U.S. patent application number 15/459035 was filed with the patent office on 2017-07-06 for peptide and peptidomimetic inhibitors.
The applicant listed for this patent is Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Invention is credited to Paul Anderson, Nicolas Cedric Boyer, Daniel Elbaum, Michelle Denise Hoarty, Kristopher Josephson, Zhong Ma, Nathan Ezekiel Nims, Alonso Ricardo, Eberhard Schneider, Gregor Schurmann, Douglas A. Treco, Peter Wagner, Zhaolin Wang, Ping Ye, Hong Zheng.
Application Number | 20170189470 15/459035 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49584131 |
Filed Date | 2017-07-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170189470 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wang; Zhaolin ; et
al. |
July 6, 2017 |
PEPTIDE AND PEPTIDOMIMETIC INHIBITORS
Abstract
The present invention provides inhibitors and/or antagonists of
plasma kallikrein. Also provided are methods of utilizing the
inhibitors as therapeutics.
Inventors: |
Wang; Zhaolin; (Wellesley,
MA) ; Ye; Ping; (Lexington, MA) ; Ricardo;
Alonso; (Cambridge, MA) ; Josephson; Kristopher;
(Wayland, MA) ; Anderson; Paul; (Larchmont,
NY) ; Hoarty; Michelle Denise; (Malden, MA) ;
Ma; Zhong; (Lexington, MA) ; Nims; Nathan
Ezekiel; (Winchester, MA) ; Schneider; Eberhard;
(Denkte, DE) ; Schurmann; Gregor; (Hannover,
DE) ; Wagner; Peter; (Denkte, DE) ; Treco;
Douglas A.; (Arlington, MA) ; Zheng; Hong;
(Brighton, MA) ; Elbaum; Daniel; (Newton, MA)
; Boyer; Nicolas Cedric; (Somerville, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
Cambridge |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49584131 |
Appl. No.: |
15/459035 |
Filed: |
March 15, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14962457 |
Dec 8, 2015 |
9644004 |
|
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15459035 |
|
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14401697 |
Nov 17, 2014 |
9238676 |
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PCT/US2013/031265 |
Mar 14, 2013 |
|
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14962457 |
|
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61648155 |
May 17, 2012 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 9/0051 20130101;
A61K 47/60 20170801; A61K 45/06 20130101; A61K 9/0048 20130101;
C07K 7/08 20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; C08G 65/48 20130101; A61K
38/10 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 38/10 20060101
A61K038/10; A61K 9/00 20060101 A61K009/00; A61K 45/06 20060101
A61K045/06 |
Claims
1. A method of inhibiting kallikrein activity in an eye, said
method comprising delivery of a peptide to an eye of a subject,
said peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%
homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-239.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide is delivered as part
of a pharmaceutical composition.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein delivery of said pharmaceutical
composition is selected from one or more of topical delivery and
intravitreal delivery.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
comprises an implant and wherein said implant provides sustained
release of said peptide.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said implant comprises a
biodegradable polymer.
6. The method of claim 2 comprising intravitreal delivery, wherein
said pharmaceutical composition is delivered by injection to a
posterior section of the eye.
7. The method of claim 6 comprising sustained release of said
peptide from said pharmaceutical composition.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
comprises a reservoir.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
comprises at least one of a microemulsion, a microsphere, a
liposome, and a nanoparticle.
10. The method of claim 10, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
comprises a biodegradable polymer.
11. The method of claim 6, wherein kallikrein activity is inhibited
in at least one of the retina and the macula.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject has at least one
disorder selected from one or more of retinopathy, diabetic
retinopathy, macular degeneration, wet age-related macular
degeneration, macular edema, diabetic macular edema, and retinal
hemorrhage.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the subject is treated with one
or more of an anti-VEGF agent, laser photocoagulation, and steroid
therapy.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said steroid therapy comprises
corticosteroid therapy.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said corticosteroid therapy is
administered by at least one of intravitreal injection and steroid
implant.
16. The method of claim 3, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
reduces at least one of vascular permeability in said eye and blood
vessel leakage in said eye.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said peptide inhibits
kallikrein activity at a half maximal inhibitory concentration
(IC50) of less than 100 nM.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein said peptide is cyclic.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein said peptide comprises a
compound selected from the group consisting of R2001-R2239.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said intravitreal delivery
comprises at least one of: an implant comprising said
pharmaceutical composition; and an intravitreal injection
comprising said pharmaceutical composition.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
is delivered to a posterior section of the eye.
22. The method of claim 21 comprising sustained release of said
compound from said pharmaceutical composition.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein kallikrein activity is
inhibited in at least one of the retina and the macula.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the subject has at least one
disorder selected from one or more of retinopathy, diabetic
retinopathy, macular degeneration, wet age-related macular
degeneration, macular edema, diabetic macular edema, and retinal
hemorrhage.
25. The method of claim 19, wherein the compound comprises a
polyethylene glycol moiety.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 14/962,457 filed Dec. 8, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S.
application Ser. No. 14/401,697 filed Nov. 17, 2014, which is a 35
U.S.C. .sctn.371 U.S. National Stage Entry of International
Application No. PCT/US2013/031265 filed Mar. 14, 2013, which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/648,155,
filed May 17, 2012, the contents of each of which are herein
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The present application is being filed along with a Sequence
Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a
file entitled 2011_1001USCON2_SEQLIST.txt created on Mar. 14, 2017
which is 129,048 bytes in size. The information in electronic
format of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to peptides. Specifically
provided are peptides and peptidomimetics, whether cyclic or
linear, having improved and beneficial characteristics as
therapeutic compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Plasma kallikrein (EC.3.4.21.34) is a serine protease that
is normally synthesized in the liver and circulates in the plasma
by binding to high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) or as
prekallikrein, an inactive precursor (zymogen) of kallikrein. It is
activated by proteolytic cleavage by Factor XIIa and contains an
endopeptidase activity for cleaving peptide bonds after Arg or Lys
residues.
[0005] Plasma kallikrein plays an important role in a variety of
physiologic progresses, including, but not limited to, blood
pressure regulation, the contact activation pathway of blood
coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation, and pain.
[0006] The main physiologic regulator of kallikrein is C1 esterase
inhibitor, or C1 INH. C1 INH is a potent inhibitor of Factor XIIa,
and under normal conditions the inhibition of Factor XIIa prevents
the conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein and the subsequent
generation of bradykinin from HMWK by activated kallikrein. Of
note, patients with mutations that reduce CI INH activity have
inappropriately high plasma kallikrein activity that leads to
elevated levels of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator and pain
mediator. Thus, inherited C1 INH deficiency is the cause of
hereditary angioedema (HAE), a debilitating and life-threatening
condition characterized by severe swelling, edema, and pain.
[0007] Bradykinin is normally degraded by angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE), and patients treated with ACE inhibitors for blood
pressure reduction may display elevated bradykinin levels and
suffer from a syndrome termed acquired angioedema.
[0008] While HAE can be effectively controlled by administration of
purified or recombinant CI INH, it has been demonstrated that both
plasma kallikrein inhibitors and bradykinin receptor antagonists
are also effective in the treatment of HAE.
[0009] Elevated bradykinin levels are also associated with pain,
inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, hypotension and septic shock.
Furthermore, the inhibition of the kallikrein-bradykinin system may
be useful in a variety of clinical situations, including, but not
limited to, edemas (including diabetic macular edema, cerebral
edema, and radiation-induced edema), diabetic retinopathy, retinal
vein occlusion, intracerebral hemorrhage, stroke, systemic lupus,
allergic rhinitis, controlling vascular leakage and blood loss
during surgery, disseminated intravascular coagulation,
inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation resulting from
cardiopulmonary bypass, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and
inflammatory or rheumatoid arthritis.
[0010] Given the many functional roles played by kallikrein, there
remains a need for kallikrein inhibitors having pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic properties suitable for therapeutic application.
The properties include, but are not limited to, high potency, high
specificity for plasma kallikrein as compared to related protease,
chemical and physical stability, ease of formulation, metabolic
stability, appropriate pharmacokinetics, low toxicity, and good
absorption from the intestinal tract (i.e. oral
bioavailability).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention provides for the production of
peptides and peptide mimetics having improved pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic properties for inhibiting plasma kallikrein and
their use in the treatment of diseases where reductions in
circulating plasma kallikrein activity may be therapeutically
beneficial.
[0012] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
peptide or peptide mimetic of the formula
R.sub.1-Xaa0-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa-
12-R.sub.2, wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting
of H, acyl groups containing a linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbon chain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amides,
carbamates, ureas, PEG, hydroxyalkyl starch, polypeptides or
proteins; Xaa0 is absent, or an amino acid selected from the group
consisting of Met, norvaline, Ala, Gly, Ser, Val,
tert-butylglycine, Leu, phenylglycine, Ile, Pro, Trp,
7-azatryptophan, Phe, 4-fluorophenylalanine, Thr, Tyr, Val, Lys,
N-methyl-methionine, N-methyl-valine, N-methyl-alanine, sarcosine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-leucine,
N-methyl-phenylglycine, N-methyl-isoleucine, N-methyl-tryptophan,
N-methyl-7-azatryptophan, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-threonine,
N-methyl-tyrosine, N-methyl-valine, and N-methyl-lysine; Xaa1 is
selected from the group consisting of Cys, penicillamine,
des-amino-Cys, D-Cys, homocysteine, and Tyr; Xaa2 is absent, or an
amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala,
N-methyl-alanine, Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine,
norleucine, Lys, D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, D-Glu, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe,
N-methyl-phenylalanine, Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser,
N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro, Leu,
D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile, D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val,
D-Val, N-methyl-valine, tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr,
D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid,
1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic
acid, 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid,
4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, aminoisobutyric acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, Glu, Gly,
N-methyl-glutamate, 2-amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid,
2-amino heptanoic acid, 2-amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic
acid, 2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino
dodecanoic acid, octylglycine, tranexamic acid, aminovaleric acid,
and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid; Xaa3 is absent, or an amino acid
selected from the group consisting of Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Gly,
sarcosine, Ser, N-methyl-serine, Pro, Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Val,
N-methyl-valine, Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Phe,
N-methyl-phenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-norleucine, pipecolic
acid, and 2-carboxy azetidine; Xaa4 is an amino acid selected from
the group consisting of Ala, Phe, Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Asn,
Val, cyclopentylglycine, cyclohexylglycine, cyclopropylglycine,
phenylglycine, D-phenylglycine, tert-butylglycine,
hexafluoroleucine, 3-Fluorovaline,
2-amino-4,4-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-fluoro-isoleucine,
4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine, 4-methyl-phenylglycine,
4-ethyl-phenylglycine, and 4-isopropyl-phenylglycine; Xaa5 is an
amino acid selected from the group consisting of Cys, D-Cys,
homocysteine, and penicillamine; Xaa6 is an amino acid selected
from the group consisting of Arg, .eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine,
Lys, homolysine, (S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino) pentanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
7-azatryptophan, (S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic
acid, a compound of formula I;
##STR00001##
wherein n=1 or 2; R.sub.1 is a hydrogen, a hydroxyl or an amine
protecting group for example C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, and compound of
formula II;
##STR00002##
in which n=1 or 2, R.sub.1 is a hydrogen or a methyl group and
R.sub.2 is a hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example
C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl; Xaa7 is an amino acid selected from the group
consisting of Ala, Ile, N-methyl isoleucine, cyclohexylglycine,
cyclopentylglycine, Glu, Phe, Val, N-methyl-valine,
tert-butylglycine, hexafluoroleucine, 3-Fluorovaline,
2-amino-4,4-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-fluoro-isoleucine,
4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine, (S)-leucinol, (S)-valinol,
(S)-tert-leucinol, (R)-3-methylbutan-2-amine,
(S)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-amine, and
(S)-N,2-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine; Xaa8 is absent or
an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Leu, Asn, Pro,
Sar, N-methyl-alanine, and N-methyl-leucine; Xaa9 is absent or an
amino acid selected from the group consisting of Cys, D-Cys,
penicillamine, Phe, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine,
3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, Pro, Arg,
.eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine, Lys, homolysine,
(S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino) pentanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
7-azatryptophan, (S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic
acid, a compound of formula I in which n=1 or 2; R.sub.1 is a
hydrogen, a hydroxyl or an amine protecting group for example C1-6
alkoxycarbonyl, a compound of formula II in which n=1 or 2, R.sub.1
is a hydrogen or a methyl group and R.sub.2 is a hydrogen or an
amine protecting group, for example C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl; Xaa10 is
absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Phe,
4-chlorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine,
3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, Cys, D-Cys, penicillamine; Xaa11 is absent
or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ser, Cys,
D-Cys, homocysteine, penicillamine; Xaa12 is absent, or an amino
acid selected from the group consisting of Asp, Glu, Cys, D-Cys,
penicillamine; and R.sub.2 is absent or selected from the group
consisting of --NH.sub.2, --N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --N-piperidine,
--N-pyrrolidine, --N--N'-alkyl piperazine.
[0013] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
peptide or peptide mimetic of the formula
R.sub.1-Xaa0-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa-
12-R.sub.2, wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting
of H, acyl groups containing a linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbon chain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amides,
carbamates, ureas, PEG, hydroxyalkyl starch, polypeptides or
proteins; Xaa0 is absent, or an amino acid selected from the group
consisting of Met, norvaline, Ala, Gly, Ser, Val,
tert-butylglycine, Leu, phenylglycine, Ile, Pro, Trp,
7-azatryptophan, Phe, 4-fluorophenylalanine, Thr, Tyr, Lys and the
N-methylated derivatives of these amino acids; Xaa1 is selected
from the group consisting of Cys, penicillamine, des-aminoCys,
D-Cys, and homocysteine; Xaa2 is absent, or an amino acid selected
from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Glu,
N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine, norleucine, Lys, D-Lys,
Asn, D-Asn, D-Glu, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr,
N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro, Leu, D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile,
D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val, D-Val, N-methyl-valine,
tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-tert-butylglycine,
Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr, D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine,
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic
acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid,
4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, aminoisobutyric acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, Glu, Gly,
N-methyl-glutamate, 2-amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid,
2-amino heptanoic acid, 2-amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic
acid, 2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino
dodecanoic acid, octylglycine, tranexamic acid, aminovaleric acid,
and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid; Xaa3 is absent, or an amino acid
selected from the group consisting of Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Gly,
sarcosine, Ser, N-methyl-serine, Pro, Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Val,
N-methyl-valine, Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Phe,
N-methyl-phenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-norleucine, pipecolic
acid, and 2-carboxy azetidine; Xaa4 is an amino acid selected from
the group consisting of Ala, Phe, Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Asn,
Val, cyclopentylglycine, cyclohexylglycine, cyclopropylglycine,
phenylglycine, D-phenylglycine, tert-butylglycine,
hexafluoroleucine, 3-Fluorovaline,
2-amino-4,4-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-fluoro-isoleucine,
4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine, 4-methyl-phenylglycine,
4-ethyl-phenylglycine, and 4-isopropyl-phenylglycine; Xaa5 is an
amino acid selected from the group consisting of Cys, D-Cys,
homocysteine, and penicillamine; Xaa6 is an amino acid selected
from the group consisting of Arg, .eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine,
Lys, homolysine, (S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino) pentanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
7-azatryptophan, (S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic
acid, a compound of formula I;
##STR00003##
wherein n=1 or 2; R.sub.1 is a hydrogen, a hydroxyl or an amine
protecting group for example C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, and compound of
formula II;
##STR00004##
in which n=1 or 2, R.sub.1 is a hydrogen or a methyl group and
R.sub.2 is a hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example
C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl; Xaa7 is an amino acid selected from the group
consisting of Ala, Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, cyclohexylglycine,
cyclopentylglycine, Glu, Phe, Val, N-methyl-valine,
tert-butylglycine, hexafluoroleucine, 3-Fluorovaline,
2-amino-44-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-fluoro-isoleucine,
4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine, (S)-leucinol, (S)-valinol,
(S)-tert-leucinol, (R)-3-methylbutan-2-amine,
(S)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-amine, and
(S)-N,2-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine; Xaa8 is absent or
an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Leu, Asn, Pro,
Sar, N-methyl-alanine, and N-methyl-leucine; Xaa9 is absent or an
amino acid selected from the group consisting of Cys, D-Cys,
penicillamine, Phe, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine,
3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, Pro, Arg,
.eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine, Lys, homolysine,
(S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino) pentanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
7-azatryptophan, (S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic
acid, a compound of formula I in which n=1 or 2; R.sub.1 is a
hydrogen, a hydroxyl or an amine protecting group for example C1-6
alkoxycarbonyl, a compound of formula II in which n=1 or 2, R.sub.1
is a hydrogen or a methyl group and R.sub.2 is a hydrogen or an
amine protecting group, for example C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl; Xaa10 is
absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Phe,
4-chlorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine,
3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, Cys, D-Cys, penicillamine; Xaa11 is absent
or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ser, Cys,
D-Cys, homocysteine, penicillamine; Xaa12 is absent, or an amino
acid selected from the group consisting of Asp, Glu, Cys, D-Cys,
penicillamine; and R.sub.2 is absent or selected from the group
consisting of --NH.sub.2, --N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --N-piperidine,
--N-pyrrolidine, --N--N'-alkyl piperazine.
[0014] In some embodiments, the peptides or peptide mimetics of the
present invention are cyclized by a reaction of the residues Xaa1
and Xaa5 with a reagent. In some embodiments, cyclic peptides or
cyclic peptide mimetics are cyclized with a reagent selected from
the group consisting of: 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene,
1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene,
2,6-bis(bromomethyl)pyridine, and (E)-1,4-dibromobut-2-ene,
1,2-bis(bromomethyl)-4-alkylbenzene, wherein the alkyl group
contains between 1 and 22 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the
peptides or peptide mimetics of the present invention are cyclized
by a reaction of the residues Xaa1, Xaa5 and either Xaa9 or Xaa11
or Xaa12 with tris(bromomethyl)benzene.
[0015] In some embodiments, peptides or peptide mimetics of the
present invention comprise the amino acid sequence: R.sub.1 Xaa0
Xaa1 Xaa2 Xaa3 Xaa4 Xaa5 Xaa6 Xaa8 Xaa8 Xaa9 Xaa10 Xaa11 Xaa12
R.sub.2 wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of
H, acyl groups containing a linear or branched, saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbon chain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amides,
carbamates, ureas, PEG, hydroxyalkyl starch, polypeptides or
proteins; Xaa0 is absent, or an amino acid selected from the group
consisting of Met, norvaline Ala, Gly, Ser, Val, tert-butylglycine,
Leu, phenylglycine, Ile, Pro, Trp, 7-azatryptophan, Phe,
4-fluorophenylalanine, Thr, Tyr, Val, Lys, N-methyl-methionine,
N-methyl-norvaline, N-methyl-alanine, sarcosine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-leucine,
N-methyl-phenylglycine, N-methyl-isoleucine, N-methyl-tryptophan,
-methyl-7-azatryptophan, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-threonine,
N-methyl-tyrosine, N-methyl-valine, and N-methyl-lysine; Xaa1 is
absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of
sarcosine, Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Cys, D-Cys,
N-methyl-cysteine, homocysteine, norvaline, D-norvaline,
N-methyl-norvaline, Ser, D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, and penicillamine;
Xaa2 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Asn,
N-methyl-asparagine, Gln, N-methyl-glutamine,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, and
Lys; Xaa3 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of
Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine, 4-chlorophenylalanine,
4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr,
N-methyl-tyrosine, and Ala; Xaa4 is an amino acid selected from the
group consisting of Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Trp,
N-methyl-tryptophan, 7-azatryptophan, 5-fluoro-tryptophan,
5-chlorotryptophan,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid, and
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid; Xaa5 is an amino
acid selected from the group consisting of Ser, N-methyl-serine,
Thr, N-methyl-threonine, and Ala; Xaa6 is an amino acid selected
from the group consisting of N-methyl-alanine, sarcosine,
N-methyl-serine, Pro, N-methyl-threonine, N-methyl-valine,
N-methyl-isoleucine, N-methyl-leucine, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-tyrosine, Leu, and Ala;
Xaa7 is absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting
of Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, 7-azatryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan,
5-chlorotryptophan,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
4-fluorophenylalanine, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine,
3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, and Ala; Xaa8 is absent
or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Thr,
N-methyl-threonine, tert-butylglycine, Ser, N-methyl-serine, Asn,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid, and
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid; Xaa9 is absent
or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala,
N-methyl-alanine, Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine,
norleucine, Lys, D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe,
N-methyl-phenylalanine, Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser,
N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro, Leu,
D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile, D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val,
D-Val, N-methyl-valine, tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr,
D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, Cys, D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine,
penicillamine, and homocysteine; Xaa10 is absent or an amino acid
selected from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine,
Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine, norleucine, Lys,
D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr,
N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro, Leu, D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile,
D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val, D-Val, N-methyl-valine,
tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-tert-butylglycine,
Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr, D-Tyr, and N-methyl-tyrosine;
Xaa11 is absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting
of Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu,
Gly, sarcosine, norleucine, Lys, D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, Arg, D-Arg,
Phe, D-Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine, Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser,
D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro,
Leu, D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile, D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val,
D-Val, N-methyl-valine, tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr,
D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, phenylglycine, and cyclohexylglycine;
Xaa12 is absent, or an amino acid selected from the group
consisting of Cys, D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, homocysteine,
penicillamine, Arg, and Ala; and R.sub.2 is absent or selected from
the group consisting of --NH.sub.2, --NR.sub.1 (where R.sub.1 is
any cyclic alkyl group or any linear alkyl group), PEG,
hydroxyalkyl starch, polypeptides, and proteins.
