U.S. patent application number 15/349406 was filed with the patent office on 2017-03-09 for method and apparatus for monitoring vital signs remotely.
The applicant listed for this patent is SleepIQ Labs Inc.. Invention is credited to William McKinnon Gillon, William Todd Krein, Richard Vincent Rifredi, Steven Jay Young.
Application Number | 20170065220 15/349406 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39225947 |
Filed Date | 2017-03-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170065220 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Young; Steven Jay ; et
al. |
March 9, 2017 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MONITORING VITAL SIGNS REMOTELY
Abstract
A method and apparatus for monitoring vital signs, such as
cardiopulmonary activity, using a ballistograph are provided. The
method and apparatus may be used to monitor an infant sleeping in a
crib, a patient in a hospital, a person with a chronic disease at
home or in professional care, or a person in an elder-care
setting.
Inventors: |
Young; Steven Jay; (Los
Gatos, CA) ; Gillon; William McKinnon; (San Mateo,
CA) ; Rifredi; Richard Vincent; (Los Gatos, CA)
; Krein; William Todd; (San Jose, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SleepIQ Labs Inc. |
San Jose |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
39225947 |
Appl. No.: |
15/349406 |
Filed: |
November 11, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11849051 |
Aug 31, 2007 |
|
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15349406 |
|
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|
60846642 |
Sep 22, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 2503/04 20130101;
G16H 50/30 20180101; A61B 5/746 20130101; A61B 7/003 20130101; A61B
2562/0261 20130101; A61B 5/0205 20130101; A61B 5/0022 20130101;
A61B 5/0077 20130101; A61B 5/1102 20130101; A61B 5/4818 20130101;
A61B 5/4836 20130101; A61B 5/725 20130101; G01L 19/08 20130101;
A61B 5/6887 20130101; A61B 2505/07 20130101; A61F 5/56 20130101;
G01L 19/0007 20130101; G06F 19/3418 20130101; G16H 40/67
20180101 |
International
Class: |
A61B 5/00 20060101
A61B005/00; A61F 5/56 20060101 A61F005/56; A61B 5/0205 20060101
A61B005/0205; A61B 7/00 20060101 A61B007/00 |
Claims
1. A method comprising: receiving, by an electronic control system,
data received from at least one status sensor for collecting status
information for a user positioned on a sleep surface; analyzing, by
the electronic control system, the data received from the at least
one status sensor to determine that the user is snoring; in
response to determining that the user is snoring, triggering, by
the electronic control system, a movement of at least a portion of
the sleep surface.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one status sensor
comprises an audio sensor.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one status sensor
comprises a video sensor.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the data received from
the at least one status sensor to determine that the user is
snoring includes applying a digital filter to the received
data.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the digital filter is associated
with a frequency range indicative of snoring.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein applying the digital filter to
the received data includes selecting the digital filter, by the
electronic control system, based on the digital filter being
associated with the frequency range indicative of snoring.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the data received from
the at least one status sensor to determine that the user is
snoring includes applying a digital filter to the received data to
select a portion of a signal represented by the data.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the digital filter filters out
portions of the signal that fall outside of a frequency range
indicative of snoring.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sleep surface is an upper
portion of a mattress and wherein triggering a movement of at least
a portion of the sleep surface includes triggering a portion of the
mattress to be raised.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein triggering a movement of at
least a portion of the sleep surface includes triggering a portion
of the sleep surface to be raised.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein triggering a movement of at
least a portion of the sleep surface includes triggering a portion
of the sleep surface to vibrate.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein triggering a movement of at
least a portion of the sleep surface includes triggering a portion
of the sleep surface to shake.
13. A sleep system comprising: a sleep surface configured to
support a user; at least one status sensor for collecting status
information for a user positioned on the sleep surface; and an
electronic control system configured to: receive data from the at
least one status sensor; analyze the data received from the at
least one status sensor to determine that the user is snoring; and
trigger a movement of at least a portion of the sleep surface in
response to determining that the user is snoring.
14. The sleep system of claim 13, wherein the at least one status
sensor comprises an audio sensor.
15. The sleep system of claim 13, wherein analyzing the data
received from the at least one status sensor to determine that the
user is snoring includes applying a digital filter to the received
data.
16. The sleep system of claim 15, wherein the digital filter is
associated with a frequency range indicative of snoring and wherein
the electronic control system is further configured to select the
digital filter based on the digital filter being associated with
the frequency range indicative of snoring.
17. The sleep system of claim 13, wherein analyzing the data
received from the at least one status sensor to determine that the
user is snoring includes applying a digital filter to the received
data to select a portion of a signal represented by the data.
18. The sleep system of claim 17, wherein the digital filter
filters out portions of the signal that fall outside of a frequency
range indicative of snoring.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic control surface
is further configured to trigger a portion of the sleep surface to
be raised in response to determining that the user is snoring.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic control surface
is further configured to trigger a portion of the sleep surface to
vibrate in response to determining that the user is snoring.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of and claims priority to
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/849,051, filed on Aug. 31, 2007, which
claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/846,642, filed Sep. 22, 2006, which is hereby incorporated in
its entirety by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present method and apparatus relate to monitoring vital
signs, such as the presence of a heartbeat and breathing, in an
human or animal, e.g., an infant sleeping in a crib, a patient in a
hospital setting, a person with a chronic disease, a person in an
elder-care setting, or an animal at home or in the care of a
professional.
BACKGROUND
[0003] There are a variety of settings in which monitoring one or
more vital signs of an individual can be important. For example,
sleeping infants may be monitored for respiration or heartbeat, to
alert parents or guardians to changes in the infant's heart of
breathing status, caused for example, by sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS) or accidental suffocation. In a hospital setting,
such as an emergency room (ER) waiting area, ambulance, or where an
individual has been hospitalized with a cardiac condition, it may
be important to monitor the individual's heart rate, both to
provide an alert for a catastrophic systems failure or to monitor
changes in heart rate status, e.g., in response to certain
medications. Elder care patients who are at risk for cardiovascular
failure or decline may also need vital-signs monitoring, to alert
an attendant to dramatic changes in health status or the need for
drug intervention. Typically, these are all settings in which an
individual is lying or sitting at rest.
