).
Preferred subjects include human patients having disorders caused
by or associated with IL-8 activity.
[0258] More particularly, the human antibodies and derivatives
thereof are used to inhibit IL-8 induced activities associated with
certain disorders, e.g., proinflammatory activity, chemotactic
activity, and angiogenesis. Other IL-8 induced activities which are
inhibited by the antibodies of the present invention include
inhibiting IL-8 induced increased expression of CD11b (Mac-1) and
inhibiting IL-8 induced decreased expression of L-selectin. By
contacting the antibody with IL-8 (e.g., by administering the
antibody to a subject), the ability of IL-8 to bind to its
receptors and to subsequently induce such activities is inhibited
and, thus, the associated disorder is treated. Preferred antibodies
bind to epitopes which are specific to IL-8 and, thus,
advantageously inhibit IL-8 induced activities, but do not
interfere with the activity of structurally related chemokines,
such as GRO-.alpha., GRO-.beta., IP-10 and NAP-2.
[0259] In one embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention can
be used in methods for treating inflammatory or hyperproliferative
skin disorders, such as PPP, psoriasis, including plaque psoriasis
and guttate type psoriasis, bullous skin diseases, such as bullous
pemphigoid, contact dermatitis, eczema, erythematosus, and atopic
dermatitis.
[0260] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
can be used in methods for treating immune, autoimmune,
inflammatory or infectious diseases, such as psoriatic arthritis,
systemic scleroderma and sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute lung injury, such
as acute respiratory distress syndrome or adult respiratory
distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, uveitis, multiple
myeloma, glomerulonephritis, nephritis, asthma, atherosclerosis,
leukocyte adhesion deficiency, multiple sclerosis, Raynaud's
syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, juvenile onset diabetes, Reiter's
disease, Behcet's disease, immune complex nephritis, IgA
nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, immune-mediated
thrombocytopenias, such as acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic
anemia, myasthenia gravis, lupus nephritis, lupus erythematosus,
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, pemphigus,
Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, small vessel
vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Omen's syndrome,
chronic renal failure, autoimmune thyroid disease, acute infectious
mononucleosis, HIV, herpes virus associated diseases, human virus
infections, such as common cold as caused by human rhinovirus,
coronavirus, other enterovirus, herpes virus, influenza virus,
parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus or adenovirus
infection, bacteria pneumonia, wounds, sepsis, cerebral
stroke/cerebral edema, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and hepatitis
C.
[0261] In one embodiment, the human monoclonal antibodies can be
used for the treatment of ischaemia-reperfusion injury after
thrombolysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass, or cardiac
transplantation.
[0262] In yet another embodiment, the human antibodies of the
invention can be used for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis and
acute pancreatitis.
[0263] In yet a further embodiment, the human antibodies of the
invention can be used in methods for treating diseases involving
IL-8 mediated angiogenesis, such as tumors and cancers, e.g.,
melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma,
trichilemmona, squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer.
[0264] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
can be used for treating diseases wherein blocking of granulocyte
migration is beneficial, e.g., in
[0265] diseases affecting the central nervous system, such as
isolated cerebral angiitis;
[0266] diseases affecting the peripheral nervous system, such as
mononeuritis multiplex;
[0267] cardiovascular disorders, such as acute myocardial
infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, and Liebman-Sachs
endocarditis;
[0268] pulmonary disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), alveolitis, obliterating bronchiolitis, cystic
fibrosis, allergic aspergillosis, and Lofflers syndrome;
[0269] hepatic disorders, such as sclerosing cholangiolitis;
[0270] urogenital disorders, such as chronic cyctitis;
[0271] renal disorders, such as tubulo-interstial nephritis;
[0272] infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS);
[0273] rheumatic disorders, such as large vessel vasculitides
(including giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and
Takayasu arteritis), medium-sized vessel vasculitides (including
polyarteritis nodosa, localized polyarteritis nodosa, and Kawasaki
disease), small vessel vasculitides (including Churg-Strauss
syndrome, microscopic polyarteritis, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis,
and leucocytoclastic angiitis), secondary vasculitides (including
rheumatoid vasculitis, and vasculitis associated with systemic
lupus erythematosus or Sjogren's syndrome), isolated sacroileitis,
the SAPHO syndrome, and disciitis (including postoperative
disciitis);
[0274] endocrine disorders, such as subacute thyroiditis;
[0275] skin disorders, such as cicatricial pemphigoid, dermatitis
herpetiformis, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, epidermolysis
bullosa acquisita, rosacea, acute febrile dermatosis, granuloma
annulare (including Sweet's syndrome), pyoderma gangraenosum, and
acne (including acne conglobata);
[0276] connective tissue disorders, such as sarcoidosis, relapsing
polychondritis, familial Mediterranean fever, panniculitis,
erythema nodosum, Weber-Christian's disease, and retroperitoneal
fibrosis.
[0277] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
are used for treating diseases wherein interfering with
interactions between IL-8 and osteoclasts is beneficial, such as
osteoporosis, and osteolytic metastases.
[0278] In another embodiment, the human antibodies of the invention
are used for treating disease wherein interfering with interactions
between IL-8 and tumor cells is beneficial, such as gastric cancer,
colorectal cancer, and urine bladder cancer.
[0279] The methods involve administering to a subject an antibody
composition of the present invention in an amount effective to
treat or prevent the disorder. The antibody composition can be
administered alone or along with one or more further therapeutic
agents, such as one or more agents selected from agents for
treating inflammatory or hyperproliferative skin disorders,
anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive agents, and
chemotherapeutic agents, which act in conjunction with or
synergistically with the antibody composition to treat or prevent
the IL-8 mediated disease.
[0280] Suitable routes of administering the antibody compositions
of the invention in vivo and in vitro are well known in the art and
can be selected by those of ordinary skill. For example, the
antibody compositions can be administered by injection or infusion
(e.g., intravenous or subcutaneous). Suitable dosages of the
molecules used will depend on the age and weight of the subject,
the concentration and/or formulation of the antibody composition,
and the disease being treated.
[0281] As previously described, human anti-IL-8 antibodies of the
invention can be co-administered with one or other more therapeutic
agents. The antibody can be administered before, after or
concurrently with the agent.