[0016] In some embodiments, the peptides or peptide mimetics of the
present invention comprise the amino acid sequence R.sub.1 Xaa0 Cys
Xaa2 Xaa3 Xaa4 Xaa5 Xaa6 Xaa8 Xaa8 Xaa9 Xaa10 Xaa11 Xaa12 R.sub.2
wherein, R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of H, acyl
groups containing a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated
hydrocarbon chain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amides, carbamates,
ureas, PEG, hydroxyalkyl starch, polypeptides or proteins; Xaa0 is
absent, or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Met,
norvaline Ala, Gly, Ser, Val, tert-butylglycine, Leu,
phenylglycine, Ile, Pro, Trp, 7-azatryptophan, Phe,
4-fluorophenylalanine, Thr, Tyr, Val, Lys, N-methyl-methionine,
N-methyl-norvaline, N-methyl-alanine, sarcosine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-leucine,
N-methyl-phenylglycine, N-methyl-isoleucine, N-methyl-tryptophan,
N-methyl-7-azatryptophan, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-threonine,
N-methyl-tyrosine, N-methyl-valine, and N-methyl-lysine; Xaa1 is
absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of
sarcosine, Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Cys, D-Cys,
N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, homocysteine., norvaline,
D-norvaline, N-methyl-norvaline, Ser, D-Ser, and N-methyl-serine;
Xaa2 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Asn,
N-methyl-asparagine, Gln, N-methyl-glutamine,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr, and
Lys; Xaa3 is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of
Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine, 4-chlorophenylalanine,
4-fluorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, Tyr,
N-methyl-tyrosine, and Ala; Xaa4 is an amino acid selected from the
group consisting of Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Trp,
N-methyl-tryptophan, 7-azatryptophan, 5-fluoro-tryptophan,
5-chlorotryptophan,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid, and
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid; Xaa5 is an amino
acid selected from the group consisting of Ser, N-methyl-serine,
Thr, N-methyl-threonine, and Ala; Xaa6 is an amino acid selected
from the group consisting of N-methyl-alanine, sarcosine,
N-methyl-serine, Pro, N-methyl-threonine, N-methyl-valine,
N-methyl-isoleucine, N-methyl-leucine, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine, N-methyl-tyrosine, Leu, and Ala;
Xaa7 is absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting
of Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, 7-azatryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
4-fluorophenylalanine, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine,
3-fluorotyrosine, 5-chlorotryptophan, Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, and
Ala; Xaa8 is absent or an amino acid selected from the group Cys,
D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, homocysteine, Thr,
N-methyl-threonine, D-Thr, tert-butylglycine, Ser, Asn,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid; Xaa9 is absent
or an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala,
N-methyl-alanine, Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine,
norleucine, Lys, D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe,
N-methyl-phenylalanine, Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser,
N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro, Leu,
D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile, D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val,
D-Val, N-methyl-valine, tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr,
D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, Cys, D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine,
penicillamine, and homocysteine; Xaa10 is absent or an amino acid
selected from the group consisting of Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine,
Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu, Gly, sarcosine, norleucine, Lys,
D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, Arg, D-Arg, Phe, D-Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine,
Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser, D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr,
N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro, Leu, D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile,
D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val, D-Val, N-methyl-valine,
tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine, N-methyl-tert-butylglycine,
Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr, D-Tyr, and N-methyl-tyrosine
Cys, D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, and homocysteine;
Xaa11 is absent or an amino acid selected from the group consisting
of Ala, D-Ala, N-methyl-alanine, Glu, N-methyl-glutamate, D-Glu,
Gly, sarcosine, norleucine, Lys, D-Lys, Asn, D-Asn, Arg, D-Arg,
Phe, D-Phe, N-methyl-phenylalanine, Gln, D-Gln, Asp, D-Asp, Ser,
D-Ser, N-methyl-serine, Thr, D-Thr, N-methyl-threonine, Pro, D-Pro,
Leu, D-Leu, N-methyl-leucine, Ile, D-Ile, N-methyl-isoleucine, Val,
D-Val, N-methyl-valine, tert-butylglycine, D-tert-butylglycine,
N-methyl-tert-butylglycine, Trp, D-Trp, N-methyl-tryptophan, Tyr,
D-Tyr, N-methyl-tyrosine, phenylglycine, and cyclohexylglycine,
Cys, D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, and homocysteine;
Xaa12 is absent, or an amino acid selected from the group Cys,
D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, homocysteine, Arg, and
Ala; and R.sub.2 is absent or selected from the group consisting of
--NH.sub.2, --NR.sub.1 (where R.sub.1 is any cyclic alkyl group or
any linear alkyl group), PEG, hydroxyalkyl starch, polypeptides,
and proteins.
[0017] In one embodiment, the peptides and/or peptide mimetics
described herein may be serine protease inhibitors. In one
embodiment, the serine protease is plasma kallikrein.
[0018] In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are
provided, wherein one of the residues at positions Xaa8, Xaa9,
Xaa10, Xaa11 or Xaa12 is selected from the group consisting of Cys,
D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, and homocysteine. In some
embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are provided, wherein the
residue at position Xaa1 is selected from the group consisting of
Cys, D-Cys, N-methyl-cysteine, penicillamine, and homocysteine. In
some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are provided, wherein
the peptide or peptide mimetic is cyclized by a reaction with a
thiol-reactive reagent. In some embodiments, peptide or peptide
mimetics are provided, wherein the reagent is selected from the
group consisting of: 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene,
1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene,
2,6-bis(bromomethyl)pyridine, substituted bis(bromomethyl)benzenes
and (E)-1,4-dibromobut-2-ene. In some embodiments, peptide or
peptide mimetics are provided, wherein the reagent is
1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene.
[0019] In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are
provided, wherein a loop is formed between two cysteine residues.
In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are provided,
wherein the loop comprises a bridging moiety selected from the
group consisting of:
##STR00005## ##STR00006##
[0020] In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are
provided comprising a cyclic loop formed according to a method
comprising one or more chemical reactions selected from the group
consisting of a Heck reaction, a Buchwald reaction and an Olefin
metathesis.
[0021] In some embodiments, a method is provided for the treatment
or prevention of suffering from hereditary angioedema in a subject
comprising the administration to said subject in need thereof of a
therapeutically effective amount of one or more serine protease
inhibitors. In some embodiments, such methods are characterized in
that the serine protease is plasma kallikrein and the one or more
serine protease inhibitors are peptide or peptide mimetics of the
present invention. In some embodiments, methods are provided
wherein administration is selected from the group consisting of
oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous,
transdermal, and intravitreal. In some embodiments, methods are
provided wherein the inhibitor of plasma kallikrein is conjugated
to a water soluble polymer. In some embodiments, methods are
provided wherein the water soluble polymer is a hydrophilic
polymer. In some embodiments, methods are provided wherein the
hydrophilic polymer is selected from the group consisting of
polyalkylene oxide homopolymers, polypropylene glycols,
polyoxyethylenated polyols, and copolymers thereof. In some
embodiments, methods are provided wherein the water soluble polymer
is polyethylene glycol (PEG).
[0022] In some embodiments, present invention provides a
pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the peptides
or peptide mimetics of the present invention, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some
embodiments, present invention provides a kit for the diagnosis,
prognosis, prophylaxis or treatment of hereditary angioedema in a
mammal, characterized in that said kit comprises one or more plasma
kallikrein inhibitors, optionally with reagents and/or instructions
for use, wherein said one or more plasma kallikrein inhibitors
comprise; a sequence of at least 8 contiguous amino acids of any of
the peptides or peptide mimetics of the present invention. In some
embodiments, kits are provided wherein the one or more plasma
kallikrein inhibitors comprise a detectable label or can bind to a
detectable label to form a detectable complex.
[0023] In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are
provided having kallikrein inhibitory activity of less than 100 nM
IC.sub.50, 50 nM IC.sub.50, 20 nM IC.sub.50, 10 nM IC.sub.50, 5 nM
IC.sub.50 and/or 1 nM IC.sub.50. In some embodiments, such peptide
or peptide mimetics are cyclic. In some embodiments, peptide or
peptide mimetics are provided having an IC.sub.50 of less than 50
nM and/or less than 10 nM against human kallikrein. In some
embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are provided having an
IC.sub.50 of less than 50 nM and/or 12 nM against both human and
mouse kallikrein.
[0024] In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are
provided, comprising at least one loop formed between two cysteine
residues. In some embodiments, peptide or peptide mimetics are
provided wherein the at least one loop is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7
amino acids in length. In some embodiments, peptide or peptide
mimetics are provided comprising the consensus sequence
Cys-(X.sub.1X.sub.2X.sub.3-)Cys-Arg-Val-R, wherein two cysteines
are joined to each other by a bridging moiety to form a loop and
-(X.sub.1X.sub.2X.sub.3-) represent a region of any independently
natural or unnatural amino acids and wherein R represents zero, one
or more amino acids. In some embodiments, peptide or peptide
mimetic inhibitors of plasma kallikrein are provided, comprising a
sequence of at least 6 contiguous amino acids of any of sequences
recited herein and having at least one peptidic bond replacement,
said at least one peptidic bond replacement being with a
non-peptide moiety. In some embodiments, such peptide or peptide
mimetic inhibitors are provided, wherein the non-peptide moiety is
selected from the group consisting of thioamide, sulfonamide,
sulfonate, phosphonamide, phosphonate phosphothioate, phosphinate,
alkane, 1 or 2 hydroxyethylene, dihydroxylethylene, C--C single
bond (alkane), C--C double bond (alkene), C--C triple bond
(alkyne), C--C bond (methyleneoxy), O--N or N--O
bond,(methylenemino), triazole, hydrazide, urea, ketone, urethane
bond, (di)haloalkene, methylenemercapto, methyleneamino,
trifluoroethylamino, hydrazide and amideoxy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] The present invention relates to the discovery of novel
peptides, specifically cyclic peptides and peptide mimetics which
are useful in the diagnosis and/or treatment of disease in which
the inhibition of plasma kallikrein is desirable.
[0026] As used herein, a "mimetic" refers to a molecule which
exhibits some of the properties or features of another molecule. A
"peptide mimetic" (also referred to as a peptidomimetic) is a
mimetic in which the molecule contains non-peptidic structural
elements that are capable of mimicking or antagonizing the
biological action(s) of a natural peptide. A peptidomimetic may
have many similarities to natural peptides, such as: amino acid
side chains that are not found among the known 20 proteinogenic
amino acids, non-peptide-based linkers used to effect cyclization
between the ends or internal portions of the molecule,
substitutions of the amide bond hydrogen moiety by methyl groups
(N-methylation) or other alkyl groups, replacement of a peptide
bond with a chemical group or bond that is resistant to chemical or
enzymatic treatments, N- and C-terminal modifications, and
conjugation with a non-peptidic extension (such as polyethylene
glycol, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleoside
bases, various small molecules, or phosphate or sulfate groups). As
used herein, the term "cyclic peptide mimetic" or "cyclic
polypeptide mimetic" refers to a peptide mimetic that has as part
of its structure one or more cyclic features such as a loop,
bridging moiety, and/or an internal linkage. As used herein, the
term "bridging moiety" refers to one or more components of a bridge
formed between two adjacent or non-adjacent amino acids in a
polypeptide. The bridging moiety may be of any size or composition.
In some embodiments, a bridging moiety comprises one or more
chemical bonds between two adjacent or non-adjacent amino acids. In
some embodiments, such chemical bonds may be between one or more
functional groups on adjacent or non-adjacent amino acids. In some
embodiments, the bridging moiety comprises one or more features
including, but not limited to a disulfide bonds, thioether bonds
and cyclic rings. In some embodiments, the bridging moiety
comprises a disulfide bond formed between two cysteine residues. In
some embodiments, the bridging moiety comprises one or more
thioether bonds. In some embodiments, bridging moieties comprise
non-protein or non-peptide based moieties, including, but not
limited to cyclic rings [including, but not limited to aromatic
ring structures (e.g. xylyls)]. Such bridging moieties may be
introduced by reaction with reagents containing multiple reactive
halides, including, but not limited to poly(bromomethyl)benzenes,
poly(bromomethyl)pyridines, poly(bromomethyl)alkylbenzenes and/or
(E)-1,4-dibromobut-2-ene. In some embodiments, bridging moieties of
the present invention include, but are not limited to the following
structures:
##STR00007## ##STR00008##
wherein each X is independently N or CH, such that no ring contains
more than 2 N; each Z is independently a bond, NR, O, S, CH.sub.2,
C(O)NR, NRC(O), S(O).sub.vNR, NRS(O).sub.v; each m is independently
selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; each v is independently selected from
1 and 2; each R is independently selected from H and
C.sub.1-C.sub.6; and each bridging moiety is connected to the
peptide by independently selected C.sub.0-C.sub.6 spacers.
[0027] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although
methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the practice or testing of the cyclic
peptides and methods featured in the invention, suitable methods
and materials are described below.
Peptides as Drugs
[0028] By virtue of their size and complexity, peptides are able to
form numerous, highly specific contacts with their biological
targets and can show a high level of selectivity for the correct or
desired target as compared to a closely related target within the
same family. In the case of plasma kallikrein, several serine
proteases (such as, but not limited to, Factor XIa, Factor XIIa,
plasmin and the like) show close similarity to plasma kallikrein
and are often inhibited by the same small molecule inhibitors.
Although a small molecule identified as a potent inhibitor of
plasma kallikrein may inhibit Factor XIa less potently, the level
of inhibition may be inadequate to prevent inactivation of Factor
XIa, with undesirable effects on the normal blood coagulation
cascade. Such "off-target effects" or "side effects" often cause
highly effective drugs to fail regulatory approval due to safety
concerns.
[0029] Numerous peptides have been developed into effective drugs.
These include, but are not limited to, insulin, glucagon-like
peptide 1 (GLP-1), somatostatin, vasopressin, cyclosporine A, and
the like. In a case such as insulin, the therapeutic peptide can be
identical to the naturally occurring molecule (i.e. that which
circulates in humans and is considered "wild-type" in the human
population). In many other cases, the peptide is not suitable or
sub-optimal for therapeutic use due to a short circulating
half-life that is often due to metabolic instability in the body.
In these cases a modified or a variant form of the peptide
(peptidomimetic) is used which results in improved pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic behavior. In other cases a peptide derived from
a natural source has an equivalent mechanism of action but a
preferred pharmaceutical profile and can be used as a therapy. For
example, exenatide, a synthetic version of exedin-4, has biological
properties similar to human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and has
been approved by the FDA for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
type 2. As another example, salmon calcitonin, calcitonin extracted
from the Ultimobranchial glands of salmon, resembles human
calcitonin but is more active than human calcitonin and may be used
to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, paget's
disease, bone metastases and phantom limb pain.
[0030] Peptides are typically limited to non-oral routes of
administration. In nearly all cases, peptides and peptidomimetics
must be delivered by injection, since even very short peptides
(e.g., peptides with 4-10 amino acid residues) are incapable or
poorly capable of passing through the cell membranes lining the
intestinal tract. For efficient oral availability, drugs typically
need to pass through both the luminal and basolateral membranes of
gut epithelial cells in order to enter the systemic circulation.
The poor membrane permeability and lack of oral bioavailability of
peptides significantly limits their therapeutic use.
[0031] The effectiveness of a peptide as a drug may be influenced
by it proteolytic stability. Within the body, peptides can be
modified or degraded by enzymes, which can limit their
effectiveness for interacting with an intended target. Maintaining
a given level of a therapeutic peptide within the body or the
bloodstream may be difficult due to efflux. The rate of efflux of a
peptide from the body may vary and should be monitored when
considering the administration of therapeutic peptides.
[0032] Metabolic stability of peptides is important as it is
related to their global flexibility, intramolecular fluctuations,
various internal dynamic processes as well as many biologic
functions. The metabolic stability of peptides may be critical in
the development of pharmaceuticals it may affect parameters such
as, but not limited to, clearance, half-life and bioavailability of
the drugs.
[0033] In general, the properties of natural peptides are generally
not well suited for use as human therapeutics. Inhibitors of plasma
kallikrein comprised exclusively of natural amino acids are
unlikely to display the proteolytic and metabolic stability needed
for use as human therapeutics. There remains a significant medical
need for highly potent and highly specific plasma kallikrein
inhibitors and formulations of plasma kallikrein inhibitors with
properties consistent
Discovery of peptidomimetics
[0034] Peptidomimetics may be identified by a variety of means. In
some cases a naturally occurring peptide or a sequence found in a
natural protein is used as a starting point. In these instances,
the starting peptide sequence has been chosen because it is known
to physically interact with a desired target molecule. A natural
peptide may be chosen because it is an agonist or antagonist for a
receptor, inhibits an enzyme, or modulates a channel. A sequence
found in a natural protein may be chosen because it comprises a
domain that participates in an interaction with another protein or
some other molecule in a human or animal. In many cases, structural
data on interacting proteins can be obtained from public databases
(e.g. the RCSB Protein Data Bank; H. M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z.
Feng, G. Gilliland, T. N. Bhat, H. Weissig, I. N. Shindyalov, P. E.
Bourne (2000) The Protein Data Bank Nucleic Acids Research, 28:
235-242) and the specific region of a protein that interacts with
the desired target can be identified from crystallographic data on
the protein complex. In other cases, peptides corresponding to
various portions of a protein can be prepared and tested for
binding to a target of interest. Once identified, chemical
modifications are introduced to improve its stability and potency,
with the resulting peptidomimetic having improved pharmacokinetic
or pharmacodynamic parameters.
[0035] In other cases, a peptide is isolated by one of several
methods for isolating peptide sequences from libraries of peptides
based on their affinities to specific target proteins, nucleic
acids, carbohydrates, lipids, or whole cells. Such methods include
phage display, mRNA display, ribosome display, DNA display,
DNA-encoded assembly, and two-hybrid screening, as well as their
modifications (See, e.g., Takashashi, T. T et al. (2003). Trends in
Biochem. Sci. 28(3):159-165; Kay, B. K. et al. (2001). Methods.
24:240-246; He, M and Taussig, M (2002). Briefings in Functional
Genomics and Proteomics. 1(2): 204-212; Rothe, A. et al. (2006).
The FASEB Journal. 20(10):1599-1610; all of which are included
herein by reference in their entireties.)
[0036] Polypeptides can adopt three-dimensional structures that are
capable of binding to other biological molecules with certain
degrees of affinity and specificity. Some will bind with very high
affinity and specificity. A library of random polypeptide sequences
will be populated by molecules with a wide variety of
three-dimensional structures. In order to isolate a polypeptide
with a conformation that interacts with a specific target protein,
individual sequences from the library can be prepared and tested or
screened for their affinity to the target. However, for very large
libraries (>10.sup.6 members), the screening of individual
sequences for binding affinity is not feasible. To overcome this
limitation, a number of techniques have been developed to select
novel polypeptides from extremely large, complex mixtures by virtue
of their binding affinity to a target. Since high affinity binding
polypeptides are predicted to be present at a very low frequency
within the population, these selection methods rely on maintaining
a physical link between the polypeptide and the genetic material
(generally a nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA) encoding the
polypeptide so that selection of the polypeptide automatically
includes selection of a nucleic acid encoding it. The nucleic acid
encoding the selected polypeptide can be amplified and sequenced to
reveal the sequence of both the nucleic acid and the polypeptide.
In one approach, phage display (see Cwirla, S. E. et al. (1990).
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:6378-6382; Dower, W. J. and
Cwirla, S. E. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,427,908 and 5,580,717), each random
polypeptide member of the library is displayed on the surface of a
bacteriophage particle as part of a fusion protein between the
polypeptide and one of the phage coat proteins. The phage particle
provides the link between the polypeptide and the encoding DNA by
co-localizing them within the same physical entity, and the
encoding DNA can be subsequently amplified by infecting bacteria
with the selected phage. In another approach, ribosome display (see
Kawasaki, G. H. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,754 and 5,643,768), a mixture
of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules is translated in vitro in a
manner that produces, for each mRNA in the mixture, a stabilized
complex of ribosome, mRNA, and newly synthesized polypeptide
protruding from the ribosome. Stabilizing the complex permits it to
be held together while the polypeptides are screened for binding to
a target of interest. The mRNAs encoding the selected polypeptides
can be amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then
characterized, e.g., by sequencing.
[0037] In yet another approach, mRNA display (see Szostak, J. W.
and Roberts, R. W., U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,558, the contents of which
are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), each mRNA
molecule in the library is modified by the covalent addition of a
puromycin-like moiety at its 3' terminus. The puromycin-like moiety
is an aminoacyl-tRNA acceptor stem analog that functions as a
peptidyl acceptor, and can be added to a growing polypeptide chain
by the peptidyl transferase activity of a ribosome translating the
mRNA. During in vitro translation, the mRNA and the encoded
polypeptide become covalently linked through the puromycin-like
moiety, creating an RNA-polypeptide fusion. After selecting a
fusion molecule by binding of its polypeptide component to a
target, the RNA component of the selected fusion molecule can be
amplified using PCR, and then characterized. Several other methods
have been developed to produce a physical linkage between a
polypeptide and its encoding nucleic acid to facilitate selection
and amplification (see Yanagawa, H., Nemoto, N., Miyamoto, E., and
Husimi, Y., U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,943; Nemoto, H., Miyamoto-Sato, E.,
Husimi, H., and Yanagawa, H. (1997). FEBS Lett. 414:405-408; Gold,
L., Tuerk, C., Pribnow, D., and Smith, J. D., U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,843,701 and 6,194,550; Williams, R. B., U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,781;
Baskerville, S. and Bartel, D. P. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 99:9154-9159; Baskerville, D. S. and Bartel, D. P., U.S. Pat.
No. 6,716,973; Sergeeva, A. et al. (2006). Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
58:1622-1654; the contents of each of which are incorporated herein
by reference in their entirety).
[0038] mRNA display is a particularly useful method for creating
large libraries of peptides. Accordingly, provided herein are
methods of selecting for a polypeptide (or an mRNA encoding a
polypeptide) that interacts with plasma kallikrein. A library will
generally contain at least 10.sup.2 members, more preferably at
least 10.sup.6 members, and more preferably at least 10.sup.9
members (e.g., any of the mRNA-polypeptide complexes). In some
embodiments, the library will include at least 10.sup.12 members or
at least 10.sup.14 members. In general, the members will differ
from each other; however, it is expected there will be some degree
of redundancy in any library. The library can exist as a single
mixture of all members, or can be divided into several pools held
in separate containers or wells, each containing a subset of the
library, or the library can be a collection of containers or wells
on a plate, each container or well containing just one or a few
members of the library.