[0004] A number of devices designed for monitoring vital signs are
known. In a hospital setting where a patient's heart rate and
function are being monitored, it is usual to record a continuous
electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) of the patient. This is performed by
attaching a number of electrodes to various points of the patient's
chest and back region, to measure the rhythmic electrical activity
of the heart. An EKG hookup tends to be uncomfortable and confining
over extended periods, and requires a trained medical professional
to apply the electrodes properly and to operate the device. For
example, during sleep, the electrodes can come off the patient and
cause a false alarm. The cost and inconvenience of EKG monitoring
make it impractical for many health-monitoring settings, such as
non critical hospital patients, infant or elder care
monitoring.
[0005] A less intrusive means for measuring heart rate is a
mechanical inertial device known as a ballistocardiograph, which is
designed to record the volume of blood passing through the heart,
at any period in time, based on the body's recoil as blood is
ejected from the heart ventricles with each heartbeat. Such
devices, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,569, tend to have a
rigid, mechanical plate structure and a complicated mechanism for
measuring changes in plate motion.
[0006] There exists a need for a monitoring apparatus that has a
simplified, relatively inexpensive construction, can be used
comfortably by an individual on a mattress or chair, does not
require any patient hookup, can be used easily by an untrained
person, and provides accurate heart and respiration-rate
information to a monitoring site or person.
SUMMARY
[0007] The invention includes, in one aspect, an apparatus for
monitoring heart and respiration rates of a human subject at rest,
comprising, in operative condition,
[0008] (a) a sensing unit having (i) a fluid or gas-filled pad
adapted to be placed on a bed, crib, or chair support, for
cushioning at least an upper body portion of a subject lying on or
resting against the support, mattress or cushion, and (ii) a
pressure sensor in fluid communication with gas or fluid in said
unit, for generating electrical signals in response to pressure
variations within the gas or fluid in the pad, and
[0009] (b) a monitoring unit operatively connected to said pressure
sensor, for (i) receiving signals therefrom, (ii) generating from
said signals, information about the heart and respiration rates of
the subject, and (iii) relaying such information to a monitoring
station or individual.
[0010] In some embodiments, the pad is a fluid-filled pad. In some
embodiments, the pad is a gas-filled pad.
[0011] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a
pressure-control unit comprising a pump in fluid or gas
communication with the pad and a controller operatively connected
to the pump for maintaining fluid or gas within the pad at a
selected pressure or within a defined pressure range.
[0012] In some embodiments, the pad comprises a single fluid or
gas-filled chamber, having a pressure sensor in fluid or gas
communication therewith, for generating electrical signals in
response to pressure changes within the chamber.
[0013] In other embodiments, the pad includes at least two
independent, fluid or gas-filled chambers, each of which has a
pressure sensor in fluid communication therewith, for generating
electrical signals in response to pressure changes within the
associated chamber.
[0014] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes an
ambient-null device comprising a fluid or gas-filled ambient pad, a
weight carried on the ambient pad, for exerting pressure thereon,
and an ambient pressure sensor in fluid or gas communication with
fluid in the ambient pad, for generating electrical signals in
response to pressure changes within the fluid or gas, in response
to ambient motion in the vicinity of the subject, wherein said
monitoring unit is operatively connected to said ambient pressure
sensor, for (i) receiving signals therefrom, and (ii) processing
the signals received from the first-mentioned and ambient pressure
sensors, to filter such ambient motion from motion related to the
subject's heart and respiration rates.
[0015] In some embodiments, the monitoring unit includes a
processor operative to (i) generate heart-rate information of the
subject, based on time-dependent signals having frequency
components in the range from about 0.1 to about 10 Hz, and (ii)
generate respiration rate information of the subject based on
time-dependent signals having frequency components in the range
less than about 1 Hz. In particular embodiments, the information
generated by the signal processor further includes blood-pressure
information.
[0016] In some embodiments, the pad includes upper and lower
independent, fluid or gas-filled chambers, each of which has a
pressure sensor in fluid communication therewith, for generating
electrical signals in response to pressure changes within the
associated chamber, and the information generated by the processor
includes information about the orientation of the individual with
respect to the pad, based on a characteristic ventral, dorsal or
lateral signals produced by processing the two separate signals
generated for the two chambers.
[0017] In some embodiments, the monitoring unit includes a remote
monitor, and a transmitter for transmitting such heart and
respiration rate information from the processor to the monitor.
[0018] In some embodiments, the pad further includes temperature
sensor for measuring the temperature of the individual on the
pad.
[0019] In another aspect, a sensor unit for use with a monitoring
unit is provided, for monitoring heart and respiration rates of a
human subject at rest, comprising, in operative condition,
[0020] (a) a fluid or gas-filled pad adapted to be placed on a bed,
crib, or chair support, for cushioning at least an upper-body
portion of a subject lying on or resting against the support,
and
[0021] (b) a pressure sensor in fluid communication with fluid in
said unit, for generating electrical signals in response to
pressure variations within the fluid or gas, and adapted to be
operatively connected to such a monitor.
[0022] In some embodiments, the pad includes as single fluid or
gas-filled chamber having a pressure sensor in fluid of gas
communication therewith, for generating electrical signals in
response to pressure changes within the chamber.
[0023] In other embodiments, the pad includes at least two
independent, fluid-filled chambers, each of which has a pressure
sensor in fluid or gas communication therewith, for generating
electrical signals in response to pressure changes within the
associated chamber. In some embodiments, the pad is a fluid-filled
pad. In some embodiments, the pad is a gas-filled pad.