[0282] Also within the scope of the present invention are kits
comprising the antibody compositions of the invention and
instructions for use. The kit can further contain one ore more
additional agents, such as an immunosuppressive agent, or one or
more additional human antibodies of the invention (e.g., a human
antibody having a complementary activity which binds to an epitope
in the IL-8 antigen distinct from the first human antibody).
[0283] Accordingly, patients treated with antibody compositions of
the invention can be additionally administered (prior to,
simultaneously with, or following administration of a human
antibody of the invention) with another therapeutic agent, such as
an anti-inflammatory agent, which enhances or augments the
therapeutic effect of the human antibodies.
[0284] In yet another embodiment, the invention provides methods
for diagnosing diseases associated with IL-8 by detection ex vivo
or in vitro of IL-8 in a sample, e.g., a tissue sample, a body
fluid sample or a cell sample. This can be achieved, for example,
by contacting a sample to be tested, optionally along with a
control sample, with the human antibody under conditions that allow
for formation of a complex between the antibody and IL-8. Complex
formation can then be detected (e.g., using an ELISA). When using a
control sample along with the test sample, complex can be detected
in both samples and any statistically significant difference in the
formation of complexes between the samples is indicative of the
presence of IL-8 in the test sample.
[0285] The present invention is further illustrated by the
following examples which should not be construed as further
limiting.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Production of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (HuMabs)
Against IL-8
[0286] Human monoclonal antibodies against human IL-8 (72 amino
acid form) were produced as follows in transgenic mice carrying
human immunoglobulin transgenes.
[0287] Antigen:
[0288] Recombinant human IL-8 antigen (rhIL-8) was prepared using
standard recombinant DNA techniques and provided at a protein
concentration of 0.713 mg/mL in PBS. The soluble antigen was stored
at -80.degree. C. until use. Soluble IL-8 was mixed with Complete
Freunds Adjuvant (CF) (Sigma F5881) for the first immunization.
Thereafter, the antigen was mixed with Incomplete Freunds Adjuvant
(IF) (Sigma F5506). Twenty-five micrograms of recombinant IL-8 in
100 .mu.L PBS was mixed 1:1 with the adjuvant using an emulsifying
needle. Mice were injected with 0.2 mL prepared antigen into the
intraperitoneal cavity.
[0289] Transgenic Mice:
[0290] Mice were housed in filter cages and were evaluated to be in
good physical condition on the dates of immunization and bleeds,
and on the day of the fusion.
[0291] The mouse that produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) 10F8 was a
male, ID #81645 of the (CMD)++; (HCo7) 19952+; (JKD)++; (KCo5)
9272+ genotype. Individual transgene designations are in
parentheses, followed by line numbers for randomly integrated
transgenes. The symbols ++ and + indicate homozygous or hemizygous.
However, because the mice are routinely screened using a PCR-based
assay that does not allow distinction between heterozygosity and
homozygosity for the randomly integrated human Ig transgenes, a +
designation may be given to mice that are actually homozygous for
these elements.
[0292] The HCo7 mice have a JKD disruption in their endogenous
light chain (kappa) genes (as described in Chen et al. (1993) EMBO
J. 12: 821-830), a CMD disruption in their endogenous heavy chain
genes (as described in Example 1 of WO 01/14424), a KCo5 human
kappa light chain transgene (as described in Fishwild et al. (1996)
Nature Biotechnology 14:845-851), and a HCo7 human heavy chain
transgene (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,429).
[0293] The HCo12 mice have a JKD disruption in their endogenous
light chain (kappa) genes (as described in Chen et al. (1993) EMBO
J. 12: 821-830), a CMD disruption in their endogenous heavy chain
genes (as described in Example 1 of WO 01/14424 by Korman et al.),
a KCo5 human kappa light chain transgene (as described in Fishwild
et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:845-851), and a HCo12 human
heavy chain transgene (as described in Example 2 of WO 01/14424 by
Korman et al.).
[0294] Immunization Procedure:
[0295] The immunization schedule used for the mice is listed in
Table 1 below. Splenocytes of ten mice from HCo7 and HCo12
genotypes immunized with rIL-8 were fused on Day 101.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Dates Procedure Day 0 Immunization 25 .mu.g
IL-8 ip CF Day 15 Immunization 25 .mu.g IL-8 ip IF Day 28
Immunization 25 .mu.g IL-8 ip IF Day 38 Titer Day 50 Immunization
25 .mu.g IL-8 ip IF Day 59 Titer Day 63 Immunization 25 .mu.g IL-8
ip IF Day 73 Titer Day -3 and -2 prior to fusion Immunization 25
.mu.g IL-8 iv Day 101 Fusion
[0296] Hybridoma Preparation:
[0297] The P3 X63 ag8.653 myeloma cell line (ATCC CRL 1580, lot
F-15183) was used for the fusions. The original ATCC vial was
thawed and expanded in culture. A seed stock of frozen vials was
prepared from this expansion. Cells were maintained in culture for
3-6 months, passed twice a week. P388D1 cell line (ATCC TIB-63 FL)
was expanded to 200 mL and exhausted. The supernatant was spun down
and filtered and used as a media addition known as conditioned
media. This cell line was passed for 3-6 months and then a new vial
was thawed.
[0298] High Glucose DMEM (Mediatech, Cellgro #10013245) containing
5% FBS, and Penicillin-Streptomycin (Cellgro #30004030) was used to
culture the myeloma and P388D1 cells. Additional media supplements
were added to the hybridoma growth media, which included: 3%
Origen-Hybridoma Cloning Factor (Igen, 36335), 10% P388D1
conditioned media (8/10/99 DH), 10% FBS (Hyclone, SH30071 lot
#AGH6843), L-glutamine (Gibco #1016483) 0.1% gentamycin (Gibco
#1020070), 2-mercaptoethanol (Gibco #1019091), HAT ((Sigma, H0262)
1.0.times.10.sup.4 M hypoxanthine, 4.0.times.10.sup.-7 M
aminopterin, 1.6.times.10.sup.-5 M thymidine), or HT ((Sigma,
H0137) 1.0.times.10.sup.-4 M hypoxanthine, 1.6.times.10.sup.-5 M
thymidine).
[0299] The spleen from mouse #18645 was normal in size and yielded
1.8.times.10.sup.8 viable cells. 10 (96-well) plates were dispensed
at 200 .mu.L/well. The splenocytes were then fused and an initial
ELISA screen for human IgG,.kappa. antibodies was performed 10-12
days post fusion.
