U.S. patent application number 14/978806 was filed with the patent office on 2017-06-22 for methods and compositions for readily removing nail coatings.
The applicant listed for this patent is Mycone Dental Supply Company, Inc.. Invention is credited to Stephen Crescimanno, Serene Y. Curry, Paul L. Fishbein, Larry W. Steffier.
Application Number | 20170172281 14/978806 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59064730 |
Filed Date | 2017-06-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170172281 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Crescimanno; Stephen ; et
al. |
June 22, 2017 |
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR READILY REMOVING NAIL COATINGS
Abstract
A method and kit for treating a nail surface. The method
includes brushing or spraying an adhesive on a coated or uncoated
nail surface to form an adhesive-coated surface. A covering (e.g.,
a curable nail gel, evaporative nail polish, or artificial nail) is
then applied to the adhesive-coated surface. The covering is
removable by soaking in solvent for less than 20 minutes, peeling,
or a combination thereof.
Inventors: |
Crescimanno; Stephen;
(Hatfield, PA) ; Fishbein; Paul L.; (Cherry Hill,
NJ) ; Steffier; Larry W.; (Cherry Hill, NJ) ;
Curry; Serene Y.; (Richboro, NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Mycone Dental Supply Company, Inc. |
Cherry Hill |
NJ |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
59064730 |
Appl. No.: |
14/978806 |
Filed: |
December 22, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A45D 34/042 20130101;
A61K 2800/87 20130101; A61K 8/8117 20130101; A61K 2800/95 20130101;
A45D 29/18 20130101; A61Q 3/02 20130101; A45D 29/007 20130101; A61K
8/891 20130101; A45D 29/00 20130101; A61K 8/8111 20130101; A61Q
3/00 20130101; A61K 8/8135 20130101; A61K 8/8152 20130101; A61K
2800/884 20130101; A61K 8/042 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A45D 29/00 20060101
A45D029/00; A61Q 3/02 20060101 A61Q003/02; A61K 8/81 20060101
A61K008/81; A45D 34/04 20060101 A45D034/04; A61K 8/04 20060101
A61K008/04 |
Claims
1. A method for treating a nail surface comprising: (a) brushing or
spraying an adhesive on a coated or uncoated nail surface; and (b)
applying a covering to the adhesive-coated surface, wherein
following application the covering is removable by soaking in
solvent for less than 20 minutes, peeling, or a combination
thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is applied to the
entire nail surface.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is applied to a
portion of the nail surface.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the covering is removable by
soaking in solvent for less than 20 minutes.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the covering is removable by
soaking in solvent for less than 10 minutes.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the covering is removable by
peeling.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is a solvent-based
adhesive.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is formed in situ
upon application to the nail surface.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the adhesive is selected from the
group consisting of (meth)acrylates, silicones, polyvinyl acetates,
polyethylene vinyl acetates, polyisoprene rubbers,
styrene-methacrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene rubbers,
methacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymers, and combinations
thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the adhesive comprises a
crosslinked (meth)acrylate copolymer.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the adhesive is the
polymerization product of (a) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl methacrylate
monomer; (b) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl acrylate monomer; and (c) an
ethylenically unsaturated (meth)acrylate crosslinking monomer.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the alkyl methacrylate monomer
is butyl methacrylate, the alkyl acrylate monomer is butyl
acrylate, and the crosslinking monomer is an alkylene glycol
dimethacrylate.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the nail covering comprises a
curable gel coating selected from the group consisting of base
coats, color coats, and top coats.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the nail covering comprises an
evaporative nail polish.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the nail covering comprises an
artificial nail or nail tip.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the nail covering comprises a
reactive nail polish.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the nail surface is an uncoated
nail surface.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the nail surface is coated with a
cured nail gel.