[0024] In another aspect, a method for monitoring vital signs is
provided, including heart and respiration rates, of a human subject
lying on or resting against a bed, crib, or chair support,
comprising
[0025] (a) placing between the subject and the support, a fluid or
gas-filled pad positioned for cushioning at least an upper-body
area of the subject,
[0026] (b) generating electrical signals in response to pressure
variations within the fluid or gas by a pressure sensor in fluid
communication with fluid or gas in said pad, and
[0027] (c) processing the electrical signals received from the
pressure sensor to generate information about the heart and
respiration rate of the subject.
[0028] In another aspect, an apparatus for remotely monitoring
heart and respiration rates of a human subject lying on or resting
against a bed, crib, or chair support is provided, comprising
[0029] (a) a pad adapted to the placed between the subject and the
support, for cushioning at least an upper body portion of the
individual,
[0030] (b) a sensor on said pad for generating motion-related
signals caused by the subject's heartbeat and breathing,
[0031] (c) a processor operatively connected to said sensor, for
(i) receiving time-dependent signals therefrom, and (ii) generating
heart-rate information of the subject, based on received
time-dependent signals in the range from about 0.1 to about 10 Hz,
and respiration rate information of the subject, based on received
timed-dependent signals in the range less than about 1 Hz,
[0032] (d) a remote monitor for use by an individual in monitoring
said subject, and
[0033] (e) a transmitter for transmitting such subject information
from the processor to the individual.
[0034] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes an
ambient-motion device for generating signals related to ambient
motion in the vicinity of the subject, and said processor is
operatively connected to said device, for processing the signals
received from the device, to filter such ambient motion from motion
related to the subject's heart and respiration rates.
[0035] In another aspect, an apparatus for monitoring vital signs
is provided, including heart and respiration rates, of a human
subject lying on or resting against a bed, crib, or chair support,
comprising
[0036] (a) a pad adapted to the placed between the subject and the
support, for cushioning at least an upper body portion of the
individual, said pad comprising
[0037] (i) a pair of confronting plates, one adapted to be
supported on the mattress, and the other adapted for contact with
the chest area of the individual, said plates being spaced apart
for relative lateral movement in an XY plane and relative vertical
movement in the Z direction,
[0038] (iii) connecting the two plates, an L-shaped connector
attached at opposite ends to the opposing plates and having a pair
of laterally extending, orthogonally disposed arms, a strain gauge
carried on each arm, in an XY plane, and a strain gauge carried on
one of the arms, in a vertical plane, and
[0039] (b) a monitoring unit operative to transmit to a remote
user, information about the heart rate of the individual, based on
signals received from the pad's lateral-movement strain gauge
devices, and about the respiration rate of the individual, based on
signals received from the pad's vertical-movement strain
gauge(s).
[0040] The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said two opposing plates
are substantially rectangular, and connected by said L-shaped
connectors in the region of each of the four corners of the two
plates.
[0041] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a
vertical-movement strain gauge connecting the two plates, for
generating information about the weight applied by the individual
on the pad.
[0042] In some embodiments, the monitoring unit includes a
processor operative to (i) wherein said monitoring unit includes a
signal processor operative to (i) generate heart-rate information
of the subject, based on time-dependent signals received from each
of the plural lateral-movement strain-gauge devices, and having
frequency components in the range from about 0.1-10 Hz, and (ii)
generate respiration rate information of the subject based on
timed-dependent signals having frequency received from the at least
one of the vertical-movement strain gauge(s), and having frequency
components in the range less than about 1 Hz.
[0043] In some embodiments, the monitoring unit includes a remote
monitor, and a transmitter for transmitting such heart rate and
respiration rate information from the processor to the monitor.
[0044] In some embodiments, the pad further includes temperature
sensor for measuring the temperature of the individual on the
pad.
[0045] In some embodiments, the apparatus further includes a
weighted strain gauge adapted for attachment to the bed or crib,
independent of said pad, for detecting movement of the bed or crib,
independent of movement within the pad, and the monitoring unit is
operative to remove such independent movement from pad movement
detected by the pad strain gauges.
[0046] In a related aspect, an apparatus for determining the
presence of a subject is provided, comprising:
[0047] (a) a sensing unit having (i) a fluid or gas-filled pad
adapted to be placed on a bed, crib, or chair support, for
cushioning at least an upper body portion of a subject lying on or
resting against the support, mattress or cushion, and (ii) a
pressure sensor in fluid communication with fluid in said unit, for
generating electrical signals in response to pressure variations
within the fluid in the pad, and
[0048] (b) a monitoring unit operatively connected to said pressure
sensor, for (i) receiving signals therefrom, (ii) generating from
said signals, information about the presence of the subject and
(iii) relaying such information to a monitoring station or
individual.
[0049] In another related aspect, a sensor unit for use with a
monitoring unit, for detecting the presence of a subject is
provided, comprising:
[0050] (a) a fluid or gas-filled pad adapted to be placed on a bed,
crib, or chair support, for cushioning at least an upper-body
portion of a subject lying on or resting against the support,
and
[0051] (b) a pressure sensor in fluid communication with fluid in
said unit, for generating electrical signals in response to
pressure variations within the fluid or gas, and adapted to be
operatively connected to such a monitor.
[0052] A related method for detecting the presence of a subject on
or in a bed, crib, or chair support is provided, comprising:
[0053] (a) placing on or in the bed, crib, or chair support a fluid
or gas-filled pad positioned for cushioning at least an upper-body
area of the subject,
[0054] (b) generating electrical signals in response to pressure
variations within the fluid or gas by a pressure sensor in fluid
communication with fluid or gas in said pad, and
[0055] (c) processing the electrical signals received from the
pressure sensor to generate information about the presence of the
subject.
