U.S. patent application number 14/928468 was filed with the patent office on 2017-05-04 for methods and apparatus to categorize media impressions by age.
The applicant listed for this patent is The Nielsen Company (US), LLC. Invention is credited to Michael Sheppard, Jonathan Sullivan.
Application Number | 20170127133 14/928468 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 58635071 |
Filed Date | 2017-05-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170127133 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sullivan; Jonathan ; et
al. |
May 4, 2017 |
METHODS AND APPARATUS TO CATEGORIZE MEDIA IMPRESSIONS BY AGE
Abstract
Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture are disclosed to
categorize audience members by age. An example method disclosed
herein includes assigning a weight to each audience member record.
In the example method, the weight is based on a quantity of
audience members in a same age group as the audience member record.
The example method includes, at the child nodes, calculating an
effective quantity of audience member records based on the weights
of the audience member record assigned to the corresponding child
node. In the example method, when the effective quantity of
audience member records satisfies a minimum leaf size, splitting
the corresponding child node into additional ones of the child
nodes based on a corresponding child node attribute-value pair. In
the example method, when the effective quantity of audience member
records does not satisfy the minimum leaf size, designating the
corresponding child node as a terminal node.
Inventors: |
Sullivan; Jonathan; (Natick,
MA) ; Sheppard; Michael; (Brooklyn, NY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Nielsen Company (US), LLC |
New York |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
58635071 |
Appl. No.: |
14/928468 |
Filed: |
October 30, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N 21/252 20130101;
H04N 21/4665 20130101; H04N 21/4667 20130101; H04N 21/25883
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04N 21/466 20060101
H04N021/466; H04N 21/258 20060101 H04N021/258; H04N 21/25 20060101
H04N021/25 |
Claims
1. A method to categorize a media impression, the method
comprising: generating, by executing an instruction with a
processor, a plurality of audience member records by associating
ages of audience members from a first memory of a first database
proprietor at a first Internet domain to the corresponding activity
data obtained from a second memory of a second database proprietor
at a second Internet domain; assigning, by executing an instruction
with the processor, a weight to each audience member record, the
weight being based on a quantity of audience members in a same age
group as the audience member record; generating, by executing an
instruction with the processor, an age-correction model by: at an
initial node, splitting the plurality of audience member records
into child nodes based on an initial attribute-value pair; at the
child nodes: calculating an effective quantity of audience member
records based on the weight of the audience member record assigned
to the corresponding child node; when the effective quantity of
audience member records satisfies a minimum leaf size, splitting
the corresponding child node into additional ones of the child
nodes based on a corresponding child node attribute-value pair; and
when the effective quantity of audience member records does not
satisfy the minimum leaf size, designating the corresponding child
node as a terminal node; generating probability density functions
to infer probabilities reflecting underrepresented ages in the
probability density functions, the probability density functions
based on the audience member records assigned to the respective
terminal node that includes the underrepresented age samples; and
correcting, based on the age-correction model, the age
characteristic associated with the media impression, the media
impression indicative of a person being exposed to media presented
by a media presentation device, the correcting to generate more
accurate audience measurement information by including ages that
are underrepresented in the probability density functions without
consuming additional memory and processor resources to monitor
additional audience members in the underrepresented ages.
2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the assigning of the
weights to the plurality of samples corresponding to the different
age groups further includes, when the quantity of audience member
records grouped within one of the age groups satisfies a first
threshold, assigning a neutral weight to the corresponding samples
in the one of the age groups.
3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the assigning of the
weights to the plurality of samples corresponding to the different
age groups further includes, when the quantity of the audience
member records grouped within one of the age groups satisfies a
second threshold, assigning a maximum weight to the corresponding
samples in the one of the age groups.
4. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the assigning of the
weights to the plurality of samples corresponding to the different
age groups further includes, when the quantity of the audience
member records grouped within one of the age groups satisfies a
second threshold, assigning a proportional weight between a neutral
weight and a maximum weight to the corresponding samples in the one
of the age groups.
5. (canceled)
6. The method as defined in claim 1, further including generating
the plurality of audience member records based on survey data
obtained from a plurality of panelist and activity data
corresponding to the plurality of panelist retrieved from the
database proprietor.
7. An apparatus comprising: a record generator to retrieve, from a
first memory of an audience measurement entity, a plurality of
audience member records corresponding to different age groups, the
plurality of audience member records including behavior attributes
collected at a second memory of a database proprietor; a weight
calculator to assign a weight to each audience member record, the
weight being based on a quantity of audience members in a same age
group as the audience member record; a model builder to: at an
initial node, split the plurality of audience member records into
child nodes based on an initial attribute-value pair; at the child
nodes: calculate an effective quantity of audience member records
based on the weight of the audience member record assigned to the
corresponding child node; when the effective quantity of audience
member records satisfies a minimum leaf size, split the
corresponding child node into additional ones of the child nodes
based on a corresponding child node attribute-value pair; when the
effective quantity of audience member records does not satisfy the
minimum leaf size, designate the corresponding child node as a
terminal node; generating probability density functions to infer
probabilities reflecting underrepresented ages in the probability
density functions, the probability density functions based on the
audience member records assigned to the respective terminal node
that includes the underrepresented age samples; and determine,
based on the model, an age characteristic of a person exposed media
presented by a media presentation device, the determining to
generate more accurate audience measurement information by
including ages that are underrepresented in the probability density
functions without consuming additional memory and processor
resources to monitor additional audience members in the
underrepresented ages.
8. The apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein to assign the
weights to the plurality of samples corresponding to the different
age groups, the weight calculator is to, when the quantity of
audience member records grouped within one of the age groups
satisfies a first threshold, assign a neutral weight to the
corresponding samples in the one of the age groups.
9. The apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein to assign the
weights to the plurality of samples corresponding to the different
age groups, the weight calculator is to, when the quantity of the
audience member records grouped within one of the age groups
satisfies a second threshold, assign a maximum weight to the
corresponding samples in the one of the age groups.
10. The apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein to assign the
weights to the plurality of samples corresponding to the different
age groups, the weight calculator is to, when the quantity of the
audience member records grouped within one of the age groups
satisfies a second threshold, assign a proportional weight between
a neutral weight and a maximum weight to the corresponding samples
in the one of the age groups.
11. (canceled)
12. The apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein the record
generator is to generate the plurality of audience member records
based on survey data obtained from a plurality of panelist and
activity data corresponding to the plurality of panelist retrieved
from a database proprietor.