19. A method for treating a nail surface comprising: (a) brushing
or spraying an adhesive on a coated or uncoated nail surface,
wherein the adhesive is the polymerization product of (a) a
C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl methacrylate monomer; (b) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20
alkyl acrylate monomer; and (c) an ethylenically unsaturated
(meth)acrylate crosslinking monomer; and (b) applying a curable gel
covering to the adhesive-coated surface, wherein following
application the covering is removable by soaking in solvent for
less than 10 minutes, peeling, or a combination thereof.
20. A method for treating a nail surface comprising: (a) providing
a composition comprising (a) an adhesive and (b) a nail coating
selected from the group consisting of curable gels, evaporative
nail polishes, reactive nail polishes, and combinations thereof;
and (b) brushing or spraying the composition on a coated or
uncoated nail surface, wherein following application the nail
coating is removable by soaking in solvent for less than 20
minutes, peeling, or a combination thereof.
21. A kit comprising: (a) a brushable or sprayable adhesive
suitable for application to a coated or uncoated nail surface; and
(b) a nail covering selected from the group consisting of curable
nail gels, evaporative nail polishes, reactive nail polishes,
artificial nails, and combinations thereof, wherein when the
adhesive is applied to a coated or uncoated nail, followed by
application of the nail covering, the nail covering is removable by
soaking in solvent for less than 20 minutes, peeling, or a
combination thereof.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This invention relates to removing nail coatings, e.g.,
curable gel coatings or evaporative polishes, from coated and
uncoated nail surfaces.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Both evaporative nail polishes and curable gel coatings have
been used to coat natural and artificial nails, including nail
extensions. The evaporative polishes can be water-borne or in the
form of a solution with an organic solvent. Following application,
the coating is dried to remove solvent. Drying times can be as long
as an hour or more, depending on the number of coats applied. The
dried coating is typically treated with a solvent such as acetone
when it is desired to change or remove the polish.
[0003] The gel compositions typically include acrylic or
methacrylic monomers and oligomers. Once cured following
application, e.g., by exposure to ultraviolet or visible radiation,
or by thermal or redox methods, the gels form a hard, durable
coating in a relatively short period of time on the order of
minutes. Removing the cured coating, however, is more difficult
than removing an evaporative polish. Typically it is necessary to
soak the coated nail with solvent such as acetone, ethyl acetate,
amyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, or the like for a period of time,
with the aid of a cotton ball or nail wipe covered with foil, or by
soaking in a bowl of solvent, after which the cured gel coating is
removed.
SUMMARY
[0004] In one aspect, there is described a method for treating a
nail surface that includes brushing or spraying an adhesive on a
coated or uncoated nail surface to form an adhesive-coated surface.
For example, the adhesive may be applied by dipping a brush in a
container holding the adhesive and then using the brush to spread
the adhesive on the nail surface. Alternatively, the adhesive may
be squeezed onto the nail surface and then manipulated, e.g., using
a brush so that it covers the desired area of the nail surface. A
covering (e.g., a curable nail gel, evaporative nail polish, or
artificial nail) is then applied to the adhesive-coated surface.
The covering is removable by soaking in solvent for less than 20
minutes, peeling, or a combination thereof.
[0005] The adhesive may be applied to the entire nail surface or to
a portion of the nail surface. In some embodiments, the covering is
removable by soaking in solvent for less than 20 minutes or less
than 10 minutes. In other embodiments, the coating is removable by
peeling it from the adhesive.
[0006] The adhesive may be a solvent-based or aqueous-based
adhesive. In some embodiments, it is formed in situ following
application to the nail surface. Examples of suitable adhesives
include (meth)acrylates, silicones, polyvinyl acetates,
polyethylene vinyl acetates, polyisoprene rubbers,
styrene-methacrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene rubbers,
methacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymers, and combinations
thereof. In one embodiment, the adhesive is a crosslinked
(meth)acrylate copolymer. An example of such an adhesive is the
polymerization product of (a) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl methacrylate
monomer (e.g., butyl methacrylate); (b) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl
acrylate monomer (e.g., butyl acrylate), and (c) an ethylenically
unsaturated (meth)acrylate crosslinking monomer (e.g., an alkylene
glycol dimethacrylate). Uncrosslinked adhesives may be used as
well. The adhesive may also include mixtures of different types of
adhesives. For example, in some embodiments, e.g., for use with
artificial nails or nail tips, the adhesive may be blended with,
e.g., a cyanoacrylate adhesive to assist in adhering the artificial
nail or nail tip to the underlying nail surface. The amount of the
second adhesive is selected such that it does not compromise
removability.