[0056] In a related aspect, an apparatus for monitoring the
presence of a subject lying on or resting against a bed, crib, or
chair support is provided, comprising:
[0057] (a) a pad adapted to the placed between the subject and the
support, for cushioning at least an upper body portion of the
individual, said pad comprising
[0058] (i) a pair of confronting plates, one adapted to be
supported on the mattress, and the other adapted for contact with
the chest area of the individual, said plates being spaced apart
for relative lateral movement in an XY plane and relative vertical
movement in the Z direction,
[0059] (iii) connecting the two plates, an L-shaped connector
attached at opposite ends to the opposing plates and having a pair
of laterally extending, orthogonally disposed arms, a strain gauge
carried on each arm, in an XY plane, and a strain gauge carried on
one of the arms, in a vertical plane, and
[0060] (b) a monitoring unit operative to transmit to a remote
user, information about the presence of the subject, based on
signals received from the pad's strain gauge devices.
[0061] Apparatus for monitoring the presence of a subject, rather
than health of a subject, may be connected to the internet and may
further include any of the additional features described
herein.
[0062] These and other aspects and embodiments of the present
invention will become better apparent in view of the detailed
description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0063] FIG. 1 is a partially schematic side or perspective view of
a monitoring method and apparatus.
[0064] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating how an embodiment of the
system works. A pad sensing unit detects heart and respiration from
the infant subject. Optional temperature and audio sensors provide
additional data. A digital signal processor (DSP) analyzes data
from the mattress pad sensing unit and other data.
[0065] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of the system
that utilized an air-filled mattress sensor connected to an air
pump (i.e., a pressure-control unit) for maintaining pad pressure
within a predefined range. Vibrations corresponding to heart and
respiration functions are detected by a pressure sensor,
communicated to a computer for analysis, and distributed via the
internet.
[0066] FIG. 4A-4D shows exemplary configurations of air or
fluid-filled pad sensors having a single chamber (A) or multiple
chambers (B-D).
[0067] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing how an air or fluid-filled
mattress sensor is used to generate health status data. Vibrations
are detected by pressure sensors, and the data are filtered and
compared by a microprocessor. An ambient vibration cancellation
device is also depicted.
[0068] FIG. 6 is a schematic showing how data generated by multiple
sensors are analyzed by a DSP and used to trigger events.
[0069] FIG. 7 shows an example of processed data generated from a
pad sensor using a 6-month-old infant subject.
[0070] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate components of a two-plate
mechanical sensor having orthogonally disposed strain gauges for
monitoring heart and respiratory functions. 8A is a side view
showing an infant subject. 8B is a top view showing the strain
gauges connecting the two plates.
[0071] FIG. 9 is a schematic showing how data generated by a
mechanical sensor are analyzed by a DSP and used to trigger
events.
[0072] FIG. 10 is a schematic showing how a wireless transceiver
receiving data from a mattress sensor communicates with a remote
microcontroller for monitoring and responding to health status
data.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
I. Introduction
[0073] A method and apparatus are provided for monitoring the
presence and health status of human and animal subjects/patients.
The method and apparatus utilize a pad or plate sensor unit adapted
to be placed in a bed, cushion mattress, infant crib, or the like
for generating health status data corresponding to the subject's
cardiac function and/or respiration (i.e. breathing). The pad or
plate sensor may be a fluid or gas-filled device, an
electromechanical device, an optical device, or a semi-conducting
device, depending on the embodiment.
[0074] Data generated from the sensor unit may be combined with
additional data (e.g., generated by one or more additional
sensors), filtered, and relayed to a microprocessor for recording
or analysis. Processed data may be used to trigger one or more
events. In some examples, the event is to sound an alarm or alert
medical professionals to deteriorating health status of a subject.
The health status data that trigger an event, and the events that
are triggered, may be pre-selected by a user depend on the
particular application.
[0075] The method and apparatus are readily integrated with
internet/web-based services, wireless telecommunications, advanced
audio and video processing, instant messaging, digital and analog
signal processing, medical record databases and patient records,
and private and public health agencies, thereby linking a subject's
health status to any number of services.
[0076] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary monitoring method and apparatus.
The view illustrates an infant crib 6 with a sensor pad or plate
sensor 1 adapted for use as a mattress. A wireless in home monitor
2 is provided, e.g., to allow a parent or guardian 7 to monitor
data from the sensor 1 via a wireless phone or internet protocol
link 3. The crib is further equipped with a camera 4 to transmit
live or delayed video, e.g., to allow the determination of whether
the infant, adult, or animal is on its back, front, or sides, by
identifying features of the subject, and a panic button 5. A wired
or wireless transceiver can also be equipped to communicate between
the sensor and the camera, panic button and remote monitor. As
shown in FIG. 2, the pad or plate sensor 1 detects heart 9 and
respiration vibrations in from the infant subject 10 along with
data from optional additional sensors (i.e., a microphone 7 and
thermometer 8). These data are transmitted, by wire or wirelessly,
to a digital signal processor (DSP) 11, which analyzes the data and
triggers appropriate actions.
[0077] The method and apparatus are described in more detail,
below.
II. Monitoring Apparatus
[0078] A feature of the present method and apparatus is a sensor
unit adapted for placement on a bed, crib, chair, automotive or
avionics seat, or similar rest surface for a human or animal. In
some embodiments, the sensor is in the form of a mattress or
mattress pad, upon which a subject will rest. In other embodiments,
the sensor is in the form of a cushion or cushion pad, upon which a
subject will sit or lean. In other embodiments, the sensor is in
the form of plate upon which a subject will rest.
[0079] Both fluid/gas-filled sensors and electromechanical sensors
may be used according to the present method and apparatus. Such
sensors may be referred to as ballistocardiographs, monitor-enabled
pads or mattress, vital signs sensors, or health status data
sensors.
[0080] Embodiments of the pad or plate sensor are described,
below.
A. Fluid/Gas-Filled Pad Embodiment
[0081] In some embodiments, the sensor uses a fluid or gas-filled
pad upon which a subject will rest. The fluid/gas-filled pad may be
connected to a suitable fluid/gas pump to maintain a desirable
pressure and/or volume in the pad. The pad is further connected to
an fluid/gas pressure sensor, which monitors the pressure changes
in the pad in response to a subject's hear function or respiration.