13. A tangible computer readable storage medium comprising machine
readable instructions that, when executed, cause a machine to at
least: retrieve, from a first memory of an audience measurement
entity, a plurality of audience member records corresponding to
different age groups, the plurality of audience member records
including behavior attributes collected at a second memory of a
database proprietor; assign a weight to each audience member
record, the weight being based on a quantity of audience members in
a same age group as the audience member record; at an initial node,
split the plurality of audience member records into child nodes
based on an initial attribute-value pair; at the child nodes:
calculate an effective quantity of audience member records based on
the weight of the audience member record assigned to the
corresponding child node; when the effective quantity of audience
member records satisfies a minimum leaf size, split the
corresponding child node into additional ones of the child nodes
based on a corresponding child node attribute-value pair; and when
the effective quantity of audience member records does not satisfy
the minimum leaf size, designate the corresponding child node as a
terminal node; generate probability density functions to infer
probabilities reflecting underrepresented ages in the probability
density functions, the probability density functions based on the
audience member records assigned to the respective terminal node
that includes the underrepresented age samples; and determine,
based on the model, an age characteristic of a person exposed to
media presented by a media presentation device, the determining to
generate more accurate audience measurement information by
including ages that are underrepresented in the probability density
functions without consuming additional memory and processor
resources to monitor additional audience members in the
underrepresented ages.
14. The tangible computer readable storage medium as defined in
claim 13, wherein to assign the weights to the plurality of samples
corresponding to the different age groups, the instructions, when
execute cause the machine to, when the quantity of audience member
records grouped within one of the age groups satisfies a first
threshold, assigning a neutral weight to the corresponding samples
in the one of the age groups.
15. The tangible computer readable storage medium as defined in
claim 13, wherein to assign the weights to the plurality of samples
corresponding to the different age groups, the instructions, when
execute cause the machine to, when the quantity of the audience
member records grouped within one of the age groups satisfies a
second threshold, assigning a maximum weight to the corresponding
samples in the one of the age groups.
16. The tangible computer readable storage medium as defined in
claim 13, wherein to assign the weights to the plurality of samples
corresponding to the different age groups, the instructions, when
execute cause the machine to, when the quantity of the audience
member records grouped within one of the age groups satisfies a
second threshold, assigning a proportional weight between a neutral
weight and a maximum weight to the corresponding samples in the one
of the age groups.
17. (canceled)
18. The tangible computer readable storage medium as defined in
claim 13, further including instructions that, when execute cause
the machine to generate the plurality of audience member records
based on survey data obtained from a plurality of panelist and
activity data corresponding to the plurality of panelist retrieved
from the database proprietor.
Description
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] This disclosure relates generally to audience membership,
and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus to categorize
media impressions by age.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Audience measurement entities measure exposure of audiences
to media such as television, music, movies, radio, Internet
websites, streaming media, etc. The audience measurement entities
generate ratings based on the measured exposure. Ratings are used
by advertisers and/or marketers to purchase advertising space
and/or design advertising campaigns. Additionally, media producers
and/or distributors use the ratings to determine how to set prices
for advertising space and/or to make programming decisions.
[0003] Techniques for monitoring user access media have evolved
significantly over the years. Some prior systems perform such
monitoring primarily through server logs. In particular, entities
serving media on the Internet can use such prior systems to log the
number of requests received for their media at their server.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] FIG. 1 illustrates an example system constructed in
accordance with the teachings of this disclosure.
[0005] FIG. 2 illustrates an example audience member record used by
the age modeler of FIG. 1 to generate the age correction model.
[0006] FIG. 3 illustrates an implementation of the example age
modeler of FIG. 1 to generate the age correction model.
[0007] FIGS. 4A and 4B are a flow diagrams of example machine
readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example
age modeler of FIGS. 1 and/or 3 to generate the age correction
model.
[0008] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of example machine readable
instructions that may be executed to implement the example weight
calculator of FIG. 3 to assign weights to audience member
records.
[0009] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example processor system
that may execute any of the machine readable instructions
represented by FIGS. 4A, 4B, and/or 5 to implement the apparatus of
FIGS. 1 and/or 3.
[0010] Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used
throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to
refer to the same or like parts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Examples disclosed herein may be used to generate age
correction models that correct age misattribution in impression
records. To measure audiences, an audience measurement entity (AME)
may use instructions (e.g., Java, java script, or any other
computer language or script) embedded in media to collect
information indicating when audience members are accessing media on
a computing device (e.g., a computer, a laptop, a smartphone, a
tablet, etc.). Media to be monitored is tagged with these
instructions. When a device requests the media, both the media and
the instructions are downloaded to the client. The instructions
cause information about the media access to be sent from the device
to a monitoring entity (e.g., the AME) and/or a database proprietor
(e.g., Google, Facebook, Experian, Baidu, Tencent, etc.). Examples
of tagging media and monitoring media through these instructions
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,637, issued Aug. 22, 2000,
entitled "Content Display Monitor," which is incorporated by
reference in its entirety herein.
[0012] Additionally, the instructions cause one or more user and/or
device identifiers (e.g., an international mobile equipment
identity (IMEI), a mobile equipment identifier (MEID), a media
access control (MAC) address, an app store identifier, an open
source unique device identifier (OpenUDID), an open device
identification number (ODIN), a login identifier, a username, an
email address, user agent data, third-party service identifiers,
web storage data, document object model (DOM) storage data, local
shared objects also referred to as "Flash cookies"), browser
cookies, an automobile vehicle identification number (VIN), etc.)
located on the computing device to be sent to a partnered database
proprietor to identify demographic information (e.g., age, gender,
geographic location, race, income level, education level, religion,
etc.) for the audience member of the computing device collected via
a user registration process. For example, an audience member may be
viewing an episode of "Documentary Now" in a media streaming app on
a smartphone. In that instance, in response to instructions
executing within the app, a user/device identifier stored on the
smartphone is sent to the AME and/or a partner database proprietor
to associate the instance of media exposure (e.g., an impression)
to corresponding demographic information of the audience member.
The database proprietor can then send logged demographic impression
data to the AME for use by the AME in generating, for example,
media ratings and/or other audience measures.
[0013] In some examples, the partner database proprietor does not
provide individualized demographic information (e.g., user-level
demographics) in association with logged impressions. Instead, in
some examples, the partnered database proprietor provides aggregate
demographic impression data (sometimes referred to herein as
"aggregate census data"). For example, the aggregate demographic
impression data provided by the partner database proprietor may
show that a fifteen thousand males age 18-23 watched the episode of
"Documentary Now" in the last seven days via computing devices.
However, the aggregate demographic information from the partner
database proprietor does not identify individual persons (e.g., is
not user-level data) associated with individual impressions. In
this manner, the database proprietor protects the privacies of its
subscribers/users by not revealing their identities and, thus,
user-level media access activities, to the AME.
[0014] The AME uses this aggregated demographic information to
calculate ratings and/or other audience measures for corresponding
media. However, during the process of registering with the database
proprietor, a subscriber may lie or may otherwise provide
inaccurate demographic information. For example, during
registration, the subscriber may provide an inaccurate age or
location. These inaccuracies cause errors in the aggregate
demographic information from the partner database proprietor, and
can lead to errors in audience measurement. To combat these errors,
the AME recruits panelist households that consent to monitoring of
their exposure to media. During the recruitment process, the AME
obtains detailed demographic information from the members of the
panelist household. While the self-reported demographic information
(e.g., age, etc.) reported to the database proprietor is generally
considered to be potentially inaccurate, the demographic
information collected from the panelist (e.g., via a survey, etc.)
by the AME is considered highly accurate. As used herein, the term
"true age" refers to age information collected from the panelist by
the AME.