[0007] The nail covering may be a curable gel coating (e.g., a base
coat, color coat, or top coat), an evaporative nail polish, a
reactive nail polish, an artificial nail or nail tip, or nail art.
The artificial nail or nail tip, in turn, may be adhered to the
adhesive-coated surface via a second adhesive such as a
cyanoacrylate adhesive. The nail covering may be in the form of a
continuous coating. Alternatively, it may be discontinuous. An
example of the latter is a decal or decorative design.
[0008] In some embodiments, the adhesive is applied to an uncoated
nail surface. In other embodiments, the nail surface is a coated
nail surface. For example, the nail surface may be coated with a
cured nail gel (e.g., a base coat or color coat).
[0009] Also described is a kit that includes (a) a brushable or
sprayable adhesive suitable for application to a coated or uncoated
nail surface; and (b) a nail covering selected from the group
consisting of radiation-curable nail gels, evaporative nail
polishes, artificial nails, and combinations thereof. When the
adhesive is applied to a coated or uncoated nail surface, followed
by application of the nail covering, the nail covering is removable
by soaking in solvent for less than 20 minutes, peeling, or a
combination thereof.
[0010] In another aspect, the nail covering may be combined with
the adhesive. Accordingly, there is described a method for treating
a nail surface that includes (a) providing a composition comprising
(i) an adhesive and (ii) a nail covering selected from the group
consisting curable gels, evaporative nail polishes, reactive nail
polishes, and combinations thereof; and (b) applying the
composition to a coated or uncoated nail surface by brushing or
spraying. Following application, the nail covering is removable by
soaking in solvent for less than 20 minutes, peeling, or a
combination thereof.
[0011] The adhesive or adhesive/nail covering combination
composition is applied to both coated and uncoated nail surfaces by
simply brushing or spraying it on the surface. Therefore, it is
easy for nail technicians for apply, unlike adhesive films, which
must be positioned at a particular location on the nail surface.
When it is desired to remove the nail covering, e.g., to change the
color or type of covering, the covering is easily removed from the
adhesive-coated surface by soaking for a limited amount of time or
by simply peeling it off. Because the covering is easily removed,
damage to the underlying nail surface is minimized.
[0012] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are
set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and
advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description
and from the claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] A solvent-based adhesive is brushed or sprayed on a coated
or uncoated nail surface. The adhesive may be pre-polymerized.
Alternatively, the adhesive may be polymerized in situ following
application to the coated or uncoated nail surface. Once dried, the
adhesive forms a tacky surface to which a nail covering may be
adhered. Atlernatively, the nail covering (gel coating, evaporative
nail polish, reactive nail polish, or combination thereof) may be
combined with the adhesive and the resulting composition applied to
the coated or uncoated nail surface. The use of the adhesive makes
it possible to remove the nail covering simply by peeling or by
soaking for a relatively short period of time without damaging the
underlying nail. In particular, when the nail covering is soaked
off according to the protocol described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,394,
which is incorporated by reference, using a soak-off agent selected
from the group consisting of acetone, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate,
ethanol, and butanol, the nail covering soaks off in 20 minutes or
less.
[0014] In some embodiments, the adhesives are lightly crosslinked
and engineered such that they fail cohesively when the nail
covering is peeled off. This results in some adhesive remaining on
the nail surface, which protects the nail surface from damage.
