U.S. patent application number 15/337424 was filed with the patent office on 2017-02-16 for use of polytetrahydrofurans in lubricating oil compositions.
The applicant listed for this patent is BASF SE. Invention is credited to Vasudevan Balasubramaniam, Muriel Ecormier, Claudia Fischer, Arjun K. Goyal, Markus Hansch, Nawid Kashani-Shirazi, Markus Scherer, Thomas Wei.
Application Number | 20170044459 15/337424 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 57995321 |
Filed Date | 2017-02-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170044459 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Goyal; Arjun K. ; et
al. |
February 16, 2017 |
Use Of Polytetrahydrofurans In Lubricating Oil Compositions
Abstract
An axle lubricating oil composition includes a polyalphaolefin
having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of from 2 to 40 cSt
when measured in accordance with ASTM D445. The axle lubricating
oil composition also includes an alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of
general formula (II). The alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of
general formula (II) is present in an amount of from 10 to 40 parts
by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the axle lubricating oil
composition.
Inventors: |
Goyal; Arjun K.; (West
Deptford, NJ) ; Balasubramaniam; Vasudevan; (Goshen,
NY) ; Kashani-Shirazi; Nawid; (Mannheim, DE) ;
Ecormier; Muriel; (Mannheim, DE) ; Hansch;
Markus; (Speyer, DE) ; Fischer; Claudia;
(Ludwigshafen, DE) ; Wei ; Thomas; (Ilvesheim,
DE) ; Scherer; Markus; (Mannheim, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BASF SE |
Ludwigshafen |
|
DE |
|
|
Family ID: |
57995321 |
Appl. No.: |
15/337424 |
Filed: |
October 28, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14890746 |
Nov 12, 2015 |
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PCT/EP2014/059276 |
May 7, 2014 |
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15337424 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10N 2030/02 20130101;
C10N 2030/68 20200501; C10N 2020/04 20130101; C10M 111/04 20130101;
C10N 2040/04 20130101; C10M 2205/0285 20130101; C10M 2209/1075
20130101; C10N 2030/54 20200501; C10M 2207/2825 20130101; C10M
2215/064 20130101; C10N 2030/06 20130101; C10M 2207/046
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C10M 169/04 20060101
C10M169/04; C10M 105/36 20060101 C10M105/36 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 17, 2013 |
EP |
13168334.4 |
Claims
1. An axle lubricating oil composition comprising: (i) a
polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of
from 2 to 40 cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445, with
said polyalphaolefin being present in an amount of from 20 to 60
parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said axle
lubricating oil composition; and (ii) an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II) present in an amount of
from 10 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said
axle lubricating oil composition ##STR00012## wherein, m is an
integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.50, m' is an integer
in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.50, (m+m') is an integer in
the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.90, n is an integer in the range
of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75, n' is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75, p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0
to .ltoreq.75, p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75, k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to
.ltoreq.30, R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched,
alkyl radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms, R.sup.2
denotes --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, R.sup.3 is identical or different and
denotes a hydrogen atom or --CH.sub.3, and wherein the
concatenations denoted by k are distributed to form a block
polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by p, p', n, n',
m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric structure or a
random polymeric structure.
2. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 1
wherein said polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at
100.degree. C. of from 2 to 10 cSt when measured in accordance with
ASTM D445, with said polyalphaolefin being present in an amount of
from 40 to 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said
axle lubricating oil composition.
3. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 2
further comprising a carboxylic acid ester in an amount of from 5
to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said axle
lubricating oil composition.
4. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 1
wherein k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.25.
5. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 1
wherein k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to .ltoreq.20,
and wherein (m+m') is in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.65.
6. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 1,
wherein the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a weight average
molecular weight in the range of 4000 to 7000 g/mol determined
according to DIN 55672-1 (polystyrene calibration standard), and
wherein the ratio of (m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1 to
6:1.
7. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 3 having
a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8% when measured in
accordance with CEC L-45-A-99.
8. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 1
wherein R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical
having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon
atoms.
9. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 1,
wherein; m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30,
m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30, (m+m') is
an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.50, n is an integer
in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45, n' is an integer in the
range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45, p is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.45, p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3
to .ltoreq.45, (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.90, k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.25, R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical
having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon
atoms, R.sup.2 denotes --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, and R.sup.3 denotes
--CH.sub.3.
10. An axle lubricating oil composition comprising: (i) a
polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of
from 2 to 40 cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445; and
(ii) an alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00013## wherein, m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.50, m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.50, (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.90, n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75, n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75, p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75, p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75, k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to
.ltoreq.30, R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched,
alkyl radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms, R.sup.2
denotes --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, R.sup.3 is identical or different and
denotes a hydrogen atom or --CH.sub.3, and wherein the
concatenations denoted by k are distributed to form a block
polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by p, p', n, n',
m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric structure or a
random polymeric structure; and wherein said axle lubricating oil
composition has a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8%
when measured in accordance with CEC L-45-A-99.
11. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 10
wherein said polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity at
100.degree. C. of from 2 to 10 cSt when measured in accordance with
ASTM D445, with said polyalphaolefin being present in an amount of
from 40 to 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said
axle lubricating oil composition.
12. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 11
further comprising a carboxylic acid ester base stock in an amount
of from 5 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of
said axle lubricating oil composition.
13. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 10
wherein k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.25.
14. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 10
wherein k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to .ltoreq.20,
and wherein (m+m') is in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.65.
15. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 10,
wherein the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a weight average
molecular weight in the range of 4000 to 7000 g/mol determined
according to DIN 55672-1 (polystyrene calibration standard), and
wherein the ratio of (m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1 to
6:1.
16. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 12
having a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8% when
measured in accordance with CEC L-45-A-99.
17. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 10
wherein R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical
having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon
atoms.
18. The axle lubricating oil composition according to claim 10,
wherein; m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30,
m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30, (m+m') is
an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.50, n is an integer
in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45, n' is an integer in the
range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45, p is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.45, p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3
to .ltoreq.45, (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.90, k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.25, R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical
having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon
atoms, R.sup.2 denotes --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, and R.sup.3 denotes
--CH.sub.3.
19. A method of lubricating an axle of a vehicle for increasing the
fuel efficiency of the vehicle, said method comprising: providing
an axle lubricating oil composition comprising; (i) a
polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of
from 2 to 40 cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445, with
said polyalphaolefin being present in an amount of from 30 to 60
parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said axle
lubricating oil composition; and (ii) an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II) present in an amount of
from 20 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said
axle lubricating oil composition ##STR00014## wherein, m is an
integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.50, m' is an integer
in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.50, (m+m') is an integer in
the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.90, n is an integer in the range
of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75, n' is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75, p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0
to .ltoreq.75, p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75, k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to
.ltoreq.30, R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched,
alkyl radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms, R.sup.2
denotes --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, R.sup.3 is identical or different and
denotes a hydrogen atom or --CH.sub.3, and wherein the
concatenations denoted by k are distributed to form a block
polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by p, p', n, n',
m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric structure or a
random polymeric structure; and contacting the axle lubricating oil
composition and the axle of the vehicle to lubricate the axle and
increase the fuel efficiency of the vehicle.
20. The method as set forth in claim 19 wherein the axle
lubricating oil composition has a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of
less than 8% when measured in accordance with CEC L-45-A-99.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.
14/890,746, which is the U.S. National Stage of International
Application No. PCT/EP2014/059276 filed on May 7, 2014, which
claims priority to European Application No. 13168334 filed on May
17, 2013.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention generally relates to the use of
polytetrahydrofurans that are prepared by alkoxylating
polytetrahydrofuran with at least one C.sub.8-C.sub.30 epoxy alkane
in lubricating oil compositions, including axle lubricating oil
compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Lubricating oil compositions are used in a variety of
applications, such as industrial applications, transportation and
engines. Industrial applications comprise of applications such as
hydraulic oil, air compressor oil, gas compressor oil, gear oil,
bearing and circulating system oil, refrigerator compressor oil and
steam and gas turbine oils.
[0004] Conventional lubricating oil compositions comprise base
stocks, co-solvents and additives. The base stock is in each case
selected according to the viscosity that is desired in the
envisioned application. Combinations of base stocks of different
viscosities, i.e. low and high viscosity respectively, are often
used to adjust the needed final viscosity. The co-solvents are used
to dissolve polar additives in usually less polar or unpolar base
stocks.
[0005] The most common additives are antioxidants, detergents,
anti-wear additives, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitors,
friction modifiers, extreme-pressure additives, defoamers,
anti-foaming agents, viscosity index improvers and demulsifying
agents. These additives are used to impart further advantageous
properties to the lubricating oil composition including longer
stability and additional protection.
[0006] However, after a certain operation time, lubricating oil
compositions have to be replaced for various reasons such as
lubricity loss and/or product degradation. Depending on the machine
(engine, gearbox, compressor . . . ) engineering design and the
affinity of the lubricant components to adhere to the surface, a
certain residue of the lubricating oil composition (hold-up)
remains in the machine, engine, gear etc. It is used in. When being
replaced by an unused and possibly different lubricating oil
composition, the used and new lubricants are mixed with each other.
Thus, in order to avoid any complications during operation,
compatibility between the old and new lubricant is very
important.
[0007] Depending on their chemical properties a variety of
components of lubricating oil compositions are incompatible with
each other, i.e. the mixture of these components leads to oil
gelling, phase separation, solidifying or foaming. The oil gelling
leads to a dramatic increase of the viscosity which in turn can
cause engine problems and can even require the engine to be
replaced, if the damage is severe. Hence, when providing novel
compounds that are used in lubricating oil compositions it should
always be ensured that these compounds are compatible with
compounds that are conventionally used in lubricating oil
compositions.
[0008] Besides compatibility with other lubricants, another area of
concern is the energy efficiency. The efficiency can be increased
if losses are minimized. The losses can be categorized in losses
without and with load, their sum being the total losses. Within
many parameters which can be influenced by geometry, material etc.
lubricant viscosity has a major effect on losses without load, i.e.
spilling: Losses with load can be influenced by a low friction
coefficient. Thus, at a given viscosity, energy efficiency strongly
depends on the friction coefficient measured for a lubricant.