[0015] The AME also retrieves activity data from the partnered
database proprietor. The database proprietor activity data includes
self-reported demographic data (e.g., age, high school graduation
year, profession, marital status, etc.), subscriber metadata (e.g.,
number of connections, median age of connections, etc.), and
subscriber use data (e.g., frequency of login, frequency of posts,
devices used to login, privacy settings, etc.). Examples of
retrieving the activity data from the partnered database
subscriber(s) are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
14/864,300, filed Sep. 24, 2015, entitled "Methods and Apparatus to
Assign Demographic Information to Panelists," which is incorporated
by reference in its entirety herein.
[0016] The AME develops age correction model(s) (e.g., decision
tree models, regression tree models, etc.) to assign an age
category (e.g., an age-based demographic bucket) and/or an age
category probability density function (PDF) to an audience member
corresponding to a logged impression. The PDFs indicate
probabilities that the audience member falls within certain ones of
the respective age categories. The age correction models are
generated using the database proprietor activity data of panelists
and the detailed demographic information supplied by the panelist
to the AME. The database proprietor activity data is organized into
attribute-value pairs. In the attribute-value pairs, the attribute
is a category in the activity data (e.g., marital status, post
frequency, reported age, etc.) and the value is the corresponding
value (e.g., single, five times per week, twenty seven, etc.) of
the attribute. For example, an attribute-value pair may be
[active_in_last_7_days, true].
[0017] In some examples, to generate the model, one of the
attributes is selected with a corresponding threshold value. For
example, the selected attribute-threshold pair may be
[login_frequency, three times per week]. The audience member
records are split into two portions based on the
attribute-threshold pair. For example, the audience member records
may be divided between the audience members records corresponding
to login frequencies of greater than three times per week and the
audience members records corresponding to login frequencies of less
than or equal to three times per week. Child nodes are created with
each portion of the audience member records. For example, a child
node is created for the audience members records corresponding to
login frequencies of greater than three times per week, and a child
node is created for the audience members records corresponding to
login frequencies of less than or equal to three times per week.
For each child node, a determination is made, based on a minimum
leaf size, whether (i) to designate the child node as an
intermediate node and to split audience member records assigned to
the intermediate node into additional child nodes, or (ii) to
designate the child node as a terminal node. In some examples, the
child node is designated a terminal node if the audience member
records assigned to the child node are associate with the same age
category. This process continues until there are no child nodes,
all audience members in a child node are in the same age category,
or the model satisfies (e.g., is greater than) a length threshold.
The terminal nodes are assigned age categories or age-category
probability density functions based on the true ages of audience
members assigned to that terminal node.
[0018] As disclosed below, before generating the age correction
model, the audience member records in the training data set sorted
into age categories (sometimes referred to as "age-based
demographic groups" and/or "demographic buckets"). For example, age
categories may be defined for ages 7-12, 13-17, 18-24, 25-34,
35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65+. Traditionally, because of the
difficulty of recruiting panelists in certain age categories (e.g.,
the 7-12 age category, the 55-64 age category, the 65+ age
category, etc.), some age categories are underrepresented by the
audience member records in the training set. Underrepresented age
categories may not contribute to the model enough so that output of
the model is influenced by the underrepresented age categories.
[0019] As disclosed below, before generating the age correction
model, the audience member records in the training set are assigned
weights based on their corresponding age category. The example
assigned weight for the audience member records in one of the age
categories is inversely proportional to a quantity of the audience
member records in a corresponding one of the age categories. In
some examples, the age categories with a quantity of the audience
member records in the training data set that satisfy (e.g., greater
than or equal to) a first weighing threshold are assigned a neutral
weight. In some such examples, the neutral weight is one. In some
examples, the age categories with the quantity of the audience
member records that satisfy (e.g., are less than or equal to) a
second weighing threshold are assigned a maximum weight. In some
such examples, the maximum weight is between 1.1 and 1.5. In some
examples, the age categories with the quantity of the audience
member records that is between the first weighing threshold and the
second weighing threshold are assigned a weight between the neutral
weight and the maximum weight.
[0020] In the disclosed examples, while generating the age
correction model, when determining whether to split a child node,
the weights for the audience member records assigned to the child
node are added together and compared to the minimum leaf size. If
the summed weights satisfy (e.g., greater than) the minimum leaf
size, the child node is split into more child nodes based on
another attribute-threshold pair. Otherwise, if the summed weights
do not satisfy (e.g., less than or equal to) the minimum leaf size,
the child node becomes a terminal node. The minimum leaf size is
determined based on the number of audience member records in the
training set. The minimum leaf size is chosen to prevent both
overfitting, which causes the terminal nodes to be too specific,
and underfitting, which causes the terminal nodes to be too
general.
[0021] When the branches of the age correction model terminate in
terminal nodes, the probability density functions assigned to the
terminal nodes are characterized. For example, a terminal node may
be associated audience member records from the second training set
corresponding to twenty-five audience member records associated
with the 18-24 age category, fifty-seven audience member records
associated with the 25-34 age category, and eighteen audience
member records associated with the 35-44 age category. Examples to
characterize the probability density functions assigned to the
terminal nodes based on associated audience member records
associated with the terminal nodes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
9,092,797, issued Jul. 28, 2015, entitled "Methods and Apparatus to
Analyze and Adjust Demographic Information," which is incorporated
by reference in its entirety.
[0022] The model is used to correct inaccurate age information
provided by the subscribers of the database proprietor. When an
impression is logged for a subscriber of the database proprietor,
the activity data associated with that subscriber is processed by
the model to assign a corrected age value and/or a probability
density function to the impression based on which of the terminal
nodes the activity data is assigned. Examples to assign a corrected
age value and/or a probability density function to the impression
based on the model are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/604,394, filed Jan. 23, 2015, entitled "Methods and
Apparatus to Correct Age Misattribution in Media Impressions,"
which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 100 to generate an age
correction model used to be used to correct age information
associated with demographic impressions logged by a database
proprietor 102. In the illustrated example, the AME 104 provides an
AME identifier (AME ID) 106, a collector 108, and a database
proprietor identifier (DPID) extractor 110 to a computing device
112 (e.g., a desktop, a laptop, a tablet, a smartphone, etc.)
associated with a panelist household. For example, the AME 104 may
provide the collector 108, the DPID extractor 110, and the AME ID
106 via a registration website. In some examples, the collector
108, the DPID extractor 110 are performed by instructions (e.g.,
Java, java script, or any other computer language or script)
embedded in the registration website, or any other suitable
website. In some examples, the AME ID 106 is a cookie or is
encapsulated in a cookie set in the computing device 112 by the AME
104. Alternatively, the AME ID 106 could be any other user and/or
device identifier (e.g., an email address, a user name, etc.). In
any case, the example AME ID 106 is an alphanumeric value that the
AME 104 uses to uniquely identify the panelist household.