[0300] Human IgG,.kappa. positive wells were then screened on
soluble IL-8 coated ELISA plates. Antigen positive hybridomas were
then transferred to 24-well plates, and eventually to tissue
culture flasks. IL-8 specific hybridomas were subcloned by limiting
dilution to assure monoclonality. Antigen positive hybridomas were
preserved at several stages in the development process by freezing
cells in DMEM supplemented with 50% FBS plus 10% DMSO (Sigma,
D2650).
[0301] The titers for mouse #18645 were as shown below in Table 2.
The titers are Hu.gamma. antigen specific. Titer values are defined
as the reciprocal of the highest dilution resulting in an OD equal
to twice that of background.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Date Titer Day 0 200 Day 21 1600 Day 35
1600-3200
[0302] The fusion was screened for Hu.gamma. antigen reactivity by
ELISA. Following the screen for antigen (ELISA based), two possible
antigen specific hybridomas were identified from the fusion. These
two hybridomas, along with six other hybridomas from prior fusions,
were evaluated for therapeutic potential. These lines were
subcloned and exhausted supernatants were purified over Protein-A.
Determinations of K.sub.D's were done using BIAcore. When compared
to the control mAb, hybridoma 10F8 was identified to have very high
affinity and was selected for further characterization.
Example 2 Determination of the V.sub.H and V.sub.L Regions of the
Antibodies
[0303] Cell Culture:
[0304] HuMab 10F8 hybridoma cell line was cultured in Dulbecco's
Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco BRL) supplemented with 10% FCS,
2 mM L-glutamine, 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 .mu.g/mL streptomycin
(pen/strep) (all derived from Gibco BRL, Life Technologies,
Paisley, U.K.) and 1 mM sodium pyruvate. Cells were kept at
37.degree. C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5%
CO.sub.2.
[0305] RNA Preparation:
[0306] PolyA+ mRNA was prepared from 2.times.10.sup.6 HuMab-IL-8
(10F8) cells using the Micro-Fast Track Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,
Calif., U.S.A.), following the manufacturer's protocol.
[0307] cDNA Preparation:
[0308] Complementary DNA (cDNA) of RNA from HuMab-IL-8 (10F8) cells
was prepared from 1/4 of the mRNA obtained, using the cDNA Cycle
Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., U.S.A.), following the
manufacturer's protocol.
V.sub.H and V.sub.L regions were amplified using the following
primers:
TABLE-US-00005 V.sub.H FR1 5' primers: (SEQ ID NO: 25) AB62 CAg gTK
CAg CTg gTg CAg TC (SEQ ID NO: 26) AB63 SAg gTg CAg CTg KTg gAg TC
(SEQ ID NO: 27) AB65 gAg gTg CAg CTg gTg CAg TC V.sub.H leader 5'
primers: (SEQ ID NO: 28) AB85 ATg gAC Tgg ACC Tgg AgC ATC (SEQ ID
NO: 29) AB86 ATg gAA TTg ggg CTg AgC Tg (SEQ ID NO: 30) AB87 ATg
gAg TTT ggR CTg AgC Tg (SEQ ID NO: 31) AB88 ATg AAA CAC CTg Tgg TTC
TTC (SEQ ID NO: 32) AB89 ATg ggg TCA ACC gCC ATC CT V.sub.H 3'
primer: (SEQ ID NO: 33) AB90 TgC CAg ggg gAA gAC CgA Tgg V.sub.K
FR1 5' primers: (SEQ ID NO: 34) AB8 RAC ATC CAg ATg AYC CAg TC (SEQ
ID NO: 35) AB9 gYC ATC YRg ATg ACC CAg TC (SEQ ID NO: 36) AB10 gAT
ATT gTg ATg ACC CAg AC (SEQ ID NO: 37) AB11 gAA ATT gTg TTg ACR CAg
TC (SEQ ID NO: 38) AB12 gAA ATW gTR ATg ACA CAg TC (SEQ ID NO: 39)
AB13 gAT gTT gTg ATg ACA CAG TC (SEQ ID NO: 40) AB14 gAA ATT gTg
CTg ACT CAg TC V.sub.K leader 5' primers: (SEQ ID NO: 41) AB123 CCC
gCT Cag CTC CTg ggg CTC CTg (SEQ ID NO: 42) AB124 CCC TgC TCA gCT
CCT ggg gCT gC (SEQ ID NO: 43) AB125 CCC AgC gCA gCT TCT CTT CCT
CCT gC (SEQ ID NO: 44) AB126 ATg gAA CCA Tgg AAg CCC CAg CAC AgC
V.sub.K 3' primer: (SEQ ID NO: 45) AB16 Cgg gAA gAT gAA gAC AgA
Tg
In the above primer sequences, K, S, R, Y and W have the following
meanings:
[0309] K=G or T; S=C or G; R=A or G; Y=C or T; and W=A or T
[0310] PCR conditions used to amplify V.sub.H and V.sub.L regions
for cloning: Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed with
cloned Pfu polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., U.S.A.) on a
GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Perkin ElmerApplied Biosystems, Foster
City, Calif., USA).
PCR Cycling Protocol:
[0311] 94.degree. C. 2 min
10 cycles 94.degree. C. 45 sec
[0312] 65.degree. C. 45 sec, minus 1.degree. C. per cycle
[0313] 72.degree. C. 1 min
20 cycles 94.degree. C. 45 sec
[0314] 55.degree. C. 45 sec
[0315] 72.degree. C. 1 min
[0316] 72.degree. C. 10 min
[0317] cool down to 4.degree. C.
[0318] Cloning of V.sub.H and V.sub.L in pCR-Blunt-Vector
System:
[0319] After analysing the PCR products on an agarose gel, the
products were ligated directly into the pCR-Blunt vector system
(Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Three
independently amplified V.sub.H PCR products, and five
independently amplified V.sub.L PCR products, using FR or leader
primers, were cloned and sequenced.
[0320] After transformation into E. coli TOP 10 (Invitrogen),
plasmid DNA from colonies was purified using the Qiaprep Spin
miniprep kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif., U.S.A). Individual clones
were screened for V.sub.H or V.sub.L PCR product insert by
digestion with EcoRI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., U.S.A.)
and analysis on an agarose gel.