Suitable adhesives include (meth)acrylates, silicones, polyvinyl
acetates, polyethylene vinyl acetates, polyisoprene rubbers,
styrene-methacrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene rubbers,
methacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymers, and combinations
thereof. In other embodiments, the adhesives are designed to fail
adhesively.
[0015] Crosslinked (meth)acrylate copolymers have been found to be
particularly useful. An example of such an adhesive is the
polymerization product of (a) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl methacrylate
monomer; (b) a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl acrylate monomer, and (c) an
ethylenically unsaturated (meth)acrylate crosslinking monomer
(e.g., an alkylene glycol dimethacrylate). In some embodiments, the
adhesive may also incorporate acrylic acid to improve cohesive
strength.
[0016] Examples of suitable (meth)acrylate monomer include
2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate/succinate adduct, acetoacetoxy
(meth)acrylate, acetoacetoxy ethyl (meth)acrylate (AAEMA, AAEA),
butyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl
(meth)acrylate (EMA, EA), glycidyl (meth)acrylates, hexyl
(meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate (HEMA, HEA),
hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate acetate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate
(HPMA, HPA), isobutyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, maleic
anhydride, methoxy polyethylene glycol (350) mono(meth)acrylate,
mono or poly (meth)acrylic acids, phthalic acid monoethyl
(meth)acrylate, polybutylene glycol (meth)acrylates, polyethylene
glycol (600) mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol
(meth)acrylates, polypropylene glycol (meth)acrylates, PPG
mono(meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl
(meth)acrylate (THFMA, THFA), tridecyl (meth)acrylate, and urethane
(meth)acrylate.
[0017] Examples of suitable crosslinking monomers include
1,3-glycerol di(meth)acrylate/succinate adduct, 2-hydroxyethyl
di(meth)acrylate/succinate adduct, ethylene glycol
di(meth)acrylate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, isopropylidenediphenyl
bisglycidyl (meth)acrylate, methacroyloxyethyl maleate,
neopentylglycol di(meth)acrylate, organosilanes, organotitanates,
PEG-4 di(meth)acrylate, propoxylated allyl (meth)acrylate,
pyromellitic di(meth)acrylate, pyromellitic dianhydride
di(meth)acrylate, pyromellitic dianhydride glyceryl
di(meth)acrylate (PMGDM, PMGD), tetraethylene glycol
di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, and
trimethlolpropane tri(meth)acrylate.
[0018] The adhesive may be applied to an uncoated (i.e. bare) nail
surface to permit removal of subsequent coverings from the
adhesive-coated nail surface. Alternatively, the adhesive may be
applied to a coated nail surface, e.g., a nail surface coated with
a base coat or color coat.
[0019] A number of different nail coverings may be applied to the
adhesive-coated nail surface. In some embodiments, an evaporative
nail polish may be applied to the adhesive-coated surface. Such
polishes form a film when the solvent evaporates. The evaporative
nail polishes may be solvent or water-based. Reactive nail polishes
are also useful as nail coverings. Such polishes include reactive
monomers that polymerize, e.g., by exposure to heat following
application. Examples of suitable reactive nail polishes are
commercially available and include, e.g., Orly Epix Nail Polish
(Los Angeles, Calif.). Artificial nails or nail extensions may also
be applied to the adhesive-coated surface. Commercially available
examples include H&C Nail Extensions (Korea). Nail art may be
used as well.
[0020] The adhesive-coated surfaces are particularly useful with
curable nail gel coverings, e.g., base coats, color coats, and top
coats, because such coverings are typically difficult to remove.
Examples of suitable curable nail gels are described in U.S. Pat.
No. 8,697,619, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
EXAMPLES
Adhesive Synthesis
[0021] The following procedure describes the preparation of a
representative crosslinked (meth)acrylate adhesive (butyl
acrylate/butyl methacrylate/1,3 butylene glycol
dimethacrylate).