[0024] In the illustrated example, member(s) of the panelist
household (e.g. a head of household) provide(s) detailed
demographic information 114 (e.g., true age, ethnicity, first name,
middle name, gender, household income, employment status,
occupation, rental status, level of education, etc.) of the
member(s) of the panelist household. In the illustrated example,
the detailed demographic information 114 is provided via the
computing device 112 through the registration website, or any other
suitable website. The example computer device 112 sends an example
registration message 116 that includes the AME ID 106 and the
detailed demographic information 114. Alternatively, in some
examples, AME 104 collects the detailed demographic information 114
though other suitable means, such as a telephone survey, a paper
survey, or an in-person survey, etc.
[0025] In the illustrated example, when a member of the panelist
household uses the computing device 112 to visit a website and/or
use an app associated with a database proprietor 102, the database
proprietor 102 sets or otherwise provides, on the computing device
112, a panelist DPID 118 associated with subscriber credentials
(e.g., user name and password, etc.) used to access the website
and/or the app. In some examples, the panelist DPID 118 is a cookie
or is encapsulated in a cookie. Alternatively, the panelist DPID
118 could be any other user and/or device identifier. The example
DPID extractor 110 extracts the DPID 118 (e.g., from a cookie,
etc.). The example collector 108 collects the panelist DPIDs 118 on
the computing device 112 and sends an example ID message 120 to the
example AME 104. In the illustrated example, the ID message 120
includes the extracted panelist DPID 118 and the AME ID 106
corresponding to the panelist household. In some examples, the DPID
extractor 110 remembers the panelist DPIDs 118 that have been
extracted and sends the ID message 120 when a new panelist DPID 118
has been extracted.
[0026] In the illustrated example, the AME 104 includes an example
panelist manager 122, an example panelist database 124, an example
demographic retriever 126, an example age modeler 128, and an
example age corrector 130. The example panelist manager 122
receives the registration message 116 and the ID message(s) 120
from the computing device 112. Based on the registration message
116 and the ID message(s) 120, the panelist manager 122 generates a
panelist household record 132 that associates the AME ID 106 to the
detailed demographic information 114 and the DPID(s) 118 of the
members of the panelist household. The example panelist manager 122
stores the example panelist household record 132 in the panelist
database 124.
[0027] The example demographic retriever 126 is structured to
retrieve database proprietor activity data 134 from the example
database proprietor 102. In the illustrated example, the database
proprietor 102 provides an application program interface (API) that
provides access to a subscriber database 136 based on DPIDs (e.g.,
the panelist DPIDs 118, etc.). The example subscriber database 136
includes the database proprietor activity data 134 of the
subscribers to the database proprietor 102. The example demographic
retriever 126 sends queries 138 to the database proprietor 102 that
include the DPIDs 118 associated with the example panelist
household records 132 in the example panelist database 124. In the
illustrated example, in response to the queries 138, the database
proprietor 102 sends query responses 140 to the AME 106. The
example query responses 140 includes the database proprietor
activity data 134 corresponding to the panelist DPID 118 of the
example query 138. The example demographic retriever 126 stores the
database proprietor activity data 134 in association with the
corresponding panelist household record 132 in the panelist
database 124.
[0028] The example age modeler 128 generates an example age
correction model 142 based on the panelist household records 132 in
the example panelist database 124. Examples for generating the age
correction model 142 are disclosed below in connection with FIG. 2.
To generate the age correction model 142, the age modeler 128
splits the panelist household records 132 into audience member
records that each represent a member of one of the panelist
households. For example, a panelist household may have four members
(e.g., a father, a mother, a son, and a daughter, etc.). In such an
example, the age modeler 128 creates four audience member records,
with each of the audience member records including a portion of the
detailed demographic data 114 and the database proprietor activity
data 134 corresponding to the respective member of the panelist
household.
[0029] The example age modeler 128 separates the audience member
records into a training set and a validation set. In some examples,
80% of the audience member records are assigned to the training
set, and the remaining 20% of the audience member records are
assigned to the validation set. In some such examples, the multiple
training sets and multiple validation sets are generated. In some
example, the audience member record are randomly or pseudo-randomly
assigned to either the training set or the validation set. The
example age modeler 128 assigns weights (w) to the audience member
records in the training set. Initially, the audience member records
in the training set are divided in to age categories (e.g., ages
7-13, ages 14-17, ages 18-21, etc.) based on the true ages
associated with the audience member records. The weight assigned to
audience member records in one of the age categories is based on a
quantity (n.sub.g) of audience member records in that age category.
The example age modeler 128 then generates the age correction model
142 based on decision tree generation techniques or regression tree
generation techniques using the weighted audience member
records.
[0030] In some examples, when the AME 104 has access to database
subscriber activity data 134 associated with individualized logged
impressions, the age corrector 130 receives the age correction
model 142 from the age modeler 128. In some such examples, the
example age corrector 130 uses the age correction model 142 to
assign an age-based PDF to the individualized logged impression.
The age-based PDF defines probabilities that the real age of the
subscriber corresponding to the logged impression is within certain
age categories. For example, the age-based PDF may indicate that
the probability of the subscriber associated with the logged
impression being in the 18-21 age range is 11.6%, the probability
of the subscriber being in the 22-27 age range is 44.5%, the
probability of the subscriber being in the 28-33 age range is
36.7%, and the probability of the subscriber being in the 34-40 age
range is 7.2%.
[0031] Alternatively, in some examples, the AME 104 sends the age
correction model 142 to the database proprietor 102. In some such
examples, when the database proprietor 102 logs an impression
associated with a subscriber, the database proprietor 102 uses the
age correction model 142 to assign the age based PDF to the logged
impression. In some such examples, because the age based PDFs are
fixed through the generation of the age correction model 142, the
database proprietor 102 assigns a PDF identifier that identifies a
particular age based PDF to the logged impression. In some such
examples, the database proprietor 102 aggregates the logged
impressions based on the PDF identifier. For example, the aggregate
logged impression data from the database proprietor 102 may
indicate that two thousand subscribers assigned to the "M7"
age-based PDF watched season five, episode two of "Portlandia" in
the last seven days. In such an example, the "M7" age-based PDF may
correspond to probability of the subscribers associated with the
aggregate logged impression data being in the 18-21 age category is
3.2%, the probability of the subscribers being in the 22-27 age
category is 86.9%, the probability of the subscribers being in the
28-33 age category is 9.4%, and the probability of the subscribers
being in the 34-40 age category is 0.5%. In such an example, of the
two thousand subscribers, the AME 104 would assign 64 subscribers
to the 18-21 age category, 1738 subscribers to the 22-27 age
category, 188 subscribers to the 28-33 age category, and 10
subscribers to the 34-40 age category.