[0039] Each mRNA in the library preferably comprises a translation
initiation sequence, a start codon, and a variable polypeptide
(e.g., protein or short peptide) coding region that is generated
by, for example, a random or semi-random assembly of nucleotides,
and varies from mRNA to mRNA in the library (though there will
likely be some degree of redundancy within the library). The
translation initiation sequence, start codon, and variable
polypeptide coding region can be flanked by known, fixed sequences
that can be used for PCR amplification of the mRNA, e.g., after
selection. Other fixed sequences that can be present include those
corresponding to sequences that encode amino acids that can
participate in chemical or enzymatic cross-linking reactions, such
that the polypeptide produced can be modified or derivatized after
translation, or that encode a fixed C-terminal extension such as a
polypeptide tag that can facilitate purification of the
peptide-mRNA fusions.
[0040] Once a library of mRNA derivatized with puromycin is
generated, the library can be translated. The resulting
polypeptides (e.g., displayed polypeptides) will be linked to their
corresponding mRNAs as described herein (e.g., as an
mRNA-polypeptide complex).
[0041] Numerous in vitro translation systems have been described in
the literature. The most common systems utilize rabbit reticulocyte
lysates, wheat germ extracts, or E. coli extracts, which are
available from a number of commercial sources in kit form (e.g.,
Ambion, Austin, Tex.; Promega, Madison, Wis.; Novagen/EMD
Chemicals, Gibbstown, N.J.; Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.).
[0042] Unlike phage display or other systems that rely on
translation within cells, mRNA display is readily adapted to
directly produce libraries of peptidomimetics rather than peptides
by performing in vitro translation with unnatural or non-standard
amino acids. The 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids are
identified by either the one-letter or three-letter designations as
follows: aspartic acid (Asp:D), isoleucine threonine (Thr:T),
leucine (Leu:L), serine (Ser:S), tyrosine (Tyr:Y), glutamic acid
(Glu:E), phenylalanine (Phe:F), proline (Pro:P), histidine (His:H),
glycine (Gly:G), lysine (Lys:K), alanine (Ala:A), arginine (Arg:R),
cysteine (Cys:C), tryptophan (Trp:W), valine (Val:V), glutamine
(Gln:Q) methionine (Met:M), asparagine (Asn:N). Naturally occurring
amino acids include only their levorotary (L) stereoisomeric
forms.
[0043] Unnatural amino acids have side chains or other structures
not present in the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids listed above
and include, but are not limited to: N-methyl amino acids, N-alkyl
amino acids, alpha, alpha substituted amino acids, beta-amino
acids, alpha-hydroxy amino acids, D-amino acids, and other
unnatural amino acids known in the art (See, e.g., Josephson et
al., (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 11727-11735; Forster, A. C. et
al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 6353-6357; Subtelny et
al., (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130: 6131-6136; Hartman, M. C. T. et
al. (2007) PLoS ONE 2:e972; and Hartman et al., (2006) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 103:4356-4361).
[0044] Essentially any amino acid that, when attached to an
appropriate tRNA, can be assembled into a polymer by natural or
mutant ribosomes can be used (see Sando, S. et al., (2007) J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 129:6180-6186; Dedkova, L. et al. (2003) J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 125: 6616-6617; Josephson, K., Hartman, M. C. T., and Szostak,
J. W. (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:11727-11735; Forster, A. C. et
al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:6353-6357; Subtelny, A.
O., Hartman, M. C. T., and Szostak, J. W. (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc.
130:6131-6136; and Hartman, M. C. T. et al. (2007) PLoS ONE
2:e972).
[0045] When unnatural amino acids are desired, it may be
advantageous to use a purified translation system that lacks
endogenous aminoacylated tRNAs (Shimizu, Y. et al. (2001) Nat.
Biotech. 19:751-755; Josephson, K., Hartman, M. C. T., and Szostak,
J. W. (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 11727-11735; Forster, A.C. et
al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 6353-6357). If unnatural
amino acids are used with an in vitro translation system based on a
lysate or extract, it may be desirable to deplete the extract of
endogenous tRNAs, as previously described (see Jackson, R. J.,
Napthine, S., and Brierley, I. (2001) RNA 7:765-773). A system
based on purified E. coli translation factors is commercially
available (PURExpress.TM.; New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.).
These systems are particularly useful for translation with
unnatural amino acids to produce peptidomimetics.
[0046] When using natural amino acids with an in vitro translation
system based on a lysate or extract, translation is dependent on
the enzymatic charging of amino acids onto tRNAs by tRNA
synthetases, all of which are components of the extracts.
Alternatively, in vitro translation systems that use purified
translation factors and ribosomes, or tRNA-depleted extracts,
require that aminoacylated tRNAs be provided. In these instances,
purified or in vitro synthesized tRNAs can be charged with amino
acids using chemical (see Frankel, A., Millward, S. W., and
Roberts, R. W. (2003) Chem. Biol. 10:1043-1050) or enzymatic
procedures (Josephson, K., Hartman, M. C. T., and Szostak, J. W.
(2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 11727-11735; Murakami, H. et al.
(2006) Nat. Methods 3:357-359).
[0047] Numerous publications describe the recovery of
mRNA-displayed polypeptides from translation complexes, and these
are suitable for use with the methods described herein (Liu, R. et
al. (2000). Methods Enzymol. 318:268-293; Baggio, R. et al. (2002).
J. Mol. Recognit. 15:126-134; U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,804). The
recovery of mRNA-displayed polypeptides may be facilitated by the
use of various "tags" that are included in the polypeptide by
translation of fixed sequences of the polypeptide coding sequence
and which bind to specific substrates or molecules. Numerous
reagents for capturing such tags are commercially available,
including reagents for capturing the His-tag, FLAG-tag,
glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag, strep-tag, HSV-tag, T7-tag,
S-tag, DsbA-tag, DsbC-tag, Nus-tag, myc-tag, hemagglutinin
(HA)-tag, or Trx-tag (Novagen, Gibbstown, N.J.; Pierce, Rockford,
Ill.). mRNA-displayed peptides can also be isolated by binding of a
polyA tail on the mRNA to polydT resin, or a combination of a polyA
tail and a His-tag.
[0048] After the in vitro translation reaction has been performed,
and prior to the selection step, the mRNA portion of the
functionalized RNA is typically reversed-transcribed to produce a
RNA-DNA hybrid molecule (e.g., a cDNA). This serves to protect the
RNA from degradation, and also prevents the RNA from folding into a
secondary structure that could bind to the selection target, which
would lead to selection of inappropriate products (e.g., the
selection of RNA aptamers rather than polypeptide aptamers).
[0049] After in vitro translation and isolation of peptide-mRNA
fusions, the peptide moiety may be modified by intramolecular or
intermolecular cross-linking, chemical conjugation, enzymatic
cleavage, truncation, or extension with additional amino acid
monomers. One way to accomplish this is by incorporating unnatural
amino acids with reactive side chains into the polypeptides that
make up the library. After translation, the newly formed
polypeptides can be reacted with molecules that react specifically
with the reactive side chain of the incorporated amino acid. For
example, an amino acid with a terminal alkyne side chain can be
incorporated into the polypeptide library and subsequently reacted
with an azido sugar, creating a library of displayed polypeptides
with sugars attached at the positions of the alkynyl side chains
(Josephson, K., Hartman, M. C. T., and Szostak, J. W. (2005) J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 127: 11727-11735). A variety of reactive side chains can
be used for such post-translational conjugation, including amines,
carboxyl groups, azides, terminal alkynes, alkenes, and thiols.
[0050] One particularly useful modification is based on the
cross-linking of amino acids to produce cyclic structures. Cyclic
regions in a protein contain a rigid domain, which reduces
conformational flexibility and degrees of rotational freedom,
leading to very high affinity binding to target proteins. A number
of methods for cyclizing a polypeptide are available to those
skilled in the art and are incorporated herein by reference.
Typically, the chemical reactivity of specific amino acid side
chains and/or the carboxyl or amino termini of the polypeptide are
exploited to crosslink two sites of the polypeptide to produce a
cyclic molecule. In one method, the thiol groups of two cysteine
residues are cross-linked by reaction with dibromoxylene (see
Timmerman, P. et al., (2005) Chem Bio Chem 6:821-824). Tri- and
tetrabromoxylene can be used to produce polypeptides with two and
three loops, respectively.
[0051] In another exemplary method, a side chain amino group and a
terminal amino group are cross-linked with disuccinimidyl glutarate
(see Millward, S. W. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:14142-14143,
2005). In other approaches, cyclization is accomplished by making a
thioether bridging group between two sites on the polypeptide (see
Timmerman, P. et al., (2005) Chem Bio Chem 6:821-824; incorporated
by reference herein in its entirety). One chemical method relies on
the incorporation of an N-chloroacetyl modified amino acid at the
N-terminus of the polypeptide, followed by spontaneous reaction
with the thiol side chain of an internal cysteine residue (see
Goto, Y. et al. (2008) ACS Chem. Biol. 3:120-129). An enzymatic
method relies on the reaction between (1) a cysteine and (2) a
dehydroalanine or dehydrobutyrine group, catalyzed by a lantibiotic
synthetase, to create the thioether bridging group (see Levengood,
M. R. and Van der Donk, W. A., Bioorg. and Med. Chem. Lett.
18:3025-3028, 2008). The dehydro functional group can also be
generated chemically by the oxidation of selenium containing amino
acid side chains incorporated during translation (see Seebeck, F.
P. and Szostak, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006).
[0052] A library of mRNA-polypeptide fusions (also referred to
herein as an mRNA display library) generated using the methods
described above, and which may or not have been subjected to a
post-translational modification (such as cyclization of the
polypeptide, as described above), can be subjected to a batch
selection step to isolate those complexes displaying desirable
polypeptides. When plasma kallikrein is used, in the selection step
it is typically isolated by purification from a natural biological
source or from a recombinant DNA expression system. If desirable,
plasma kallikrein isolated from either source may be first
activated by treated with Factor XIIa.
[0053] Typically, the activated plasma kallikrein is conjugated to
a solid substrate, such as an agarose or synthetic polymer bead.
Numerous methods are available for immobilizing plasma kallikrein
to a solid support. In one particularly useful method, plasma
kallikrein is conjugated to biotin and streptavidin beads are used
to immobilize the enzyme. The beads comprising the immobilized
plasma kallikrein are mixed with the mRNA display library and
incubated under conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic strength,
divalent cations, and competing binding molecules) that permit
specific members of the library to bind the target. Alternatively,
the enzyme can be free in solution and, after binding to an
appropriate polypeptide, the mRNA-polypeptide fusions bound to
plasma kallikrein are captured by appropriately modified beads.
[0054] The binding conditions can be varied in order to change the
stringency of the selection. For example, low concentrations of a
competitive binding agent can be added to ensure that the selected
polypeptides have a relatively higher affinity. Alternatively, the
incubation period can be chosen to be very brief, such that only
polypeptides with high k.sub.on rates will be isolated. In this
manner, the incubation conditions play an important role in
determining the properties of the selected polypeptides. Negative
selections can also be employed. In this case, a selection to
remove polypeptides with affinity to the substrate to which the
target is bound (e.g., Sepharose) is carried out by applying the
displayed library to substrate beads lacking the target protein.
This step can remove mRNAs and their encoded polypeptides that are
not specific for the target protein. Numerous references describing
how to conduct selection experiments are available. (See, e.g.,
U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,558, incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety; Smith, G. P. and Petrenko, V. A., (1997) Chem. Rev.
97:391-410; Keefe, A. D. and Szostak, J. W. (2001) Nature
15:715-718; Baggio, R. et al. (2002) J. Mol. Recog. 15:126-134;
Sergeeva, A. et al. (2006) Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58:1622-1654).
[0055] The frequency at which binding molecules are present in a
library of random sequences is expected to be very low. Thus, in
the initial selection step, very few polypeptides meeting the
selection criteria (and their associated mRNAs) should be
recovered. Typically, the selection is repeated with mRNAs selected
from the first round of selection. This is accomplished by using
PCR to amplify the mRNAs or corresponding cDNAs selected in the
first round, followed by in vitro transcription to produce a new
library of mRNAs. PCR primers corresponding to the 5' and 3' ends
of the mRNAs in the library are used. Typically, the 5' primer will
extend in the 5' direction beyond the end of the mRNA so that a
bacterial promoter, such as a T7 promoter, is added to the 5' end
of each amplified molecule. Once amplified, the double-stranded DNA
can be used in an in vitro transcription reaction to generate the
mRNA for a subsequent round of selection.
[0056] The selection process typically involves a number of rounds
or cycles, in which the pool of selected molecules is incrementally
enriched in a specific set of sequences at the end of each round.
The selection conditions may be the same for each round, or the
conditions may change, for example, in order to increase the
stringency of selection in later rounds. The progress of selection
may be monitored by the use of isotopically-labeled amino acids,
such as .sup.35S methionine. The amount of radiolabeled polypeptide
bound to the target at each round is measured, and a progressive
increase in recovered radiolabel is indicative of a progressive
enrichment in RNA molecules encoding polypeptides with binding
affinity to the target. After any round, the PCR products may be
cloned and sequenced. Generally, cloning and sequencing is
performed after a round in which appreciable (e.g. >2% over
background to beads lacking immobilized plasma kallikrein) amounts
of radiolabeled polypeptide are recovered in the target-bound pool.
Sequences that are found in multiple isolates are candidates for
encoding polypeptides that bind specifically to the target.
Alternatively, high throughput sequencing of thousands of clones
can be performed after the first or subsequent rounds. Sequences
that increase in frequency between the third and fourth rounds are
candidates for encoding polypeptides that bind specifically to the
target. The polypeptide encoded by any sequence may be translated
or synthesized and tested for binding affinity to the original
target protein used in the selection.
[0057] The libraries and methods of the present invention may be
used to optimize the function or properties of a polypeptide. In
one approach, mutagenic PCR (Keefe, A.D. and Szostak, J. W. (2001).
Nature 15:715-718) is used to introduce sequence variation in the
library once the population is enriched in polypeptides with a
certain level of binding affinity. Alternatively, a single RNA
sequence encoding a polypeptide with defined binding properties can
be replicated but with a defined level of mutations, or mutagenic
PCR can be performed to produce a pool of mutant molecules. Upon in
vitro translation the resulting mixture of mRNA molecules produced
from such a pool is expected to encode polypeptides with a range of
improved, similar, or reduced affinities as compared to the
starting sequence, and a selection performed on mRNAs from such a
pool may be expected to identify polypeptides with improved
affinity if an appropriate stringency regimen is used during the
selection.
[0058] In a second approach, optimization is performed in a
directed manner. A sequence encoding a polypeptide with established
binding or functional properties is subjected to site-directed
mutagenesis, whereby a series of sequences is produced, with each
sequence having one codon replaced with, for example, an alanine
codon. The number of sequences in the set is equal to the number of
amino acid residues that are to be mutated. After in vitro
translation, the polypeptide product of each "alanine scanning"
mutant is tested for binding or functional properties. Sites at
which an alanine substitution affects the binding or function of
the polypeptide are considered critical residues. Similarly, an
N-methyl scan may be performed, such that each residue is replaced
with the N-methyl derivative, and positions in the peptide backbone
that can tolerate N-methyl substitutions can be identified.
[0059] Alternatively, the sequences can be pooled, subjected to one
or more rounds of a high stringency selection, and a pool of
sequences representing high affinity binding polypeptides is
isolated. Critical residues are identified after DNA sequencing of
the recovered DNA as those that cannot be substituted by an alanine
residue without loss of activity. Once the critical residues are
identified, a pool of mRNA molecules encoding a wide variety of
natural (or unnatural) amino acids at each critical position is
produced. The resulting pool is subjected to one or more rounds of
a high stringency selection (with the appropriate mixture of tRNAs
charged with natural or unnatural amino acids), and sequences
representing high affinity binding polypeptides are isolated after
in vitro translation. In this manner, an optimal polypeptide can be
identified. Since the optimal sequence may not necessarily be
identified by combining optimal residues at individual sites, it is
useful to test mutations at multiple sites in combination.
[0060] Both alanine and N-methyl scanning can also be performed
using chemical synthesis approaches, such as solid phase peptide
synthesis (see e.g., Coin, I et al. (2007). Nature Protcols
2(12):3247-56), for producing peptides.
[0061] Once a pool, population or subset of peptides is identified,
they may be evaluated for therapeutic or diagnostic applications,
including improved pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic
properties.
[0062] In one embodiment, peptides are evaluated for one or more of
target binding affinity, activity in biochemical or cell based
assays, protease resistance, in vitro or in vivo permeability,
presence of drug like properties such as plasma protein binding,
metabolism (in microsomes, hepatocytes, or plasma), and PGP/CYP
inhibition. Peptides of the present invention may also undergo
testing for oral bioavailability, toxicity, hERG activity,
circulating half-life, other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
parameters, and efficacy in animal models of disease.
Cyclic Peptides and Cyclic Peptidomimetics of the Invention
[0063] According to the present invention, once a single peptide or
a pool of candidate peptide molecules is identified, they may
undergo one or more rounds of structure activity relationship (SAR)
optimization using standard chemical and peptide synthesis
techniques. Such optimization may include considerations such as
avoiding charged polar side chains (Asp, Glu, Arg, Lys) that may
inhibit cell penetration, avoidance of side chains that pose
metabolic liabilities (Tyr, Met, Trp, Cys), improving solubility,
avoidance of unnecessary molecular weight, avoidance of rotatable
bonds, and lipophilicity.
[0064] In one embodiment, it is a goal of the present invention to
provide cyclic peptide mimetics designed to be metabolically stable
and cell permeable.
[0065] As used herein, the term "amino acid" includes the residues
of the natural amino acids as well as unnatural amino acids. The
term also includes amino acids bearing a conventional amino
protecting group (e.g. acetyl or benzyloxycarbonyl), as well as
natural and unnatural amino acids protected at the carboxy terminus
(e.g., as a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkyl, phenyl or benzyl ester or
amide; or as an alpha-methylbenzyl amide). Other suitable amino and
carboxy protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art
(See for example, Greene, T. W.; Wutz, P. G. M., Protecting Groups
In Organic Synthesis; second edition, 1991, New York, John Wiley
& sons, Inc, and documents cited therein). The peptide
compositions of the present invention may also include modified
amino acids.
[0066] Unnatural amino acids useful for the optimization of
kallikrein inhibiting peptides include, but are not limited to,
homolysine, homoarginine, homoserine, 2-aminoadipic acid,
3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine, aminopropionic acid,
2-aminobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, 6-aminocaproic acid,
2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisbutyric
acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2,4-diaminoisobutyric acid, desmosine,
2,2'-diaminopimelic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid,
N-ethylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, homoproline, hydroxylysine,
allo-hydroxylysine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline,
isodesmosine, allo-isoleucine, N-methylpentylglycine,
naphthylalanine, ornithine, pentylglycine, thioproline, norvaline,
tert-butylglycine, phenylglycine, 7-azatryptophan,
4-fluorophenylalanine, penicillamine, sarcosine, homocysteine,
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic
acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid,
4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, aminoisobuteric acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, cyclopentylglycine,
cyclohexylglycine, cyclopropylglycine,
.eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine, 4-chlorophenylalanine,
3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, 5-fluorotryptophan,
5-chlorotryptophan, citrulline, 4-chloro-homophenylalanine,
homophenylalanine, 4-aminomethyl-phenylalanine,
3-aminomethyl-phenylalanine, octylglycine, norleucine, tranexamic
acid, 2-amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid, 2-amino
heptanoic acid, 2-amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic acid,
2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino dodecanoic
acid, aminovaleric acid, and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid,
pipecolic acid, 2-carboxy azetidine, hexafluoroleucine,
3-Fluorovaline, 2-amino-4,4-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid,
3-fluoro-isoleucine, 4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine,
4-methyl-phenylglycine, 4-ethyl-phenylglycine,
isopropyl-phenylglycine, (S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino)
pentanoic acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic
acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic acid,
(S)-leucinol, (S)-valinol, (S)-tert-leucinol,
(R)-3-methylbutan-2-amine, (S)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-amine, and
(S)-N,2-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid, and
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid and the D and L
stereoisomers thereof.
[0067] Modified amino acid residues useful for the optimization of
kallikrein inhibiting peptides include, but are not limited to
those which are chemically blocked, reversibly or irreversibly, or
chemically modified on their N-terminal amino group or their side
chain groups, as for example, N-methylated D and L natural or
unnatural amino acids or residues wherein the side chain functional
groups are chemically modified to another functional group. For
example, modified amino acids include without limitation,
methionine sulfoxide; methionine sulfone; aspartic
acid-(beta-methyl ester), a modified amino acid of aspartic acid;
N-ethylglycine, a modified amino acid of glycine; or alanine
carboxamide, and a modified amino acid of alanine. Unnatural amino
acids may be purchased from Sigma Aldrich or other supplier.
Unnatural amino acids may further include any of those listed in
Table 2 of US patent publication US 2011/0172126, the contents of
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0068] The amino acid sequences of the peptides of the invention
may comprise only naturally occurring amino acids and as such may
be considered to be peptides, polypeptides, or fragments thereof.
Alternatively, the peptides may comprise both naturally and
non-naturally occurring or modified amino acids or be exclusively
comprised of non-naturally occurring amino acids. According to the
present invention, the compositions identified may be "peptide
mimetics," "peptidomimetics," "peptides," "polypeptides," or
"proteins." While it is known in the art that these terms imply
relative size, these terms as used herein should not be considered
limiting with respect to the size of the various polypeptide based
molecules referred to herein and which are encompassed within this
invention, unless otherwise noted.