[0009] The friction coefficient can be measured with several
methods like Mini-Traction-Machine (MTM), SRV, 2 disc test rig etc.
The benefit of a MTM is that one can see the coefficient of
friction as an influence of the slide roll ratio. Slide roll ratio
describes the difference of the speeds of ball and disc used in the
MTM.
[0010] DE 32 10 283 A1 describes polyethers that are obtained by
reacting C8-C28-epoxy alkane and tetrahydrofuran in the presence of
a starter compound having Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atoms. These
compounds show lubricating properties.
[0011] EP 1 076 072 A1 discloses polyethers derived from
polytetrahydrofuran and mixtures of 1,2-epoxybutane and
1,2-epoxydodecane. These compounds are formulated into gasoline
fuels to reduce the deposits in an injector.
[0012] Thus, there remains an opportunity to provide compounds that
show a low friction coefficient and that are compatible with base
stocks, in particular base stocks such as mineral oils and
polyalphaolefins, which are conventionally used in lubricating oil
compositions and axle lubricating oil compositions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION AND ADVANTAGES
[0013] The present invention provides an axle lubricating oil
composition. The axle lubricating oil composition comprises a
polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of
from 2 to 40 cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445. The
axle lubricating oil composition also includes an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II) present in an amount of
from 10 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of said
axle lubricating oil composition:
##STR00001##
[0014] Wherein: m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.50; m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.50; (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.90; n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75; n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75; p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75; p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75; k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to
.ltoreq.30; R.sup.1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched,
alkyl radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms; R.sup.2
denotes --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3; and R.sup.3 is identical or different
and denotes a hydrogen atom or --CH.sub.3. With the concatenations
denoted by k are distributed to form a block polymeric structure
and the concatenations denoted by p, p', n, n', m and m' are
distributed to form a block polymeric structure or a random
polymeric structure. In certain embodiments, the polyalphaolefin is
present in an amount of from 20 to 60 parts by weight based on 100
parts by weight of the axle lubricating oil composition. Similarly,
in certain embodiments, the axle lubricating oil composition has a
KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8% when measured in
accordance with CEC L-45-A-99.
[0015] Surprisingly, it has been found that alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofurans which are derived from polytetrahydrofuran and
at least one C.sub.8-C.sub.30 epoxy alkane show a low friction
coefficient and are compatible with base stocks that are
conventionally used in lubricating oil compositions such as mineral
oils and polyalphaolefins, preferably low viscosity
polyalphaolefins, and consequently can be used for the formulation
of lubricating oil compositions. In addition, the alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofurans which are derived from polytetrahydrofuran and
at least one C.sub.8-C.sub.30 epoxy alkane may be used for the
formulation of lubricating oil compositions, including axle
lubricating oil compositions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] FIG. 1 is a line graph illustrating friction coefficient
data for an embodiment of the axle lubricating oil composition.
[0017] FIG. 2A is a bar graph illustrating fuel efficiency data for
another embodiment of the axle lubricating oil composition.
[0018] FIG. 2B is another bar graph illustrating fuel efficiency
data for the axle lubricating oil composition of FIG. 2A.
[0019] FIG. 2C is another bar graph illustrating fuel efficiency
data for the axle lubricating oil composition of FIGS. 2A and
2B.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0020] Hence, in one embodiment, the presently claimed invention is
directed to the use of an alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of
general formula (I)
##STR00002##
[0021] Wherein:
[0022] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.30,
[0023] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0024] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.60,
[0025] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to .ltoreq.30,
and
[0026] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched, alkyl
radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms, whereby the
concatenations denoted by k, m and m' are distributed to form a
block polymeric structure, as lubricant.
[0027] Hence, in another embodiment, the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00003##
[0028] Wherein:
[0029] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.50,
[0030] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0031] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.90,
[0032] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75,
[0033] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75,
[0034] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75,
[0035] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75,
[0036] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched, alkyl
radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms,
[0037] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0038] R3 identical or different, denotes a hydrogen atom or
--CH3,
[0039] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, as lubricant.
[0040] Hence, in another embodiment, the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00004##
[0041] wherein
[0042] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30,
[0043] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0044] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to
.ltoreq.60,
[0045] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45,
[0046] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0047] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.80,
[0048] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.25,
[0049] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.25,
[0050] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0051] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.2 to .ltoreq.30,
[0052] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched, alkyl
radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms,
[0053] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0054] R3 identical or different, denotes a hydrogen atom or
--CH3,
[0055] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, as lubricant.
[0056] Hence, in another embodiment, the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00005##
[0057] wherein
[0058] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.50,
[0059] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0060] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.90,
[0061] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75,
[0062] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75,
[0063] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75,
[0064] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75,
[0065] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear or branched, alkyl
radical having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 or 28 carbon atoms,
[0066] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0067] R3 identical or different, denotes a hydrogen atom or
--CH3,
[0068] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, for reducing friction
between moving surfaces, whereby friction is determined by
measuring the friction coefficient at 25% slide roll ratio (SRR)
using mini-traction machine (MTM) measurements at 70.degree. C. and
1 GPa.
[0069] By the term of "lubricant", in the sense of the presently
claimed invention, is meant a substance capable of reducing
friction between surfaces.
[0070] As used herein, "branched" denotes a chain of atoms with one
or more side chains attached to it. Branching occurs by the
replacement of a substituent, e.g., a hydrogen atom, with a
covalently bonded alkyl radical.
[0071] "Alkyl radical" denotes a moiety constituted solely of atoms
of carbon and of hydrogen.
[0072] Alkoxylated polytetrahydrofurans are inter alia described in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,107 B1. However, this patent is entirely silent
about using alkoxylated polytetrahydrofurans as lubricants.
[0073] The inventively claimed alkoxylated polytetrahydrofurans are
oil soluble, which means that, when mixed with mineral oils and/or
polyalphaolefins, preferably low viscosity polyalphaolefins, in a
weight ratio of 10:90, 50:50 and 90:10, the inventively claimed
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofurans do not show phase separation after
standing for 24 hours at room temperature for at least two weight
ratios out of the three weight ratios 10:90, 50:50 and 90:10.
Preferably the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a kinematic
viscosity in the range of .gtoreq.200 mm2/s to .ltoreq.1,200 mm2/s,
.gtoreq.200 mm2/s to .ltoreq.700 mm2/s, or more preferably in the
range of .gtoreq.250 mm2/s to .ltoreq.650 mm2/s, at 40.degree. C.
and determined according to ASTM D 445. In one embodiment, the
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a kinematic viscosity in the
range of .gtoreq.250 mm2/s to .ltoreq.1100 mm2/s at 40.degree. C.
and determined according to ASTM D 445.
[0074] Preferably the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a
kinematic viscosity in the range of .gtoreq.25 mm2/s to .ltoreq.150
mm2/s, .gtoreq.25 mm2/s to .ltoreq.90 mm2/s, or more preferably in
the range of .gtoreq.30 mm2/s to .ltoreq.80 mm2/s, at 100.degree.
C., determined according to ASTM D 445. In one embodiment, the
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a kinematic viscosity in the
range of .gtoreq.30 mm2/s to .ltoreq.130 mm2/s, at 100.degree. C.
and determined according to ASTM D 445.
[0075] Preferably the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a pour
point in the range of .gtoreq.-60.degree. C. to .ltoreq.20.degree.
C., more preferably in the range of .gtoreq.-50.degree. C. to
.ltoreq.15.degree. C., determined according to DIN ISO 3016.
[0076] Preferably the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a weight
average molecular weight Mw in the range of 500 to 20000 g/mol,
more preferably in the range of 2000 to 10000 g/mol, most
preferably in the range of 2000 to 7000 g/mol, even more preferably
in the range of 4000 to 7000 g/mol determined, determined according
to DIN 55672-1. For the purpose of this disclosure, any reference
to weight average molecular weight determined according to DIN
55672-1 is measured by gel permeation chromatography with reactive
index detection using the following: a polystyrene calibration,
2.times.PL gel 300.times.7.5 mm, 3 .mu.m columns from Agilent, a
mobile phase of tetrahydrofurane, a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, an
injection volume of 100 .mu.l, and a temperature of 35.degree.
C.
[0077] Preferably the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran has a
polydispersity in the range of 1.05 to 1.60, more preferably in the
range of 1.05 to 1.50, most preferably in the range of 1.05 to
1.45, determined according to DIN 55672-1.
[0078] Preferably k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.25, more preferably k is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.20, most preferably in the range of .gtoreq.5
to .ltoreq.20, even more preferably in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.16.
[0079] Preferably m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.25 and m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.25, more preferably m is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.20 and m' is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.20.
[0080] Preferably (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.65, more preferably (m+m') is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.50, even more preferably (m+m') is an integer
in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.40.
[0081] Preferably the ratio of (m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1
to 6:1, more preferably in the range of 0.3:1 to 5:1, most
preferably in the range of 0.3:1 to 4:1, even more preferably in
the range of 0.3:1 to 3:1.
[0082] Preferably n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.40 and n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.40, more preferably n is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.8 to .ltoreq.35 and p' is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.8 to .ltoreq.35.
[0083] Preferably (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.10
to .ltoreq.80, more preferably (n+n') is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.15 to .ltoreq.70.
[0084] Preferably p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to
.ltoreq.25 and p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to
.ltoreq.25, more preferably p is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.5 to .ltoreq.15 and p' is an integer in the range of
.ltoreq.5 to .ltoreq.15.
[0085] Preferably (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.10
to .ltoreq.30, more preferably (p+p') is an integer in the range of
.gtoreq.15 to .ltoreq.30.
[0086] Preferably R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical
having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon
atoms. More preferably R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl
radical having 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms.
Most preferably R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical
having 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms.
[0087] In case the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran comprises units,
wherein R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, the ratio of (n+n') to k is in the
range of 1.5:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of 1.5:1 to
6:1, most preferably in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.