[0032] FIG. 2 illustrates an example audience member record 202
generated by the age modeler 128 of FIG. 1 to produce the age
correction model 142. The example age modeler 128 generates the
example audience member record 202 based the on detail demographic
data 114 (FIG. 1) retrieved from the computing device 112 of a
panelist, and the database proprietor subscriber activity data 134
retrieved from the database proprietor 102 (FIG. 1). The audience
member record 202 corresponds to a member of a panelist household.
For example, if a panelist household has three members, three
audience member records 202 are generated for that panelist
household. In the illustrated example, the audience member record
202 includes pairs of attributes 204 and values 206. The example
attributes 204 include data categories that are collected by the
example database proprietor 102 and/or the example AME 104 (FIG.
1). A first portion 208 of the attributes 204 and the corresponding
values 206 is derived from the detail demographic data 114. For
example, a pair of an attribute 204 and a value 206 that is derived
from the detail demographic data 114 may be "true age" and "36,"
respectively. A second portion 210 of the attributes 204 and the
corresponding values 206 is derived from the database proprietor
subscriber activity data 134 associated with the member of the
panelist household. For example, a pair of an attribute 204 and a
value 206 that is derived from database proprietor subscriber
activity data 134 may be "stated age" and "35," respectively.
[0033] FIG. 3 illustrates an implementation of the example age
modeler 128 of FIG. 1 to generate the age correction model 142. The
example age modeler 128 includes an example record generator 302,
an example weight calculator 304, and an example model builder 306.
The example age modeler 128 is structured to generate an age
correction model 142 that compensates for underrepresented age
categories from within the members of the panelist households.
[0034] In the illustrated example, the record generator 302
generates the audience member records 202 (FIG. 2) based on the
panelist household records 132 in the panelist database 124. To
generate the audience member records 202, the example record
generator 302 retrieves the panelist household records 132 from the
panelist database 124. The example panelist household record 132
includes the AME ID 106 corresponding to the panelist households,
the detailed demographic information 114, and one or more sets of
database subscriber activity data 134 (e.g., a set of database
subscriber activity data 134 for each member of the panelist
household). The example record generator 302 randomly or
pseudo-randomly divides the generated audience member records 202
into a training set and a validation set.
[0035] The example weight calculator 304 receives or otherwise
retrieves the training set from the example record generator 302.
The weight calculator 304 sorts the audience records in the
training set into age categories based on the true ages. To
determine the weights assigned to the audience member records 202,
the example weight calculator 304 categorizes the age categories
based on a quantity (n.sub.g) of the audience member records 202 in
the respective age categories. Alternatively, in some examples
(e.g., when regression analysis is used), to determine the weights
assigned to one of the audience member records 202, the example
weight calculator 304 calculates the quantity (n.sub.g) of the
audience member records 202 based on the true age of the one of the
audience member records 202 and other ones of the audience member
records 202 within a target error level (e.sub.t) of that true age.
For example, if the true age associated with the audience member
record 202 is 42 years old and the target error level (e.sub.t) is
two years, the quantity (n.sub.g) of the audience member records
202 is calculated with audience member records 202 with true ages
that range from 40-44 years old.
[0036] Additionally, the example weight calculator 304 determines
the first weighing threshold (th.sub.n) and the second weighing
threshold (th.sub.vl). The example weight calculator 304 calculates
the first weighing threshold (th.sub.n) using Equation 1 below.
th.sub.n=m.sub.is*c Equation 1
In Equation 1 above, m.sub.ls is the minimum leaf size, and c is a
constant. In some examples c is equal to a value between 1.1 and
1.5. The value of c is configurable. A larger value of c increases
the number of age categories that are considered to be
underrepresented and increases the weight assigned to
underrepresented age categories. For example, if the minimum leaf
size (m.sub.ls) is 30 audience member records 202 and the constant
(c) is 1.2, the first weighing threshold is 36 (30*1.2). In such an
example, if one of the age categories has 36 or less associated
audience member records, the one of the age categories is
considered to be underrepresented. The example weight calculator
304 calculates a second weighing threshold (th.sub.vi) using
Equation 2 below.
th vl = m ls * c w max Equation 2 ##EQU00001##
In Equation 2 above, w.sub.max is a maximum weight to assign to the
age categories. Changing the example maximum weight (w.sub.max)
changes the influence that underrepresented age categories have on
the age correction model 142. For example, if the minimum leaf size
(m.sub.ls) is 30 audience member records 202, the constant (c) is
1.2, and the maximum weight (w.sub.max) is 2, the second weighing
threshold is 18 (30*1.2/2).
[0037] The example weight calculator 304 compares the quantities
(n.sub.g) of the audience member records 202 in the respective age
categories to the first and second weighing thresholds. In the
illustrative example, if the quantity (n.sub.g) of the audience
member records 202 in the age category of interest satisfies (e.g.
is greater than or equal to) the first weighing threshold
(th.sub.n), the weight calculator 304 assigns a neutral weight
(e.g., one) to the audience member records 202 in that age
category. For example, if there are 353 audience member records 202
are in the 45-49 age category and the first weighing threshold
(th.sub.n) is 36, the weight calculator 304 assigns the neutral
weight to the respective 353 audience member records 202. If the
quantity (n.sub.g) of the audience member records 202 in the age
category satisfies (e.g., is less than or equal to) the second
weighing threshold (th.sub.vl), the weight calculator assigns the
maximum weight (w.sub.max) to the audience member records 202 in
that age category. For example, if there are 10 audience member
records 202 are in the 7-13 age category and the second weighing
threshold (th.sub.vl) is 18, the weight calculator 304 assigns the
maximum weight (w.sub.max) to the respective 10 audience member
records 202.
[0038] If the quantity (n.sub.g) of the audience member records 202
in the age category of interest does not satisfy either of the
first weighing threshold (th.sub.n) or the second weighing
threshold (th.sub.vl), the weight calculator 304 assigns a weight
to the audience member records 202 in the age category using
Equation 3 below.
w = m ls * c n g Equation 3 ##EQU00002##
In Equation 3 above, w is the weight to be assigned to the audience
member records 202 in the particular age category. For example, if
the first weighing threshold (th.sub.n) is 36, the second weighing
threshold (th.sub.vl) is 18, and the quantity (n.sub.g) of the
audience member records 202 in the age category is 28, the weight
calculator 304 assigns a weight (w) of 1.3 (30*1.2/28) to the
respective 28 audience member records 202.