[0069] According to the present invention, any amino acid based
molecule may be termed a "polypeptide" and this term embraces both
"peptides" and "proteins." Peptides are also a category of proteins
and are traditionally considered to range in size from about 4 to
about 50 amino acids. Dipeptides, those having two amino acid
residues are a category of peptide as are tripeptides (3 amino
acids). Polypeptides larger than about 50 amino acids are generally
termed "proteins." Peptide, polypeptide and/or proteins sequences
may be linear or cyclic. For example, a cyclic peptide can be
prepared or may result from the formation of disulfide bridges
between two cysteine residues in a sequence. A peptide can be
linked through the carboxy terminus, the amino terminus, or through
any other convenient point of attachment, such as, for example,
through the sulfur of a cysteine or any side-chain of an amino acid
residue or other linkage including, but not limited to, a maleimide
linkage, an amide linkage, an ester linkage, an ether linkage, a
thiol ether linkage, a hydrazone linkage, or an acetamide
linkage.
[0070] The term "amino acid sequence variant" refers to molecules
with some differences in their amino acid sequences as compared to
a native sequence. The amino acid sequence variants may possess
substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions at certain positions
within the amino acid sequence. Ordinarily, variants will possess
at least about 70% homology to a native or starting sequence, and
preferably, they will be at least about 80%, more preferably at
least about 90% homologous to a native or starting sequence.
[0071] "Homology" as it applies to amino acid sequences is defined
as the percentage of residues in the candidate amino acid sequence
that are identical with the residues in the amino acid sequence of
a second sequence after aligning the sequences and introducing
gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent homology.
Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in
the art. It is understood that homology depends on a calculation of
percent identity but may differ in value due to gaps and penalties
introduced in the calculation.
[0072] By "homologs" as it applies to amino acid sequences is meant
the corresponding sequence of other species having substantial
identity to a second sequence of a second species.
[0073] "Analogs" is meant to include polypeptide variants which
differ by one or more amino acid alterations, e.g., substitutions,
additions or deletions of amino acid residues that still maintain
one or more of the properties of the parent or starting
polypeptide.
[0074] The present invention contemplates several types of
composition that are amino acid based including variants and
derivatives. These include substitutional, insertional, deletion
and covalent variants and derivatives. The term "derivative" is
used synonymously with the term "variant" and refers to a molecule
that has been modified or changed in any way relative to a
reference molecule or starting molecule.
[0075] As such, included within the scope of this invention are
polypeptide based molecules containing substitutions, insertions
and/or additions, deletions and covalently modifications. For
example, sequence tags or amino acids, such as one or more lysines,
can be added to the peptide sequences of the invention (e.g., at
the N-terminal or C-terminal ends). Sequence tags can be used for
peptide purification or localization. Lysines can be used to
increase peptide solubility or to allow for site specific
modifications, such as, but not limited to, biotinylation or
PEGylation. Alternatively, amino acid residues located at the
carboxy and amino terminal regions of the amino acid sequence of a
peptide or protein may optionally be deleted providing for
truncated sequences. Certain amino acids (e.g., C-terminal or
N-terminal residues) may alternatively be deleted depending on the
use of the sequence, as for example, expression of the sequence as
part of a larger sequence, which is soluble, or linked to a solid
support.
[0076] "Substitutional variants" when referring to polypeptides are
those that have at least one amino acid residue in a native or
starting sequence removed and a different amino acid inserted in
its place at the same position. The substitutions may be single,
where only one amino acid in the molecule has been substituted, or
they may be multiple, where two or more amino acids have been
substituted in the same molecule.
[0077] As used herein the term "conservative amino acid
substitution" refers to the substitution of an amino acid that is
normally present in the sequence with a different amino acid of
similar size, charge, or polarity. Examples of conservative
substitutions include the substitution of a non-polar (hydrophobic)
residue such as isoleucine, valine and leucine for another
non-polar residue. Likewise, examples of conservative substitutions
include the substitution of one polar (hydrophilic) residue for
another such as between arginine and lysine, between glutamine and
asparagine, and between glycine and serine. Additionally, the
substitution of a basic residue such as lysine, arginine or
histidine for another, or the substitution of one acidic residue
such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid for another acidic residue
are additional examples of conservative substitutions. Examples of
non-conservative substitutions include the substitution of a
non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acid residue such as isoleucine,
valine, leucine, alanine, methionine for a polar (hydrophilic)
residue such as cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid or lysine and/or
a polar residue for a non-polar residue.
[0078] "Isosteres" are one of two or more molecules that exhibit
some similarity of biological properties as a result of having the
same number of total or valence electrons in the same arrangement
and that consist of different atoms, not necessarily the same
number of atoms. There are two classes of isosteres, classical and
non-classical. Classical isosteres have the same number of atoms
and/or the same number of valence electrons whereas non-classical
isosteres are molecules that produce a similar biological effect in
vivo but do not have the same number of atom and/or valence
electrons.
[0079] According to the present invention, "peptide isosteres" are
defined as isosteres having properties resembling peptides. Peptide
isosteres may be of a linear type comprising at least one peptide
bond replacement or may be cyclic and comprise an amine and a
carboxylic acid function. Such replacement may be with any moiety
which improves the physiochemical, structural or functional
properties of the molecule. Replacement of the peptide bond may
increase the metabolic stability of the peptides and reduce the
flexibility. Peptide isosteres described herein may be mono-, di-,
tri-, tetra-, penta-, sexta-, septa-, octa- nona- deca-peptide
isosteres, meaning that at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10
peptidic bonds may be replaced. Non-limiting examples of linear
dipeptide isosteres for amide (peptidic) bonds include thioamide,
sulfonamide, sulfonate, phosphonamide, phosphonate phosphothioate,
phosphinate, alkane, 1 or 2 hydroxyethylene, dihydroxylethylene,
C--C single bond (alkane), C--C double bond (alkene), C--C triple
bond (alkyne), C--C bond (methyleneoxy), O--N or N--O
bond,(methylenemino), triazole, hydrazide, urea, ketone, urethane
bond, (di)haloalkene, methylenemercapto, methyleneamino,
trifluoroethylamino, hydrazide, amideoxy, and others known to those
of skill in the art.
[0080] Peptide isosteres may also be cyclic molecules that are
decorated with an amine and a carboxylic acid function.
Non-limiting examples of cyclic peptide isosteres with varying ring
sizes include carbacycles, azacycles and oxacycles. Azacycles may
be based on an alkaloid core which forms a bicyclic structure
isostere. An example of an azacyclic isostere includes an isostere
based on a triazole ring formed by a copper catalyzed azide-alkyne
cycloaddtion. Cyclic peptide isosteres described herein may be bi-,
tri-, tetra-, penta- sexta-, septa-, octa- nona- deca-peptide
cyclic isosteres
[0081] "Insertional variants" when referring to polypeptides are
those with one or more amino acids inserted immediately adjacent to
an amino acid at a particular position in a native or starting
sequence. "Immediately adjacent" to an amino acid means connected
to either the alpha-carboxy or alpha-amino functional group of the
amino acid.
[0082] "Deletional variants" when referring to polypeptides are
those with one or more amino acids in the native or starting amino
acid sequence removed. Ordinarily, deletional variants will have
one or more amino acids deleted in a particular region of the
molecule.
[0083] "Features" when referring to polypeptides are defined as
distinct amino acid sequence-based components of a molecule.
Features of the polypeptide of the present invention include
surface manifestations, local conformational shape, folds, loops,
half-loops, domains, half-domains, sites, termini or any
combination thereof.
[0084] As used herein when referring to polypeptides the terms
"site" as it pertains to amino acid based embodiments is used
synonymous with "amino acid residue" and "amino acid side chain." A
site represents a position within a peptide or polypeptide that may
be modified, manipulated, altered, derivatized or varied within the
polypeptide based molecules of the present invention.
[0085] According to the present invention, the polypeptides may
comprise a consensus sequence, which is discovered through rounds
of selection. As used herein, a "consensus" sequence is a single
sequence which represents a collective population of sequences
allowing for variability at one or more sites.
Inhibitor Compounds Obtained By Alternate Cyclization
Procedures
[0086] Plasma kallikrein inhibitors may be synthesized according to
one or more of the chemical reactions described in sections A, B
and C of this section.
A. Heck Reaction
[0087] As used herein, the term "Heck reaction" refers to a
chemical reaction wherein an unsaturated halide (including, but not
limited to a bromide) reacts with an alkene group as well as a base
in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium resulting in the
formation of a substituted alkene (Mizoroki, T. et al., Arylation
of olefin with aryl iodide catalyzed by palladium. Bulletin of the
Chemical Society of Japan. 1971. 44(2):p581). For peptide mimetic
synthesis by Heck reaction, peptide containing resin may be treated
with a reaction buffer which may comprise DMF/H.sub.2O/Et.sub.3N,
Pd(OAc).sub.2, PPh.sub.3, (nBu).sub.4NCl in one portion. The
resulting suspension may be agitated overnight at 37.degree. C.
After this time, the resin may be washed. Such washing may be done
sequentially with DMF, MeOH, DCM and dried under a nitrogen gas
flow. Resulting peptides may be cleaved off from the resin with
TFA/H.sub.2O (97:3) and purified by methods known in the art
(including, but not limited to reverse phase HPLC). An example of
one such reaction is presented in Scheme 1.
##STR00009##
[0088] In some embodiments, the double bond formed in the reaction
is in the S stereochemical formation. In some embodiments, the
double bond formed in the reaction is in the R stereochemical
formation.
B. Buchwald Reaction
[0089] As used herein, the term "Buchwald reaction" refers to a
chemical reaction carried out overnight at a temperature selected
from any between 50.degree. C. and 150.degree. C. wherein a halide
(including, but not limited to a bromide) is reacted with a
chemical group comprising oxygen in the presence of toluene and a
catalyst comprising palladium. An example of one such reaction is
presented in Scheme 2.
##STR00010##
C. Olefin Metathesis
[0090] As used herein, the term "olefin metathesis" refers to a
chemical reaction comprising alkene redistribution through the
breaking and reforming of carbon-carbon double bonds. An example of
one such reaction is presented in Scheme 3.
##STR00011##
[0091] In some embodiments, the double bond formed in the reaction
is in the S stereochemical formation. In some embodiments, the
double bond formed in the reaction is in the R stereochemical
formation.
Conjugates and Combinations
[0092] According to the present invention, the polypeptides may be
modified by the addition of one or more conjugate groups. The
peptides may also be administered in the combination with one or
more additional molecules.
[0093] As used herein, a "conjugate" refers to any molecule or
moiety appended to another molecule. In the present invention,
conjugates may be protein (amino acid) based or not. Conjugates may
comprise lipids, small molecules, RNA, DNA, proteins, polymers, or
combinations thereof. Functionally, conjugates may serve as
targeting molecules or may serve as payload to be delivered to a
cell, organ or tissue. Conjugates are typically covalent
modifications introduced by reacting targeted amino acid residues
or the termini of the polypeptide with an organic derivatizing
agent that is capable of reacting with selected side-chains or
terminal residues. Such modifications are within the ordinary skill
in the art and are performed without undue experimentation.
[0094] Covalent modifications specifically include molecules in
which proteins, peptides or polypeptides of the invention are
bonded to a non-proteinaceous polymer. The non-proteinaceous
polymer ordinarily is a hydrophilic synthetic polymer, i.e. a
polymer not otherwise found in nature. However, polymers that exist
in nature and are produced by recombinant or in vitro methods are
useful, as are polymers which are isolated from nature. Hydrophilic
polyvinyl polymers fall within the scope of this invention, e.g.
polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The proteins, peptides
or polypetides may be linked to various non-proteinaceous polymers,
such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or
polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or
4,179,337.
[0095] As used herein when referring to polypeptides the terms
"site" as it pertains to amino acid based embodiments is used
synonymous with "amino acid residue" and "amino acid side chain". A
site represents a position within a peptide or polypeptide that may
be modified, manipulated, altered, derivatized or varied within the
polypeptide based molecules of the present invention.
[0096] As used herein when referring to polypeptides the term
"loop" refers to a structural feature of a polypeptide may serve to
reverse the direction of the backbone of a peptide or polypeptide.
Where the loop is found in a polypeptide and only alters the
direction of the backbone, it may comprise four or more amino acid
residues. Oliva et al. have identified at least 5 classes of
protein loops (J. Mol Biol 266 (4): 814-830; 1997). Loops may be
open or closed. Closed loops or "cyclic" loops may comprise 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids between the bridging
moieties. Such bridging moieties may comprise a cysteine-cysteine
bridge (Cys-Cys) typical in polypeptides having disulfide bridges
or alternatively bridging moieties may be non-protein based such as
the dibromozylyl agents used herein.
[0097] As used herein the terms "termini or terminus" when
referring to polypeptides refers to an extremity of a peptide or
polypeptide. Such extremity is not limited only to the first or
final site of the peptide or polypeptide but may include additional
amino acids in the terminal regions. The polypeptide based
molecules of the present invention may be characterized as having
both an N-terminus (terminated by an amino acid with a free amino
group (NH2)) and a C-terminus (terminated by an amino acid with a
free carboxyl group (COOH)). Proteins of the invention are in some
cases made up of multiple polypeptide chains brought together by
disulfide bonds or by non-covalent forces (multimers, oligomers).
These sorts of proteins will have multiple N- and C-termini.
Alternatively, the termini of the polypeptides may be modified such
that they begin or end, as the case may be, with a non-polypeptide
based moiety such as an organic conjugate.
[0098] In one embodiment, the polypeptide based molecules of the
present invention may include a terminal region. As used herein,
"terminal region" is a terminal region of amino acids that may
include a cysteine. The terminal region may be a N- and/or a
C-terminal region. The terminal region may be connected to the
parent polypeptide using a linker. As used herein, "parent
polypeptide" refers to the polypeptide that does not include the
terminal region. The terminal region may be separated from the
parent polypeptide by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more
residues. The residues added may be selected from, but are not
limited to, any natural or unnatural amino acid, the N-methylated
form of any natural or unnatural amino acid, the D-stereoisomer of
any natural or unnatural amino acid, norvaline, tert-butylglycine,
phenylglycine, 7-azatryptophan, 4-fluorophenylalanine,
penicillamine, sarcosine, homocysteine,
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic
acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid,
4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, aminoisobuteric acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, cyclopentylglycine,
cyclohexylglycine, cyclopropylglycine,
.eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine, 4-chlorophenylalanine,
3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, 5-fluorotryptophan,
5-chlorotryptophan, citrulline, 4-chloro-homophenylalanine,
homophenylalanine, 4-aminomethyl-phenylalanine,
3-aminomethyl-phenylalanine, octylglycine, norleucine, tranexamic
acid, 2-amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid, 2-amino
heptanoic acid, 2-amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic acid,
2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino dodecanoic
acid, aminovaleric acid, and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid,
pipecolic acid, 2-carboxy azetidine, hexafluoroleucine,
3-Fluorovaline, 2-amino-4,4-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid,
3-fluoro-isoleucine, 4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine,
4-methyl-phenylglycine, 4-ethyl-phenylglycine,
4-isopropyl-phenylglycine, (S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino)
pentanoic acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic
acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic acid,
(S)-leucinol, (S)-valinol, (S)-tert-leucinol,
(R)-3-methylbutan-2-amine, (S)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-amine, and
(S)-N,2-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid, and
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
[0099] In one embodiment, the polypeptide based molecules may
include a terminal modification. The modification may be on the N-
and/or C-termini and may include, but is not limited to, the
addition of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more residues in the
terminal region. The residues added may be selected from, but are
not limited to, any natural or unnatural amino acid, the
N-methylated form of any natural or unnatural amino acid, the
D-stereoisomer of any natural or unnatural amino acid, norvaline,
tert-butylglycine, phenylglycine, 7-azatryptophan,
4-fluorophenylalanine, penicillamine, sarcosine, homocysteine,
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic
acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid,
4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid, aminoisobuteric acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, cyclopentylglycine,
cyclohexylglycine, cyclopropylglycine,
.eta.-.omega.-methyl-arginine, 4-chlorophenylalanine,
3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, 5-fluorotryptophan,
5-chlorotryptophan, citrulline, 4-chloro-homophenylalanine,
homophenylalanine, 4-aminomethyl-phenylalanine,
3-aminomethyl-phenylalanine, octylglycine, norleucine, tranexamic
acid, 2-amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid, 2-amino
heptanoic acid, 2-amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic acid,
2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino dodecanoic
acid, aminovaleric acid, and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid,
pipecolic acid, 2-carboxy azetidine, hexafluoroleucine,
3-Fluorovaline, 2-amino-4,4-difluoro-3-methylbutanoic acid,
3-fluoro-isoleucine, 4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleucine,
4-methyl-phenylglycine, 4-ethyl-phenylglycine,
4-isopropyl-phenylglycine, (S)-2-amino-5-(3-methylguanidino)
pentanoic acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic
acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-4-(2-aminobenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)butanoic acid,
(S)-leucinol, (S)-valinol, (S)-tert-leucinol,
(R)-3-methylbutan-2-amine, (S)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-amine, and
(S)-N,2-dimethyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1-amine,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propanoic acid,
(S)-2-amino-3-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid, and
(S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
[0100] In one embodiment, the polypeptide based molecules may
include a terminal modification at the N- or C-termini with the
addition of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more residues and a
cysteine in the terminal region.
[0101] Once any of the features have been identified or defined as
a component of a molecule of the invention, any of several
manipulations and/or modifications of these features may be
performed by moving, swapping, inverting, deleting, randomizing or
duplicating. Furthermore, it is understood that manipulation of
features may result in the same outcome as a modification to the
molecules of the invention. For example, a manipulation which
involved deleting a domain would result in the alteration of the
length of a molecule just as modification of a nucleic acid to
encode less than a full length molecule would.
[0102] Modifications and manipulations can be accomplished by
methods known in the art such as site directed mutagenesis. The
resulting modified molecules may then be tested for activity using
in vitro or in vivo assays such as those described herein or any
other suitable screening assay known in the art.
[0103] According to the present invention, the polypeptides may
comprise a consensus sequence which is discovered through rounds of
selection. In one embodiment the consensus sequence may comprise
Cys-(X.sub.1X.sub.2X.sub.3-)Cys-Arg-Val-R, where the cysteines are
joined to each other by a bridging moiety and
-(X.sub.1X.sub.2X.sub.3-) represent a loop region of amino acids
between the cysteines and where R represents zero, one or more
amino acids.
[0104] The conjugation process may involve PEGylation, lipidation,
albumination, the addition of other protein tails, or grafting onto
antibody Fc domains, CDR regions of intact antibodies, or antibody
domains produced by any number of means. The conjugate may include
anchors including cholesterol oleate moiety, cholesteryl laurate
moiety, an .alpha.-tocopherol moiety, a phytol moiety an oleate
moiety or an unsaturated cholesterol-ester moiety or a lipophilic
compound selected from acetanilides, anilides, aminoquinolines,
benzhydryl compounds, benzodiazepines, benzofurans, cannabinoids,
cyclic peptides, dibenzazepines, digitalis gylcosides, ergot
alkaloids, flavonoids, imidazoles, quinolines, macrolides,
naphthalenes, opiates (such as, but not limited to, morphinans or
other psychoactive drugs), oxazines, oxazoles, phenylalkylamines,
piperidines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrrolidines,
pyrrolidinones, stilbenes, sulfonylureas, sulfones, triazoles,
tropanes, and ymca alkaloids. The peptides of the present invention
may be conjugated to any of the peptide conjugates taught, for
example, in US patent publications US20110172126 or US20030040472
the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
Routes of Administration
[0105] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may
be administered by any route that results in a therapeutically
effective outcome. These include, but are not limited to enteral,
gastroenteral, epidural, oral, peridural, intracerebral (into the
cerebrum), intratracheal (into the airways for delivery to the
lung), intracerebroventricular (into the cerebral ventricles),
epicutaneous (application onto the skin), intradermal, (into the
skin itself), subcutaneous (under the skin), nasal administration
(through the nose), intravenous (into a vein), intraarterial (into
an artery), intramuscular (into a muscle), intracardiac (into the
heart), intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow), intrathecal
(into the spinal canal), intraperitoneal, (infusion or injection
into the peritoneum), intravesical infusion, intravitreal, (into
the posterior chamber of the eye), intracavernous injection, (into
the base of the penis), intravaginal administration, intrauterine,
extra-amniotic administration, transdermal (diffusion through the
intact skin for systemic distribution), transmucosal (diffusion
through a mucous membrane), insufflation (snorting), buccal,
sublingual, sublabial, enema, eye drops (onto the conjunctiva), or
in ear drops.
Formulation and Delivery of Cyclic Peptides
[0106] The term "pharmaceutical formulation" refers to a
composition comprising at least one active ingredient (e.g., such
as a peptide) in a form and amount that permits the active
ingredient to be therapeutically effective.
[0107] Peptide formulations of the present invention include
controlled duodenal release formulations, time release
formulations, osmotic-controlled release delivery systems,
microemulsions, microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, patches,
pumps, drug depots, and the like. Specifically included in the
present invention are solid oral dosage forms, such as powders,
softgels, gelcaps, capsules, pills, and tablets.
[0108] In one embodiment, the peptide is formulated as a sterile
aqueous solution. In one embodiment, the peptide is formulated in a
non-lipid formulation. In another embodiment, the peptide is
formulated in a cationic or non-cationic lipid formulation. In
either embodiment, the sterile aqueous solution may contain
additional active or inactive components. Inactive components
("excipients") can include, but are not limited to, physiologically
compatable salts, sugars, bulking agents, surfactants, or
buffers.