[0022] To a 500 mL resin flask equipped with a condenser, nitrogen
inlet, mechanical stirrer with a Teflon half-moon blade, and a
heating mantle was added 170.7 g methyl ethyl ketone. The equipment
was placed under a gentle flow of nitrogen, water started through
the condenser, and agitation was started at 225 rpm. The solvent
was then heated to 78-79.degree. C. and held. To the hot solvent
was added a solution of 55.0 g butyl acrylate, 40.0 g butyl
methacrylate, 5.0 g 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1.0 g VAZO
52 (2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), and 10.0 g methyl ethyl
ketone over 2 h. The temperature of the reaction solution was
allowed to rise to 80-82.degree. C. during the addition. After the
addition was complete, the reaction solution was held at
80-82.degree. C. for 30 min. A solution of 0.5 g VAZO 52 and 5.0 g
methyl ethyl ketone was then added to the hot reaction solution in
a single portion. The reaction solution was then held at
80-82.degree. C. for 40 min after which it was cooled to not more
than 35.degree. C. and packaged.
Adhesive Peel Test
[0023] Adhesive peel strength was evaluated using the following
test method.
[0024] On a 8 15/16 inch.times.5 14/16 inch.times.1/4 inch clean
glass plate, three thin strips of each adhesive sample were placed
approximately 1.5 inches apart. A 1.5 ml adhesive solution was used
for each sample. Using an applicator brush, each sample was gently
brushed out to fill an approximately 1 inch.times.3 inch area,
after which solvent was allowed to evaporate for 5 minutes.
[0025] Each dried adhesive strip was coated with gel nail polish,
leaving a 0.25 inch border beyond the adhesive border along the
sides and bottom, and a 0.5 inch border beyond the top. Metal hooks
were placed on the top border and pressed gently to submerge them
into gel coating. The hooks were thin pieces of metal about 2
inch.times.1 inch bent to approximately 90.degree. perpendicular to
the main axis. Each hook had a small hole centered toward the top.
2 mL gel polish was placed on the surface of each hook or until
they are completely sealed into the gel. The gel polish was cured
by exposure to ultraviolet light for 3 minutes.
[0026] A fishing scale was secured to a three finger clamp, which
in turn was secured to a ring stand such that the scale's hook was
positioned one foot above the surface of the bench. The cured film
directly underneath the metal hooks was gently loosened, by prying.
The entire sample system (glass plate, hooks, etc.) was then placed
on a lab jack and secured to the jack platform using binder clips.
The lab jack platform was raised until the scale could be connected
to a metal hook and positioned so the scale was being initially
pulled directly downward. The lab jack was then lowered about 3.5
inches over about 10-15 seconds at a constant rate while observing
the scale readout. The maximum readout of the fishing scale was
recorded during this process. The process was then repeated for the
other two strips and the mean of the three trials reported.