[0039] The example model builder 306 receives or otherwise
retrieves the weighted audience member records 202 from the weight
calculator 304. The example model builder 306 uses the weighted
audience member records 202 to generate a decision tree or a
regression tree. Initially, to generate the age correction model
142, the model builder 306 selects an attribute (e.g., one of the
attributes 204 of FIG. 2) and a corresponding value threshold. In
some examples, the model builder 306 selects the attribute 204 and
the corresponding value threshold based on (i) maximizing entropy
and, (ii) for each of the age categories, maximizing an average
homogeneity of the audience member records assigned to the child
nodes. A minimum entropy (e.g., 0.0) means that all the audience
member records would be assigned to the same child node based on
the selected attribute 204 and the corresponding value threshold. A
maximum entropy (e.g., 1.0) means that 50% of the audience member
records would be assigned to one of the child nodes and 50% of the
audience member records would assigned to the other one of the
child nodes. A minimum homogeneity for the age categories means
that 50% the audience member records associated with the age
category are assigned of one of the child nodes, and 50% of the
audience member records associated with the age category are
assigned to the other one of the child nodes. A maximum homogeneity
means that all of the audience member records associated with an
age category are assigned to the same child node.
[0040] The example model builder 306 generates two child nodes. The
example model builder 306 assigns the audience member records 202
that satisfy (e.g., are greater than or equal to) the selected
value threshold to one of the child nodes. Additionally, the
example model builder 206 assigns the audience member records 202
that don't satisfy (e.g. are less than) the selected value
threshold to the other one of the child nodes. For example, the
selected attribute 204 is "number of connections" and the value
threshold is 215, the audience member records 202 with a value
(e.g., the value 206 of FIG. 2) associated with the "number of
connections" attribute 204 greater than or equal to 215 is assigned
to one of the child nodes.
[0041] Subsequently, the model builder 306 analyzes the child nodes
until there are no more child nodes to be analyzed. To start
analyzing a child node, the example model builder 306 determines
whether the child node is to be (i) designated as an intermedia
node and split into two additional child nodes, or (ii) designated
as a terminal node. To determine whether the child node is to be
designated as an intermedia node and split into two additional
child nodes, the example model builder 306 determines an effective
quantity (n.sub.e) of the audience member records 202 at the child
node using Equation 4 below.
n e = i = 1 j rw i Equation 4 ##EQU00003##
In Equation 4 above, j is the quantity of the audience member
records 202 assigned to the child node being analyzed, and rw.sub.i
is the assigned weight of the ith audience member record 202. An
example of audience member records 202 assigned to a child node is
shown on Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 EXAMPLE AUDIENCE MEMBER RECORDS WITH
ASSOCIATED WEIGHTS Number of Audience Member Record(s) Weight 1-35
1 36-42 1.3 43-49 1.6 50 1.8 51, 52 2
In the example shown on Table 1 above, the effective quantity
(n.sub.e) of audience member records 202 is 61.1
((35*1)+(7*1.3)+(7*1.6)+(1*1.8)+(2*2)).
[0042] In the illustrated example of FIG. 3, the model builder 306
determines that the child node is to be designated an intermediate
node and split into two additional child nodes if the effective
quantity (n.sub.e) of the audience member records 202 satisfies
Equation 5 below.
n.sub.e>2*m.sub.ls Equation 5
For example, if the effective quantity (n.sub.e) of the audience
member records 202 is 61.1 and the minimum leaf size (m.sub.ls) is
30, the model builder 306 determines to split the child node into
two additional child nodes (61.1>2*30). To split the child node
into additional child nodes, the example model builder 206 selects
an attribute 204 and a value threshold (e.g. based on a maximum
entropy value) and assigns the audience member records 202 to the
respective new child nodes based on the selected attribute 204 and
the selected value threshold. When the child nodes have been
analyzed (e.g., each branch of the tree ends in a terminal node),
the model builder 306 designates the decision tree or the
regression tree to be the age-correction model 142.
[0043] The example model builder 306 receives or otherwise
retrieves the validation set from the record generator 302. The
model builder 306 applies the audience member records 202 in the
validation set to the age-correction model 142 so that the audience
member records 202 are assigned to the respective terminal nodes.
After the audience member records 202 are assigned to the
respective terminal nodes, the model builder 306 determines an
accuracy of the age correction model 142. In some examples, the
accuracy is based on comparing the audience member records 202 of
the validation set assigned to the terminal node to the age-based
PDF corresponding to the terminal node. An example to determine the
accuracy of one of the terminal nodes is shown in Table 2
below.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 EXAMPLE AGE-BASED PDF FOR A TERMINAL NODE
AND EXAMPLE AUDIENCE MEMBER RECORDS ASSIGNED TO THE TERMINAL NODE
Age Category 7-13 14-21 22-34 35-44 45-64 65+ Age-Based PDF 0% 5%
15% 70% 10% 0% (Predicted True Age) Validation Set 0% 10% 23% 57%
8% 2% (Actual True Age)
In Table 2 above, 15% of the audience member records 202 in the
validation set are not classified correctly by the age-correction
model 142. For example, according to the age-based PDF, 5% of the
audience member records 202 assigned to the particular terminal
node are to be classified in the 14-21 age category. However, in
the example, 10% of the audience member records 202 with a true age
between 14 and 21 are assigned to the terminal node by the
age-correction model 142. In some examples, the accuracy of the
age-correction model 142 is determined by calculating a maximum
error, a mean error and/or a mode error for the terminal nodes in
the age-correction model 142. In some examples, if the maximum
error, the mean error and/or the mode error is/are too large, the
model builder 306 regenerates the age-correction model 142 with a
different training set and/or adjusts the minimum leaf size
(m.sub.ls), the constant (c), and/or the maximum weight
(w.sub.max).
[0044] In some examples, the model builder 306 generates the age
correction model 142 to predict the age of the audience member
instead of predicting the age category PDF for the audience member
(e.g., through regression analysis). In some such examples, the
quantity (n.sub.g) of the audience member records 202 in Equation 3
above is defined as the quantity of the audience member records 202
within a distance of the target error level (e.sub.t) of the true
age of the audience member whose weight (w) is being
calculated.
[0045] While an example manner of implementing the example age
modeler 128 of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 3, one or more of the
elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in FIG. 3 may be
combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or
implemented in any other way. Further, the example record generator
302, the example weight calculator 304, the example model builder
306, and/or, more generally, the example age modeler 128 of FIG. 1
may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any
combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for
example, any of the example record generator 302, the example
weight calculator 304, the example model builder 306, and/or, more
generally, the example age modeler 128 could be implemented by one
or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable
processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)),
programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable
logic device(s) (FPLD(s)). When reading any of the apparatus or
system claims of this patent to cover a purely software and/or
firmware implementation, at least one of the example record
generator 302, the example weight calculator 304, and/or the
example model builder 306 is/are hereby expressly defined to
include a tangible computer readable storage device or storage disk
such as a memory, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk
(CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. storing the software and/or firmware.
Further still, the example age modeler 128 of FIG. 1 may include
one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or
instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 3, and/or may include more
than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and
devices.