According to this embodiment, incident pressure waves caused by
shifting body weight in response to cardiopulmonary activity
induces a change in the measured pressure, which data are sampled
and processed. This embodiment of the method and apparatus are
illustrated in FIGS. 3-5.
[0082] As shown in FIG. 3, a custom air mattress 10 is operably
connected to an air pump 21 for filing the pad sensor to a
preselected pressure or volume and an air pressure sensor 31 for
monitoring the pressure in the mattress 10. Ballistic motion of the
subject infant 100 caused by cardiac function and breathing cause
pressure variations in the pad sensor 10, which can be detected by
the pressure sensor 31, which produces or alters electrical signals
in response to pressure variations. A signal (i.e., data; typically
electrical) from the pressure sensor 31 is received by a
microprocessor 200 for analysis. The raw or processed signal/data
may be sent to the internet 300 for distribution.
[0083] FIGS. 4A-D illustrate several embodiments of an air or
fluid-filled pad sensor 10, shown from the side (beneath an infant
100) and from the top. FIG. 4A illustrates a single chamber pad
sensor. FIGS. 4A-4C show different configurations of multiple
chamber pad sensors, where lines or a grid indicate the separate
chambers. Each chamber may be connected to a separate pressure
sensor or multiple chambers may be connected to a single pressure
sensor (not shown). The dark ovals in each panel represent
conventional structures within the mattress. The pad may include
any number of ribs, which may be part of the individual chambers.
In some embodiments, the pad includes a single chamber. In other
embodiments, the pad includes at least two chambers. In related
embodiments, the pad includes a plurality of chambers. Where the
pad sensor includes a plurality of chambers, the chambers may be
vertically or horizontally stacked. The subject may rest on a stack
of chambers or may rest on several adjacent chambers.
[0084] FIG. 5 illustrates and embodiment that employs an air or
fluid-filled pad 10 for monitoring a subject's 100 cardiac and/or
respiratory function and an ambient null sensor device 50 for
monitoring ambient motion in the vicinity of the subject 100. The
air or fluid-filled pad 10 and ambient null device 50 are
separately connected to pressure sensors 30, 31, which provide
pressure data for filtering and analysis by a microprocessor 200.
The air or fluid pump 20 for filing the pad sensor 10 is indicated.
The same or a different pump 20 may be connected to the ambient
null device 50 (not shown).
[0085] Where an ambient and null device/sensor is used in
combination with a pad sensor, the signal from the null device may
be subtracted from (i.e., used to "null" or "cancel out") the
signal from the pad sensor, allowing background signal (i.e.,
noise) subtraction.
[0086] In some embodiments, the pad sensor is filed with air. In
related embodiments, the pad sensor is filled with an inert gas. In
other embodiments, the pad is filled with a fluid. In particular
embodiments, the fluid is an aqueous solution or water, optionally
with an additive to retard the growth of microorganisms. Preferred
fluids are inexpensive and non-toxic. Air-fluid emulsions or hybrid
air/fluid configurations should produce similar results.
[0087] Pad sensors may be made of virtually any conventional
material that is air or water-tight, as required by the particular
embodiment. Exemplary materials include but are not limited to
plastic (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, latex, vinyl, etc.) and
fabric (e.g., canvas). Fabrics may be treated with a plastic or
other coating to make them air or fluid-tight, as required. The pad
may be covered for comfort or protection, so long as the covering
does not substantially insulate the sensor from the vibrations
generated by the subjects heart and/or lung function.
[0088] Where the pad sensor includes multiple chambers (e.g., FIGS.
4B-4D), each chamber may be operably connected to a separate
pressure sensor or a plurality of chambers may be connected to a
single pressure sensor. Generally, one pad is used for each
subject. Where a single pad is used to monitor a plurality of
subjects, e.g., as in the case of a large pad for monitoring a
plurality of infants or adults, a plurality of chambers is
preferred, thereby allowing distinction between the heart and
respiratory functions of each subject on the mattress sensor.
[0089] The pad may include foam or ribbing to provide structural
support, to reduce resonance or harmonics, or to preventing
"bottoming out" under the weight of the subject. Foam may also
allow for self-inflating of the pad. Ribbing may be the result of
compartmentalization or chambers, as described above. Ribbing may
also be used to focus the incident waves on the pressure sensor. In
some embodiments, the pad sensor is in the form of a "U" shape to
force incident waves to the ends of the tube, where the pressure
sensor is typically located.
[0090] While changes in the dynamic pressure in the pad are used to
monitor cardiopulmonary health status data (i.e., vital signs),
static pressure in the pad sensor can be used to measure a
subject's weight. In this manner, the pad sensor can also be used
to provide weight data (e.g., over time), or to detect the presence
or absence of the subject on the pad.
B. Mechanical Plate Embodiment
[0091] In some embodiments, the cardiac and respiratory functions
are monitored using a mechanical plate (or electromechanical)
sensor. In a particular embodiment, the plate sensor includes at
least one weighted strain gauge for detecting vibrations resulting
from cardiac and/or respiratory functions of a subject.
[0092] An embodiment of the method and apparatus that employs a
strain gauge is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. As shown in FIG. 8A, the
plate sensor apparatus comprises an upper plate 60 and lower plate
61. The subject 100 rests on the upper plate 60. As shown in FIG.
8B, the upper and lower plates are connected via one or more strain
gauges 71, 72, 73, 74, each having a first end 62 attached to the
upper plate 60 and a second end 63 attached to the lower plate 61.
The strain gauges may be adapted to measure strain in any
dimension, such as the X, Y, and Z, axes as shown in FIG. 8B.
Strain gauges may also measure the rotation of one plate with
respect to the other, the tilting of one plate with respect to the
other, or the flexing of the upper or lower plate.
[0093] Ballistic movement of the subject in response to heart and
lung function is generally not limited to a single direction. In
some embodiments, it may be desirable to monitor movement in
several directions to increase the sensitivity of the plate sensor.