[0088] In case the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran comprises units,
wherein R3 denotes --CH3, the ratio of (p+p') to k is in the range
of 1.2:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of 1.2:1 to 6:1.
[0089] In another preferred embodiment the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00006##
[0090] Wherein:
[0091] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30,
[0092] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0093] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0094] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.45,
[0095] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0096] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.90,
[0097] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.75,
[0098] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75,
[0099] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.25,
[0100] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0101] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.25,
[0102] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical having 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms,
[0103] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0104] R3 denotes --CH3,
[0105] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, as a lubricant.
[0106] In a more preferred embodiment the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00007##
[0107] Wherein:
[0108] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30,
[0109] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0110] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0111] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.45,
[0112] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0113] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.90,
[0114] p is an integer in the range of 0 to .ltoreq.75,
[0115] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.75,
[0116] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.25,
[0117] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0118] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.25,
[0119] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical having 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms,
[0120] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0121] R3 denotes --CH3,
[0122] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, wherein the ratio of
(m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1 to 6:1 and the ratio of (n+n')
to k is in the range of 1.5:1 to 10:1, as a lubricant.
[0123] In a most preferred embodiment the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00008##
[0124] Wherein:
[0125] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.25,
[0126] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.25,
[0127] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.40,
[0128] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to .ltoreq.40,
[0129] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.40,
[0130] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.12 to
.ltoreq.70,
[0131] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.25,
[0132] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.25,
[0133] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0134] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to .ltoreq.20,
[0135] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical having 8,
9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms,
[0136] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0137] R3 denotes --CH3,
[0138] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure,
[0139] wherein the ratio of (m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1 to
4:1 and the ratio of (n+n') to k is in the range of 1.5:1 to 5:1,
as a lubricant.
[0140] In another preferred embodiment the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00009##
[0141] Wherein:
[0142] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.25,
[0143] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.25,
[0144] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0145] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45,
[0146] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0147] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.80,
[0148] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.45,
[0149] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0150] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.90,
[0151] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.25,
[0152] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical having 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms,
[0153] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3,
[0154] and
[0155] R3 denotes --CH3,
[0156] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, as a lubricant.
[0157] In a more preferred embodiment the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00010##
[0158] Wherein:
[0159] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.30,
[0160] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0161] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0162] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45,
[0163] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0164] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.80,
[0165] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to 45,
[0166] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0167] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.6 to
.ltoreq.90,
[0168] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to .ltoreq.25,
[0169] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical having 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms,
[0170] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0171] R3 denotes --CH3,
[0172] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, wherein the ratio of
(m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1 to 6:1 and the ratio of (p+p')
to k is in the range of 1.5:1 to 10:1, as a lubricant.
[0173] In a most preferred embodiment the presently claimed
invention is directed to the use of an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II)
##STR00011##
[0174] Wherein:
[0175] m is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to .ltoreq.25,
[0176] m' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.1 to
.ltoreq.25,
[0177] (m+m') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.3 to
.ltoreq.50,
[0178] n is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to .ltoreq.45,
[0179] n' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.45,
[0180] (n+n') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.0 to
.ltoreq.80,
[0181] p is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to .ltoreq.20,
[0182] p' is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to
.ltoreq.20,
[0183] (p+p') is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.10 to
.ltoreq.30,
[0184] k is an integer in the range of .gtoreq.5 to .ltoreq.20,
[0185] R1 denotes an unsubstituted, linear alkyl radical having 8,
9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms,
[0186] R2 denotes --CH2-CH3, and
[0187] R3 denotes --CH3,
[0188] whereby the concatenations denoted by k are distributed to
form a block polymeric structure and the concatenations denoted by
p, p', n, n', m and m' are distributed to form a block polymeric
structure or a random polymeric structure, wherein the ratio of
(m+m') to k is in the range of 0.3:1 to 4:1 and the ratio of (p+p')
to k is in the range of 1.5:1 to 5:1, as a lubricant.
[0189] The alkoxylated polytetrahydrofurans are obtained by
reacting at least one polytetrahydrofuran block polymer with at
least one C8-C3 epoxy alkane and optionally at least one epoxide
selected from the group consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene
oxide and butylene oxide in the presence of at least one catalyst.
In case at least one epoxide selected from the group consisting of
ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and butylene oxide is used, the at
least one C8-C30 epoxy alkane and the at least one epoxide selected
from the group consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and
butylene oxide can either be added as a mixture of epoxides to
obtain a random copolymer or in portions, whereby each portion
contains a different epoxide, to obtain a block copolymer.
[0190] Preferably the at least one C8-C30 epoxy alkane is selected
from the group consisting of 1,2-epoxyoctane; 1,2-epoxynonane;
1,2-epoxydecane; 1,2-epoxyundecane; 1,2-epoxydodecane;
1,2-epoxytridecane; 1,2-epoxytetradecane; 1,2-epoxypentadecane;
1,2-epoxyhexadecane; 1,2-epoxyheptadecane; 1,2-epoxyoctadecane;
1,2-epoxynonadecane; 1,2-epoxylcosane; 1,2-epoxyunicosane;
1,2-epoxydocosane; 1,2-epoxytricosane; 1,2-epoxytetracosane;
1,2-epoxypentacosane; 1,2-epoxyhexacosane; 1,2-epoxyheptacosane;
1,2-epoxyoctacosane; 1,2-epoxynonacosane and
1,2-epoxytriacontane.
[0191] Preferably the at least one catalyst is a base or a double
metal cyanide catalyst (DMC catalyst). More preferably the at least
one catalyst is selected from the group consisting of alkaline
earth metal hydroxides such as calcium hydroxide, strontium
hydroxide and barium hydroxide, alkali metal hydroxides such as
lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium
hydroxide and caesium hydroxide and alkali metal alkoxylates such
as potassium tert-butoxylate. Most preferably the at least one
catalyst is sodium hydroxide or potassium tert-butoxylate. Most
preferably the at least one catalyst is potassium
tert-butoxylate.
[0192] In case the catalyst is a base, any inert solvents capable
of dissolving alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran and
polytetrahydrofuran may be used as solvents during the reaction or
as solvents required for working up the reaction mixture in cases
where the reaction is carried out without solvents. The following
solvents are mentioned as examples: methylene chloride,
trichloroethylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone,
methylisobutyl ketone, ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate.
[0193] In case the catalyst is a base, the amount of catalysts used
is preferably in the range from 0.01 to 1.0, more preferably in the
range from 0.05 to 0.5, % by weight, based on the total amount of
the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran. The reaction is preferably
carried out at a temperature in the range of 70 to 200.degree. C.,
more preferably from 100 to 160.degree. C. The pressure is
preferably in the range from 1 bar to 150 bar, more preferably in
the range from 3 to 30 bar.
[0194] In case a DMC catalyst is used, it is in principle possible
to use all types of DMC catalysts known from the prior art.
Preference is given to using double metal cyanide catalysts of the
general formula (1):
M1.sub.a[M.sup.2(CN).sub.b(A).sub.c].sub.dfM.sup.1gX.sub.nh(H2O).eL,
(1)
[0195] Wherein:
[0196] M1 is a metal ion selected from the group comprising Zn2+,
Fe2+, Co3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, Mo4+, Mo6+, Al3+, V4+,
V5+, Sr2+, W6+, Cr2+, Cr3+ and Cd2+,
[0197] M2 is a metal ion selected from the group comprising Fe2+,
Fe3+, Co2+, Co3+, Mn2+, Mn3+, V4+, V5+, Cr2+, C3+, Rh3+, Ru2+ and
Ir3+,
[0198] M1 and M2 are identical or different,
[0199] A is an anion selected from the group comprising halide,
hydroxide, sulfate, carbonate, cyanide, thiocyanate, isocyanate,
cyanate, carboxylate, oxalate and nitrate, X is an anion selected
from the group comprising halide, hydroxide, sulfate, carbonate,
cyanide, thiocyanate, Isocyanate, cyanate, carboxylate, oxalate and
nitrate,
[0200] L is a water-miscible ligand selected from the group
comprising alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, polyethers,
esters, ureas, amides, nitriles and sulfides, and
[0201] a, b, c, d, g and n are selected so that the compound is
electrically neutral, and
[0202] e is the coordination number of the ligand or zero,
[0203] f is a fraction or integer greater than or equal to
zero,
[0204] h is a fraction or integer greater than or equal to
zero.
[0205] Such compounds are generally known and can be prepared, for
example, by the process described in EP 0 862 947 B1 by combining
the aqueous solution of a water-soluble metal salt with the aqueous
solution of a hexacyanometallate compound, in particular of a salt
or an acid, and, if necessary, adding a water-soluble ligand
thereto either during or after the combination of the two
solutions.
[0206] DMC catalysts are usually prepared as a solid and used as
such. The catalyst is typically used as powder or in suspension.
However, other ways known to those skilled in the art for using
catalysts can likewise be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the
DMC catalyst is dispersed with an Inert or non-inert suspension
medium which can be, for example, the product to be produced or an
intermediate by suitable measures, e.g. milling. The suspension
produced in this way is used, if appropriate after removal of
interfering amounts of water by methods known to those skilled in
the art, e.g. stripping with or without use of inert gases such as
nitrogen and/or noble gases. Suitable suspension media are, for
example, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, acetone,
2-methylpentanone, cyclohexanone and also polyether alcohols
according to the invention and mixtures thereof. The catalyst is
preferably used in a suspension in a polyol as described, for
example, in EP 0 090 444 A, which is incorporated by reference in
its entirety.
[0207] In another embodiment, the presently claimed invention is
directed to the use of at least one alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran
as defined above or a mixture of polytetrahydrofurans as defined
above for the preparation of a lubricating oil composition.