[0321] Sequencing:
[0322] The V-regions were sequenced after cloning in the pCR-Blunt
Vector System, using T7 and T3 primers, by ACGT, Inc., Northbrook,
Ill., U.S.A. The sequences were analysed with the program DNAStar,
SeqmanII. The sequences were aligned to germline V-gene sequences
in Vbase (See the website of the MRC Centre for Protein Engineering
(Cambridge, UK), mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk/imt-doc/public/intro.htm).
[0323] The germline family for the V.sub.H-region of 10F8 according
to alignment in Vbase: V.sub.H3-33 (V.sub.H3-subgroup), J.sub.H4(b)
(J.sub.H-segment). No complementary regions for D.sub.H-segment
could be recognized by V-base software, probably due to somatic
hypermutations in the D-segment.
[0324] The germline family for the V.sub.L-region of 10F8 according
to alignment in Vbase: V.sub.K A-27 (V.sub.KIII-subgroup) and
J.sub.K3 (J.sub.K-segment).
[0325] FIG. 1 shows the nucleotide sequences of the V.sub.L and
V.sub.H regions of 10F8. FIGS. 2 and 4 show the alignment of the
10F8 V.sub.L and V.sub.H region nucleotide sequences, respectively,
with their corresponding germline sequences. FIGS. 3 and 5 show the
alignment of the 10F8 V.sub.L and V.sub.H region amino acid
sequences, respectively, with their corresponding germline-encoded
sequences.
[0326] 10F8: a human monoclonal IgG1,.kappa. antibody with V.sub.H
and V.sub.L amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 8,
respectively.
Example 3 Expression of Recombinant HuMab 10F8
[0327] The cloned V.sub.L and V.sub.H regions from HuMab 10F8 were
subcloned into the expression cassettes of an immunoglobulin
expression vector. The V regions were inserted upstream of human
kappa and gamma1 constant regions and encode full-length 10F8 heavy
and light chains. The 10F8 expression vector was transfected into
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and transfectoma cell lines
expressing the recombinant antibody were established. The affinity
of recombinant 10F8 produced from CHO cells was measured as being
identical to the affinity of the hybridoma-derived 10F8 antibody as
assessed by kinetic analyses of plasmon surface resonance using a
BIAcore.
Example 4 Binding of HuMab 10F8 (Fab and IgG) to IL-8
[0328] Purification of monoclonal antibody from culture
supernatant: HuMab 10F8 was purified by Protein-A affinity
chromatography using the following procedure: (1) Loading
conditions: Supernatant was loaded on a 5 mL Protein-A column that
was equilibrated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS); (2) Wash:
PBS; (3) Elution: 0.1 M glycine with 150 mM NaCl, pH 2.9. The
eluate was neutralized with IM Tris buffer (30 .mu.l for every 2 mL
fraction). Each eluted fraction was run on gel before being pooled.
Once the purity by coomassie staining was verified, fractions were
pooled and dialyzed against 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer with 150
mM NaCl, pH 7.2.
[0329] Fab Fragment Preparation:
[0330] A Fab fragment preparation from HuMab 10F8 was performed
according to kit instructions (Pierce Technical literature 44885).
Five mg of the purified IgG was used for this purpose. The isolated
Fab product was dialyzed against 10 mM sodium phosphate with 150 mM
NaCl, pH 7.2 and its protein concentration was determined by BCA
(Pierce) assay using BSA as a standard. The Fab was characterized
for its purity and identity by SDS-PAGE.
[0331] Affinity Constants:
[0332] Affinity constants for 10F8 Fab were determined and compared
with corresponding values of 10F8 IgG1,.kappa.. Whole IgG molecules
lead to rebinding effects during the dissociation phase of
experimental procedures to determine the affinity constants, thus
leading to an apparently lower dissociation rate constant and in
turn, much higher affinity constant. To eliminate these artifactual
avidity effects, Fab molecules were used in the place of
IgG,.kappa. to determine the affinity and rate constants. A CM-5
chip was used to immobilize IL-8 via amine coupling.
[0333] Using a BIAcore 3000, the association and rate constants
based on sensograms (data not shown) of IgG1,.kappa. and Fab at
25.degree. C. and 37.degree. C. are summarized below.
Association and Rate Constants @ 25.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00006 [0334] IgG Fab k.sub.a (.times.10.sup.5/M.sup.-1
.times. sec.sup.-1) 2.31 1.01 k.sub.d (.times.10.sup.-5 sec.sup.-1)
0.21 1.96 K.sub.D (.times.10.sup.-10M) 0.1 1.94 Half-life (1n
(2/k_off hrs)) 90.4 8.3
Association and Rate Constants @ 37.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00007 [0335] IgG Fab k.sub.a (.times.10.sup.5M.sup.-1
.times. sec.sup.-1) 2.75 1.06 k.sub.d (.times.10.sup.-5 sec.sup.-1)
0.54 3.94 K.sub.D (.times.10.sup.-10M) 0.2 3.72 Half-life (1n
(2/k_off hrs)) 38.2 4.9
[0336] Interaction of intact IgG1,.kappa. with IL-8 yielded a
dissociation rate constant of 0.21.times.10.sup.-5 sec.sup.-1,
while the corresponding value for Fab was 1.96.times.10.sup.-5
sec.sup.1, indicating that rebinding and avidity effects influence
the dissociation rate constant of IgG1,.kappa. (yielding a higher
affinity constant). These artifacts were eliminated with the use of
Fab in the place of intact IgG1,.kappa..
[0337] Analysis of the interaction at the physiological temperature
of 37.degree. C., as compared to 25.degree. C. (room temperature),
showed that the rate constants are further affected, leading to
relatively lower affinity constants, for both IgG1,k and Fab. The
affinity constant of the Fab at 37.degree. C. corresponds to the
true affinity of each binding site at physiological
temperature.
[0338] The half-life (i.e., the time taken for 50% of the complex
to dissociate), was reduced by 50% at 37.degree. C. This is an
approximation of the actual biological half-life at physiological
temperatures.
[0339] Unless otherwise stated, the hybridoma derived 10F8 antibody
has been used in the following examples.