[0109] Peptides or peptide compositions of the present invention
may comprise or be formulated or delivered in conjunction with one
or more carrier agents. The carrier agent can be a naturally
occurring substance, such as a protein (e.g., human serum albumin
(HSA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or globulin); carbohydrate
(e.g., a dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, inulin, cyclodextrin,
or hyaluronic acid); or lipid. The carrier molecule can also be a
recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer,
e.g., a synthetic polyamino acid. Examples of polyamino acids
include polylysine (PLL), poly L aspartic acid, poly L-glutamic
acid, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer, polyethylene glycol
(PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(2-ethylacryllic acid), and
N-isopropylacrylamide polymers. Other useful carrier molecules can
be identified by routine methods. PEG conjugates may vary in size
(e.g. 5,000 kD (5K), 10,000 kD (10K), 20,000 kD (20K), 40,000 kD
(40K), etc).
[0110] In one embodiment the pharmaceutical composition comprises
the active peptide ingredient together with ethanol, corn
oil-mono-di-triglycerides, hydrogenated castor oil, DL-tocopherol,
propylene glycol, gelatin, glycerol, colorants, flavors and
sweeteners.
[0111] In another embodiment the pharmaceutical composition
comprises the active peptide ingredient together with a delivery
agent such as 4-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamido)butanoic acid (or any
of the delivery agents described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,910B2, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety), a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, a disintegrant,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, colorants, flavors and
sweeteners.
[0112] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprises a mix of the active ingredient together with ethanol, soy
phosphatidyl choline, glycerol diolate which is injected into an
excess of saline solution as described in US patent application
2008/0146490A1, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
[0113] The delivery of one or more peptides or cyclic peptides to a
subject in need thereof can be achieved in a number of different
ways. In vivo delivery can be performed directly by administering a
composition comprising a cyclic peptide, to a subject.
Alternatively, delivery can be performed indirectly by
administering one or more vectors that encode and direct the
expression of the cyclic peptide.
[0114] Local delivery avoids gut permeability and systemic
exposure. For example, peptides of the present invention may be
used in the eye as a drop or in posterior section of the eye by
direct injection. They may be applied in the gut to target enzymes.
They may be used topically in dermatologic applications (e.g.,
creams, ointments, transdermal patches) or ocular applications
(e.g., eye drops).
[0115] Peptides or peptide compositions of the present invention
may comprise or be formulated with one or more fusogenic agents. A
fusogenic agent of a composition described herein can be an agent
that is responsive to, e.g., changes charge depending on, the pH
environment. Upon encountering the pH of an endosome, it can cause
a physical change, e.g., a change in osmotic properties that
disrupts or increases the permeability of the endosome membrane.
Preferably, the fusogenic agent changes charge, e.g., becomes
protonated, at pH lower than physiological range. For example, the
fusogenic agent can become protonated at pH 4.5-6.5. The fusogenic
agent can serve to release the polypeptide into the cytoplasm of a
cell after the composition is taken up, e.g., via endocytosis, by
the cell, thereby increasing the cellular concentration of the
peptide in the cell.
[0116] In one embodiment, the fusogenic agent can have a moiety,
e.g., an amino group, which, when exposed to a specified pH range,
will undergo a change, e.g., in charge, e.g., protonation. The
change in charge of the fusogenic agent can trigger a change, e.g.,
an osmotic change, in a vesicle, e.g., an endocytic vesicle, e.g.,
an endosome. For example, the fusogenic agent, upon being exposed
to the pH environment of an endosome, will cause a solubility or
osmotic change substantial enough to increase the porosity of
(preferably, to rupture) the endosomal membrane.
[0117] The fusogenic agent can be a polymer, preferably a polyamino
chain, e.g., polyethyleneimine (PEI). The PEI can be linear,
branched, synthetic or natural. The PEI can be, e.g., alkyl
substituted PEI, or lipid substituted PEI.
[0118] In other embodiments, the fusogenic agent can be
polyhistidine, polyimidazole, polypyridine, polypropyleneimine,
mellitin, or a polyacetal substance, e.g., a cationic polyacetal.
In some embodiment, the fusogenic agent can have an alpha helical
structure. The fusogenic agent can be a membrane disruptive agent,
e.g., mellitin.
[0119] Other suitable fusogenic agents can be tested and identified
by a skilled artisan.
[0120] The peptide compositions of the present invention may
comprise or be formulated with one or more condensing agents. The
condensing agent of a composition described herein can interact
with (e.g., attracts, holds, or binds to) a peptide and act to (a)
condense, e.g., reduce the size or charge of the peptide and/or (b)
protect the peptide, e.g., protect the peptide against degradation.
The condensing agent can include a moiety, e.g., a charged moiety,
which can interact with a peptide by ionic interactions. The
condensing agent would preferably be a charged polymer, e.g., a
polycationic chain. The condensing agent can be a polylysine (PLL),
spermine, spermidine, polyamine, pseudopeptide-polyamine,
peptidomimetic polyamine, dendrimer polyamine, arginine, amidine,
protamine, cationic lipid, cationic porphyrin, quarternary salt of
a polyamine, or an alpha helical peptide.
[0121] In one embodiment, the peptide compositions of the present
invention may be formulated as bicyclic peptides. As a non-limiting
example, bicyclic peptide inhibitors of kallikrein may be produced
in combinatorial libraries (see e.g., Baeriswyl et al., "Bicyclic
Peptides with Optimized Ring Size Inhibit Human Plasma Kallikrein
and its Orthologues While Sparing Paralogous Proteases," Chem Med
Chem, 2012.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cmdc.201200071/abstract;
the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety). The bicyclic peptides may have 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more
amino acids per loop.
Kallikrein Inhibitors
[0122] In one embodiment, the cyclic peptides bind to and/or
inhibit the activity of plasma kallikrein. Inhibitors of plasma
kallikrein may find utility in eliminating or reducing various
ischemias, including but not limited to perioperative blood loss,
cerebral ischemia, the onset of systemic inflammatory response
(SIR), and/or reperfusion injury, e.g., reperfusion injury
associated with cerebral ischemia or a focal brain ischemia.
Certain plasma kallikrein inhibitors are known in the art and are
taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,333,402 and 6,057,287; both of which are
herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0123] Inhibitors of plasma kallikrein may also be useful in the
treatment of disorder selected from the group consisting of
rheumatoid arthritis, gout, intestinal bowel disease, oral
mucositis, neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, spinal
stenosis-degenerative spine disease, arterial or venous thrombosis,
post operative ileus, aortic aneurysm, osteoarthritis, vasculitis,
edemas (including, but not limited to, diabetic macular edema,
cerebral edema, intracerebral edema, and radiation-induced edema),
hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, stroke, clotting on ventricular
assistance devices or stents, head trauma or peri-tumor brain
edema, sepsis, acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic event
(stroke), restenosis (e.g., after angioplasty), systemic lupus
erythematosis nephritis, burn injury, embolism, intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH), inflammation, acute myocardial infarction (MI),
deep vein thrombosis (DVT), coagulations from post fibrinolytic
treatment conditions (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator and
streptokinase), angina angioedema, joint swelling, lesions in
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) diabetes and its complications, and
retinopathy.
[0124] A genetic deficiency in the C1-inhibitor protein (C1-INH),
the major natural inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, leads to
hereditary angioedema (HAE). Patients with HAE suffer from acute
attacks of painful edema often precipitated by unknown triggers
(Zuraw B. L. et al., N Engl J Med 359, 1027-1036, 2008). Inhibitors
disclosed herein are particularly useful in the treatment of either
acute or chronic HAE.
[0125] Further examples of applications for kallikrein inhibitors
include pediatric cardiac surgery, lung transplantation, total hip
replacement and orthotopic liver transplantation, and to reduce or
prevent perioperative stroke during CABG and extracorporeal
membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and reduce or prevent cerebrovascular
accidents (CVA) during these procedures. Kallikrein inhibitors can
also be used for stroke, e.g., embolism, thrombus and/or hemorrhage
associated stroke and for reperfusion injury associated with
stroke.
Vascular Permeability and Diabetic Retinopathy
[0126] Diseases which have been associated with an increase in
vascular permeability (e.g., retinal vascular permeability)
include, but are not limited to, diabetes (e.g., type-1 or type-2
diabetes mellitus), hypertension, insulin resistance, ketoacidosis,
trauma, infection, and hyperglycemia, diabetic retinopathy (e.g.,
proliferative or nonproliferative retinopathy), edema, hereditary
angioedema (HAE) edema in the brain, including, but not limited to,
cerebral edema (e.g., high altitude edema), hemorrhage,
intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, sub-arachnoid
hemorrhage, hemorrhagic stroke, hemorrhagic transformation of
ischemic stroke, vascular permeability associated with hypertension
or inflammation, increased systemic vascular permeability, e.g.,
associated with septic shock, scurvy, anaphylaxis, hereditary or
acquired angioedema (both of which have been linked to C1 inhibitor
deficiency), brain aneurysm, and arterial-venous malformation.
Cerebral edema is an increase in brain volume caused by an absolute
increase in cerebral tissue fluid content; vasogenic cerebral edema
arises from transvascular leakage caused by mechanical failure of
the endothelial tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In some instances, cerebral edema can be caused by high altitude
(e.g., a rapid transition to at least 8,000 ft above sea
level).
[0127] Kallikrein may be used as a therapeutic target for people
with diabetic retinopathy as it has been shown that kallikrein
contributes to an increase in blood vessel leakage and the
thickening of the retina which is a leading cause of diabetic
retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by gradual
progressive alterations in the retinal microvasculature leading to
areas of retinal non-perfusion, increased vascular permeability and
pathologic intraocular proliferation of retinal vessels. As used
herein, "vascular permeability" is meant the passage of substances,
including molecules, particles, and cells, across the vascular
endothelium. Disorders associated with excessive vascular
permeability and/or edema in the eye, e.g., in the retina or
vitreous, include, but are not limited to, age-related macular
degeneration (AMID), retinal edema, retinal hemorrhage, vitreous
hemorrhage, macular edema (ME), diabetic macular edema (DME),
proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and non-proliferative
diabetic retinopathy (DR), radiation retinopathy, telangiectasis,
central serous retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions (e.g., branch
or central vein occlusions), radiation retinopathy, sickle cell
retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, Von Hipple Lindau disease,
posterior uveitis, chronic retinal detachment, Irvine Gass
Syndrome, Eals disease, retinitis, and choroiditis.
[0128] Increases in the rate or amount of such passage (i.e.,
increased vascular permeability) can be indicative of the disease
states described herein. The complications associated with the
increased vascular permeability in the macula (termed macular
edema) and uncontrolled neovascularization (termed proliferative
diabetic retinopathy) can result in severe and permanent visual
loss. Diabetic retinopathy progresses in a predictable fashion
through distinctly definable stages. It is divided into two broad
categories, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and
proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and is further subdivided
by level of severity.
[0129] Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major cause of moderate
visual loss and legal blindness in persons with type 2 diabetes
(Javitt et al., Diabetes Care. 17:909-917 (1994)). 20 to 25% of the
at least 346 million diabetics worldwide will develop DME. DME can
occur at any level of NPDR or PDR. DME develops when a breakdown of
the blood-retinal barrier allows fluid and other plasma components
to leak from blood vessels into the retina. The blood-retinal
barrier breakdown, which can be detected as increased vascular
permeability, may be observed in the diabetic retina before any
other retinopathic changes are seen. The activation of
prekallikrein has been shown to result in the increased retinal
vascular permeability where the greater the amount of retinal
vascular permeability, the greater the chance of the progression of
DME and, ultimately, vision loss.
[0130] The kallikrein inhibitors described herein may be used to
decrease blood vessel leakage and the thin the retina as a method
to treat and/or prevent diabetic retinopathy. The kallikrein
inhibitors may be further used in combination with current
treatments and therapies for DME such as, but not limited to, laser
photocoagulation, laser photocoagulation and lucentis injections,
anti-VEGF agents and corticosteroid intravitreal and/or implant
therapy, intravitreal steroid implants, combinations of laser
photocoagulation with pharmacotherapy, eye drops containing a small
molecule antagonist of bradykinin B1 receptor, single intravitral
injection of a pharmaceutical composition containing a kallikrein
inhibitor, and an oral pharmaceutical composition containing a
small molecule plasma kallikrein inhibitor. T
[0131] Topical delivery may be particularly useful for treating
DME. In this embodiment, the peptide may be injected directly into
the posterior chamber (intravitreously) of the eye. The peptide may
be in a reservoir or embedded in a biodegradable polymer
microparticle or nanoparticle. The peptides may be used in
combination with approved therapies for wet age-related macular
degeneration and/or DME, such as Lucentis.RTM.
(Roche-Genentech-Novartis) or Eylea.TM. (Regeneron-Bayer) to
augment the effectiveness of the approved products.
[0132] In HAE, the normal regulation of plasma kallikrein activity
and the classical complement cascade is not present and the
unregulated activity of plasma kallikrein results in excessive
bradykinin generation. The kallikrein inhibitors of the present
invention may be used alleviate edema in patients with HAE and may
further inhibit bradykinin production to alleviate edema in
patients with HAE. For the treatment of HAE, kallikrein inhibitors
of the present invention may be delivered by a method such as, but
not limited to, oral, parenteral, depot, transdermal, or any other
suitable route that achieves adequate systemic exposure. The
peptides may be used with other medications, for example steroids
(danazol, oxandrolone and stanozolol) and pain medications commonly
used to treat HAE, and may be used with other approved products
used for the treatment of HAE [e.g. KALBITOR.RTM. (Dyax Corp.,
Burlington Mass.), FIRAZYR.RTM. (Shire, Dublin Ireland),
Berinert.RTM. (CSL Behring, Prussia, Pa.), or CINRYZE.TM.
(ViroPharma, Exton Pa.)] in order to augment the efficacy of the
approved products.
Surgical Procedures
[0133] Treating a systemic inflammatory response induced by
kallikrein with kallikrein inhibitors may be especially beneficial,
for example, in patients undergoing surgical procedures such as,
but not limited to, procedures involving cardiothoracic surgery,
e.g., cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG) procedures. Cardiothoracic surgery generally refers to
surgery of the chest area, such as, but not limited to, surgery of
the heart and lungs. Diseases which may be treated by
cardiothoracic surgery include, but are not limited to, coronary
artery disease, tumors and cancers of the lung, esophagus and chest
wall, heart vessel and valve abnormalities, and birth defects
involving the chest or heart. When cardiothoracic surgery is used
for treatment, there is a risk of blood loss (e.g., surgery-induced
ischemia) and a risk for the onset of systemic inflammatory
response (SIR) which may result in severe organ dysfunction (e.g.,
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)).
[0134] Using kallikrein inhibitors to treat and/or prevent
perioperative blood loss and reduce heart blood flow may be helpful
as a number of highly invasive surgical procedures are carried out
each day that result in blood loss, or place patients at a high
risk for blood loss. Surgical procedures that involve blood loss
include, but are not limited to, those involving extra-corporeal
circulation methods such as cardiothoracic surgery, e.g., CPB. In
such methods, a patient's heart is stopped and the circulation,
oxygenation, and maintenance of blood volume are carried out using
artificial means by an extra-corporeal circuit and a synthetic
membrane oxygenator. Additionally, with cardiothoracic surgery,
e.g., CPB and/or surgery involving extensive trauma to bone, such
as, but not limited to, hip replacement procedures and the sternal
split necessary in CABG, the contact of a patient's blood with the
cut surfaces of bone and/or CPB equipment may be sufficient to
active one or several undesirable cascade responses which can
result in a variety of disruptions in the blood and vasculature.
Such responses include, but are not limited to, a contact
activation system (CAS) response, which can lead to extensive
perioperative blood loss which may require an immediate blood
transfusion, as well as a systemic inflammatory response (SIR),
which, in turn, can result in permanent damage to a patient's
tissues and organs.
[0135] For example, CABG procedures may be used in the treatment of
atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) to bridge the
occluded blood vessel and restore blood to the heart.
Atherosclerosis CAD causes a narrowing of the lumen of one or
several of the coronary arteries which limits the flow of blood to
the myocardium (i.e., the heart muscle) and can cause angina, heart
failure, and myocardial infarcts. In the end stage of coronary
artery atherosclerosis, the coronary circulation can be almost
completely occluded, causing life threatening angina or heart
failure, with a very high mortality. CABG procedures are among the
most invasive of surgeries in which one or more healthy veins or
arteries are implanted to provide a "bypass" around the occluded
area of the diseased vessel. Despite these very encouraging
results, repeat CABG procedures are frequently necessary, as
indicated by an increase in the number of patients who eventually
undergo second and even third procedures and the perioperative
mortality and morbidity seen in the primary CABG procedures is
increased when the procedure is done for the second and third
time.
[0136] Nearly all CABG procedures performed for valvular and/or
congenital heart disease, heart transplantation, and major aortic
procedures, are still carried out on patients supported by CPB. In
CPB, large cannulae are inserted into the great vessels of a
patient to permit the mechanical pumping and oxygenation of the
blood using a membrane oxygenator. The blood is then returned to
the patient without flowing through the lungs, as the lungs are
hypoperfused during this procedure. CPB has been extensively used
in a variety of procedures performed for nearly half a century with
successful outcomes. The interaction between artificial surfaces,
blood cells, blood proteins, damaged vascular endothelium, and
extravascular tissues, such as bone, disturbs hemostasis and
frequently activates the CAS, which, as noted above, can result in
a variety of disruptions in the blood and vasculature. Such
disruption leads to excess perioperative bleeding, which can
require an immediate blood transfusion. A consequence of
circulating whole blood through an extracorporeal circuit in CPB
can also include the activation of the systemic inflammatory
response (SIR), which is initiated by contact activation of the
coagulation and complement systems.
[0137] Much of the morbidity and mortality associated with CPB
surgical procedures is the result of the effects of activating
coagulation, fibrinolysis, or complement systems. Such activation
can damage the pulmonary system, leading to adult respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS), impairment of kidney and splanchnic
circulation, and induction of a general coagulopathy leading to
blood loss and the need for transfusions. In addition, pathologies
associated with SIR include, but are not limited to, neurocognitive
deficits, stroke, renal failure, acute myocardial infarct, and
cardiac tissue damage may be seen with the activation of
coagulation, fibrinolysis, or complement systems.
[0138] Administering blood transfusions elevate the cost of CABG or
other similar procedures that require CPB and also present a
significant risk of infection. In the absence of any
pharmacological intervention, three to seven units of blood must
typically be expended on a patient, even with excellent surgical
techniques. Accordingly, there is considerable incentive for the
development of new and improved pharmacologically effective
compounds to reduce, treat and/or prevent perioperative bleeding
and SIR in patients subjected to procedures such as, but not
limited to, CPB and CABG. Use of the kallikrein inhibitors
described herein may improve these various procedures and also may
lead to amelioration of the undesirable symptoms that can occur
with these procedures.
Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
[0139] The kallikrein inhibitors described herein may be useful for
reducing and/or preventing cerebral ischemia as well as reperfusion
injury associated with cerebral ischemia. An ischemic condition in
which the blood supply to the brain is block may be known as a
cerebral ischemic attack and/or cerebral ischemia. This
interruption in the blood supply to the brain may result from a
variety of causes including, but not limited to, an intrinsic
blockage or occlusion of the blood vessel itself, a remotely
originated source of occlusion, decreased perfusion pressure or
increased blood viscosity resulting in decreased cerebral blood
flow, or ruptured or leaky blood vessels in the subarachnoid space
or intracerebral tissue. Cerebral ischemia may result in either
transient or permanent deficits and the seriousness of the
neurological damage in a patient who has experienced cerebral
ischemia depends on the intensity and duration of the ischemia
event. A transient ischemia attack (TIA) is one in which the blood
flow to the brain is briefly interrupted and causes temporary
neurological deficits. Symptoms of TIA include numbness of weakness
of face or limbs, loss of ability to speak clearly and/or
understand the speech of others, a loss of vision or dimness of
vision and dizziness. Permanent cerebral ischemia attacks, also
known as strokes, are caused by a longer interruption in blood flow
to the brain resulting from an embolism, a thrombus or bleeding in
the brain (e.g., a hemorrhage). The terms "thromboembolic stroke"
or "thromboembolism" as used herein to refer to a stroke which has
been caused by either a thrombosis or an embolism. A stroke causes
a loss of neurons which can result in a neurological deficit that
may improve but it will not entirely resolve. The kallikrein
inhibitors described herein may be useful to prevent and/or reduce
the change of a stroke including, but not limited to, embolic,
thrombolic, thromboembolic and hemorrhage-associated strokes.
[0140] Strokes may be a result of a variety of causes. One category
of strokes includes perioperative strokes that can be associated
with thrombus or embolism formation. In stroke patients, there is a
core of the neurological deficit marked by total ischemia and/or
tissue necrosis. This area is normally surrounded by ischemic
tissue, referred to as the ischemic penumbra, which receives
collateral circulation. Ischemia in the penumbra does not always
result in irreversible damage. In some cases, the restoration of
blood flow (reperfusion) into the penumbra may prevent total
ischemia and necrosis in this area. However, reperfusion has also
been associated with injury to the tissue surrounding the core.
[0141] Once blood flow is returned, blood cells such as
neutrophils, attack the damaged tissue which in turn cause
additional inflammation and/or damage. Reperfusion injury is
associated with an influx of neutrophils into the affected tissue
and subsequent activation of the neutrophils. Neutrophils can
release lytic enzymes that directly induce tissue damage and
proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines that amplify local
inflammatory reaction. The influx of neutrophils to a site of
ischemic damage can also plug capillaries and cause
vasoconstriction. Kallikrein has been found to play a role in
neutrophil chemotaxis, neutrophil activation and reperfusion
injury. Thus, the kallikrein inhibitors described herein may be
used to prevent and/or reduce reperfusion injury and may halt
and/or hinder the ischemic cascade. As a non-limiting example, the
reperfusion injury may be reduced and/or prevented using kallikrein
inhibitors to reduce and/or prevent one or more of: neutrophil
infiltration, neutrophil activation, cytokine release, elastase
release, vasodilation, brain edema, infarct volume and neurological
deficits.
[0142] In surgical indications, stroke, and intracerebral
hemorrhage, local or systemic administration of the kallikrein
inhibitors described herein may be effective treatment options. For
local administration, peptides may be embedded in sponges, sheets,
and films for optimizing vascular contact.