[0208] In another embodiment, the presently claimed invention is
directed to a lubricating oil composition comprising at least one
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran as defined above or a mixture of
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran as defined above. Preferably the
lubricating oil composition comprises .gtoreq.1% to .ltoreq.10% by
weight or .gtoreq.1% to .ltoreq.40% by weight or .gtoreq.20% to
.ltoreq.100% by weight, more preferably .gtoreq.1% to .ltoreq.5% by
weight or .gtoreq.1% to .ltoreq.35% by weight or .gtoreq.25% to
.ltoreq.100% by weight, most preferably .gtoreq.1% to .ltoreq.2% by
weight or .gtoreq.2% to .ltoreq.30% by weight or .gtoreq.30% to
.ltoreq.100% by weight, of at least one alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran as defined above, related to the total amount
of the lubricating oil composition.
[0209] Preferably, the lubricating oil composition according to the
presently claimed invention has a friction coefficient in the range
of 0.003 to 0.030 at 25% slide roll ratio (SRR) determined using
mini-traction machine (MTM) measurements at 70.degree. C. and 1
GPa.
[0210] In another embodiment, the presently claimed invention
relates to an industrial oil comprising at least one alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran.
[0211] Lubricating oil compositions comprising at least one
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran as defined above or a mixture of
polytetrahydrofurans as defined above can be used for various
applications such as light, medium and heavy duty engine oils,
industrial engine oils, marine engine oils, automotive engine oils,
crankshaft oils, compressor oils, refrigerator oils, hydrocarbon
compressor oils, very low-temperature lubricating oils and fats,
high temperature lubricating oils and fats, wire rope lubricants,
textile machine oils, refrigerator oils, aviation and aerospace
lubricants, aviation turbine oils, transmission oils, gas turbine
oils, spindle oils, spin oils, traction fluids, transmission oils,
plastic transmission oils, passenger car transmission oils, truck
transmission oils, industrial transmission oils, industrial gear
oils, insulating oils, instrument oils, brake fluids, transmission
liquids, axle lubricating oils, shock absorber oils, heat
distribution medium oils, transformer oils, fats, chain oils,
minimum quantity lubricants for metalworking operations, oil to the
warm and cold working, oil for water-based metalworking liquids,
oil for neat oil metalworking fluids, oil for semi-synthetic
metalworking fluids, oil for synthetic metalworking fluids,
drilling detergents for the soil exploration, hydraulic oils, in
biodegradable lubricants or lubricating greases or waxes, chain saw
oils, release agents, moulding fluids, gun, pistol and rifle
lubricants or watch lubricants and food grade approved
lubricants.
[0212] A lubricating oil composition can comprise of base stocks,
co-solvents and a variety of different additives in varying
ratios.
[0213] Preferably the lubricating oil composition further comprises
base stocks selected from the group consisting of mineral oils
(Group I, II or III oils), polyalphaolefins (Group IV oils),
polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, alkyl naphthalenes,
alkylene oxide polymers, silicone oils, phosphate esters and
carboxylic acid esters (Group V oils). Preferably the lubricating
oil comprises .gtoreq.50% to .ltoreq.99% by weight or .gtoreq.80%
to .ltoreq.99% by weight or .gtoreq.90% to .ltoreq.99% by weight
base stocks, related to the total amount of the lubricating oil
composition.
[0214] Definitions for the base stocks in this invention are the
same as those found in the American Petroleum Institute (API)
publication "Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System",
Industry Services Department, Fourteenth Edition, December 1996,
Addendum 1, December 1998. Said publication categorizes base stocks
as follows:
[0215] a) Group I base stocks contain less than 90 percent
saturates and/or greater than 0.03 percent sulphur and have a
viscosity Index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using
the test methods specified in the following table
[0216] b) Group II base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90
percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulphur
and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less
than 120 using the test methods specified in the following
table
[0217] c) Group III base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90
percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulphur
and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 using the
test methods specified in the following table
[0218] Analytical Methods for Base Stock
TABLE-US-00001 Property Test Method Saturates ASTM D 2007 Viscosity
Index ASTM D 2270 Sulphur ASTM D 2622 ASTM D 4294 ASTM D 4927 ASTM
D 3120
[0219] Group IV base stocks contain polyalphaolefins. Synthetic
lower viscosity fluids suitable for the present invention include
the polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and the synthetic oils from the
hydrocracking or hydroisomerization of Fischer Tropsch high boiling
fractions, including waxes. These are both stocks comprised of
saturates with low impurity levels consistent with their synthetic
origin. The hydroisomerized Fischer Tropsch waxes are highly
suitable base stocks, comprising saturated components of
iso-paraffinic character (resulting from the isomerization of the
predominantly n-paraffins of the Fischer Tropsch waxes) which give
a good blend of high viscosity Index and low pour point. Processes
for the hydrosomerization of Fischer Tropsch waxes are described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,362,378; 5,565,086; 5,246,566 and 5,135,638, as
well in EP 710710, EP 321302 and EP 321304.
[0220] Polyalphaolefins suitable for the present invention, as
either lower viscosity or high viscosity fluids depending on their
specific properties, include known PAO materials which typically
comprise relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or
oligomers of alphaolefins which include but are not limited to
C.sub.2 to about C.sub.32 alphaolefins with the C.sub.8 to about
C.sub.16 alphaolefins, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and
the like being preferred. The preferred polyalphaolefins are
poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene, and poly-1-dodecene, although the
dimers of higher olefins in the range of C.sub.14 to C.sub.18
provide low viscosity base stocks.
[0221] Low viscosity PAO fluids suitable for the present invention,
may be conveniently made by the polymerization of an alphaolefin in
the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as the
Friedel-Crafts catalysts Including, for example, aluminum
trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride
with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol,
carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl
propionate. For example, the methods disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,149,178 or 3,382,291 may be conveniently used herein. Other
descriptions of PAO synthesis are found in the following U.S. Pat.
No. 3,742,082 (Brennan); U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,363 (Brennan); U.S.
Pat. No. 3,876,720 (Heilman); U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,930 (Allphin);
U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,352 (Watts); U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,156 (Watts);
U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,408 (Larkin); U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,355
(Shubkin); U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,122 (Watts); and U.S. Pat. No.
5,068,487 (Theriot).
[0222] Group V base stocks contain any base stocks not described by
Groups I to IV. Examples of Group V base stocks include alkyl
naphthalenes, alkylene oxide polymers, silicone oils, phosphate
esters and carboxylic acid esters.
[0223] Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and
halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and
interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes,
propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes,
poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes)); alkylbenzenes
(e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes,
di(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls,
terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers
and alkylated diphenyl sulphides and derivative, analogs and
homologs thereof.
[0224] Further carboxylic acid esters suitable for the present
invention include the esters of mono and polybasic acids with
monoalkanols (simple esters) or with mixtures of mono and
polyalkanols (complex esters), and the polyol esters of
monocarboxylic acids (simple esters), or mixtures of mono and
polycarboxylic acids (complex esters). Esters of the mono/polybasic
type include, for example, the esters of monocarboxylic acids such
as heptanoic acid, and dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid,
succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic
acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid,
adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid,
alkenyl malonic acid, etc., with a variety of alcohols such as
butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl
alcohol, or mixtures thereof with polyalkanols, etc. Specific
examples of these types of esters include nonyl heptanoate, dibutyl
adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl
sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl
phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate,
dibutyl-TMP-adipate, etc.
[0225] Also suitable for the present invention are esters, such as
those obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols,
preferably the hindered polyols such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g.
neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane,
2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylol propane, trimethylol
butane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol with monocarboxylic
acids containing at least 4 carbons, normally the C5 to C30 acids
such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic
acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid,
stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding
branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic
acid, or mixtures thereof, with polycarboxylic acids.
[0226] Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives
thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by
esterification, etherification, etc., constitute another class of
known synthetic lubricating oils. These are exemplified by
polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene
oxide or propylene oxide, and the alkyl and aryl ethers of
polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl-polyiso-propylene glycol
ether having a molecular weight of 1000 or diphenyl ether of
poly-ethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000 to 1500);
and mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, for example, the
acetic acid esters, mixed C3-C8 fatty acid esters and C13 Oxo acid
diester of tetraethylene glycol.
[0227] Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-,
polyalkoxy- or polyaryloxysilicone oils and silicate oils comprise
another useful class of synthetic lubricants; such oils include
tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate,
tetra-(2-ethylhexyl)silicate,
tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butyl-phenyl)
silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)disiloxane,
oly(methyl)siloxanes and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes. Other
synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of
phosphorous-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl
phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid) and polymeric
tetrahydrofurans.
[0228] The lubricating oil composition of the invention optionally
further includes at least one other performance additive. The other
performance additives include dispersants, metal deactivators,
detergents, viscosity modifiers, extreme pressure agents (typically
boron- and/or sulphur- and/or phosphorus-containing), antiwear
agents, antioxidants (such as hindered phenols, aminic antioxidants
or molybdenum compounds), corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors,
demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swelling agents,
friction modifiers and mixtures thereof.
[0229] The total combined amount of the other performance additives
(excluding the viscosity modifiers) present on an oil free basis
may Include ranges of 0% by weight to 25% by weight, or 0.01% by
weight to 20% by weight, or 0.1% by weight to 15% by weight or 0.5%
by weight to 10% by weight, or 1 to 5% by weight of the
composition.
[0230] Although one or more of the other performance additives may
be present, it is common for the other performance additives to be
present in different amounts relative to each other.
[0231] In one embodiment the lubricating composition further
includes one or more viscosity modifiers.
[0232] When present the viscosity modifier may be present in an
amount of 0.5% by weight to 70% by weight, 1% by weight to 60% by
weight, or 5% by weight to 50% by weight, or 10% by weight to 50%
by weight of the lubricating composition.
[0233] Viscosity modifiers include (a) polymethacrylates, (b)
esterified copolymers of (II) a vinyl aromatic monomer and (ii) an
unsaturated carboxylic acid, anhydride, or derivatives thereof, (c)
esterified interpolymers of (II) an alpha-olefin; and (ii) an
unsaturated carboxylic acid, anhydride, or derivatives thereof, or
(d) hydrogenated copolymers of styrene-butadiene, (e)
ethylene-propylene copolymers, (f) polyisobutenes, (g) hydrogenated
styrene-isoprene polymers, (h) hydrogenated isoprene polymers, or
(II) mixtures thereof.