However, it is generally not necessary to monitor movement in all
directions. In some embodiments, it may be adequate to monitor
movement in one direction. Thus a limited small number of strain
gauges, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 should be sufficient to detect
cardiac and/or lung function. The two plates may further be
connected by springs, foam, an air or fluid-filled bag or cushion,
etc. to maintain a nominal separation distance between the plates.
The weight of the intended subject will be reflected in the
springs, foam, or other material used to maintain distance between
the plates.
[0094] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing how an
electromechanical sensor is used according to the method and
apparatus. Electrical signals from strain gauges or pressure
sensors measuring movement in the X 81, Y 82, and Z 83 axes, along
with (optionally) electrical signals from other sensors, such as a
microphone 84 and temperature gauge 85 are fed into filters 90,
received by an analog to digital converter 95, or similar device,
and analyzed by a digital signal processor (DSP) 200. The DSP
includes preselected or learned/trained parameter information
(arrows pointing down towards DSP 200) and may trigger one or more
events (arrows point away from DSP 200). The DSP 200 may also
communicate with a wireless transceiver 400 for further
distributing the processed signal.
C. Further Embodiments
[0095] Combinations of gas/fluid pressure sensors and strain gauges
may be used to increase the sensitivity of detection of vibrations
resulting from heart and lung function. In addition, other types of
sensors may be used in addition to, or in place of,
gas/fluid-filled and electromechanical sensors. Cost and
practicality should be considered in the design. The
above-described sensors offer adequate sensitivity without being
overly elaborate in design.
[0096] Although preferred health status sensors are non-invasive,
non-entangling, and unobtrusive, some embodiments employ a sensor
that is worn or attached to the subject, e.g., in the form of a
wrist or ankle-worn sensor. Such sensors may be adapted to
communicate with a processing or analytical device in a wireless
manner, thereby minimizing the intrusive nature of the sensor.
III. Additional Sensors
[0097] In addition to the pad or plate sensor for detecting
vibrations from heart function and/or breathing, the method and
apparatus may include one or more additional sensors for obtaining
health status or environmental data. Such additional sensors
include but are not limited to temperature sensors for monitoring
ambient temperature and/or the temperature of the subject; light
sensors for monitoring ambient light; weight sensors for measuring
subject weight, moisture sensors for detecting bed-wetting or other
nocturnal emissions; audio and/or video sensors for detecting
crying, fussing/complaining, snoring, tossing and turning, position
indicators for detecting changes in mattress angle, changes in the
subjects orientation, etc.
[0098] Exemplary additional sensors include microphones, cameras,
thermometers, photoelectric devices, microelectromechanical sensors
(MEMS), sphygmomanometers, strain gauges, accelerometers,
inclinometers, altimeters, barometers, radiation detectors,
moisture gauges, and the like. In some embodiments, the additional
sensors obtain data in a non-invasive manner, much like the pad
sensor. In other embodiments, the additional sensors are connected
to the subject. Data from such additional sensors can be used
passively, i.e. recorded for later use; sent periodically to web
pages or cell phones; displayed on a monitor, etc. Data from such
devices can also be used actively, i.e. used to determine ambient
light, detect motion via frame differencing, triggering an alarm,
etc. Exemplary additional sensors are exemplified, below:
A. Ambient Light Monitors
[0099] Ambient light monitors (photo detectors, photo diodes, CCD
integrators, etc.) can be used to capture and track the amount of
light in the room occupied by the subject. By looking at the
spectral components, it is also possible to determine if the source
is natural or artificial light.
B. Video Capture Device
[0100] Video capture devices, such as visible-light or infrared
(IR) cameras, can be used to take snapshots, time lapse images, or
continual frames of the subject. In some embodiments, data from a
video capture device is used to trigger a wake-up alarm, turn on or
off lights, etc. Data from an infrared detector may be used to
monitor the temperature of a subject. Video data may also be used
to determine the position of a person or animal, as well as when
the person/animal has turned over.
C. Audio Sensors
[0101] Audio sensors, such as microphones, can be used to identify
crying, coughing, snoring, screaming, hiccoughing, groaning, and/or
"fussiness." Microphones are well known in the art.
D. Temperature Sensors
[0102] Temperature/thermal/IR sensors can be used to monitor
ambient room temperature and/or a subject's body temperature. Where
the temperature sensor measure a subject's temperature, it may be
placed on the top of the mattress sensor or built into the pad or
plate sensor. Non-contact thermometers are particularly useful for
measuring a subject's body temperature.
E. Chemical Sensors
[0103] Chemical sensors can be used for warning and/or diagnosis.
For example, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, natural gas,
methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia sensors can be used to
identify life threatening environmental conditions caused by, e.g.,
poor ventilation, smoke, fire, etc. Chemical sensors may also be
used to monitor flatulence or metabolic conditions that result in
the production of detectable chemical species (e.g., ketosis,
trimethylaminuria). A carbon dioxide sensor may be utilized to
determine if an infant has rolled over onto its front, a potential
condition for suffocation. A vast number of chemical sensors are
available, depending on the chemicals likely to be present in the
particular environment.
F. Weight Sensors
[0104] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to monitor a
subject's body weight in addition to the subject's cardiac and/or
respiratory function. Body weight monitoring is readily
accomplished using a conventional scale, which is typically placed
under the mattress sensor.
[0105] Body weight may also be determined from the average (i.e.,
static as opposed to dynamic) pressure in the pad sensor or on the
plate sensor, which corresponds to the weight of the subject. In
this manner, the pad or plate sensor may serve as both a cardiac
function/breathing monitor and a weight sensor (or scale).
G. EKG/EEG
[0106] Electrocardiographs (EKG; ECG) may be used to supplement
data from the pad sensor, to calibrate the pad sensor, or to detect
particular cardiac abnormalities.
[0107] In some embodiments, electroencephalograph (EEG) data is
obtained from a subject to monitor brainwaves. This embodiment is
particularly useful for studying sleep patterns in subjects and for
monitoring subjects for brain activity following a stroke, heart
attach, or trauma.