[0143] A variety of inhibitors of a kallikrein, e.g., a plasma
kallikrein which may be useful in the treatment of the foregoing
are described herein.
[0144] In one embodiment, the kallikrein inhibitors described
herein may include a terminal modification at the N- or C-termini
with the addition of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more
residues. In a further embodiment, the terminal modification at the
N- or C-termini may include the addition of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10 or more residues and a cysteine in the terminal region.
[0145] In one embodiment, the kallikrein inhibitors described
herein may include at least 1, at least 2 or at least 3 cysteine
residues. In a further embodiment, the kallikrein inhibitors may
contain a terminal modification at the N- or C-termini and may
include the addition of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more
residues and a cysteine in the terminal region. The terminal
modification and/or the addition of a cysteine in the terminal
region may improve drug activity such as, but not limited to,
potency of the kallikrein inhibitors. As a non-limiting example,
the kallikrein inhibitors described in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
9 may include a terminal modification of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10 or more residues at the N-terminus wherein one of the additional
residues is cysteine to improve potency.
Methods for Treating Diseases
[0146] The invention relates in particular to the use of peptide or
peptide mimetics, often cyclic, and compositions containing at
least one peptide, for the treatment of a disorder, condition or
disease.
[0147] As used herein the terms "treat," "treatment," and the like,
refer to relief from or alleviation of pathological processes. In
the context of the present invention insofar as it relates to any
of the other conditions recited herein below, the terms "treat,"
"treatment," and the like mean to relieve or alleviate at least one
symptom associated with such condition, or to slow or reverse the
progression or anticipated progression of such condition, such as
slowing the progression of a malignancy or cancer, or increasing
the clearance of an infectious organism to alleviate/reduce the
symptoms caused by the infection, e.g., hepatitis caused by
infection with a hepatitis virus.
[0148] By "lower" or "reduce" in the context of a disease marker or
symptom is meant a statistically significant decrease in such
level. The decrease can be, for example, at least 10%, at least
20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or more, and is preferably down to
a level accepted as within the range of normal for an individual
without such disorder.
[0149] By "increase" or "raise" in the context of a disease marker
or symptom is meant a statistically significant rise in such level.
The increase can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at
least 30%, at least 40% or more, and is preferably up to a level
accepted as within the range of normal for an individual without
such disorder.
[0150] As used herein, the phrases "therapeutically effective
amount" and "prophylactically effective amount" refer to an amount
that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment, prevention,
or management of pathological processes or an overt symptom of one
or more pathological processes. The specific amount that is
therapeutically effective can be readily determined by an ordinary
medical practitioner, and may vary depending on factors known in
the art, such as, for example, the type of pathological processes,
the patient's history and age, the stage of pathological processes,
and the administration of other agents that inhibit pathological
processes.
[0151] As used herein, a "pharmaceutical composition" comprises a
pharmacologically effective amount of a peptide and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein,
"pharmacologically effective amount," "therapeutically effective
amount" or simply "effective amount" refers to that amount of a
peptide effective to produce the intended pharmacological,
therapeutic or preventive result. For example, if a given clinical
treatment is considered effective when there is at least a 10%
alteration (increase or decrease) in a measurable parameter
associated with a disease or disorder, a therapeutically effective
amount of a drug for the treatment of that disease or disorder is
the amount necessary to effect at least a 10% alteration in that
parameter. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of a
peptide may be one that alters binding of a target to its natural
binding partner by at least 10%.
[0152] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a
carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent. Such carriers
include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose,
water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The term
specifically excludes cell culture medium. For drugs administered
orally, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not
limited to pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert
diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating
agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and
preservatives. Suitable inert diluents include sodium and calcium
carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, and lactose, while corn
starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding
agents may include starch and gelatin, while the lubricating agent,
if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or
talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as
glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, to delay absorption
in the gastrointestinal tract. Agents included in drug formulations
are described further herein below.
[0153] Efficacy of treatment or amelioration of disease can be
assessed, for example by measuring disease progression, disease
remission, symptom severity, reduction in pain, quality of life,
dose of a medication required to sustain a treatment effect, level
of a disease marker or any other measurable parameter appropriate
for a given disease being treated or targeted for prevention. It is
well within the ability of one skilled in the art to monitor
efficacy of treatment or prevention by measuring any one of such
parameters, or any combination of parameters. In connection with
the administration of a peptide or pharmaceutical composition
thereof, "effective against" a disease or disorder indicates that
administration in a clinically appropriate manner results in a
beneficial effect for at least a statistically significant fraction
of patients, such as a improvement of symptoms, a cure, a reduction
in disease load, reduction in tumor mass or cell numbers, extension
of life, improvement in quality of life, or other effect generally
recognized as positive by medical doctors familiar with treating
the particular type of disease or disorder.
[0154] A treatment or preventive effect is evident when there is a
statistically significant improvement in one or more parameters of
disease status, or by a failure to worsen or to develop symptoms
where they would otherwise be anticipated. As an example, a
favorable change of at least 10% in a measurable parameter of
disease, and preferably at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more can be
indicative of effective treatment. Efficacy for a given peptide
drug or formulation of that drug can also be judged using an
experimental animal model for the given disease as known in the
art. When using an experimental animal model, efficacy of treatment
is evidenced when a statistically significant reduction in a marker
or symptom is observed.
[0155] The peptide and an additional therapeutic agent can be
administered in combination in the same composition, e.g.,
parenterally, or the additional therapeutic agent can be
administered as part of a separate composition or by another method
described herein.
Dosage and Administration
[0156] For use as treatment of human subjects, peptides can be
formulated as pharmaceutical compositions. Depending on the subject
to be treated, the mode of administration, and the type of
treatment desired (e.g., prevention, prophylaxis, or therapy) the
peptides are formulated in ways consonant with these parameters. A
summary of such techniques is found in Remington: The Science and
Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, (2005); and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology,
eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New
York, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0157] Compositions of the present invention are preferably
provided in a therapeutically effective amount, which may be, for
example, a daily amount of from 1 mg to 1,600 mg, more preferably
10 mg to 800 mg, and even more preferably 100 mg to 400 mg. In one
embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a capsule, for
example in unit dosage form.
Unit Dosage Forms
[0158] The peptides of the invention may be present in amounts
totaling 1-95% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
The composition may be provided in a dosage form that is suitable
for oral administration. Thus, the pharmaceutical composition may
be in the form of, e.g., hard capsules (e.g., hard gelatin capsules
or hard hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsules), soft gelatin
capsules, tablets, caplets, enteric coated tablets, chewable
tablets, enteric coated hard gelatin capsules, enteric coated soft
gelatin capsules, minicapsules, lozenges, films, strips, gelcaps,
dragees, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups, or sprays.
[0159] Patients can be administered a therapeutic amount of a
peptide, such as 0.01 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg. For
administration to human subjects, the dosage of peptides of the
present invention, is typically 0.01 to 15 mg/kg, more preferably 3
to 5 mg/kg. However, dosage levels can be highly dependent on the
nature of the condition, drug efficacy, the condition of the
patient, the judgment of the practitioner, and the frequency and
mode of administration.
[0160] In other embodiments, the peptides are administered at a
frequency of e.g., every 4 hr, every 6 hr, every 12 hr, every 18
hr, every 24 hr, every 36 hr, every 72 hr, every 84 hr, every 96
hr, every 5 days, every 7 days, every 10 days, every 14 days, every
3 weeks, or more. The compositions can be administered once daily
or the peptide can be administered as two, three, or more sub-doses
at appropriate intervals throughout the day or delivery through a
controlled release formulation. In that case, the peptide contained
in each sub-dose must be correspondingly smaller in order to
achieve the total daily dosage. The dosage unit can also be
compounded for delivery over several days, e.g., using a
conventional sustained release formulation, which provides
sustained release of the peptide over a several-day-period.
[0161] Sustained release formulations are well known in the art and
are particularly useful for delivery of agents to a particular
site, such as could be used with the peptide compositions of the
present invention. The effect of a single dose can be long-lasting,
such that subsequent doses are administered at not more than 3-,
4-, or 5-day intervals, or at not more than 1, 2-, 3-, or 4-week
intervals.
[0162] The peptide can be administered by intravenous infusion over
a period of time, such as over a 5 minute, 10 minute, 15 minute, 20
minute, or 25 minute period. The administration may be repeated,
for example, on a regular basis, such as biweekly (i.e., every two
weeks) for one month, two months, three months, four months or
longer. After an initial treatment regimen, the treatments can be
administered on a less frequent basis. For example, after
administration biweekly for three months, administration can be
repeated once per month, for six months or a year or longer.
Administration of the peptide or composition can reduce, lower,
increase or alter binding or any physiologically deleterious
process, e.g., in a cell, tissue, blood, urine or other compartment
of a patient by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least
25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at
least 70%, at least 80% or at least 90% or more.
[0163] Before administration of a full dose of the peptide or
composition, patients can be administered a smaller dose, such as a
5% infusion reaction, and monitored for adverse effects, such as an
allergic reaction, or for elevated lipid levels or blood pressure.
In another example, the patient can be monitored for unwanted
immunostimulatory effects, such as increased cytokine (e.g.,
TNF-alpha or INF-alpha) levels.
[0164] Genetic predisposition plays a role in the development of
some diseases or disorders. Therefore, a patient in need of a
peptide or peptide composition may be identified by taking a family
history, or, for example, screening for one or more genetic markers
or variants. A healthcare provider, such as a doctor, nurse, or
family member, can take a family history before prescribing or
administering a therapeutic composition of the present invention.
For example, a genetic deficiency of the C-1 inhibitor protein
leads to hereditary angiodema. A blood test may also be performed
on the patient to determine if the patient is deficient for C-1
inhibitor before a peptide is administered to the patient.
Kits
[0165] Any of the compositions described herein may be comprised in
a kit. In a non-limiting example, peptides may be included in a kit
for treating a disease. The kit may include a vial of sterile, dry
peptide power, sterile solution for dissolving the dried power, and
a syringe for infusion set for administering the peptide.
[0166] When peptides are provided as a dried power it is
contemplated that between 10micrograms and 1000 milligrams, or at
least or at most those amounts of peptides are provided in kits of
the invention
[0167] The container means will generally include at least one
vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe and/or other container
means, into which the peptide formulations are placed, preferably,
suitably allocated. The kits may also comprise a second container
means for containing a sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffer
and/or other diluent.
[0168] A kit can include instructions for employing the kit
components as well the use of any other reagent not included in the
kit. Instructions may include variations that can be
implemented.
[0169] While various embodiments of the invention have been
particularly shown and described, it will be understood by those
skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be
made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention as defined by the appended claims.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Activation of Human Pre-Kallikrein by Human Factor Alpha-XIIa
[0170] Pre-kallikrein (Enzyme Research Laboratories, HPK 1302) was
activated by Human Factor Alpha-XIIa (Enzyme Research Laboratories,
HFXIIa 1212a) at an 80:1 molar ratio in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 150
mM NaCl and 0.02% Tween-20 for 10 minutes at 37.degree. C. The
reaction was quenched with 0.1M NaOAc, dialyzed overnight at
4.degree. C. in 10 mM NaOAc, 150 mM NaCl, pH 5.2 and stored at
-80.degree. C.
Example 2
Isolation and Activation of Recombinant Plasma Kallikrein
[0171] According to the present invention, a recombinantly
expressed fragment of human plasma kallikrein (expressed as
Gly20-Ala638 fragment in NSO-derived murine myeloma cell line
corresponding to the proform without signal peptide) with a
C-terminal His-tag (Swiss-Prot accession number P03952) is purified
in the proform. Activation (e.g. with thermolysin or Factor XIIa)
is carried out by converting the proform to a heavy and a light
chain which are linked by disulfide bonds. Subsequent biotinylation
is then carried out using Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin.
Example 3
Large Scale Biotinylation of Plasma Kallikrein
[0172] Activated plasma kallikrein (pKAL) at 3.7 .mu.M (0.31 mg/ml)
in acetic acid buffer pH 5.2 was used to make biotinylated pKAL.
Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin (Thermo Scientific #21327) was freshly prepared
according to manufactures instructions. A ten fold molar excess of
Sulfo-NHS-LC Biotin to-pKAL protein was used based on pilot
testing.
[0173] The final concentrations in the reaction mixture were 2.47
.mu.M pKAL and 24.7 .mu.M Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin in 10 mM Sodium
Phosphate buffer pH 8.0. The mixture was aliquoted to 100
.mu.l.times.12 tubes and incubated at 4.degree. C. for 2 hours. The
reaction was stopped by adding 1M Tris-HCl pH 7.5 to a final
concentration of 0.16 M into each tube and incubated on ice for 10
min. The biotinylated pKAL was then dialyzed in 10 mM acetate and
150 mM NaCl pH 5.3 overnight at 4.degree. C. After dialysis the
efficiency of biotinylation was determined using SA ultralink resin
(Thermo Scientific #53114) to pull down the biotin-pKAL and the
concentration was estimated by running known amounts of pKAL on a
4-12% Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen #NP0322BOX). The biotinylated pKAL
was aliquoted and stored at -80.degree. C.
Example 4
Enzyme Inhibition Assay
[0174] Activated human plasma kallikrein (Enzyme Research
Laboratories, HPKa 1303) was reacted with
H-Pro-Phe-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (H-Pro-Pre-Arg-AMC) (a
fluorogenic substrate for plasma as well as pancreatic and urinary
kallikreins; Bachem I-1295) and candidate inhibitory peptides to
determine the IC.sub.50 of the inhibitor.
[0175] Ten 8-fold serial dilutions of peptides (10 mM DMSO stocks)
were performed in DMSO and then added to TCNB (50 mM Tris-HCl pH
7.2, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl.sub.2, 0.05% Brij-35) and sonicated.
50 .mu.L of the peptide dilutions were added to microtitre plates
(96 well, black non-binding surface, Corning, 3650) and incubated
for 5 minutes at room temperature with 4 nM activated human
kallikrein (final concentration after addition of fluorogenic
substrate: 1 nM). The samples were then incubated for 1 hour at
room temperature with 2 mM H-Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC (final concentration
500 .mu.M). Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) were measured at
excitation/emission 360 nm/460 nm by a SpectraMax M3.
Example 5
Activity of Biotinylated pKAL
[0176] Biotinylated and non-biotinylated pKAL were incubated with
H-Pro-Phe-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (H-Pro-Pre-Arg-AMC) (Bachem
I-1295, 200 mM stock in DMSO). 1 nM biotinylated or
non-biotinylated pKAL were incubated with different concentrations
of H-Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC in freshly prepared TCNB (50 mM Tris-HCl pH
7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl.sub.2 and 0.5% Brij-35). Fluorescence
was measured after 10 minutes at 360 nm and Emission 460 nm. Vmax
and EC.sub.50 were calculated using SoftMax Pro software.
Comparison of the activity of pKAL before and after biotinylation
revealed that biotinylated pKAL and non-biotinylated pKAL have
comparative activities while substrate alone had no activity.
Example 6
Isolation of Peptides Binding Plasma Kallikrein
[0177] Kallikrein inhibitors were identified through several rounds
of mRNA display and selection. mRNA display was performed generally
as described (Roberts, R. W., and Szostak, J. W. (1997). Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 12297-12302; WO2009067191; herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety) with modifications as
described herein. RNA pools, were generated from a mixture of eight
DNA libraries. The libraries code for peptides with a fixed
N-terminal Methionine residue, followed sequentially by a fixed
Cysteine residue, eleven positions for amino acids, a
Glycine-Serine-Glycine linker, and a C-terminal hexa-Histidine tag.
In each of the eight libraries, one of the eleven positions from
positions four through eleven is a fixed Cysteine residue. All
twenty amino acids are allowed in the ten remaining positions in
each of the eight libraries. Through this design, each of the
libraries has two Cysteine residues flanking a ramdom region
comprised of three to eight residues followed by a second random
region of two to seven residues. At the DNA level, the random
positions with all twenty amino acids are made combinatorially with
repeating codon units of NNS (N is A,G,C, and T; S is G and C)
(Devlin, J. J., et. al., (1990). Science 249, 404-406.) To conduct
the selection, one round of enrichment comprised the following
steps: RNA pools containing a 3' terminal UV cross-linked
oligonucleotide containing puromycin were translated with natural
amino acids in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and the resulting
peptides cyclized with dibromoxylene (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:1 1727
(2005)).
[0178] Direct selection of the peptides by target affinity was then
performed. The RNA corresponding to the affinity selected peptides
was reverse transcribed and PCR amplified to create a
double-stranded DNA pool. The DNA pool was in vitro translated
using T7 RNA polymerase to generate mRNA, and the mRNA produced was
cross-linked as before at its 3' terminus with a
puromycin-containing oligonucleotide. The mRNA-puromycin fusions
were subjected to in vitro translation to generate the second round
of the library, which is now enriched in peptides that bind plasma
kallikrein. The selection cycle was repeated for six rounds. After
the sixth round the DNA pool representing the selected peptides was
cloned and sequenced, and the amino acid sequences of candidate
kallikrein inhibitors were determined based on the DNA sequences.