[0234] In one embodiment the viscosity modifier includes (a) a
polymethacrylate, (b) an esterified copolymer of (II) a vinyl
aromatic monomer, and (i) an unsaturated carboxylic acid,
anhydride, or derivatives thereof, (c) an esterified interpolymer
of (II) an alpha-olefin; and (ii) an unsaturated carboxylic acid,
anhydride, or derivatives thereof, or (d) mixtures thereof.
[0235] Extreme pressure agents include compounds containing boron
and/or sulphur and/or phosphorus.
[0236] The extreme pressure agent may be present in the lubricating
composition at 0% by weight to 20% by weight, or 0.05% by weight to
10% by weight, or 0.1% by weight to 8% by weight of the lubricating
composition.
[0237] In one embodiment the extreme pressure agent is a
sulphur-containing compound. In one embodiment the
sulphur-containing compound may be a sulphurised olefin, a
polysulphide, or mixtures thereof. Examples of the sulphurised
olefin include a sulphurised olefin derived from propylene,
isobutylene, pentene; an organic sulphide and/or polysulphide
including benzyldisulphide; bis-(chlorobenzyl) disulphide; dibutyl
tetrasulphide; di-tertiary butyl polysulphide; and sulphurised
methyl ester of oleic acid, a sulphurised alkylphenol, a
sulphurised dipentene, a sulphurised terpene, a sulphurised
Diels-Alder adduct, an alkyl sulphenyl N'N-dialkyl
dithiocarbamates; or mixtures thereof.
[0238] In one embodiment the sulphurised olefin includes a
sulphurised olefin derived from propylene, isobutylene, pentene or
mixtures thereof.
[0239] In one embodiment the extreme pressure agent
sulphur-containing compound includes a dimercaptothiadiazole or
derivative, or mixtures thereof. Examples of the
dimercaptothiadiazole include compounds such as
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or a hydrocarbyl-substituted
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof. The
oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole typically form by forming a
sulphur-sulphur bond between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole units
to form derivatives or oligomers of two or more of said thiadiazole
units. Suitable 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derived compounds
include for example 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole or
2-tert-nonyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole. The number of
carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl substituents of the
hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole typically
Include 1 to 30, or 2 to 20, or 3 to 16.
[0240] In one embodiment the dimercaptothiadiazole may be a
thiadiazole-functionalised dispersant. A detailed description of
the thiadiazole-functionalised dispersant is described is
paragraphs [0028] to [0052] of International Publication WO
2008/014315. The subject matter of paragraphs [0028] to [0052] are
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0241] The thiadiazole-functionalised dispersant may be prepared by
a method including heating, reacting or complexing a thiadiazole
compound with a dispersant substrate. The thiadiazole compound may
be covalently bonded, salted, complexed or otherwise solubilised
with a dispersant, or mixtures thereof.
[0242] The relative amounts of the dispersant substrate and the
thiadiazole used to prepare the thiadiazole-functionalised
dispersant may vary. In one embodiment the thiadiazole compound is
present at 0.1 to 10 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by
weight of the dispersant substrate. In different embodiments the
thiadiazole compound is present at greater than 0.1 to 9, or
greater than 0.1 to less than 5, or 0.2 to less than 5: to 100
parts by weight of the dispersant substrate. The relative amounts
of the thiadiazole compound to the dispersant substrate may also be
expressed as (0.1-10):100, or (>0.1-9):100, (such as
(>0.5-9):100), or (0.1 to less than 5): 100, or (0.2 to less
than 5): 100.
[0243] In one embodiment the dispersant substrate is present at 0.1
to 10 parts by weight relative to 1 part by weight of the
thiadiazole compound. In different embodiments the dispersant
substrate is present at greater than 0.1 to 9, or greater than 0.1
to less than 5, or about 0.2 to less than 5: to 1 part by weight of
the thiadiazole compound. The relative amounts of the dispersant
substrate to the thiadiazole compound may also be expressed as
(0.1-10):1, or (>0.1-9):1, (such as (>0.5-9):1), or (0.1 to
less than 5): 1, or (0.2 to less than 5): 1.
[0244] The thiadiazole-functionalised dispersant may be derived
from a substrate that includes a succinimide dispersant (for
example, N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides, typically a
polyisobutylene succinimide), a Mannich dispersant, an
ester-containing dispersant, a condensation product of a fatty
hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acylating agent with an amine or
ammonia, an alkyl amino phenol dispersant, a hydrocarbyl-amine
dispersant, a polyether dispersant, a polyetheramine dispersant, a
viscosity modifier containing dispersant functionality (for example
polymeric viscosity index modifiers (VMs) containing dispersant
functionality), or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the
dispersant substrate includes a succinimide dispersant, an
ester-containing dispersant or a Mannich dispersant.
[0245] In one embodiment the extreme pressure agent includes a
boron-containing compound. The boron-containing compound includes a
borate ester (which in some embodiments may also be referred to as
a borated epoxide), a borated alcohol, a borated dispersant, a
borated phospholipid or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the
boron-containing compound may be a borate ester or a borated
alcohol.
[0246] The borate ester may be prepared by the reaction of a boron
compound and at least one compound selected from epoxy compounds,
halohydrin compounds, epihalohydrin compounds, alcohols and
mixtures thereof. The alcohols include dihydric alcohols, trihydric
alcohols or higher alcohols, with the proviso for one embodiment
that hydroxyl groups are on adjacent carbon atoms, i.e.,
vicinal.
[0247] Boron compounds suitable for preparing the borate ester
include the various forms selected from the group consisting of
boric acid (including metaboric acid, orthoboric acid and
tetraboric acid), boric oxide, boron trioxide and alkyl borates.
The borate ester may also be prepared from boron halides.
[0248] In one embodiment suitable borate ester compounds include
tripropyl borate, tributyl borate, tripentyl borate, trihexyl
borate, triheptyl borate, trioctyl borate, trinonyl borate and
tridecyl borate. In one embodiment the borate ester compounds
include tributyl borate, tri-2-ethylhexyl borate or mixtures
thereof.
[0249] In one embodiment, the boron-containing compound is a
borated dispersant, typically derived from an N-substituted long
chain alkenyl succinimide. In one embodiment the borated dispersant
includes a polyisobutylene succinimide. Borated dispersants are
described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,087,936; and U.S. Pat.
No. 3,254,025, which are incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
[0250] In one embodiment the borated dispersant may be used m
combination with a sulphur-containing compound or a borate
ester.
[0251] In one embodiment the extreme pressure agent is other than a
borated dispersant.
[0252] The number average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon from
which the long chain alkenyl group was derived includes ranges of
350 to 5000, or 500 to 3000, or 550 to 1500. The long chain alkenyl
group may have a number average molecular weight of 550, or 750, or
950 to 1000.
[0253] The N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides are
borated using a variety of agents Including boric acid (for
example, metaboric acid, orthoboric acid and tetraboric acid),
boric oxide, boron trioxide, and alkyl borates. In one embodiment
the borating agent is boric acid which may be used alone or in
combination with other borating agents.
[0254] The borated dispersant may be prepared by blending the boron
compound and the N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides and
heating them at a suitable temperature, such as, 80.degree. C. to
250.degree. C., or 90.degree. C. to 230.degree. C., or 100.degree.
C. to 210.degree. C., until the desired reaction has occurred. The
molar ratio of the boron compounds to the N-substituted long chain
alkenyl succinimides may have ranges including 10:1 to 1:4, or 4:1
to 1:3; or the molar ratio of the boron compounds to the
N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides may be 1:2.
Alternatively, the ratio of moles B:moles N (that is, atoms of
B:atoms of N) in the borated dispersant may be 0.25:1 to 10:1 or
0.33:1 to 4:1 or 0.2:1 to 1.5:1, or 0.25:1 to 1.3:1 or 0.8:1 to
1.2:1 or about 0.5:1 An inert liquid may be used in performing the
reaction. The liquid may include toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene,
dimethylformamide or mixtures thereof.
[0255] In one embodiment the lubricating composition further
includes a borated phospholipid. The borated phospholipid may be
derived from boronation of a phospholipid (for example boronation
may be carried out with boric acid). Phospholipids and lecithins
are described in detail in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Kirk and Othmer, 3rd Edition, in "Fats and Fatty Oils", Volume 9,
pages 795-831 and in "Lecithins", Volume 14, pages 250-269, which
is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0256] The phospholipid may be any lipid containing a phosphoric
acid, such as lecithin or cephalin, or derivatives thereof.
Examples of phospholipids include phosphatidylcholine,
phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphotidic acid and mixtures thereof. The phospholipids may be
glycerophospholipids, glycerol derivatives of the above list of
phospholipids. Typically, the glycerophospholipids have one or two
acyl, alkyl or alkenyl groups on a glycerol residue. The alkyl or
alkenyl groups may contain 8 to 30, or 8 to 25, or 12 to 24 carbon
atoms. Examples of suitable alkyl or alkenyl groups include octyl,
dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, docosanyl, octenyl, dodecenyl,
hexadecenyl and octadecenyl.
[0257] Phospholipids may be prepared synthetically or derived from
natural sources. Synthetic phospholipids may be prepared by methods
known to those in the art. Naturally derived phospholipids are
often extracted by procedures known to those in the art.
Phospholipids may be derived from animal or vegetable sources. A
useful phospholipid is derived from sunflower seeds. The
phospholipid typically contains 35% to 60% phosphatidylcholine, 20%
to 35% phosphatidylinositol, 1% to 25% phosphatidic acid, and 10%
to 25% phosphatidylethanolamine, wherein the percentages are by
weight based on the total phospholipids. The fatty acid content may
be 20% by weight to 30% by weight palmitic acid, 2% by weight to
10% by weight stearic acid, 15% by weight to 25% by weight oleic
acid, and 40% by weight to 55% by weight linoleic acid.
[0258] Friction modifiers may include fatty amines, esters such as
borated glycerol esters, fatty phosphites, fatty acid amides, fatty
epoxides, borated fatty epoxides, alkoxylated fatty amines, borated
alkoxylated fatty amines, metal salts of fatty acids, or fatty
imidazolines, condensation products of carboxylic acids and
polyalkylene-polyamines.