H. Movement Sensors
[0108] In some embodiments, movement (or motion) sensors are used
in combination with the pad or plate sensor to detect the presence
of the subject in the room, to determine whether a crib, bed,
chair, sofa, etc. is occupied, to monitor gross subject movements.
Movement sensors include inclinometers, accelerometers,
photodetectors, and the like.
IV. Ambient Null Sensor Device
[0109] In some embodiments, the pad or plate sensor is used in
combination with an ambient (or null) sensor device for measuring
ambient motion in the vicinity of the subject. In preferred
embodiments, the ambient null device is similar to the pad or plate
sensor for monitoring cardiopulmonary vibrations, differing in that
the subject does not rest on the ambient null sensor. In other
embodiments, the ambient null device is a device different from the
pad or plate sensor, including but not limited to an accelerometer
or bob weight device.
[0110] The ambient null device is used as a "control" for
environmental changes that are not due to movement of the subject
in question. The signal/data from the ambient null sensor can be
subtracted from that of the pad or plate sensor to reduce
background noise and account for changes in the environment in
which the subject is resting on the pad or plate sensor.
[0111] In preferred embodiments, the ambient null device
incorporates a sensor similar to that of the pad or plate sensor,
such that the data produced are comparable. In some embodiments,
the sensor is of the same type or model. Alternatively, the ambient
null sensor is of a different type that the pad or plate sensor,
including any of the sensor types described herein.
[0112] Not all embodiments of the present method and apparatus
require use of an ambient null device/sensor. Vibrations resulting
from heart function and breathing are regular and rhythmic and not
easily confused with ambient noise; therefore, it should generally
not be necessary to use an ambient sensor device unless suitable
analog or digital filters, including software filters, cannot be
designed. Ambient null devices are generally only required where
background noise (including noise from other human or animal
subjects) interferes with detection and monitoring of cardiac
function and/or respiration.
V. Data Processing
[0113] Raw data from a pad or plate sensing unit and, optionally,
other sensor(s) and inputs, are processed to produce processed
data. Processing may be by analog means or by digital means.
[0114] FIG. 6 shows a typical data processing arrangement. Input
data from, e.g., one or more pressure sensors or strain gauges 61
and optional additional sensors 62 are filtered using band-pass
filters 63, 64, 65, amplified, and digitized, e.g., using an analog
to digital converter 66. The filtered signals are then sent to a
DSP 67 for further processing and/or analysis. The DSP 67 may
trigger alerts, alarms, or events directly and/or may be sent to a
remote location using a wireless transceiver 68. The remote
location may be, e.g., the internet or a remote monitor. In other
embodiments, input data is first digitized and then filtered or
otherwise processed. Data from different sensors may be processed
differently.
[0115] FIG. 7 shows exemplary cardiopulmonary data obtained from an
infant placed on a pad sensing unit as described. The raw sensor
data were processed through a 10 Hz low-pass filter, amplified,
digitized, digitally band-passed, and then fed to a fast Fourier
transformer to convert the data to the frequency domain. Similar
results could have been obtained by amplifying and digitizing the
raw signal and using a digital/software low-pass filter. Since the
beating frequency of a human heart is approximately 50-200 beats
per minute (0.83-3.33 Hz) the frequency range of interest for
monitoring human (and many other animal) heart rates is from about
0.1 to about 10 Hz, or from about 1 to about 5 Hz, or even from
about 2 to about 5 Hz. Since the respiration/breathing frequency of
a human is about 10-20 breaths per minute (0.16-0.33 Hz) the
frequency range of interest for monitoring human (and many other
animal) breathing rates is from about 0.1 to about 1 Hz but
generally less than about 1 Hz.
[0116] Analog and/or digital filters can be used to select any
portion of a signal for analysis. Other frequency ranges may be of
interest, e.g., for monitoring coughing, screaming, hiccoughing,
snoring, groaning, turning, flipping, shivering, shaking,
convulsions, movements in dreams, erotic stimulation, or other
movement.
[0117] Processed data can be analyzed by a microprocessor and used
to trigger an event or event set, such as alerting medical
professionals to assist in identifying, preventing, or treating the
subject, sounding an alarm, etc, as described. The event set that
is triggered depends on the rules created or tailored by the user.
Examples include sending a message via the internet, logging an
entry in a log file, changing a database entry, and the like. Data
can also be recorded, with our without accompanying analysis, for
later reviewed.
[0118] The present method and apparatus are ideally integrated with
internet/web-based services, wireless telecommunications, advanced
audio and video processing, instant messaging, digital and analog
signal processing, medical record databases and patient records,
and private and public health agencies.
[0119] Where the method and apparatus are connected to the
internet, filters and/or microprocessors used to process raw data
and/or analyze processed data may be at a location remote from the
sensing unit. In one embodiment, raw data are transmitted via an
internet connection to a microprocessor associated with a server.
In another embodiment, data processed by a local microprocessor are
transmitted via an internet connection to a microprocessor
associated with a server.
VI. External Devices and Platforms
[0120] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to use in the
present method and apparatus in combination with an external device
or platform, such as a text messaging platform, data logger,
printer, alarm system, alert siren, or other data acquisition or
actuating device; or a computer (i.e., microprocessor) capable of
performing analytical functions.
[0121] In some embodiments a message platform is used for delivery
of data, messages, alarms, and alerts. These messages may take, for
example, the form of text messages (short message service, SMS)
sent by way of telephone services, email, voice calls, and in home
monitoring media including audio, video, and heart and breathing
sounds, either in the form of direct audio, or simulated sound
processes. Telephone services utilized by embodiments of the
invention may include either or both the public switch telephone
network (PSTN) connections and cellular telephone connections as
well as a IP network connection.