The peptide sequences identified are listed in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Kallikrein Binding Peptides SEQ ID Compound
No. Sequence NO. R2001 MCNYWSPWTECSR 1 R2002 MCESICRVLRYSE 2
Example 7
Optimization of Kallikrein Inhibitors and Binding Sites
[0179] Kallkrein binding peptides were prepared by solid-phase
synthesis, purified by RP-HPLC, and characterized for enzyme
activity (Table 2).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Kallikrein Inhibitory Activity of Synthetic
Peptides Avg. SEQ Compound IC.sub.50 ID No. Sequence Cyclic (nM)
NO. R2003 [mXylyl(2,11)] Yes 3.1 3 MCNYWSPWTECSR-NH2 R2004
[mXylyl(2,6)] Yes 0.501 4 MCESICRVLRYSE-NH2
[0180] Peptides were optimized by making a variety of truncations,
deletions, and substitutions. Each derivative was synthesized
according to the methods of Examples 12 through 14. Each derivative
was tested for inhibition of plasma kallikrein as described in
Example 4. Derivatives of peptide R2004 are listed in Table 3 with
their corresponding IC.sub.50 values. Derivatives of peptide R2003
are listed in Table 4 with their corresponding IC.sub.50
values.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Kallikrein Inhibitory Activity Avg. SEQ
Compound IC.sub.50 ID No. Sequence Cyclic (nM) NO. R2004
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRVLRYSE-NH2 Yes 0.501 4 R2005
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCETICRVLKYSD-NH2 Yes 1.8 5 R2006
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 11.8 6 R2007 MCESICRV-NH2 No 2000 7
R2008 [mXylyl(2,6)]Ac-MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 10.2 8 R2009
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CESICRV-NH2 Yes 8.6 9 R2010
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 9.9 10 R2011
trans-butenyl(2,6)]MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 12800 11 R2012
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCES-Phg-CRV-NH2 Yes 8.3 12 R2013
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CES-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 6.8 13 R2014
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRVN-NH2 Yes 37.5 14 R2015
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICR-NH2 Yes 16500 15 R2016
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRA-NH2 Yes 3900 16 R2017
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESACRV-NH2 Yes 2140 17 R2018
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCEAICRV-NH2 Yes 37.3 18 R2019
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCE-nMeS-ICRV-NH2 Yes 52.3 19 R2020
[mXylyl(2,6)]MC-Asp(T)-SICRV-NH2 Yes 13 20 R2021
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CESIC-Phe(4- Yes 2000 21 CH2NH2)-V-NH2 R2022
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CESIC-Phe(3- Yes 21000 22 CH2NH2)-V-NH2 R2023
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRV-NH2 Yes 19 23 R2024
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCASICRV-NH2 Yes 41.9 24 R2025
[mXylyl(2,6)]ACESICRV-NH2 Yes 9.5 25 R2026
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCES-nMeI-CRV-NH2 Yes 26 R2027
[mXylyl(2,6)]MC-nMeE-ESICRV-NH2 Yes 990 27 R2028 MCESICRV-NH2 Yes
714 28 R2029 [mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CESIC-hLys-V-NH2 Yes 8840 29 R2030
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CEP-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 25 30 R2031
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-Pen-ESICRV-NH2 Yes 1460 31 R2032
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CESI-Pen-RV-NH2 Yes 1030 32 R2033
[mXylyl(2,6)]Ac-Nvl-CESIC-hLys-V-NH2 Yes 8650 33 R2034
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-Pen-ESI-Pen-RV-NH2 Yes >100000 34 R2035
[mXylyl(2,6)]Nvl-CESICRF-NH2 Yes 7200 35 R2036
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CAS-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 6.4 36 R2037
[mXylyl(1,4)]Ac-CSICRV-NH2 Yes 410 37 R2038
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRVLK-NH2 Yes 299 38 R2039
[mXylyl(1,5)]CAS-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 11.9 39 R2040
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICKV-NH2 Yes 733 40 R2041
[mXylyl(1,5)]Heptanoyl-CESICRV-NH2 Yes 24.2 41 R2042
[oXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 3190 42 R2043
[pXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 617 43 R2044
[mLutidine(2,6)]MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 645 44 R2045
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRVL-NH2 Yes 187 45 R2046
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRVLR-NH2 Yes 59.3 46 R2047
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-SICRV-NH2 Yes 17.4 47 R2048
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CAS-Tbg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 1400 48 R2049
[mXylyl(1,3)](des-NH2)C-ICRV-NH2 Yes 16300 49 R2050
[mXylyl(2,6)]Ac-MCES-Chg-CRV-NH2 Yes 11 50 R2051
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-ESICRV-NH2 Yes 12.9 51 R2052
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CA-Sar-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 74.2 52 R2053
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CAS-Phg-C-Phe(4- Yes 5340 53 CH2NH2)-Tbg-NH2 R2054
[mXylyl(2,6)]Ac-Nvl-CESIC-(.eta.-.omega.-MeR)- Yes 5000 54 V-NH2
R2055 [mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRVLRY-NH2 Yes 2.2 55 R2056
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRVLRYS-NH2 Yes 1.9 56 R2057
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CESICRVLRYSE-NH2 Yes 0.943 57 R2058
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CAP-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 29.5 58 R2059
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-CASFCR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 425 59 R2060
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-S-(D)Phg-CR- Yes 959 60 Tbg-NH2 R2061
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-S-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 12.7 61 R2062
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-S-Cppg-CRV-NH2 Yes 2470 62 R2063
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-SVCRV-NH2 Yes 151 63 R2064
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-a-S-Phg-CR- Yes 14.9 64 Tbg-NH2 R2065
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-Nle-S-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 6.1 65 R2066
[mXylyl(1,5)]Heptanoyl-C-a-S-(D)Phg- Yes 4370 66 C-R-Tbg-NH2 R2067
[mXylyl(1,5)]Heptanoyl-C-a-S-Phg-C- Yes 19.1 67 R-Tbg-NH2 R2068
[mXylyl(1,5)]Heptanoyl-C-a-nMeS-Phg- Yes 26.8 68 C-R-Tbg-NH2 R2069
[mXylyl(1,5)]Heptanoyl-C-a-nMeS- Yes 903 69 (D)Phg-C-R-Tbg-NH2
R2070 [mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-S-Phg-CR-Cppg-NH2 Yes 118 70 R2071
[mXylyl(1,5)]Ac-C-a-S-Phg-CR-Chg-NH2 Yes 1920 71 R2072
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-AAICRV-NH2 Yes 13 72 R2073
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-OctG-S-Phg- Yes 18.6 73 CR-Tbg-NH2 R2074
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICR-nMeV-NH2 Yes 11600 74 R2075
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-AA-Phg-CR- Yes 2.6 75 Tbg-NH2 R2076
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-GA-Phg-CR- Yes 11.4 76 Tbg-NH2 R2077
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCES-Cpg-CRV-NH2 Yes 19.7 77 R2078
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Aib-A-Phg- Yes 2.8 78 CR-Tbg-NH2 R2079
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-a-A-Phg-CR- Yes 17.8 79 Tbg-NH2 R2080
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-a-S-Phg-C- Yes 13200 80 azaTrp-Tbg-NH2
R2081 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Tranexamic- Yes >10,000 81
(D)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2082 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-a-S-Chg-C- Yes 25.8
82 R-Tbg-NH2 R2083 [oXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes
>8900 83 R2084 [pXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 Yes 1800
84 R2085 [mXylyl(1,5)]CESICRV-NH2 Yes 21.9 85 R2086
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRELRYSE-NH2 Yes 8930 86 R2087
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRE-NH2 Yes >16600 87 R2088
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCESNCRV-NH2 Yes 2040 88 R2089
[mXylyl(2,6)]MCEYICRV-NH2 Yes 61.9 89 R2090
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Tranexamic- Yes 1750 90 Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2
R2091 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Aib-A-Chg- Yes 3.2 91 CR-Tbg-NH2
R2092 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Acc-A- Yes 3960 92 (D)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2
R2093 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Acc-A-Phg- Yes 10.3 93 CR-Tbg-NH2
R2094 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-AcPyr-A- Yes 46.9 94
(D)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2095 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-AcPyr-A- Yes 1.6 95
Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2096 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Acbc-A- Yes 748 96
(D)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2097 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Acbc-A-Phg- Yes 2
97 CR-Tbg-NH2 R2098 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Aib-A- Yes 22.4 98
(D)Phg-CR-Tbg-LRYSE-NH2 R2099 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-Aib-A-Phg-
Yes 0.1 99 CR-Tbg-LRYSE-NH2 R2100 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-AcPyr-A-
Yes 1.5 100 Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2101 [mXylyl(2,6)]MCESI-nMeC-RV-NH2 Yes
12700 101 R2102 [3-methoxy-mXylyl(2,6)]MCESICRV-NH2 Yes 39.7
102
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Kallikrein Inhibitory Activity Avg. SEQ
Compound IC.sub.50 ID No. Sequence Cyclic (nM) NO. R2003
[mXylyl(2,11)] Yes 3.1 3 MCNYWSPWTECSR-NH2 R2103 MCNYWSPWTECSR-NH2
No 2.3 103 R2104 MCNYWSPWTECSA-NH2 No 3.4 104 R2105
MCNYWSPWTSEIC-NH2 No 4.4 105 R2106 Ac-NYWSPWT-NH2 No 374 106 R2107
MSNYWSPWTESSA-NH2 No 128 107 R2108 [mXylyl(2,11)] Yes 4.1 108
MCNYWSPWTECSA-NH2 R2109 [mXylyl(2,13)] Yes 9.2 109
MCNYWSPWTSEIC-NH2 R2110 MCNYWSPWTECS-NH2 No 3.5 110 R2111
MCNYWSPWTEC-NH2 No 3.8 111 R2112 MCNYWSPWTE-NH2 No 2.4 112 R2113
MCNYWSPWT-NH2 No 88.8 113 R2114 MCNYWSPW-NH2 No 349 114 R2115
MCNYWSP-NH2 No >17300 115 R2116 Ac-CNYWSPWTECSA-NH2 No 3.5 116
R2117 Ac-NYWSPWTECSA-NH2 No 43.9 117 R2118 Ac-YW SPWTECSA-NH2 No
>100000 118 R2119 Ac-WSPWTECSA-NH2 No >100000 119 R2120
Ac-SPWTECSA-NH2 No >100000 120 R2121 Ac-PWTECSA-NH2 No 10300 121
R2122 MCNYWSPWTSEI-NH2 No 30.4 122 R2123 MCNYWSPWTSE-NH2 No 25.5
123 R2124 MCNYWSPWTS-NH2 No 54.6 124 R2125 [mXylyl(1,10)] Yes 10.6
125 Ac-CNYWSPWTECSA-NH2 R2126 Ac-CNYWSPWTEC-NH2 No 1.4 126 R2127
Ac-CNYWSPWTEA-NH2 No 35.6 127 R2128 Ac-CNYWSPWTAC-NH2 No 2.5 128
R2129 Ac-CNYWSPWAEC-NH2 No 12.3 129 R2130 Ac-CNYWSPATEC-NH2 No 5300
130 R2131 Ac-CNYWAPWTEC-NH2 No 127 131 R2132 Ac-CNYASPWTEC-NH2 No
4110 132 R2133 Ac-CNAWSPWTEC-NH2 No 39.1 133 R2134 Ac-CNYWSPWTC-NH2
No 86.7 134 R2135 Ac-CNYWSPWT-NH2 No 144 135 R2136 [mXylyl(1,10)]
Yes 6.1 136 Ac-CNYWSPWTAC-NH2 R2137 Ac-CNYWSAWTEC-NH2 No 57.2 137
R2138 Ac-ANYWSPWTEC-NH2 No 22.3 138 R2139 Ac-Nvl-NYWSPWTAC-NH2 No
65.3 139 R2140 Ac-CNYWSPWTA-Nvl-NH2 No 105 140 R2141
Ac-Nvl-NYWSPWTA-Nvl-NH2 No 157 141 R2142 [cyclo(1,10)] Yes 2.7 142
Ac-CNYWSPWTAC-NH2 R2143 Ac-ANYWSPWTAC-NH2 No 48.4 143 R2144
Ac-CNYWSPWTAA-NH2 No 95.5 144 R2145 Ac-ANYWSPWTAA-NH2 No 58.8 145
R2146 Ac-CNYWSPWAAC-NH2 No 17.5 146
[0181] Additional optimization was earned out by making a variety
of truncations, deletions, and substitutions. Each derivative was
synthesized according to the methods of Examples 12 through 14.
Each derivative was tested for inhibition of plasma kallikrein as
described in Example 4. Additional derivatives of peptide R2004 are
listed in Table 5 with their corresponding IC.sub.50 values.
Additional derivatives of peptide R2003 are listed in Table 6 with
their corresponding IC.sub.50 values.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Additional optimized derivatives of R2004
Avg. SEQ Compound IC.sub.50 ID No. Sequence Cyclic (nM) NO. R2147
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes >2190 147
AcPyr-A-Chg-C-AzaTrp-Tbg-NH2 R2148 [mXylyl(1,5)]heptanoyl-C- Yes
28.8 148 a-nMeS-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2149 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes
177 149 (Cyclo-L)-A-(D)Phg-CRTbg-NH2 R2150 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-
Yes 0.764 150 (Cyclo-L)-A-Phg-CRTbg-NH2 R2151
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 1940 151 AEA-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2152
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes 319 152 Aib-A-Chg-CR-(3,3-
dimethylbutan-2-amine) R2153 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes >8880
153 Aib-A-Chg-CR-OH R2154 [mXylyl(1,4)](2-SAc)- Yes >7930 154
SICRV-NH2 R2155 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 66,3 155 SICRV-NH2
R2156 [pXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 1,530 156 SICRV-NH2 R2157
[1,3,5-Xylyl(1,5,9)](des- Yes >14,300 157 NH2)C-Aib-A-Chg-CR-
Tbg-PC-NH2 R2158 [1,3,5-Xylyl(1,5,11)](des- Yes 2,340 158
NH2)C-Aib-A-Chg-CR- Tbg-LRYC-NH2 R2159 [mXylyl(2,6)]Ac-Chg-CR- Yes
>20100 159 V-AC-NH2 R2160 [mXylyl(2,6)]Ac-Chg-CR- Yes >100000
160 V-PC-NH2 R2161 [oXylyl(1,4)](Des-NH2)C- Yes 2230 161 SICRV-NH2
R2162 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes 466 162 Aib-A-Chg-CR-(2-amino-
3,3-dimethylbutan-l-ol) R2163 [mXylyl(2,6)]MCESIC- Yes 1960 163
nMeR-V-NH2 R2164 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 10.1 164
S-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2165 [mXylyl(1,4)](Des-NH2)C- Yes 82.1 165
nMeS-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2166 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes 310 166
AcPyr-A-Chg-C-(4-BZA)-V-NH2 R2167 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 10.7
167 P-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2168 [mXylyl(1,4)](Des-NH2)C- Yes 11.3 168
(Cyclo-L)-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2169 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes 1.9 169
(Cyclo-L)-A-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2170 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes 2.1
170 (Cyclo-L)-A-Chg-CR-Tbg- LRY-NH2 R2171 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-
Yes >100,000 171 ESIC-r-V-NH2 R2172 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes
>100,000 172 ESIC-Orn-V-NH2 R2173 [cyc1o(1,5)1-ACP-Aib-A- Yes
>100,000 173 Chg-DR-Tbg-NH2 R2174 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
870 174 (Cyclo-L)-Chg-CK-Tbg-NH2 R2175 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes
379 175 (Cyclo-L)-A-Chg-CR-V-OH R2176 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
15.2 176 Aib-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2177 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 34.1
177 Acc-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2178 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes 3.2 178
(Cyclo-L)-A-Chg-CR-V-NHCH3 R2179 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes
>8230 179 AcPyr-A-Chg-C-(3-BZA)-V-NH2 R2180
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 6.8 180 (a-Me)P-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2181
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 18.5 181 Acbc-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2182
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 13.5 182 AcPyr-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2183
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >3500 183 P-Chg-CR-V-OH R2184
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 15.7 184 P-Chg-CR-V-NHCH3 R2185
[mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes >100,000 185
AcPyr-A-Chg-C-(4-BZA-N- hexylcarbamate)-V-NH2 R2186
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >100,000 186 P-Chg-C-R(N-
.omega.hexylcarbamate)-Tbg-NH2 R2187 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
>4700 187 P-(D)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2188 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
3.4 188 P-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2189 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 39.8
189 P-(2-OMe)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2190 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C- Yes
0.511 190 Aib-A-Chg-CR-Tbg-LRYSE-NH2 R2191 [mXylyl(1,5)](des-NH2)C-
Yes 5.5 191 Aib-A-Chg-CR-Tbg- LRYSE(PEG40K)-NH2 R2192
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 851 192 P-(.alpha.-Me)Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2
R2193 [mXylyl(2,6)](BODIPY- Yes 205 193 TMR)-MCESICRV-NH2 R2194
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 127 194 Aze-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2195
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >175000 195 P-Chg-CR-OH R2196
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 35.6 196 P-Chg-CR-(S)-2,2-dimethyl-
1-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-1- amine R2197 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
56.9 197 P-Chg-CR-2-methyl-1-(4H- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)propan-1-
amine R2198 [mXylyl(1,4)](Des-NH2)C- Yes >15,000 198
P-Chg-C-(2-APY-Tbg-NH2 R2199 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 0.54 199
(.alpha.-Me)Pro-Phg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2200 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
470 200 (.alpha.-Me)Pro-(D-Phg)-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2201
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 7 201 E-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2202
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 58.8 202 P-Phg-CR-Tbg-L-OH R2203
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >10000 203 P-Chg-C-2-amino-4-(6-
aminopyridin-3-yl)butanoic acid-V-NH2 R2204
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >25,000 204 Ser-(nMe)Ile-CR-Tbg-NH2
R2205 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >75000 205
P-Phg-C-4-Cl-Phe-Tbg-NH2 R2206 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
>75000 206 P-(D)Phg-C-4-Cl-Phe-Tbg-NH2 R2207
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >75000 207 P-Phg-C-3-Cl-Phe-Tbg-NH2
R2208 P-(D-Phg)-C-3-Cl-Phe-Tbg-NH2 Yes >75000 208 R2209
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >75000 209 P-Phg-C-5-C1-Trp-Tbg-NH2
R2210 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- P-(D-Phg)-C-5-C1-Trp-Tbg-NH2 Yes
>75000 210 R2211 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >75000 211
P-Phg-C-Dab-Tbg-NH2 R2212 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >100000
212 P-(D-Phg)-C-Dab-Tbg-NH2 R2213 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
461.6 213 E(PEG40K)-Chg-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2214 [mXylyl(1,4)](des- Yes
4000 214 NH2)Cys-P-Chg-CR-Tbg-OH R2215 [mXylyl(1,4)](Des-NH2)C- Yes
6386 215 P-Phg-C-(4-amidino)Phe-V-NH2 R2216
[mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 0.913 216 P-Phg-CR-Tbg-L-nMeR-YSE-NH2
R2217 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 114.1 217 P-(D-Phg)-CR-Tbg-L-
nMeR-YSE-NH2 R2218 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes 3 218
P-Ind-CR-Tbg-NH2 R2219 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >100000 219
P-Phg-C-ABP-Tbg-NH2 R2220 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes >100000
220 P-(D-Phg)-C-ABP-Tbg-NH2 R2221 [mXylyl(1,4)](des-NH2)C- Yes
400.6 221 P-Phg-C-(4-(aminomethyl) benzimidamide
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 7 Additional optimized derivatives of R2003
Avg. SEQ Compound IC.sub.50 ID No. Sequence Cyclic (nM) NO. R2222
[Cyclo(1,10)] Yes 926 222 CNYWSPWTAA R2223 [mXylyl(1,10)]Ac-CN- Yes
>100,000 223 nMeY-W-nMeS-PW- nMeT-AC-NH2 R2224
[cyclo(1,10)]Ac-CN- Yes >100,000 224 nMeY-W-nMeS-PW- nMeT-AC-NH2
R2225 Ac-CNYWSPWTAc-NH2 No 8.1 225 R2226 Ac-CNYWSPWTaC-NH2 No 222
226 R2227 Ac-CNYWSPWtAC-NH2 No 323 227 R2228 Ac-CNYWSPwTAC-NH2 No
>10,600 228 R2229 Ac-CNYWSpWTAC-NH2 No >14,300 229 R2230
Ac-CNYWsPWTAC-NH2 No >6,580 230 R2231 Ac-CNYwSPWTAC-NH2 No 760
231 R2232 Ac-CNyWSPWTAC-NH2 No >1,950 232 R2233
Ac-CnYWSPWTAC-NH2 No 305 233 R2234 Ac-CNYWSPWT- No 2.7 234
nMeA-C-NH2 R2235 Ac-CNYWSPW-nMeT- No 101 235 AC-NH2 R2236
Ac-CNYWSP-nMeW- No >4900 236 TAC-NH2 R2237 Ac-CNYW-nMeS- No
>13900 237 PWTAC-NH2 R2238 Ac-CNY-nMeW- No >4520 238
SPWTAC-NH2 R2239 Ac-CN-nMeY- No >12,500 239 WSPWTAC-NH2
[0182] As used herein, abbreviations have the following meaning:
"Nvl" stands for Norvaline; "Phg" stands for phenylglycine; "Tbg"
stands for tert-butylglycine; "nMe" indicates the N-methylated form
of a given amino acid (e.g. nMeS or nMeSer is the N-methylated form
of serine); "Asp(T)" stands for
(S)-2-amino-3-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid; "Phe(4-CH2NH2)"
stands for 4-aminomethyl-phenylalanine; "Phe(3-CH2NH2)" stands for
3-aminomethyl-phenylalanine; "Cpg" stands for cyclopentylglycine;
"hLys" stands for homolysine; "Pen" stands for penicillamine; one
letter abbreviations for amino acids that appear in lower case
indicate that the D-isomer of that amino acid is present (e.g. "a"
stands for D-alanine); "Chg" stands for cyclohexylglycine; "Sar"
stands for sarcosine; ".eta.-.omega.-MeR" or ".eta.-.omega.-Me-Arg"
stands for the eta-omega methylated form of arginine; "Cppg" stands
for cyclopropylyglycine; "(D)Phg" stands for D-phenylglycine;
"OctG" stands for octylglycine; "Nle" stands for norleucine; "Aib"
stands for aminoisobutyric acid; "azaTrp" stands for
aza-tryptophan; "Tranexamic" stands for tranexamic acid; "Acc"
stands for 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; "AcPyr" or "Ac-pyr"
stands for 4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid; "Acbc"
stands for 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid; "(2-OMe)Phg" stands
for 2-methoxy-phenylglycine; "(a-Me)P" stands for alpha methyl
proline; "(a-Me)Phg" stands for alpha methyl phenylglycine;
"(BODIPY-TMR)" stands for
644,4-difluoro-1,3-dimethyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s--
indacene-2-propionyl)amino)hexanoic acid; "2APY" stands for
2-amino-4-(2-aminopyridin-4-yl)butanoic acid; "2-SAc" stands for
2-thioacetic acid; "3-Cl-Phe" stands for 3-chlorophenylalanine;
"3-Cl-Tyr" stands for 3-chlorotyrosine; "3-F-Tyr" stands for
3-fluorotyrosine; "4-BZA" stands for
2-amino-3-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)propanoic acid; "4-Cl-Phe" stands
for 4-chlorophenylalanine; "4-F-Phe" stands for
4-fluorophenylalanine; "5-C1-Trp" stands for 5-chlorotryptophan;
"5-F-Trp" stands for 5-fluorotryptophan; "ABP" stands for
2-amino-3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)propanoic acid; "Achc" stands for
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid; "AEA" stands for
2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid; "AzaTrp" stands for 7-azatryptophan;
"azaTrp" stands for aza-tryptophan; "Aze" stands for Azetidine;
"Cpg" stands for cyclopentylglycine; "(Cyclo-L)" stands for
1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid; "Dab" stands for
(S)-4-diaminobutyric acid; "homoCys" stands for homocysteine; "Ind"
stands for (S)-2-amino-2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)acetic acid;
"Orn" stands for Ornithine; "PEG40K" stands for poly ethylene
glycol, 40,000 kD in size; "des-NH2" represents a missing
amino-terminal amine group; "mLutidine" stands for meta-lutidine;
"Ac" stands for acetyl; "NH2" stands for amine; "Heptanoyl" refers
to an acyl chain comprised of 7 carbon atoms; "[mXylyl(x,y)]"
refers to the dibromoxylene linker between the cysteines and the
numerical identifiers, x and y, place the position of the cysteines
participating in the cyclization; "oXylyl" stands for ortho-xylyl;
"pXylyl" stands for para-xylyl; and "[cyclo(x,y)]" refers to the
disulfide bond between two cysteines (to form a cyclic loop) and
the numerical identifiers, x and y, place the position of the
cysteines participating in the cyclization. All other symbols refer
to the standard one-letter amino acid code.
Example 8
Inhibitor Specificity
[0183] To determine the specificity of peptide inhibitors, an
IC.sub.50 assay, as described in Example 4, was performed on a
variety of serine proteases related to human plasma kallikrein. The
enzymes tested include mouse plasma kallikrein (R&D Systems,
Minneapolis, Minn.), and the human enzymes Factor VIIa (Enzyme
Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.), Factor Xa (Enzyme
Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.), Factor XIa (Enzyme
Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.), Factor XIIa (Enzyme
Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.), tissue kallikrein KLK13
(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.), thrombin (Enzyme Research
Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.) and plasmin (Enzyme Research
Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.).
[0184] Each enzyme was tested with the following specific
fluorgenic substrates (available from Bachem; Torrance, Calif.):
mouse plasma kallikrein (Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC), Factor VIIa
(Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC), Factor Xa (Boc-Gln-Gly-Arg-AMC), Factor XIa
(Boc-Gln-Gly-Arg-AMC), Factor XIIa (Boc-Gln-Gly-Arg-AMC), KLK13
(Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC), thrombin (Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC) and plasmin
(Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC). Peptide inhibitors R2006, R2010, R2012,
R2019, R2023, R2030, R2036, R2041, R2047, R2104 and R2051 were
assayed. As compared to human and mouse plasma kallikreins, for
which the inhibitors exhibited IC.sub.50 values ranging from 3.4 to
191 nM, none of the inhibitors had an IC.sub.50 value below 4.8
.mu.M and the majority were above 100 .mu.M. Thus, all of the
inhibitors tested were found to be highly selective for human and
mouse plasma kallikreins (Tables 7 and 8).