[0259] In one embodiment the lubricating composition may contain
phosphorus- or sulphur-containing antiwear agents other than
compounds described as an extreme pressure agent of the amine salt
of a phosphoric acid ester described above. Examples of the
antiwear agent may include a non-ionic phosphorus compound
(typically compounds having phosphorus atoms with an oxidation
state of +3 or +5), a metal dialkyldithiophosphate (typically zinc
dialkyldithiophosphates), a metal mono- or di-alkylphosphate
(typically zinc phosphates), or mixtures thereof.
[0260] The non-ionic phosphorus compound includes a phosphite
ester, a phosphate ester, or mixtures thereof.
[0261] In one embodiment the lubricating composition of the
invention further includes a dispersant. The dispersant may be a
succinimide dispersant (for example N-substituted long chain
alkenyl succinimides), a Mannich dispersant, an ester-containing
dispersant, a condensation product of a fatty hydrocarbyl
monocarboxylic acylating agent with an amine or ammonia, an alkyl
amino phenol dispersant, a hydrocarbyl-amine dispersant, a
polyether dispersant or a polyetheramine dispersant.
[0262] In one embodiment the succinimide dispersant includes a
polyisobutylene-substituted succinimide, wherein the
polyisobutylene from which the dispersant is derived may have a
number average molecular weight of 400 to 5000, or 950 to 1600.
[0263] Succinimide dispersants and their methods of preparation are
more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,435 and 3,172,892,
which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0264] Suitable ester-containing dispersants are typically high
molecular weight esters. These materials are described in more
detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,381,022, which is incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
[0265] In one embodiment the dispersant includes a borated
dispersant. Typically the borated dispersant includes a succinimide
dispersant including a polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the
polyisobutylene from which the dispersant is derived may have a
number average molecular weight of 400 to 5000. Borated dispersants
are described in more detail above within the extreme pressure
agent description.
[0266] Dispersant viscosity modifiers (often referred to as DVMs)
include functionalised polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene
copolymers that have been functionalized with the reaction product
of maleic anhydride and an amine, a polymethacrylate functionalized
with an amine, or esterified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers
reacted with an amine may also be used in the composition of the
invention.
[0267] Corrosion inhibitors include 1-amino-2-propanol, octylamine
octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or
anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a
polyamine.
[0268] Metal deactivators include derivatives of benzotriazoles
(typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles,
2-alkyldithiobenzimidazoles or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazoles. The
metal deactivators may also be described as corrosion
inhibitors.
[0269] Foam inhibitors Include copolymers of ethyl acrylate and
2-ethylhexyl acrylate and optionally vinyl acetate.
[0270] Demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, and various
polymers and copolymers of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide,
propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
[0271] Pour point depressants including esters of maleic
anhydride-styrene, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates or
polyacrylamides.
[0272] Seal swell agents including Exxon Necton-37.TM. (FN 1380)
and Exxon Mineral Seal Oil.TM. (FN 3200).
[0273] Preferably the lubricating oil composition contains
co-solvents selected from the group consisting of di-isodecyl
adipate, di-propyladipate, di-isotridecyl adipate, trimethylpropyl
tricaprylate, di-isooctyl adipate, di-ethylhexyl adipate and
d-inonyl adipate. Preferably the lubricating oil composition
contains co-solvents in an amount of .gtoreq.0.5% to .ltoreq.35% by
weight, more preferably .gtoreq.1% to .ltoreq.30% by weight,
related to the overall weight of the lubricating oil
composition.
[0274] In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition is
an axle lubricating oil composition. In particular, the axle
lubricating oil composition includes a polyalphaolefin having a
kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of from 2 to 40 cSt when
measured in accordance with ASTM D445. Alternatively, the
polyalphaolefins may have a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C.
of from 5 to 40, from 5 to 35, from 5 to 30, from 5 to 25, from 5
to 20 or from 5 to 15, cSt. Alternatively, the polyalphaolefin may
have a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of from 2 to 35, from
2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10,
from 10 to 30, or from 15 to 25, cSt.
[0275] In certain embodiments of the axle lubricating oil
composition, the polyalphaolefin is present in an amount of from 20
to 60 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the axle
lubricating oil composition. Alternatively, the polyalphaolefins
may be present in an amount of from 20 to 50, from 20 to 40, from
20 to 30, 30 to 60, from 40 to 60, from 50 to 60, or from 30 to 50,
parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the axle
lubricating oil composition.
[0276] The axle lubricating oil composition also includes the
alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II). It is to
be appreciated that the axle lubricating oil composition may
include any of the embodiments of the alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II) as described above.
[0277] In certain embodiments of the axle lubricating oil
composition, the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general formula
(II) is present in an amount of from 10 to 40 parts by weight based
on 100 parts by weight of said axle lubricating oil composition.
Alternatively, the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general
formula (II) is present in an amount of from 10 to 30, from 10 to
20, from 20 to 40, from 30 to 40, or from 20 to 30, parts by weight
based on 100 parts by weight of the axle lubricating oil
composition.
[0278] In certain embodiments, the axle lubricating oil composition
has a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8% when measured
in accordance with CEC L-45-A-99. Alternatively, the axle
lubricating oil composition has a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of
less than 7%, 6%, 5%, 4% or 3%, when measured in accordance with
CEC L-45-A-99.
[0279] Like the lubricating oil composition described above, the
axle lubricating oil composition may also include the carboxylic
acid esters of Group V. In certain embodiments, the carboxylic acid
ester is di-(2-propylheptyl)-adipate (DPHA). When included, the
carboxylic acid ester may be present in an amount of from 5 to 20
parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the axle
lubricating oil composition.
[0280] In certain embodiments, the axle lubricating oil composition
includes the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general formula
(II) in an amount of from 10 to 40 parts by weight, the
polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of
from 2 to 40 cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445 in an
amount of from 20 to 60 parts by weight, and the carboxylic acid
ester in an amount of from 5 to 20 parts by weight, each based on
100 parts by weight of the axle lubricating oil composition.
Although not required, the axle lubricating oil composition may
have a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8% when measured
in accordance with CEC L-45-A-99.
[0281] Of course, the axle lubricating oil composition may include
one or more of the performance additives described above. In
particular, the axle lubricating oil composition may include
co-solvents, dispersants, metal deactivators, detergents, viscosity
modifiers, extreme pressure agents), antiwear agents, antioxidants,
corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point
depressants, seal swelling agents, friction modifiers and mixtures
thereof. When selected, the one or more performance additives are
present in the amounts described above. Similarly, the axle
lubricating oil composition may include one or more of the Group
I-V base stocks described above.
[0282] Although not required, the axle lubricating oil composition
typically has a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of from 4 to
40 cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445. Alternatively,
the axle lubricating oil composition has a kinematic viscosity at
100.degree. C. of from 5 to 35, from 6 to 30, from 7 to 25, from 8
to 20, or from 9 to 15, cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM
D445. In certain embodiments, the axle lubricating oil composition
has a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of from 40 to 110 cSt
when measured in accordance with ASTM D445. Alternatively, the axle
lubricating oil composition has a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree.
C. of from 45 to 100, from 50 to 90, or from 55 to 80, or from 60
to 70, cSt when measured in accordance with ASTM D445. It is to be
appreciated that for the purpose of this disclosure, any reference
to kinematic viscosity is the kinematic viscosity measured in
accordance with ASTM D445.
[0283] As indicated by the kinematic viscosity values described
above, the axle lubricating oil composition has an excellent
viscosity index. Typically, the axle lubricating oil composition
has a viscosity index of from 160 to 250 as measured in accordance
with ASTM D2270. Alternatively, the axle lubricating oil
composition may have a viscosity index of from 160 to 240, from 170
to 250, from 180 to 250, from 190 to 250, from 200 to 250, from 210
to 250, from 220 to 250, from 230 to 250, from 170 to 240, from 180
to 230, from 190 to 220, or from 200 to 210. It is to be understood
that for the purpose of this disclosure, any reference to viscosity
index is the viscosity index as measured by ASTM D2270.
[0284] The kinematic viscosity and the viscosity index of the axle
lubricating oil composition results in the axle lubricating oil
composition being particularly useful for lubricating an axle of a
vehicle. In addition, the axle lubricating oil composition also has
excellent frictional properties, as evidenced by the friction
coefficients of the axle lubricating oil. In particular, in certain
embodiments, the axle lubricating oil composition has a friction
coefficient in the range of 0.003 to 0.030 at 25% slide roll ratio
(SRR) determined using MTM measurements at 100.degree. C. and
120.degree. C. and 1 GPa.
[0285] Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed
that the blend of the alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general
formula II and the polyalphaolefin is especially suitable for axle
lubricating oil compositions because the blend has excellent low
and high temperature performance as evidenced by the viscosity
index and also has excellent frictional properties as evidenced by
the measured friction coefficients. In certain embodiments, the
frictional properties translate into the axle lubricating oil
composition improving the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Those
having ordinary skill in the art readily recognize that even a
relatively small increase in fuel efficiency is extremely
desirable.
[0286] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to
a method of lubricating an axle of a vehicle for increasing the
fuel efficiency of the vehicle. The method includes providing an
axle lubricating oil composition. The axle lubricating oil
composition may be any embodiment of the axle lubricating oil
composition described above. In certain embodiments, the axle
lubricating oil composition includes the polyalphaolefin having a
kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of from 2 to 40 cSt when
measured in accordance with ASTM D445 with the polyalphaolefin
being present in an amount of from 30 to 60 parts by weight based
on 100 parts by weight of the axle lubricating oil composition. The
axle lubricating oil composition also includes an alkoxylated
polytetrahydrofuran of general formula (II) present in an amount of
from 20 to 40 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the
axle lubricating oil composition. The method also includes
contacting the axle lubricating oil composition and the axle of the
vehicle to lubricate the axle and increase the fuel efficiency of
the vehicle. In certain embodiments, the axle lubricating oil
composition has a KRL Shear loss after 200 hours of less than 8%
when measured in accordance with CEC L-45-A-99. In addition, the
axle lubricating oil composition may also have a friction
coefficient in the range of 0.003 to 0.030 at 25% slide roll ratio
(SRR) determined using MTM measurements at 100.degree. C. and
120.degree. C. and 1 GPa.