Example 5 Binding of HuMab 10F8 to Native IL-8 without
Cross-Reacting with Other CXC Chemokines
[0340] Possible cross-reactivity of HuMab 10F8 clone towards other
chemokines was evaluated by ELISA. Briefly, microtiter ELISA plates
(Greiner, Germany) were coated overnight at room temperature (RT)
with 1 .mu.g/mL of recombinant human (rh) GRO-.alpha.,
rh-GRO-.beta., rh-IP-10, rh-IL-8 72 aa form, which is monocyte
derived (IL-8M or IL-8Mpepretech) or rh-IL-8 77 aa form (IL-8E),
which is endothelial cell derived, 100 .mu.l per well. Plates were
washed twice with PBST (phosphate buffered saline supplemented with
0.05% v/v Tween-20 (Fischer Scientific, USA)) and wells were
blocked with 100 .mu.l/well PBSTC (PBST plus 2% v/v chicken serum)
for 1 hour, RT. Thereafter, wells were incubated for 1 hour, RT
under shaking conditions with HuMab-IL-8 clone 10F8, 20 .mu.g/mL
1:3 diluted in PBSTC. Subsequently, wells were washed thrice with
PBST and incubated with either HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG
F(ab').sub.2 fragments (Jackson; diluted 1:3000 in PBSTC) or
HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-human IgG F(ab').sub.2 (DAKO, Denmark;
diluted 1:2000 in PBSTC) for the detection of mouse or human
antibodies, respectively. Plates were washed thrice with PBST and
assays were developed with freshly prepared ABTS solution (1 mg/mL)
(ABTS: 2,2'-azino bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; 2
tablets of 5 mg in 10 mL ABTS buffer, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany)
for 30 minutes at RT in the dark. Absorbance was measured at 405 nm
in an ELISA plate reader (Biotek Instruments Inc., Winochi, USA).
The results shown in FIG. 6 are representative out of three
experiments performed. As it appears HuMab 10F8 binds to both
endothelial cell derived human IL-8 and to monocyte derived human
IL-8. However, it does not cross-react with the chemokines
GRO-.alpha., GRO-3 or IP-10.
Example 6 Inhibition of IL-8 Binding to IL-8R on Neutrophils
[0341] The ability of HuMab 10F8 to inhibit radiolabeled IL-8
binding to IL-8 receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) on neutrophils was
assessed as follows:
[0342] Neutrophils were enriched from heparinized whole blood from
normal volunteers. The blood was layered on Ficoll-hypaque and
centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes. The mononuclear cell layer
was removed, and erythrocytes were hypotonically lysed. The
resulting neutrophils were resuspended in PBS containing 0.1% BSA
and 0.02% Na azide (0.1% PBA) and held on ice. The IL-8 binding
assay was performed as previously described (Yang et al, (1999) J.
Leukoc. Biol. 66:401-410). Briefly, in a final volume of 150 .mu.l,
4.times.10.sup.5 neutrophils were incubated from 1.5-3 hours on ice
with 0.25 nM [.sup.125I] recombinant human IL-8 (Amersham Life
Sciences, Piscataway, N.J.) along with varying concentrations of
10F8 (hybridoma-derived), 10F8 (transfectoma-derived), mouse
anti-human IL-8 mAb 6712.111 R & D Systems, and control
antibody. All incubations were performed in 96 well Multiscreen
filter plates (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). Plates were washed
extensively with cold 0.1% PBA, and filters were counted on a
Wallac gamma counter. Results are shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B,
expressed as means of triplicate or quadruplicates. The inhibition
of binding is expressed as percentage of control antibody.
[0343] As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, HuMab 10F8 inhibited the
binding of labeled IL-8 to neutrophils in a dose-dependent fashion.
The murine anti-IL-8 antibody also was able to inhibit binding of
labeled IL-8 to neutrophils in a dose-dependent fashion, but 10F8
was consistently more potent than the murine antibody in inhibiting
IL-8 binding to neutrophils. In the experiment shown in FIG. 7B,
the IC.sub.50s of 10F8 (hybridoma-derived) (10F8 H) and 10F8
(transfectoma-derived) (10F8 T) were 0.19 nM and 0.30 nM,
respectively.
[0344] Overall, the foregoing results demonstrate that HuMab 10F8
inhibits the binding of IL-8 to its receptors in a dose-dependent
fashion, and is able to inhibit this binding at lower
concentrations than a commercially available murine anti-IL-8
antibody.
Example 7 Inhibition of IL-8 Mediated Neutrophil Chemotaxis
[0345] The ability of HuMab 10F8 and a murine anti-IL-8 antibody
(MAb 6217.111, R & D Systems) to inhibit IL-8 induced
neutrophil migration was evaluated utilizing a chemotaxis
assay.
[0346] Neutrophils were incubated in one chamber of a transwell
plate. IL-8 (rhIL-8) was incubated with varying concentrations of
HuMab 10F8, the murine anti-IL-8 MAb, and a control antibody in the
other chamber of the transwell plate. The assay was incubated at
37.degree. C. for two hours, and cell migration was quantified.
[0347] The data depicted in FIG. 8A show that neutrophil chemotaxis
was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by HuMab 10F8 and also by
the murine IL-8-specific antibody. The control antibody did not
inhibit chemotaxis. These data demonstrate that HuMab 10F8 can
inhibit neutrophil migration, an important function of IL-8 in
vivo.
[0348] The ability of HuMab 10F8 to inhibit transmigration of human
neutrophils towards human IL-8 was furthermore studied utilizing a
Boyden chamber.
[0349] Human IL-8 (10.sup.-8 M) was incubated with varying
concentrations of HuMab 10F8 in the lower compartment of the Boyden
chamber. Neutrophils (4.times.10.sup.5 cells) were incubated in the
upper compartment. The assay was incubated at 37.degree. C. for 1
hour, and cell migration was quantified.
[0350] The data depicted in FIG. 8B show that neutrophil chemotaxis
was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by HuMab 10F8. These data
also demonstrate that HuMab 10F8 can inhibit neutrophil migration,
an important function of IL-8 in vivo.