[0046] Flowcharts representative of example machine readable
instructions for implementing the age modeler 128 of FIGS. 1 and 3
are shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5. In this example, the machine
readable instructions comprise program(s) for execution by a
processor such as the processor 612 shown in the example processor
platform 600 discussed below in connection with FIG. 6. The
program(s) may be embodied in software stored on a tangible
computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a
hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a
memory associated with the processor 612, but the entire program
and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device
other than the processor 612 and/or embodied in firmware or
dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program(s) is/are
described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 4A,
4B, and 5, many other methods of implementing the example age
modeler 128 may alternatively be used. For example, the order of
execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks
described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.
[0047] As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 4A, 4B,
and 5 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer
and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a tangible computer
readable storage medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory,
a read-only memory (ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile
disk (DVD), a cache, a random-access memory (RAM) and/or any other
storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for
any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for
brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of
the information). As used herein, the term tangible computer
readable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type of
computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude
propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. As used
herein, "tangible computer readable storage medium" and "tangible
machine readable storage medium" are used interchangeably.
Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 4A,
4B, and 5 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g.,
computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a
non-transitory computer and/or machine readable medium such as a
hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact
disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory
and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which
information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time
periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily
buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein,
the term non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly
defined to include any type of computer readable storage device
and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and to
exclude transmission media. As used herein, when the phrase "at
least" is used as the transition term in a preamble of a claim, it
is open-ended in the same manner as the term "comprising" is open
ended.
[0048] FIGS. 4A and 4B are a flow diagrams of example machine
readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example
age modeler 128 of FIGS. 1 and/or 3 to generate the age correction
model 142 (FIGS. 1 and 3). Initially, the example record generator
302 (FIG. 3) generates audience member records 202 (FIG. 2) based
on the detailed demographic information 114 (FIGS. 1 and 3) and
database subscriber activity data 134 stored in the panelist
database 124 (FIGS. 1 and 3) (block 402). In some examples, the
example record generator 302 may execute instructions that cause a
memory management unit to load the detailed demographic information
114 and the database subscriber activity data 134 into volatile
memory and to generate the audience member records 202 in volatile
memory by merging portions of the detailed demographic information
114 with the database subscriber activity data 134. The example
record generator 302 organizes the audience member records 202
generated at block 402 into a training set and a validation set
(block 404). In some examples, the record generator 302 randomly or
pseudo-randomly assigns the audience member records 202 to either
the training set or the validation set. In some examples, the
example record generator 302 may execute instructions that cause
the memory management unit to allocate a first block of memory to
store the training set and a second block of memory to store the
validation set.
[0049] The example weight calculator 304 (FIG. 3) selects an age
category (block 406). For example, the weight calculator 304 may
select the 7-13 age category. In some examples, the weight
calculator 304 executes instructions that causes the memory
management unit to place into a register the value of a position in
an array of memory storing the age categories. The example weight
calculator 304 assigns a weight (w) to the audience member records
202 in the age category selected at block 406 based on a quantity
(n.sub.g) of audience member records 202 in the training set that
belong to the same age category (block 408). An example method of
assigning the weight (w) to the selected audience member record 202
is disclosed below in relation to FIG. 5. In some examples, the
weight calculator 304 executes instructions that cause an
arithmetic logic unit to calculate the weight (w). The example
weight calculator 304 determines whether there is another age
category to select (block 410). In some examples, the weight
calculator 304 executes instructions that cause the memory
management unit to determine whether the last position of the
memory array storing the age categories has been reached. If there
is another age category to select, program control returns to block
406 to select another age category. In some examples, the weight
calculator 304 selects the age categories in chronological order.
For example, if the first age category selected by the weight
calculator 304 was the 7-13 age category, the weight category may
select the 14-18 age category. Otherwise, if there is not another
age category to select, program control advances to block 412.
[0050] At an initial node, the example model builder 306 splits the
audience member records 202 in the training set into child nodes
based on an initial pair of an attribute 204 (FIG. 2) and a value
threshold (block 412). For example, the model builder 306 may
select the initial pair of the attribute 204 and the value
threshold based on the pair of the attribute 204 and the value
threshold that has a maximum entropy value. In some examples, the
model builder 306 executes instructions that cause the memory
management unit to (i) load the value threshold into a first
register and the values corresponding to the attribute 204 of the
audience member records 202 into second registers, and (ii) cause a
arithmetic logic unit to compare the value in the first register to
the values in the second registers. The example model builder 306
selects one of the child nodes (block 414). In some examples, the
model builder 306 executes instructions that cause the memory
management unit to load a third block of memory storing the
audience member records 202 assigned to the selected child node
into cache memory. For the child node selected at block 414, the
example model builder 306 calculates the effective quantity
(n.sub.e) of the audience member records 202 assigned to the child
node (block 416). For example, the model builder 306 may calculate
the effective quantity (n.sub.e) of the audience member records 202
based on Equation 4 above. In some examples, the model builder 306
executes instructions that cause the arithmetic logic unit to
calculate the effective quantity (n.sub.e) of the audience member
records 202 of from the audience member records 202 loaded into the
cache memory.
[0051] The example model builder 306 determines whether the
effective quantity (n.sub.e) calculated at block 416 satisfies a
minimum leaf size (m.sub.ls) (block 418). In some examples, the
model builder 306 determines that the effective quantity (n.sub.e)
calculated at block 416 satisfies a minimum leaf size (m.sub.ls) if
Equation 5 above is true. In some examples, the model builder 306
executes instructions that cause the arithmetic logic unit to
compare the effective quantity (n.sub.e) stored in the first
register to the minimum leaf size (m.sub.ls) stored in the second
register. If the effective quantity (n.sub.e) calculated at block
416 satisfies the minimum leaf size (m.sub.ls), the example model
builder 306 designates the child node as an intermediate node
(block 420). In some examples, the model builder 306 executes
instructions that cause the memory management unit to modify a
location in the third block of the memory to store a value
indicative of being the intermediate node. The example model
builder 306 then splits the intermediate node into additional child
nodes based on another attribute 204 and a corresponding value
threshold (block 422). In some examples, the model builder 306
executes instructions that cause the memory manager to allocate a
block of memory for the each of the newly created child nodes.