[0287] In another embodiment, the presently claimed invention is
directed to a method of reducing friction in an engine using an
engine oil comprising at least one alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran
as defined above or a mixture of polytetrahydrofurans as defined
above.
[0288] In yet another embodiment, the presently claimed invention
is directed to a method of enhancing the friction modification
properties of a lubricating oil composition in the lubrication of a
mechanical device comprising formulating said lubricating oil
composition with at least one alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran as
defined above.
[0289] Enhancing the friction-modification properties means in the
sense of the present invention that the friction coefficient of a
lubricating oil composition comprising a carboxylic acid ester as
defined above is lower than the friction coefficient of a
lubricating oil composition that does not contain said carboxylic
acid ester. The friction-modification properties are determined by
measuring the friction coefficient at 25% slide roll ratio (SRR)
using mini-traction machine (MTM) measurements at 70.degree. C. and
1 GPa.
[0290] A mechanical device in the sense of the presently claimed
invention is a mechanism consisting of a device that works on
mechanical principles.
[0291] The mechanical device is preferably selected from the group
consisting of bearings, gears, joints and guidances. Preferably the
mechanical device is operated at temperatures in the range of
.gtoreq.10.degree. C. to .ltoreq.80.degree. C.
EXAMPLES
[0292] OHZ=hydroxyl number, determined according to DIN 53240
[0293] Mn=number average molecular weight, determined according to
DIN 55672-1 and referred to Polystyrene calibration standard.
[0294] Mw=weight average molecular weight, determined according to
DIN 55672-1 and referred to Polystyrene calibration standard.
[0295] PD=polydispersity, determined according to DIN 55672-1
Measuring Physical Properties
[0296] The kinematic viscosity was measured according to the
standard international method ASTM D 445.
[0297] The viscosity Index was measured according to the ASTM D
2270.
[0298] The pour point according was measured to DIN ISO 3016.
Friction Coefficient Evaluation
[0299] The fluids were tested in the MTM (Mini-Traction Machine)
instrument using the so-called traction test mode. In this mode,
the friction coefficient is measured at a constant mean speed over
a range of slide roll ratios (SRR) to give the traction curve.
SRR=sliding speed/mean entrainment speed=2 (U1-U2)/(U1+U2) in which
U1 and U2 are the ball and disc speeds respectively
[0300] The disc and ball used for the experiments were made of
steel (AISI 52100), with a hardness of 750 HV and Ra<0.02 .mu.m.
The diameter was 45.0 mm and 19.0 mm for the disc and the ball
respectively. The tractions curves were run with 1.00 GPa contact
pressure, 4 m/s mean speed and 70.degree. C. temperature. The
slide-roll ratio (SRR) was varied from 0 to 25% and the friction
coefficient measured.
Oil Compatibility Evaluation
[0301] A method was developed in-house to determine oil
compatibility. The oil and test material were mixed in 10/90, 50/50
and 90/10% w/w ratios respectively. The mixtures were mixed at room
temperature by rolling for 12 hours. The mixtures' appearance was
observed after homogenization and again after 24 hours. The test
material is deemed compatible with the oil when no phase separation
is observed after 24 hours for at least two of the ratios
investigated.
Synthesis of the Polyalkylene Glycols
Example 1
PolyTHF 650 with 20 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide
[0302] A steel reactor (1.5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 650) (0.2 mol, 130 g), and 3.4 g KOtBu was mixed and the
reactor was purged with nitrogen. The reactor was heated under
vacuum (10 mbar) and heated to 140.degree. C. for 0.25 h. Then
again nitrogen was loaded. At a pressure of 2 bar 50 g C12 epoxide
was brought in dropwise at 140.degree. C. 686 g C12 epoxide of
total (736 g; 4.0 mol) was added during 10 h at 140.degree. C. and
under pressure of 6 bar. Yield: 874 g, quantitative (Theor.: 866 g)
OHZ: 28.2 mg KOH/g.
Example 2
PolyTHF 650 with 12 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide and 20 Equivalents
of Butylene Oxide (Block)
[0303] A steel reactor (1.5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 250) (0.2 mol, 130 g), and 3.4 g KOtBu was mixed and the
reactor was purged with nitrogen. The reactor was heated under
vacuum (10 mbar) and heated to 140.degree. C. for 0.25 h. Then
again nitrogen was loaded. At a pressure of 2 bar 50 g C12 epoxide
was brought in dropwise at 140.degree. C. 390 g C12 epoxide of
total (441 g; 2.4 mol) was added during 5 h at 140.degree. C. and
under pressure of 6 bar. Then butylene oxide (288 g, 4.0 mol) was
added within 4 h at 140.degree. C. The reactor was stirred for 10 h
at 140.degree. C. and cooled to 80.degree. C. The product was
stripped by nitrogen. Then the product was discharged and mixed
with Amboso.RTM. (magnesium silicate, 30 g) and mixed on a rotary
evaporator at 80.degree. C. The purified product was obtained by
filtration in a pressure strainer (Filtrations media: Seitz 900).
Yield: 866 g, quantitative (Theor.: 859 g) OHZ: 30.1 mg KOH/g
Example 3
PolyTHF 650 with 12 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide and 20 Butylene
Oxide (Random)
[0304] A steel reactor (5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 250) (0.732 mol, 476 g), and KOtBu (12.6 g) was mixed and the
reactor was purged with nitrogen. At a pressure of 2 bar a mixture
of butylene oxide and C12 epoxide (14.64 mol, 1104 g butylene
oxide; 8.8 mol, 1617 g C12 epoxide) was brought in dropwise during
30 h at 140.degree. C. and under pressure of 6 bar. The reactor was
stirred for 10 h at 140.degree. C. and cooled to 80.degree. C. The
reactor was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the product was stripped by
nitrogen. Then the product was discharged and mixed with
Ambosol.RTM. (magnesium silicate, 60 g) and mixed on a rotary
evaporator at 80.degree. C. The purified product was obtained by
filtration in a pressure strainer (Filtrations media: Seitz 900).
Yield: 3077 g (96%) (Th.: 3200 g), OHZ: 31.4 mg KOH/g
Example 4
PolyTHF 650 with 12 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide and 20 Equivalents
of Propylene Oxide (Random)
[0305] A steel reactor (1.5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 650) (0.2 mol, 130 g), and KOtBu (3.21 g) was mixed and the
reactor was purged with nitrogen. At a pressure of 2 bar a mixture
of propylene oxide and C12 epoxide (4.0 mol, 232 g PO; 2.4 mol, 441
g C12 epoxide) was brought in dropwise during 7 h at 140.degree. C.
and under pressure of 6 bar. The reactor was stirred for 10 h at
140.degree. C. and cooled to 80.degree. C. The reactor was cooled
to 80.degree. C. and the product was stripped by nitrogen. Then the
product was discharged and mixed with Ambosol.RTM. (magnesium
silicate, 60 g) and mixed on a rotary evaporator at 80.degree. C.
The purified product was obtained by filtration in a pressure
strainer (Filtrations media: Seitz 900). Yield: 800 g
(quantitative) (Th.: 803 g), OHZ: 30.8 mgKOH/g.
Example 5
PolyTHF 1000 with 18 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide and 30 Equivalents
of Butylene Oxide (Random)
[0306] A steel reactor (1.5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 1000) (0.1 mol, 100 g), and KOtBu (2.59 g) was mixed and the
reactor was purged with nitrogen. At a pressure of 2 bar a mixture
of butylene oxide and C12 epoxide (3.0 mol, 216 g butylene oxide;
1.8 mol, 331 g C12 epoxide) was brought in dropwise during 5 h at
140.degree. C. and under pressure of 6 bar. The reactor was stirred
for 10 h at 140.degree. C. and cooled to 80.degree. C. The reactor
was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the product was stripped by
nitrogen. Then the product was discharged and mixed with
Ambosol.RTM. (magnesium silicate, 60 g) and mixed on a rotary
evaporator at 80.degree. C. The purified product was obtained by
filtration in a pressure strainer (Filtrations media: Seitz 900).
Yield: 661 g (quantitative) (Th.: 647 g), OHZ: 24.7 mg KOH/g
Example 6
PolyTHF 1000 with 36 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide and 60 Equivalents
of Butylene Oxide (Random)
[0307] A steel reactor (1.5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 1000) (0.1 mol, 100 g), and KOtBu (4.78 g) was mixed and the
reactor was purged with nitrogen. At a pressure of 2 bar a mixture
of butylene oxide and C12 epoxide (6.0 mol, 432 g butylene oxide;
3.6 mol, 662 g C12 epoxide) was brought in dropwise during 11 h at
140.degree. C. and under pressure of 6 bar. The reactor was stirred
for 10 h at 140.degree. C. and cooled to 80.degree. C. The reactor
was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the product was stripped by
nitrogen. Then the product was discharged and mixed with
Ambosol.RTM. (magnesium silicate, 60 g) and mixed on a rotary
evaporator at 80.degree. C. The purified product was obtained by
filtration in a pressure strainer (Filtrations media: Seitz 900).
Yield: 1236 g (quantitative) (Th.: 1194 g), OHZ: 9.4 mg KOH/g
Example 7A
PolyTHF 650 with 4 Equivalents of C12 Epoxide and 40 Equivalents of
Butylene Oxide (Random)
[0308] The oil compatibility and friction data are summarized in
Table 2. The data demonstrate that the molecules derived from the
present invention, namely polyalkylene glycols produced from the
alkoxylation of polytetrahydrofuran (p-THF) with C12 epoxide show
compatibility with mineral oils and low viscosity polyalphaolefins
whilst providing low friction coefficients (50.025 at 25% SRR in
MTM experiments).