Example 8 Change of IL-8 Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression on
Neutrophils
[0351] Human neutrophils show increased expression of CD11b (Mac-1)
and decreased expression of L-selectin (CD62L) when stimulated with
IL-8. The capacity of 10F8 to inhibit the IL-8 induced changes in
expression of adhesion molecules on PMN was studied by flow
cytometry. Briefly, 100 .mu.l of 1:5 diluted whole blood was
incubated with serial dilutions of 10F8 (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625,
0.312, 0 .mu.g/mL) in the absence or presence of 25 ng/mL
recombinant human IL-8 (rh-IL-8, 72 aa, Peprotech) in 96-well flat
bottomed culture plates, to a final volume of 200 .mu.l per well,
for 2 hours at 37.degree. C. and 5% CO.sub.2. Thereafter, cells
were spun down and the supernatant was stored at -20.degree. C.
until further assessment for the presence of lactoferrin. Cells
were replenished with 200 .mu.l cold FACS buffer (PBS, supplemented
with 0.02% (v/v) azide and 0.1% (w/v) BSA) and washed twice with
200 .mu.l cold FACS buffer. Cells were spun down and incubated with
1.5 mg/mL PE-conjugated mouse anti-human CD11b (Becton Dickinson)
and 1.5 mg/mL FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD62L (Becton
Dickinson) to a final volume of 20 .mu.l per well, for 30 minutes
at 4.degree. C. in the dark. Thereafter, erythrocytes were lysed
with FACSlysis buffer according to the manufacturers protocol
(FACSlysing solution kit, Becton Dickinson, cat#349202).
Subsequently, cells were washed with cold FACS buffer. Fluorescence
intensity of cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS Calibur,
Becton Dickinson) using Cell Quest software.
[0352] Stimulation of PMN with IL-8 resulted in an altered
expression of adhesion molecules, e.g., an enhanced expression of
CD11b and a decreased expression of CD62L due to shedding of the
molecule. The mean baseline expression of CD11b on PMN was
1538.+-.37 (n=3) MFI (Mean Fluorescence Intensity, a measurement
for the number of molecules per cell) and the expression of CD11b
was up-regulated to 2341.+-.274 units after stimulation of cells
with 25 ng/mL IL-8. Baseline expression of CD62L was 274.+-.24
(n=3) MFI and the expression of CD62L was down regulated to
176.+-.60 units after addition of 25 ng/mL IL-8. In the present
study, it was demonstrated that 10F8 is capable of inhibiting these
IL-8 induced changes in expression of cell surface molecules. The
cell surface expression of CD11b, as well as CD62L, was measured by
flow cytometry after stimulation of cells with 25 ng/mL IL-8 alone
or in the presence of 10F8 or an irrelevant control antibody. FIG.
9A shows the expression of CD62L on IL-8 stimulated PMN. In the
presence of an irrelevant isotype control antibody (asterisks), the
MFI on these stimulated PMN fluctuated around 150, indicating that
this antibody does not block IL-8 mediated PMN activation. However,
when cells were stimulated with IL-8 in the presence of increasing
concentrations of 10F8 (closed squares), reduced IL-8 mediated
CD62L shedding was observed, in a dose-dependent way indicative for
an inhibition of IL-8 induced cell activation by 10F8. Consistent
with this, 10F8 (closed squares) reduced IL-8-mediated CD11b
up-regulation, whereas an irrelevant isotype control antibody
(asterisks) failed to show an effect, i.e., the expression level of
CD11b remained unaffected (MFI around 2400) (n=3; FIG. 9B).
Increasing concentrations of 10F8 were correlated with lesser
expression of CD11b, clearly demonstrating an inhibitory effect of
10F8 on PMN activation by IL-8.
[0353] In summary, the results shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B demonstrate
that HuMab 10F8 is capable of inhibiting: a) the increased
expression of CD11b on neutrophils that is mediated by IL-8; b) the
shedding of L-selectin (CD62L) on the surface of neutrophils that
is mediated by IL-8.
Example 9 IL-8 Present in Pustulosis Palmoplantaris (PPP)
Material
[0354] Sterile material was obtained from blisters of PPP patients
(ppp blister), eczema patients or healthy volunteers. In addition
patients and healthy controls provided test material by wrapping
the feet or hands in foil containing 2 mL phosphate buffered saline
(PBS). The wrapped feet or hands were placed in a 37.degree. C.
water bath to facilitate diffusion of blister content into the PBS
(ppp water bath). Blister materials or water bath materials were
analysed for the presence of CXC chemokines or complement factor
C5a by commercial available ELISAs (IL-8: Pelikine Compact.TM.,
CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; or IL-8: Quantikine.RTM. Human
IL-8 kit, R&D kit; GRO-.alpha.: Quantikine.RTM. Human
GRO-.alpha. kit, R&D Systems; ENA-78: Quantikine.RTM. ENA-78
kit, R&D Systems; C5a kit, Opteia, BD-Pharmingen). Normal human
serum was used as negative control. ELISAs were performed according
to the manufacturer's protocols.
[0355] The data depicted in FIG. 10 show that IL-8 is present in
patient material obtained from blisters and the water bath
material, whereas IL-8 could not be demonstrated in normal serum
from a healthy volunteer. IL-8 was measured on two separate
occasions and it was demonstrated that the IL-8 content in the
patient material did not decrease in time. GRO-.alpha. was also
present in the patient materials, albeit to a lesser extent. The
CXC chemokine ENA-78 could not be demonstrated in any of the
obtained materials.
[0356] Table 3 shows that IL-8 is present in PPP patients, whereas
IL-8 was undetectable in water bath material obtained from an
eczema patient or healthy control. GRO-.alpha. was also present in
PPP patient material, albeit to a lesser extent. The samples were
measured on 3 separate occasions and demonstrated that the IL-8 or
GRO-.alpha. content in the patient material did not decrease in
time and was not degraded by presence of proteases.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 3 IL-8 GRO-a Sample No. .mu.g/ml SEM n
.mu.g/ml SEM n No.1--Fluid from pustules (ppp) 17 3 3 2 0 1
No.2--Fluid from pustules (ppp) 517 213 3 39 8 2 No.3--Foot wash
fluid (ppp) 52 2 3 21 4 2 No.4--Foot wash fluid (ppp) 15 3 3 42 6 2
No.5--Foot wah fluid (ppp) 15 4 3 45 1 2 No.6--Hand wash fluid
(eczema) 0 0 3 0 0 2 No.7--Hand wash fluid (control) 0 0 3 0 0 2
No.8--Fluid from pustules (ppp) 32 16 2 2 0 1 No.9--Foot wash fluid
(ppp) 45 13 2 32 13 3
[0357] FIG. 11 shows the results of the measurement of chemokines
present in feet water fluid obtained from healthy controls (n=6),
eczema patients (n=6) or PPP patients (n=6). Analysis was performed
on log transformed data by one-way ANOVA with Tukey test. P<0.05
was considered significantly different.