[0122] Alarms or alerts may be triggered by processed signal data
that are outside normal values or meet pre-selected user trigger
points. Such alarms or alerts may be delivered by a telephone, web,
or other service, as described. Alarms or alerts may be sent to.
e.g., pre-selected health care professionals (including paramedics,
physicians, nurses, police, and the like), relatives and/or
guardians, public health agencies, child services, etc., as
determined by the user. Simple alarms or alerts are audible and/or
visible signals, such as horns, buzzers, sirens, lights, and the
like.
[0123] Alarms, alerts, and/or panic signals may also be localized
to particular places in a home, hospital, elderly, care facility,
or infant care facility. Such signals may transmitted by wired or
wireless technology, such as cabling, WiFi, Zigbee, Bluetooth,
etc., for contacting receiving devices such as cell phones or
personal digital assistants (PDAs).
[0124] Some embodiments may also include a "panic button" that can
be manually activated by the subject or another person. The panic
button may cause a signal to be sent to pre-selected health care
professionals, relatives and/or guardians, public health agencies,
child services, etc., as above. As above, the signal can be sent
via a telephone, the web, or another service, as described.
[0125] In some cases, it may be desirable to trigger an automatic
action in response to processed data. For example, it may be
desirable to disturb a subject's sleep with an audible and/or
visible signal or through vibration, shaking, or physical contact
with the subject. In other embodiments, pre-selected health status
data causes, e.g., medication to be dispensed to a patient, a
respirator to begin pumping air, a defibrillator to restart a
subject's heart, a portion of a mattress to be raised or lowered,
etc.
[0126] In some embodiments, the external device is a data logger or
recording device for keep track of a subject's health status data.
In other embodiments, a printer of chart recorder is connected.
Most any of the described external devices can be used in
combination.
[0127] FIG. 10 shows an exemplary system in which data from a pad
or plate sensor (and optional additional sensors) is communicated
to a microcontroller 92 via a wireless transceiver 91. The
microcontroller 92 analyzes the data, which may be viewed or
presented on a remote monitoring device 93, in addition to being
sent to the internet, being used to trigger event sets, etc. The
remote monitoring device could be located, for example, in a
physician's office, a nurse's station, a fire department or
paramedic station, a parent's or guardian's bedroom, etc.
[0128] In all cases, the method and apparatus make include two-way
(or more) communication between subject and a remote monitoring
location. The two-way communication may be audio, e.g., using
microphones and speakers; video, e.g., using cameras and monitors;
or text, e.g., using email, messaging, or the like.
VII. Internet Connectivity
[0129] Embodiments of the method and apparatus include a web
portal, as part of the monitoring capability. The web portal is
supported by a web server through which users may access the web.
Connection to a web portal also provides access to a back-end
server to capture, store, and analyze data from the various sensors
of the system. The web portal typically includes an interface for
the user to set various pre-selected parameters, such as which data
triggering alerts or alarms.
[0130] In some embodiments, the interface provides access to a
user's account (typically the subject's account), where preferences
are pre-selected, and where billing and management are handled. The
interface may further provide storage, presentation, and delivery
of data that have been recorded. The data may be annotated with,
for example summaries and analyses. The web portal may further
provide drug recommendations, advertising material, news, tips, or
other information based on health status data collected from the
subject.
[0131] Connectivity to the internet and/or local area networks
permits the pad or plate (or additional) sensors of the present
method and devices to be linked to patient/invalid monitoring
devices, alert services, and web applications for transmitting,
receiving, and storing health data. In particular embodiments, the
method and device are used to provide alerts or alarms in response
to an adverse cardiovascular or respiratory event. Alerts generated
by the system may be directed to health care professionals, family
members, to a data logging device, or to emergency service agencies
such at police, fire, ambulance, medic, etc.
[0132] In some embodiments, a web-based service specifically
designed to monitor a plurality of subject using separate pad or
plate sensors, is provided. The subjects may be in different
locations. The web service may analyze data and determine a course
of action, which can include any of the alerts, alarms, or events
described.
VIII. Patient Populations and Settings
[0133] The invention provides a method and apparatus for the
non-invasive, non-entangling, and unobtrusive health status
monitoring of a subject in a home or health care institutional
setting, particularly with respect cardiovascular health status. A
healthcare institutional setting may be a physicians's office,
hospital, clinic, nursing facility, veterinary clinic, or assisted
living facility, by way of examples.
[0134] The method and apparatus may be used to monitor "vital
signs" or other health status data. As used herein, vital signs
include but are not limited to respiratory (breathing) rate, the
concentration of respired gases, pulse rate, blood pressure, and
cardiac electrical activity.
[0135] In some embodiments, the method and apparatus may be used to
monitor and thus protect the health and lives of infants at risk
for the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However,
those skilled in the art will recognize that method and apparatus
are applicable to children, adolescents, adults, the elderly,
senior, and animals. For example, adults considered at risk for
sleep apnea or adverse cardiovascular events may be monitored using
the present method and apparatus. Embodiments may be designed to
protect individuals at rest, asleep, or untended. Humans or animals
being monitored may be referred to as a "patient" or "subject," and
may be of any age or health status.
[0136] The methods an apparatus may also be used to study dream
behavior, to monitor a subject's bathroom usage or frequency of
changing position in bed, to monitor the amount of time a subject
spends in a bed chair, couch, etc, to monitor the frequency and/or
severity of convulsions or apneas, to monitor the frequency and/or
severity of arrhythmias, or to monitor a bed or other surface for
evidence of erotic stimulation.
[0137] The methods and apparatus may also be used to determine
whether a subject is present in a particular location. In this
manner, health-status data may be used to identify a particular
subject (e.g., via pattern recognition) to confirm the identity of
the subject in the location. The health-status data may also be
used only to indicate the presence of any subject in a particular
location, e.g., to make sure a baby is in a crib, an elderly
patient is in a bed, or a dog is in a kennel, without identifying
the subject.
[0138] Further embodiments and variation using the present method
and apparatus will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of
the disclosure. The methods are apparatus are in no way limited by
the description.
* * * * *