Otherwise, if the effective quantity (n.sub.e) calculated at block
416 does not satisfy the minimum leaf size (m.sub.ls), the example
model builder 306 designates the child node as a terminal node
(block 424). In some examples, the model builder 306 executes
instructions that cause the memory management unit to modify a
location in the third block of the memory to store a value
indicative of being the terminal node. The model builder 306
determines if there are more child nodes (block 426). In some
examples, the model builder 306 executes instructions that cause
the arithmetic logic unit to determine if memory blocks associated
with the nodes of the age correction model 142 include the value
indicative of being the child node. If there are more child nodes,
the example model builder 306 selects one of the child nodes (block
414). In some examples, the model builder 306 execute instructions
that cause the memory management unit to load a block of memory
containing the child node into cache memory. Otherwise, if there
are no more child nodes, the example model builder 306 validates
the age correction model 142 (block 428). In some examples, to
validate the age correction model 142, the model builder 306
applies the audience member records 202 in the validation set to
the age correction model 142. In some such examples, the model
builder 306 compares the expected output of the age correction
model 142 (e.g., the age categories indicated by the terminal nodes
to which the audience member records 202 are assigned) to the
actual output of the age correction model 142 (e.g. the true age
associated with the audience member records 202). In some examples,
the model builder 306 executes instructions that cause the
arithmetic logic unit to calculate difference between registers
containing values of the expected output of the age correction
model 142 and registers containing values of the actual output of
the age correction model 142. The example program of FIGS. 4A and
4B then ends.
[0052] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of example machine readable
instructions that may be executed to implement the example weight
calculator 304 of FIG. 3 to assign weights to the audience member
records 202 (FIG. 2) in the training set. Initially, the example
weight calculator 304 determines whether the quantity (n.sub.g) of
audience member records 202 associated with the selected age
category satisfies (e.g., is greater than or equal to) the first
weighing threshold (th.sub.n) (block 502). If the quantity
(n.sub.g) of audience member records 202 associated with the
selected age category satisfies the first weighing threshold
(th.sub.n), the example weight calculator 304 assigns a neutral
weight (e.g., one, etc.) to the audience member records 202
associated with the age category (block 504).
[0053] If the quantity (n.sub.g) of audience member records 202
associated with the selected age category does not satisfy the
first weighing threshold (th.sub.n), the example weight calculator
304 determines whether the quantity (n.sub.g) of audience member
records 202 associated with the selected age category satisfies
(e.g., is less than or equal to) the second weighing threshold
(th.sub.vl) (block 506). If the quantity (n.sub.g) of audience
member records 202 associated with the selected age category
satisfies the second weighing threshold (th.sub.vl), the example
weight calculator 304 assigns the maximum weight (w.sub.max) to the
audience member records 202 associated with the age category (block
508). Otherwise, if the quantity (n.sub.g) of audience member
records 202 associated with the selected age category does not
satisfy the second weighing threshold (th.sub.vl), the example
weight calculator 304 assigns a weight (w) between the maximum
weight (w.sub.max) and the neutral weight to the audience member
records 202 associated with the age category (block 510). In some
examples, the weight calculator 304 determines the weight (w) to
assign to the audience member records 202 associated with the age
category based on Equation 3 above. The example program of FIG. 5
then ends.
[0054] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example processor platform
600 capable of executing the instructions of FIGS. 4A, 4B, and/or 5
to implement the age modeler 128 of FIGS. 1 and 3. The processor
platform 600 can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, a
workstation, or any other type of computing device.
[0055] The processor platform 600 of the illustrated example
includes a processor 612. The processor 612 of the illustrated
example is hardware. For example, the processor 612 can be
implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits,
microprocessors or controllers from any desired family or
manufacturer. The example processor 612 includes an arithmetic
logic unit 634 to perform arithmetic, logical, and comparative
operations on data in registers 635. The example processor also
includes a memory management unit 636 to load values between local
memory 613 (e.g., a cache) and the registers 635 and to request
blocks of memory from a volatile memory 614 and a non-volatile
memory 616. The example processor 612 is structured to include the
example record generator 302, the example weight calculator 304,
and the example model builder 306.
[0056] The processor 612 of the illustrated example is in
communication with a main memory including the volatile memory 614
and the non-volatile memory 616 via a bus 618. The volatile memory
614 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
(SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random
Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory
device. The non-volatile memory 616 may be implemented by flash
memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to
the main memory 614, 616 is controlled by a memory controller.
[0057] The processor platform 600 of the illustrated example also
includes an interface circuit 620. The interface circuit 620 may be
implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet
interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express
interface.
[0058] In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 622
are connected to the interface circuit 620. The input device(s) 622
permit(s) a user to enter data and commands into the processor 612.
The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio
sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a
button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint
and/or a voice recognition system.
[0059] One or more output devices 624 are also connected to the
interface circuit 620 of the illustrated example. The output
devices 624 can be implemented, for example, by display devices
(e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting
diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display
(CRT), a touchscreen, a tactile output device, a printer and/or
speakers). The interface circuit 620 of the illustrated example,
thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver
chip or a graphics driver processor.
[0060] The interface circuit 620 of the illustrated example also
includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver,
a transceiver, a modem and/or network interface card to facilitate
exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of
any kind) via a network 626 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a
digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a
cellular telephone system, etc.).
[0061] The processor platform 600 of the illustrated example also
includes one or more mass storage devices 628 for storing software
and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 628 include
floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray
disk drives, RAID systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD)
drives.
[0062] Coded instructions 632 of FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5 may be stored
in the mass storage device 628, in the volatile memory 614, in the
non-volatile memory 616, and/or on a removable tangible computer
readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.
[0063] From the foregoing, it will appreciate that examples
disclosed herein allow generation of an age correction model that
is representative of audience members in age categories that are
underrepresented in a panelist household population. Furthermore,
examples disclosed herein allow for generating probability density
functions without consuming additional memory and processor
resources to infer probabilities reflecting underrepresented ages
in the probability density functions. The example probability
density functions are based on the audience member records assigned
to the respective terminal node that include the underrepresented
age(s). This allows the AME, for example, to credit media and/or
calculate more accurate ratings that include the ages that are
underrepresented in the panelist population without consuming
additional memory and processor resources to recruit and monitor
panelists the difficult to recruit age categories.
[0064] Furthermore, examples disclosed herein solve a problem
specifically arising in the realm of computer networks in the
Internet age. Namely, as a large variety of media is increasingly
accessed via the Internet by more people, the AME cannot rely on
traditional techniques (e.g., telephone surveys, panelist logbooks,
etc.) to measure audiences of the variety of the media.
Additionally, because the database proprietor data used to measure
the audiences is self-reported, the database proprietor data may
include inaccuracies that cannot be corrected or verified by the
AME through the traditional techniques. For example, because the
audience member interacts with the database proprietor in a first
Internet domain, the AME in a second Internet domain, and the media
in a third Internet domain, the AME cannot verify the demographic
information (e.g., true age, etc.) of the audience member using the
traditional techniques (e.g., a survey, etc.). Examples disclosed
herein solve this problem by using demographic information and
activity data of known audience members (e.g., the panelists) that
interact with the database proprietor in the first Internet domain
and the AME in the second Internet domain to correct the
demographic information of unknown audience members (e.g., audience
members that interact with the database proprietor in the first
Internet domain without interacting with the AME in the second
Internet domain).
[0065] Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of
manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of
this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent
covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly
falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.
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