[0358] Both ezcema and PPP patients show significant increase of
IL-8 and GRO-.alpha. as compared to the healthy controls.
Comparison of the eczema and PPP patients shows that the amount of
IL-8 is significantly different between eczema and PPP patients
(P<0.05), whereas the amount of GRO-.alpha. is not significantly
different between the two groups (P>0.05). Furthermore, the
amount of C5a was measured and although some samples showed an
increased amount of C5a (present in both PPP and eczema groups), no
significant differences with the control group could be
observed.
[0359] These data underline the presence of IL-8 in material
obtained from PPP patients and provide a rationale for using an
anti-IL-8 antibody as a therapeutic agent in this disease.
EQUIVALENTS
[0360] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described
herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims. Any combination of the embodiments disclosed in
the dependent claims are also contemplated to be within the scope
of the invention.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0361] All patents, pending patent applications and other
publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
471381DNAHomo sapiensCDS(1)..(381) 1atg gaa acc cca gcg cag ctt ctc
ttc ctc ctg cta ctc tgg ctc cca 48Met Glu Thr Pro Ala Gln Leu Leu
Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Trp Leu Pro 1 5 10 15 gat acc acc gga gaa att
gtg ttg acg cag tct cca ggc acc ctg tct 96Asp Thr Thr Gly Glu Ile
Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Gly Thr Leu Ser 20 25 30 ttg tct cca ggg
gaa aga gcc acc ctc tcc tgc agg gcc agt cag agt 144Leu Ser Pro Gly
Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser 35 40 45 att agc
agc agc tac tta gcc tgg tac cag cag aaa cct ggc cag gct 192Ile Ser
Ser Ser Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ala 50 55 60
ccc agg ctc ctc atc tat ggt cca tcc agc agg gcc act ggc atc cca
240Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Pro Ser Ser Arg Ala Thr Gly Ile Pro
65 70 75 80 gac agg ttc agt ggc agt ggg tct ggg aca gac ttc act ctc
acc atc 288Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu
Thr Ile 85 90 95 agc aga ctg gag cct gaa gat ttt gca gtg tat tac
tgt cag cag tat 336Ser Arg Leu Glu Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Tyr Tyr
Cys Gln Gln Tyr 100 105 110 gct ggc tca ctc act ttc ggc cct ggg acc
aaa gtg gat atc aaa 381Ala Gly Ser Leu Thr Phe Gly Pro Gly Thr Lys
Val Asp Ile Lys 115 120 125 2127PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Glu Thr Pro
Ala Gln Leu Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Trp Leu Pro 1 5 10 15 Asp Thr
Thr Gly Glu Ile Val Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Gly Thr Leu Ser 20 25 30
Leu Ser Pro Gly Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser 35
40 45 Ile Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln
Ala 50 55 60 Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile Tyr Gly Pro Ser Ser Arg Ala Thr
Gly Ile Pro 65 70 75 80 Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp
Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile 85 90 95 Ser Arg Leu Glu Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala
Val Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Tyr 100 105 110 Ala Gly Ser Leu Thr Phe Gly
Pro Gly Thr Lys Val Asp Ile Lys 115 120 125 3408DNAHomo
sapiensCDS(1)..(408) 3atg gag ttt ggg ctg agc tgg gtt ttc ctc gtt
gct ctt tta aga ggt 48Met Glu Phe Gly Leu Ser Trp Val Phe Leu Val
Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly 1 5 10 15 gtc cag tgt cag gtg caa ctg gtg gag
tct ggg gga ggc gtg gtc cag 96Val Gln Cys Gln Val Gln Leu Val Glu
Ser Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln 20 25 30 cct ggg agg tcc ctg aga ctc
tcc tgt aca gcg tct gga ttc acc ttc 144Pro Gly Arg Ser Leu Arg Leu
Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe 35 40 45 agt cac tat ggc atg
tac tgg gtc cgc cag gct cca ggc aag ggg ctg 192Ser His Tyr Gly Met
Tyr Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 50 55 60 gag tgg gtg
gca gtt ata tgg tat gat gga agt tat gaa tac aat gca 240Glu Trp Val
Ala Val Ile Trp Tyr Asp Gly Ser Tyr Glu Tyr Asn Ala 65 70 75 80 gac
tcc gtg aag ggc cgg ttc acc atc tcc aga gac aat tcc aag aac 288Asp
Ser Val Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn 85 90
95 acg ctg tat ctg caa atg aac agc ctg aga gcc gag gac acg gct gtg
336Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val
100 105 110 tat tac tgt gcg aga gat agg gtg ggg ctc ttt gac tat tgg
ggc cag 384Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Asp Arg Val Gly Leu Phe Asp Tyr Trp
Gly Gln 115 120 125 gga acc ctg gtc acc gtc tcc tca 408Gly Thr Leu
Val Thr Val Ser Ser 130 135 4136PRTHomo sapiens 4Met Glu Phe Gly
Leu Ser Trp Val Phe Leu Val Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly 1 5 10 15 Val Gln
Cys Gln Val Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln 20 25 30
Pro Gly Arg Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe 35
40 45 Ser His Tyr Gly Met Tyr Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly
Leu 50 55 60 Glu Trp Val Ala Val Ile Trp Tyr Asp Gly Ser Tyr Glu
Tyr Asn Ala 65 70 75 80 Asp Ser Val Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg
Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn 85 90 95 Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu
Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val 100 105 110 Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Asp Arg
Val Gly Leu Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln 115 120 125 Gly Thr Leu Val Thr
Val Ser Ser 130 135 5287DNAHomo sapiens 5gaaattgtgt tgacgcagtc
tccaggcacc ctgtctttgt ctccagggga aagagccacc 60ctctcctgca gggccagtca
gagtgttagc agcagctact tagcctggta ccagcagaaa 120cctggccagg
ctcccaggct cctcatctat ggtgcatcca gcagggccac tggcatccca
180gacaggttca gtggcagtgg gtctgggaca gacttcactc tcaccatcag
cagactggag 240cctgaagatt ttgcagtgta ttactgtcag cagtatggta gctcacc
2876322DNAHomo sapiens 6gaaattgtgt tgacgcagtc tccaggcacc ctgtctttgt
ctccagggga aagagccacc 60ctctcctgca gggccagtca gagtattagc agcagctact