[0027] The peel force to remove the cured gel polish was measured
for a number of different adhesives. The results are shown in Table
1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example Composition Peel Force (kg) 1 58.2
BA/30.9 BMA/8.4 BGDMA/2.5 NVP 3.01 2 56.5 BA/30 BMA/8.4 BGDMA/5 NVP
3.24 3 58.2 BA/30.9 BMA/8.4 BGDMA/2.5 HEA 2.76 4 56.5 BA/30 BMA/8.4
BGDMA/5 HEA 3.85 5 58.2 BA/30.9 BMA/8.4 BGDMA/2.5 AA 2.77 6 56.5
BA/30 BMA/8.4 BGDMA/5 AA 3.12 7 69.2 BA/22.4 MMA/8.4 BGDMA 2.49 8
59.8 BA/10.0 MMA/8.4 BGDMA 1.58 9 81.6 BA/31.8 BMA/8.4 BGDMA 1.24
10 72.3 BA/19.3 MA/8.4 BGDMA 1.35 11 69 BA/20 BMA/11 BGDMA 2.30 12
59.8 BA/31.8 BMA/8.4 BGDMA 2.83 13 68.3 BA/26.6 BMA/5 BGDMA 0.56 14
55 BA/40 BMA/5 BGDMA 2.49 15 69 BA/20 BMA/11 BGDMA 1.69 16 50 BA/39
BMA/11 BGDMA 0.87 17 75 BA/20 BMA/5 BGDMA 0.73 18 95 BA/4 BMA/1
BGDMA 0.28 19 89.25 BA/10 BMA/0.75 BGDMA 0.32 20 97 BA/2.15
BMA/0.875 BGDMA 0.27 21 88.75 BA/10 BMA/1.25 BGDMA 0.29 22 92.1
BA/7.025 BMA/0.8751 BGDMA 0.26 23 88.75 BA/10 BMA/1.25 BGDMA 0.21
24 98.75 BA/0 BMA/1.25 BGDMA 0.25 25 53.5 BA/44 LMA/2.5 ALMA 0.53
26 88.2 BA/10 LMA/1.83 ALMA 0.32 27 62.75 BA/35.5 LMA/1.75 ALMA
0.82 28 76.2 BA/21.3 LMA/2.5 ALMA 0.24 29 71 BA/27 LMA/2 ALMA 0.34
30 54.5 BA/44 LMA/1.5 ALMA 0.91 31 88.2 BA/10 LMA/1.83 ALMA 0.28 32
37.5 BA/42.9 LMA/0.616 AA/1.5 0.26 ALMA/17.4 BMA 33 22.5 BA/25
LMA/0AA/1.5 ALMA/51 BMA 0.87 34 22.5 BA/25 LMA/1 AA/0.5 ALMA/51
0.69 BMA 35 22.5 BA/25 LMA/0 AA/1.5 ALMA/51 0.62 BMA 36 22.5 BA/75
LMA/1 AA/1.5 ALMA 0.13 37 50 BA/49.5 LMA/0 AA/0.5 ALMA 0.16 38 22.5
BA/75 LMA/1AA/1.5 ALMA 0.25 39 22.5 BA/59.8 LMA/0 AA/0.5 ALMA/17.2
0.07 BMA 40 50 BA/49.5 LMA/0 AA/0.5 ALMA 0.08 41 50 BA/25 LMA/1
AA/1.5 ALMA/22.5 0.26 BMA 42 22.5 BA/41.0 LMA/1 AA/1 ALMA/34.5 0.70
BMA 43 polyvinylacetate copolymer in water.sup.1 0.20 44
Styrene-(Meth)acrylate copolymer.sup.2 0.57 45 Styrene-Butadiene
(SBR) copolymer.sup.3 1.60 46 (Meth)acrylate-Butadiene-Styrene
(MBS) 3.33 copolymer.sup.4 47 natural rubber (polyisoprene).sup.5
0.74 48 Polydimethylsiloxane polymer.sup.6 0.50 49 Copal
resin.sup.7 0.28 50 55.0 BA/40.0 BMA/5.0 BGDMA.sup.8 8.71
.sup.1Elmer's Glue (Elmer's Products, OH) .sup.2Aleene's Fabric
Fusion (iLoveToCreate, CA) .sup.3Shoe Goo (Eclectic Products, LA)
.sup.4Spray Bond (Elmer's Products, OH) .sup.5Rubber Cement
(Elmer's Products, OH) .sup.6DAP Sealant (DAP, MD) .sup.7Spirit Gum
(Spirit Halloween, NJ) .sup.8Polymerized in situ on glass surface.
BA = Butyl Acrylate LMA = Lauryl Methacrylate BMA = Butyl
Methacrylate AA = Acrylic Acid ALMA = Allyl Methacrylate BGDMA =
Butylene Glycol Dimethacrylate HEA = Hydroxyethyl acrylate NVP =
N-vinyl pyrollidone
[0028] A number of embodiments of the invention have been
described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within
the scope of the following claims.
* * * * *