Example 7B
PolyTHF 1000 with 40 Equivalents of C.sub.12 Epoxide and 70
Equivalents of Butylene Oxide (Random)
[0309] A steel reactor (1.5 l) was loaded with polytetrahydrofuran
(MW 1000 g/mol, 63.7 mmol, 63.7 g) and CsOH (50% aqueous solution,
6.9 g). The mixture was dried under vacuum (<10 mbar) at
100.degree. C. to a water content below 0.1% (Karl-Fischer
titration). At a pressure of 2 bar nitrogen a mixture of butylene
oxide and C12 epoxide (4.45 mol, 321 g butylene oxide; 2.55 mol,
469 g C12 epoxide) was brought in dropwise during 10 h at
130.degree. C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 h at
130.degree. C. and cooled to 80.degree. C. Volatile compounds were
removed by nitrogen stripping. Then the product was discharged and
mixed with Ambosol.RTM. (13 g) and mixed on a rotary evaporator at
80.degree. C. for 2 h. The purified product was obtained by
filtration in a pressure strainer (Filtrations media: Seitz
900).
[0310] Yield: 850 g, OHZ: 11.7 mg KOH/g, M.sub.w: 10617 g/mol and
Ma: 8356 g/mol, polydispersity: 1.27.
[0311] Oil compatible materials presented in Examples 1 to 7a
consistently exhibit friction coefficient equal or lower than 0.025
at 25% SRR in the MTM experiments.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 OHZ Starting Random/ C12 [mgKOH/ alcohol
Block PO BuO epoxide g] Mn Mw PD Example 1 pTHF 650 block 20 28.2
4517 4923 1.1 Example 2 pTHF 650 block: 1. 20 12 30.1 3861 4602 1.2
C12 epoxide, 2. BuO Example 3 pTHF 650 random 20 12 31.4 4720 4650
1.4 Example 4 pTHF 650 random 20 12 30.8 4660 5074 1.1 Example 5
pTHF 1000 random 30 18 24.7 4551 5667 1.2 Example 6 pTHF 1000
random 60 36 9.4 5204 6629 1.3 Example 7A pTHF 650 block 40 4 27
4872 5369 1.1 Comparative examples Example 8* polybutylene glycol
(propandiol + 43 BO) Example 9* p-THF 1000 + 20 PO Example 10*
p-THF 1000 + 10 PO + 13 EO Example 11* p-THF 250 Example 12* p-THF
650 Example 13* p-THF 1000
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Mineral Low MTM oil Group III viscosity PAO
Kinematic friction compatibility at compatibility at viscosity Vis-
Pour coefficient room temperature room temperature (mm2/s) cosity
point at (oil/test material) (oil/test material) 40.degree. C.
100.degree. C. Index (.degree. C.) 25% SSR 10/90 50/50 90/10 10/90
50/50 90/10 Ex. 1 289 40 192 12 0.015 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Example 2 284 37 182 -11 0.02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Example 3 392
50 189 -42 0.019 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Example 4 268 38 195 -35
-0.016 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Example 5 412 52 191 -43 0.018 Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Example 6 441 56 195 -39 0.019 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Example 7A 539 64 192 -42 0.022 Yes Yes Yes -- -- --
Comparative examples Example 8* 304 35 159 -39 0.034 Yes Yes Yes No
No No Example 9* 348 50 207 -9 0.013 No No No No No No Example 10*
359 57 227 -6 0.008 No No No No No No Example 11* 54 7 94 -42 0.007
No No No No No No Example 12* 159 22 165 3 0.007 No No No No No No
Example 13* 291 40 193 6 0.007 No No No No No No
[0312] An axle lubricating oil composition within the scope of the
invention is provided below in Table 3 as Example 14. Table 3 also
includes a comparative axle lubricating oil composition as Example
15*. Each individual component for Example 14 and 15 in Table 3 is
provided in parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the
respective example.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Example 14 Example 15* Base oil 1 25 -- Base
oil 2 -- 25 Base oil 3 75 75 Kinematic Viscosity 40.degree. C.
14.12 14.28 (ASTM D445) (cSt) Kinematic Viscosity 100.degree. C.
81.26 88.94 (ASTM D445) (cSt) Viscosity Index 181 167 (ASTM
D2270)
[0313] Base oil 1 is an alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general
formula (II).
[0314] Base oil 2 is a metallocene catalyzed polyalphaolefin base
oil commercially available from ExxonMobil having a kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C. of 150 cSt.
[0315] Base oil 3 is a polyalphaolefin base oil having a kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C. of 6 cSt.
[0316] The viscosity profiles of Example 14 and Example 15* were
evaluated by measuring the kinematic viscosities at 40.degree. C.
and 100.degree. C. and calculating the viscosity index. The results
of this testing are provided in Table 3. The kinematic viscosity
and viscosity index data demonstrate that Example 14 has superior
low and high temperature properties relative to Example 15*. In
addition, the friction coefficients of Examples 14 and 15* were
measured using MTM at 120.degree. C. and 1 GPa with varying slide
roll ratios. The friction coefficients are provided in FIG. 1. The
results demonstrate that Example 14 has a lower friction
coefficient in comparison to Example 15*. Thus, Example 14 is more
fuel efficient than Example 15*.
[0317] Additional examples of the axle lubricating oil composition
within the scope of the invention are provided below in Table 4 as
Examples 16-18. Table 4 also includes a comparative axle
lubricating oil composition as Example 19*. Each individual
component for Examples 16-18 and Example 19* in Table 4 is provided
in parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the respective
example.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Example Example Example Example 16 17 18 19*
Base oil 4 28 28 29 -- Base oil 5 -- -- -- 28.6 Base oil 6 43.8
45.8 45.8 -- Base oil 7 -- -- -- 42.6 Additive package 1 10 -- 10
10 Additive package 2 -- 8 -- -- Carboxylic acid ester 1 15 15 12
15 Antioxidant 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 -- Antioxidant 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 --
Antioxidant 3 -- -- -- 0.9 Dispersant 1 2.0 2.0 2.0 -- Dispersant 2
-- -- -- 2.0 Defoamer 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
[0318] Base oil 4 is an alkoxylated polytetrahydrofuran of general
formula (II).
[0319] Base oil 5 is a metallocene catalyzed polyalphaolefin base
oil commercially available from ExxonMobil having a kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C. of 150 cSt.
[0320] Base oil 6 is a polyalphaolefin base oil having a kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C. of 4 cSt.
[0321] Base oil 7 is a polyalphaolefin base oil having a kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C. of 6 cSt.
[0322] Additive package 1 is a commercially available additive
package under the tradename ANGLAMOL.RTM. from the Lubrizol
Corporation.
[0323] Additive package 2 is a commercially available additive
package under the tradename HITEC.RTM. from the Afton Chemical
Corporation.
[0324] Carboxylic acid ester 1 is DPHA.
[0325] Antioxidant 1 is a commercially available antioxidant under
the tradename IRGANOX.RTM. from the BASF Corporation.
[0326] Antioxidant 2 is an antioxidant different from Antioxidant 1
and is also commercially available under the tradename IRGANOX.RTM.
from the BASF Corporation.
[0327] Antioxidant 3 is phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.
[0328] Dispersant 1 is a commercially available dispersant under
the tradename HITEC.RTM. from the Afton Chemical Corporation
[0329] Dispersant 2 is a commercially available borated dispersant
under the tradename HITEC.RTM. from the Afton Chemical
Corporation.
[0330] Defoamer 1 is a nonionic surfactant commercially available
under the tradename SYNATIVE AC AMH 2.RTM. from the BASF
Corporation.
[0331] The viscosity profiles of Examples 16-18 and Example 19*
were evaluated by measuring the kinematic viscosities at 40.degree.
C. and 100.degree. C. and calculating the viscosity index.
Additionally, the shear stability of Examples 16-18 and Example 19*
was evaluated by measuring the KRL Shear Loss according to CEC
L-45-A-99. The results of this testing are provided below in Table
5.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Kinematic Viscosity (D445) (cSt) Viscosity
Index KRL Shear Loss 40.degree. C. 100.degree. C. (D2270) (%)
Example 16 67.15 12.76 193 1.1 Example 17 72.82 13.54 192 4.9
Example 18 66.46 12.60 193 -- Example 19* 77.19 12.87 168 1.2
[0332] As shown in Table 5, Examples 16-18 have greater low and
high temperature performance in comparison to Example 19* as
evidenced by the viscosity index values. In addition, Examples 16
and 17 demonstrate excellent shear stability as evidenced by the
KRL Shear Loss values.
[0333] The oxidative stability of Examples 16 and 17 and Example
19* was evaluated by measuring the L-60 Oxidation/Thermal Stability
at 200 hours in accordance with ASTM D5704. The results of this
testing are displayed in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 L-60 Oxidation/Thermal Stability at 200
hours Viscosity Increase, Pentane Tolune Carbon/ Sludge 100.degree.
C. Insolubles Insolubles Varnish (10 = (%) (wt. %) (wt. %) (10 =
clean) clean) Example 16 25 0.1 0.0 9.2 9.7 Example 17 3 0.1 0.1
8.9 9.6 Example 19* 36 0.3 0.2 8.8 9.6
[0334] As shown in Table 6, Examples 16 and 17 demonstrate superior
oxidation performance in comparison to Example 19* as indicated by
the relatively lower increase in viscosity after 200 hours of
testing. This superior performance is also observable by
contrasting the carbon/varnish and sludge values of Examples 16 and
17 with the corresponding values for Example 19*.
[0335] Example 18 and Example 19* were also evaluated for fuel
efficiency in accordance with EPA 75/25 (both city and highway
simulations) and European New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) on a
chassis dynamometer using a 2015 Dodge Ram truck (C 235 axle). The
data generated from this testing can be found in FIGS. 2A-2C, as a
percentage increase in comparison to a conventional SAE 75W-140
lubricant. As shown in FIG. 2, Example 18 substantially out
performed Example 19* in terms of fuel efficiency in both the EPA
75/25 and NEDC testing. Persons having ordinary skill in the art
appreciate that EPA 75/25 and NEDC are industry recognized test
methods for determining fuel efficiency.
* * * * *