tagcctggta ccagcagaaa 120cctggccagg ctcccaggct cctcatctat
ggtccatcca gcagggccac tggcatccca 180gacaggttca gtggcagtgg
gtctgggaca gacttcactc tcaccatcag cagactggag 240cctgaagatt
ttgcagtgta ttactgtcag cagtatgctg gctcactcac tttcggccct
300gggaccaaag tggatatcaa ac 322796PRTHomo sapiens 7Glu Ile Val Leu
Thr Gln Ser Pro Gly Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg
Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser Val Ser Ser Ser 20 25 30
Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ala Pro Arg Leu Leu 35
40 45 Ile Tyr Gly Ala Ser Ser Arg Ala Thr Gly Ile Pro Asp Arg Phe
Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser
Arg Leu Glu 65 70 75 80 Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln
Tyr Gly Ser Ser Pro 85 90 95 8107PRTHomo sapiens 8Glu Ile Val Leu
Thr Gln Ser Pro Gly Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Glu Arg
Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser 20 25 30
Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ala Pro Arg Leu Leu 35
40 45 Ile Tyr Gly Pro Ser Ser Arg Ala Thr Gly Ile Pro Asp Arg Phe
Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser
Arg Leu Glu 65 70 75 80 Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln
Tyr Ala Gly Ser Leu 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly Pro Gly Thr Lys Val Asp
Ile Lys 100 105 9342DNAHomo sapiens 9caggtgcagc tggtggagtc
tgggggaggc gtggtccagc ctgggaggtc cctgagactc 60tcctgtgcag cgtctggatt
caccttcagt agctatggca tgcactgggt ccgccaggct 120ccaggcaagg
ggctggagtg ggtggcagtt atatggtatg atggaagtaa taaatactat
180gcagactccg tgaagggccg attcaccatc tccagagaca attccaagaa
cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag agccgaggac acggctgtgt
attactgtgc gagagatact 300ttgactactg gggccaggga accctggtca
ccgtctcctc ag 34210352DNAHomo sapiens 10caggtgcaac tggtggagtc
tgggggaggc gtggtccagc ctgggaggtc cctgagactc 60tcctgtacag cgtctggatt
caccttcagt cactatggca tgtactgggt ccgccaggct 120ccaggcaagg
ggctggagtg ggtggcagtt atatggtatg atggaagtta tgaatacaat
180gcagactccg tgaagggccg gttcaccatc tccagagaca attccaagaa
cacgctgtat 240ctgcaaatga acagcctgag agccgaggac acggctgtgt
attactgtgc gagagatagg 300gtggggctct ttgactattg gggccaggga
accctggtca ccgtctcctc ag 3521198PRTHomo sapiens 11Gln Val Gln Leu
Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln Pro Gly Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu
Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser Ser Tyr 20 25 30
Gly Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35
40 45 Ala Val Ile Trp Tyr Asp Gly Ser Asn Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Asp Ser
Val 50 55 60 Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn
Thr Leu Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr
Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg 12117PRTHomo sapiens 12Gln Val
Gln Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln Pro Gly Arg 1 5 10 15
Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser His Tyr 20
25 30 Gly Met Tyr Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp
Val 35 40 45 Ala Val Ile Trp Tyr Asp Gly Ser Tyr Glu Tyr Asn Glu
Asp Ser Val 50 55 60 Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser
Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu
Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Asp Arg Val Gly Leu
Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu 100 105 110 Val Thr Val Ser Ser
115 1336DNAHomo sapiens 13agggccagtc agagtattag cagcagctac ttagcc
361421DNAHomo sapiens 14ggtccatcca gcagggccac t 211524DNAHomo
sapiens 15cagcagtatg ctggctcact cact 241612PRTHomo sapiens 16Arg
Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Ala 1 5 10 177PRTHomo
sapiens 17Gly Pro Ser Ser Arg Ala Thr 1 5 188PRTHomo sapiens 18Gln
Gln Tyr Ala Gly Ser Leu Thr 1 5 1915DNAHomo sapiens 19cactatggca
tgtac 152051DNAHomo sapiens 20gttatatggt atgatggaag ttatgaatac
aatgcagact ccgtgaaggg c 512124DNAHomo sapiens 21gatagggtgg
ggctctttga ctac 24225PRTHomo sapiens 22His Tyr Gly Met Tyr 1 5
2317PRTHomo sapiens 23Val Ile Trp Tyr Asp Gly Ser Tyr Glu Tyr Asn
Glu Asp Ser Val Lys 1 5 10 15 Gly 248PRTHomo sapiens 24Asp Arg Val
Gly Leu Phe Asp Tyr 1 5 2520DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
25caggtkcagc tggtgcagtc 202620DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
26saggtgcagc tgktggagtc 202720DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
27gaggtgcagc tggtgcagtc 202821DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
28atggactgga cctggagcat c 212920DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
29atggaattgg ggctgagctg 203020DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
30atggagtttg grctgagctg 203121DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
31atgaaacacc tgtggttctt c 213220DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
32atggggtcaa ccgccatcct 203321DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
33tgccaggggg aagaccgatg g 213420DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
34racatccaga tgayccagtc 203520DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
35gycatcyrga tgacccagtc 203620DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
36gatattgtga tgacccagac 203720DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
37gaaattgtgt tgacrcagtc 203820DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
38gaaatwgtra tgacacagtc 203920DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
39gatgttgtga tgacacagtc 204020DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
40gaaattgtgc tgactcagtc 204124DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
41cccgctcagc tcctggggct cctg 244223DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
42ccctgctcag ctcctggggc tgc 234326DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
43cccagcgcag cttctcttcc tcctgc 264427DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
44atggaaccat ggaagcccca gcacagc 274520DNAArtificial Sequenceprimer
45cgggaagatg aagacagatg 20468PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
peptide 46Gln Gln Tyr Xaa Xaa Ser Xaa Thr 1 5 478PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic peptide 47Asp Xaa Val Gly Xaa Phe Asp Tyr 1 5
* * * * *