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Inhibitor Specificity Factor SEQ Human Mouse
Factor Factor XIa ID Kallikrein Kallikrein VIIa IC.sub.50 Xa
IC.sub.50 IC.sub.50 Peptide NO IC.sub.50 (nM) IC.sub.50 (nM) (nM)
(nM) (nM) R2006 6 25 42 >100,000 >7,000 >11,600 R2010 10
9.9 38.8 >100,000 >100,000 >15,000 R2012 12 8.3 11.3 NT NT
>8,300 R2019 19 52.3 85.6 >100,000 >10,000 >9,100 R2023
23 19 47.3 >100,000 >7,000 >12,100 R2030 30 25 63.9
>100,000 >100,000 >10,400 R2036 36 6.4 12.8 >100,000
>7,000 >4,800 R2041 41 24.2 191 >17,900 >7,000
>5,400 R2047 47 32.3 36.7 >100,000 >100,000 >13,800
R2104 104 3.4 11.2 >100,000 >100,000 >5,000 R2051 51 12.9
19.3 >100,000 >100,000 >8,300
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Inhibitor Specificity (continued) Factor
KLK13 Plasmin SEQ ID XIIa IC.sub.50 IC.sub.50 Thrombin IC.sub.50
Peptide NO (nM) (nM) IC.sub.50 (nM) (nM) R2006 6 >100,000
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 R2010 10 >100,000
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 R2012 12 NT >100,000 NT NT
R2019 19 >12,500 >16,400 >100,000 >21,000 R2023 23
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 >100,000 R2030 30
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 >100,000 R2036 36
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 >19,500 R2041 41 >100,000
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 R2047 47 >100,000
>100,000 >100,000 >100,000 R2104 104 >100,000
>100,000 >100,000 5,800 R2051 51 >100,000 >100,000
>100,000 >100,000
Example 9
Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Animal Model
[0185] The carrageenan-induced paw edema model is an art accepted
animal model for the study of the compositions of the present
invention. In this model, animals are administered carrageenan and
the subsequent paw swelling is quantified by methods described by
Morris (2003, Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in the Rat and Mouse.
Methods in Mol. Biology 225, 115-121). The resulting paw swelling
is compared to swelling after the effects of administration of any
of the kallikrein inhibitors disclosed herein. Active kallikrein
inhibitors are those that evince less paw swelling than that
induced by carrageenan.
Example 10
Diabetic Macular Edema Animal Models
[0186] Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the thickening of the retina
in the macular area due to diabetic retinopathy (DR). Patients with
advance DR have abnormally abundant ocular levels of proteins of
the plasma kallikrein-kinin system. Animals are administered the
kallikrein inhibitors disclosed in Tables 1-6 and 9 to study the
effect of the inhibitors for the treatment of DME. The animal
models include animals that have diabetes, oxygen-induced
retinopathy (OIR) and/or both disorders. Diabetes is induced when
the animals are given an injection of streptozotocin and OIR is
induced by exposing neonatal animals to hyperoxia as described
(Zhang et al, 2004, Plasminogen kringle 5 reduces vascular leakage
in the retina in rat models of oxygen-induced retinopathy and
diabetes. Diabetologia 47:124-131; Smith et al, 1994,
Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
35:101-111).
[0187] The vascular permeability of the retina and iris is
determined by measuring the albumin leakage from blood vessels into
the retina and iris using Evans blue as described (Zhang et al,
2004, Plasminogen kringle 5 reduces vascular leakage in the retina
in rat models of oxygen-induced retinopathy and diabetes.
Diabetologia 47:124-131; Gao et al, 2003, Kallikrein-binding
protein inhibits retinal neovascularization and decreases vascular
leakage, Diabetologia 46:689-698). The dosage of kallikrein
inhibitors administered to the animals is varied to study the
dose-dependent effects on vascular permeability.
Example 11
Animal Models using C1INH Knockout Mice
[0188] Mice in which the C1INH gene was targeted by gene trapping
(C1INH -/- mice) are used to study the effect of the kallikrein
inhibitors disclosed in Tables 1-6 and 9 on vascular permeability.
The mice may have diabetes induced from an injection of
streptozotocin and/or oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) induced by
exposing neonatal mice to hyperoxia. To determine the effects on
vascular permeability from the administration kallikrein inhibitors
described herein, Evans blue dye is injected into the mice after
the administration of the kallikrein inhibitor. The mice are
administered the kallikrein inhibitor in a single dose
administration or a dose-dependent administration study. The
kallikrein inhibitor is administered intraveneously, subcutaneously
or intramuscularly.
Example 12
Peptide Synthesis
[0189] Peptides were synthesized using standard solid-phase
Fmoc/tBu methods. The synthesis is typically performed on a Liberty
automated microwave peptide synthesizer (CEM, Matthews N.C.) using
standard protocols with Rink amide resin, although other automated
synthesizers without microwave capability may also be used. All
amino acids were obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise
noted. The coupling reagent used is
2-(6-chloro-1-H-benzotriazole-lyl)-1,1,3,3,-tetramethylaminium
hexafluorophosphate (HCTU) and the base is diisopropylethylamine
(DIEA). Peptides are cleaved from resin with 95% TFA, 2.5% TIS and
2.5% water for 3 hours and isolated by precipitation with ether.
The crude peptides are purified on a reverse phase preparative HPLC
using a C18 column, with an acetonitrile/water 0.1% TFA gradient
from 20%-50% over 30 min. Fractions containing the pure peptide are
collected and lyophilized and all peptides are analyzed by
LC-MS.
Example 13
Dibromoxylene Cyclization
[0190] A 100 mL flask is charged with acetonitrile (12 mL) and
water (24 mL) and is degassed with argon for about 5 min. Linear
peptide (0.01 mmole) and 200 mM ammonium bicarbonate (6 mL) are
added followed by at least one peptide (0.012 mmole) such as, but
not limited to, 1,3-bis(bromomethyl) benzene,
1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene,
2,6-bis(bromomethyl)pyridine, (E)-1,4-dibromobut-2-ene. The
reaction mixture is stirred under argon at room temperature for
approximately 2 hours and monitored by LC-MS. After the reaction is
complete, the reaction solution is frozen and lyophilized. HPLC
purification of the crude lyophilized product followed by
lyophilization of fractions containing pure peptide results in the
final cyclized product as a white power.
Example 14
Substituted Bis(bromomethyl)benzenes Cyclization
[0191] A 100 mL flask is charged with acetonitrile (12 mL) and
water (24 mL) and is degassed with argon for about 5 min. Linear
peptide (0.01 mmole) and 200 mM ammonium bicarbonate (6 mL) are
added followed by a substituted bis(bromomethyl)benzene (0.012
mmole). The reaction mixture is stirred under argon at room
temperature for approximately 2 hours and monitored by LC-MS. After
the reaction is complete, the reaction solution is frozen and
lyophilized. HPLC purification of the crude lyophilized product
followed by lyophilization of fractions containing pure peptide
results in the final cyclized product as a white power.
Example 15
Inhibitor Compounds Obtained by Alternate Cyclization
Procedures
[0192] Plasma kallikrein inhibitors were synthesized according to
one or more of the chemical reactions described in sections A, B
and C of the present example. The resulting inhibitor compounds
were tested for plasma kallikrein inhibitory activity as described
in example 4. These compounds are listed in Table 9 along with the
corresponding IC50 data obtained.
A. Heck Reaction
[0193] As used herein, the term "Heck reaction" refers to a
chemical reaction wherein an unsaturated halide (including, but not
limited to a bromide) reacts with an alkene group as well as a base
in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium resulting in the
formation of a substituted alkene (Mizoroki, T. et al., Arylation
of olefin with aryl iodide catalyzed by palladium. Bulletin of the
Chemical Society of Japan. 1971. 44(2):p581). For peptide mimetic
synthesis by Heck reaction, 300 mg of peptide containing resin
(0.59 mmol/g) was treated with a solution of DMF/H.sub.2O/Et.sub.3N
(9:1:1; 10 mL), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (40 mg), PPh.sub.3 (50 mg),
(nBu).sub.4NCl (45 mg) in one portion. The resulting suspension was
agitated overnight at 37.degree. C. and after this time, the resin
was washed sequentially with DMF, MeOH, DCM and dried under a
nitrogen gas flow. The Peptide was cleaved off from the resin with
TFA/H.sub.2O (97:3) and purified by reverse phase HPLC. An example
of one such reaction is presented in Scheme 4.
##STR00012##
In some embodiments, the double bond formed in the reaction is in
the S stereochemical formation. In some embodiments, the double
bond formed in the reaction is in the R stereochemical
formation.
B. Buchwald Reaction
[0194] As used herein, the term "Buchwald reaction" refers to a
chemical reaction carried out overnight at a temperature selected
from any between 50.degree. C. and 150.degree. C. wherein a halide
(including, but not limited to a bromide) is reacted with a
chemical group comprising oxygen in the presence of toluene and a
catalyst comprising palladium. For peptide mimetic synthesis by
Buchwald reaction, peptide containing resin (0.6 mmol/g) was
treated with a solution of Toluene (10 mL), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (12 mg),
ligand (7.9 mg), Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (32.5 mg) in 10 mL of Toluene in
one portion. The resulting solution was agitated at 80.degree. C.
for 24 hr. The resin was washed sequentially with MeOH and DCM and
dried under a nitrogen gas flow. The Peptide was cleaved off from
the resin with TFA/H.sub.2O (97:3) and purified by reverse phase
HPLC. An example of one such reaction is presented in Scheme 5.
##STR00013##
C. Olefin Metathesis
[0195] As used herein, the term "olefin metathesis" refers to a
chemical reaction comprising alkene redistribution through the
breaking and reforming of carbon-carbon double bonds. For peptide
mimetic synthesis by olefin metathesis, peptide containing resin
(0.6 mmol/g) and Grubbs-Hoveyda 2.sup.nd catalyst (6.2 mg) were
added into a reaction vessel and purged with nitrogen gas flow for
30 min. Anhydrous dichloroethane (1 mL) was then added, the vessel
was sealed and the suspension was agitated at 80.degree. C. for 40
hr. The resin was washed with DCM and dried under nitrogen gas
flow. The Peptide was cleaved off from the resin with TFA/H.sub.2O
(97:3) and purified by reverse phase HPLC. An example of one such
reaction is presented in Scheme 6.
##STR00014##
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Compounds synthesized using additional
cyclization procedures Avg. Compound IC.sub.50 No. Structure Cyclic
(nM) R2240 ##STR00015## Yes >75,000 R2241 ##STR00016## Yes
>75,000 R2242 ##STR00017## Yes >100,000 R2243 ##STR00018##
Yes >50,000 R2244 ##STR00019## Yes >50,000 R2245 ##STR00020##
Yes >50,000 R2246 ##STR00021## Yes >50,000 R2247 ##STR00022##
Yes 474 R2248 ##STR00023## Yes >100,000 R2249 ##STR00024## Yes
>100,000 R2250 ##STR00025## Yes >100,000 R2251 ##STR00026##
Yes >100,000 R2252 ##STR00027## Yes >100,000 R2253
##STR00028## Yes >100,000 R2254 ##STR00029## Yes >100,000
R2255 ##STR00030## Yes >25,000 R2256 ##STR00031## Yes >100000
R2257 ##STR00032## Yes 383.4 R2258 ##STR00033## Yes 498 R2259
##STR00034## Yes 1456 R2260 ##STR00035## Yes 4682 R2261
##STR00036## Yes 164.2 R2262 ##STR00037## Yes >100000 R2263
##STR00038## Yes >100000 R2264 ##STR00039## Yes 1103 R2265
##STR00040## Yes 39.2 R2266 ##STR00041## Yes 118.4 R2267
##STR00042## Yes 12.8
EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
[0196] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents to the specific embodiments in accordance with the
invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is
not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is
as set forth in the appended claims.
[0197] In the claims, articles such as "a," "an," and "the" may
mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or
otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that
include "or" between one or more members of a group are considered
satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are
present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product
or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident
from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which
exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or
otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention
includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group
members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a
given product or process.
[0198] It is also noted that the term "comprising" is intended to
be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or
steps.
[0199] Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore,
it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise
evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill
in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any
specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different
embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower
limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates
otherwise.
[0200] In addition, it is to be understood that any particular
embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art
may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims.
Since such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary
skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not
set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the
compositions of the invention (e.g., any nucleic acid or protein
encoded thereby; any method of production; any method of use; etc.)
can be excluded from any one or more claims, for any reason,
whether or not related to the existence of prior art.
[0201] All cited sources, for example, references, publications,
databases, database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated
into this application by reference, even if not expressly stated in
the citation. In case of conflicting statements of a cited source
and the instant application, the statement in the instant
application shall control.
Sequence CWU 1
1
245113PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 1Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser
Arg 1 5 10 213PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 2Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Arg
Tyr Ser Glu 1 5 10 313PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 3Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser Arg 1 5 10 413PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 4Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys
Arg Val Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu 1 5 10 513PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 5Met
Cys Glu Thr Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Lys Tyr Ser Asp 1 5 10
68PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 6Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
78PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 7Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
88PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 8Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
98PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 9Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
108PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 10Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Gly 1 5
118PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 11Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
128PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 12Met Cys Glu Ser Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5
138PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 13Val Cys Glu Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
149PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 14Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Asn 1 5
157PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 15Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg 1 5
168PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 16Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Ala 1 5
178PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 17Met Cys Glu Ser Ala Cys Arg Val 1 5
188PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 18Met Cys Glu Ala Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
198PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 19Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
208PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 20Met Cys Xaa Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
218PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 21Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Phe Val 1 5
228PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 22Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Phe Val 1 5
237PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 23Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
248PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 24Met Cys Ala Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
258PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 25Ala Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
268PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 26Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
279PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 27Met Cys Glu Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
288PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 28Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
298PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 29Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Lys Val 1 5
308PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 30Val Cys Glu Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
318PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 31Val Xaa Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
328PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 32Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Xaa Arg Val 1 5
338PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 33Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Lys Val 1 5
348PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 34Val Xaa Glu Ser Ile Xaa Arg Val 1 5
358PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 35Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Phe 1 5
367PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 36Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
376PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 37Cys Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 389PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 38Cys
Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Lys 1 5 397PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 39Cys
Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 408PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 40Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Lys
Val 1 5 417PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 41Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
428PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 42Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
438PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 43Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
448PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 44Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
458PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 45Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu 1 5
469PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 46Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Arg 1 5
477PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 47Cys Ala Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
487PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 48Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
495PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 49Cys Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 508PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 50Met
Cys Glu Ser Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5 517PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 51Cys
Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 527PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 52Cys Ala Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly
1 5 537PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 53Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Phe Gly 1 5
548PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 54Val Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
5510PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 55Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Arg Tyr 1 5 10
5611PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 56Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Arg Tyr Ser 1 5
10 5712PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 57Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu
1 5 10 587PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 58Cys Ala Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
597PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 59Cys Ala Ser Phe Cys Arg Gly 1 5
607PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 60Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
617PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 61Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
627PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 62Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5
637PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 63Cys Ala Ser Val Cys Arg Val 1 5
647PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 64Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
657PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 65Cys Leu Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
667PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 66Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
677PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 67Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
687PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 68Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
697PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 69Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
707PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 70Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
717PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 71Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
727PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 72Cys Ala Ala Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
737PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 73Cys Gly Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
748PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 74Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
757PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 75Cys Ala Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
767PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 76Cys Gly Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
778PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 77Met Cys Glu Ser Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5
787PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 78Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
797PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 79Cys Ala Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
807PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 80Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Trp Gly 1 5
816PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 81Cys Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 827PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 82Cys
Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 835PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 83Cys Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
845PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 84Cys Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 857PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 85Cys
Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 8613PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 86Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys
Arg Glu Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu 1 5 10 878PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 87Met
Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Glu 1 5 888PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 88Met
Cys Glu Ser Asn Cys Arg Val 1 5 898PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 89Met
Cys Glu Tyr Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 906PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 90Cys
Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 917PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 91Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly
1 5 927PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 92Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
937PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 93Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
947PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 94Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
957PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 95Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
967PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 96Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
977PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 97Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
9812PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 98Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu
1 5 10 9912PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 99Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu
1 5 10 1007PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 100Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
1018PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 101Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
1028PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 102Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
10313PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 103Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys
Ser Arg 1 5 10 10413PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 104Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr
Glu Cys Ser Ala 1 5 10 10513PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 105Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser
Pro Trp Thr Ser Glu Ile Cys 1 5 10 1067PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 106Asn
Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr 1 5 10713PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 107Met Ser Asn Tyr Trp Ser
Pro Trp Thr Glu Ser Ser Ala 1 5 10 10813PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 108Met
Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser Ala 1 5 10
10913PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 109Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ser Glu
Ile Cys 1 5 10 11012PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 110Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr
Glu Cys Ser 1 5 10 11111PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 111Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser
Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10 11210PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 112Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser
Pro Trp Thr Glu 1 5 10 1139PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 113Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser
Pro Trp Thr 1 5 1148PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 114Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp 1 5
1157PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 115Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro 1 5
11612PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 116Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser
Ala 1 5 10 11711PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 117Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys
Ser Ala 1 5
10 11810PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 118Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser Ala 1 5 10
1199PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 119Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser Ala 1 5
1208PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 120Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser Ala 1 5
1217PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 121Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys Ser Ala 1 5
12212PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 122Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ser Glu
Ile 1 5 10 12311PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 123Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr
Ser Glu 1 5 10 12410PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 124Met Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr
Ser 1 5 10 12512PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 125Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu
Cys Ser Ala 1 5 10 12610PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 126Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10 12710PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 127Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Trp Thr Glu Ala 1 5 10 12810PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 128Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 12910PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 129Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Trp Ala Glu Cys 1 5 10 13010PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 130Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Ala Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10 13110PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 131Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ala Pro
Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10 13210PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 132Cys Asn Tyr Ala Ser Pro
Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10 13310PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 133Cys Asn Ala Trp Ser Pro
Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10 1349PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 134Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro
Trp Thr Cys 1 5 1358PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 135Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr 1 5
13610PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 136Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
13710PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 137Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Ala Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10
13810PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 138Ala Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Glu Cys 1 5 10
13910PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 139Val Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
14010PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 140Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Val 1 5 10
14110PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 141Val Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Val 1 5 10
14210PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 142Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
14310PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 143Ala Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
14410PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 144Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Ala 1 5 10
14510PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 145Ala Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Ala 1 5 10
14610PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 146Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Ala Ala Cys 1 5 10
1477PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 147Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Trp Gly 1 5
1487PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 148Cys Ala Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
1497PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 149Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
1507PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 150Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
1516PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 151Cys Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1526PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 152Cys
Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg 1 5 1536PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 153Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg 1
5 1546PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 154Xaa Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 1556PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 155Cys
Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 1566PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 156Cys Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1
5 1579PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 157Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Pro Cys 1 5
15811PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 158Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg Tyr Cys 1
5 10 1596PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 159Gly Cys Arg Val Ala Cys 1 5 1606PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 160Gly
Cys Arg Val Pro Cys 1 5 1616PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 161Cys Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1
5 1626PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 162Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg 1 5 1638PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 163Met
Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5 1646PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 164Cys
Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1656PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 165Cys Ser Gly Cys Arg Gly 1
5 1667PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 166Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Xaa Val 1 5
1676PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 167Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1686PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 168Cys
Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1697PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 169Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg
Gly 1 5 17010PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 170Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg
Tyr 1 5 10 1717PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 171Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
1727PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 172Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Xaa Val 1 5
1739PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 173Ala Cys Pro Xaa Ala Gly Asp Arg Gly 1 5
1746PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 174Cys Xaa Gly Cys Lys Gly 1 5 1757PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 175Cys
Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5 1766PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 176Cys Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly
1 5 1776PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 177Cys Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1787PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 178Cys
Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5 1797PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 179Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Xaa
Val 1 5 1806PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 180Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5
1816PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 181Cys Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1826PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 182Cys
Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1836PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 183Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Val 1
5 1846PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 184Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Val 1 5 1857PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 185Cys
Xaa Ala Gly Cys Xaa Val 1 5 1866PRTArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 186Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly
1 5 1876PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 187Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1886PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 188Cys
Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1896PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 189Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1
5 19012PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 190Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg Tyr Ser
Glu 1 5 10 19112PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 191Cys Xaa Ala Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg
Tyr Ser Glu 1 5 10 1926PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 192Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1
5 1938PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 193Met Cys Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Val 1 5
1946PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 194Cys Xaa Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 1955PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 195Cys
Pro Gly Cys Arg 1 5 1965PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 196Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg 1 5
1975PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 197Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg 1 5 1986PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 198Cys
Pro Gly Cys Xaa Gly 1 5 1996PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 199Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1
5 2006PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 200Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 2016PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 201Cys
Glu Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 2027PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 202Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly
Leu 1 5 2036PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 203Cys Pro Gly Cys Xaa Val 1 5
2046PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 204Cys Ser Ile Cys Arg Gly 1 5 2056PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 205Cys
Pro Gly Cys Phe Gly 1 5 2066PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 206Cys Pro Gly Cys Phe Gly 1
5 2076PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 207Cys Pro Gly Cys Phe Gly 1 5 2086PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 208Cys
Pro Gly Cys Phe Gly 1 5 2096PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 209Cys Pro Gly Cys Trp Gly 1
5 2106PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 210Cys Pro Gly Cys Trp Gly 1 5 2116PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 211Cys
Pro Gly Cys Xaa Gly 1 5 2126PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 212Cys Pro Gly Cys Xaa Gly 1
5 2136PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 213Cys Glu Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 2146PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 214Cys
Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly 1 5 2156PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 215Cys Pro Gly Cys Phe Val 1
5 21611PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 216Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu 1
5 10 21711PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 217Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Gly Leu Arg Tyr Ser Glu 1
5 10 2186PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 218Cys Pro Xaa Cys Arg Gly 1 5 2196PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 219Cys
Pro Gly Cys Xaa Gly 1 5 2206PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 220Cys Pro Gly Cys Xaa Gly 1
5 2214PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 221Cys Pro Gly Cys 1 22210PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 222Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Ala 1 5 10 22310PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 223Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 22410PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 224Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 22510PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 225Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 22610PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 226Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 22710PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 227Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 22810PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 228Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 22910PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 229Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 23010PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 230Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 23110PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 231Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 23210PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 232Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 23310PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 233Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 23410PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 234Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10 23510PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 235Cys
Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1
5 10 23610PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 236Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
23710PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 237Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
23810PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 238Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
23910PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 239Cys Asn Tyr Trp Ser Pro Trp Thr Ala Cys 1 5 10
2408PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 240Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Arg Val Xaa1 5
2416PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic 6xHis tag 241His His His His His His 1 5
24213PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 242Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa 1 5 10 24313PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic cyclic peptide 243Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 1 5 10 24413PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 244Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 1 5 10
24513PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 245Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa 1 5 10
* * * * *
References