U.S. patent application number 15/039912 was filed with the patent office on 2017-01-26 for improved weight lifting system and device for fixing positions of weights on bars.
The applicant listed for this patent is Innovative Sports Designs, LLC. Invention is credited to Gordon L. Brown, Michael O. Ramsey, Scott C. Williams.
Application Number | 20170021223 15/039912 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 54056001 |
Filed Date | 2017-01-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170021223 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ramsey; Michael O. ; et
al. |
January 26, 2017 |
Improved Weight Lifting System and Device for Fixing Positions of
Weights on Bars
Abstract
A barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises is
described. The barbell system includes an elongated barbell
comprising a first end and a second end. Weights are provided for
placing symmetrically on the first end and the second end. A
locking device is provided for securing the weights to the bar
wherein the locking device has a split collar capable of receiving
the elongated bar therein; and a locking device capable of drawing
the split collar into engaging relationship with the elongate
barbell.
Inventors: |
Ramsey; Michael O.; (Chapin,
SC) ; Williams; Scott C.; (Gilbert, SC) ;
Brown; Gordon L.; (Anderson, SC) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Innovative Sports Designs, LLC |
West Columbia |
SC |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
54056001 |
Appl. No.: |
15/039912 |
Filed: |
March 6, 2015 |
PCT Filed: |
March 6, 2015 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US15/19088 |
371 Date: |
May 27, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61967014 |
Mar 7, 2014 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 21/026 20130101;
A63B 2244/081 20130101; A63B 2209/02 20130101; A63B 2071/0694
20130101; A63B 23/1209 20130101; A63B 21/4035 20151001; A63B
21/0724 20130101; A63B 2214/00 20200801; A63B 21/027 20130101; A63B
21/0728 20130101; A63B 2023/0411 20130101; A63B 2209/10
20130101 |
International
Class: |
A63B 21/072 20060101
A63B021/072; A63B 21/00 20060101 A63B021/00 |
Claims
1. A barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises
comprising: a elongated barbell comprising a first end and a second
end; weights for placing symmetrically on said first end and said
second end; and a locking device for securing said weights to said
bar wherein said locking device comprises: a split collar capable
of receiving said elongated bar therein; and a locking device
capable of drawing said split collar into engaging relationship
with said elongated barbell.
2. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said split collar comprises thermoplastic
rubber.
3. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said split collar has a durometer of 65 to 100
Shore A.
4. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said split collar has a contoured surface on an
interior diameter.
5. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 4 wherein said contoured surface has a contour depth of at
least 0.1 mm to no more than 0.5 mm.
6. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said split collar has at least one raised edge on
the outside diameter surface.
7. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 6 wherein said raised edge is at least 1 mm to no more than 4
mm in height.
8. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said locking device comprises a strap.
9. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 8 wherein said strap comprises nylon.
10. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 8 wherein said strap is wrapped at least partially around
said split collar.
11. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 8 wherein said strap comprises a first end attached to a
ring.
12. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 11 wherein said strap comprises a second end reversibly
receivable by said ring.
13. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said strap comprises a closure element.
14. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 13 wherein said closure element comprises a hook and loop
closure.
15. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said strap is secured to said split collar.
16. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said locking device comprises a ring.
17. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 16 wherein said locking device comprises a pivoting
latch.
18. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 17 wherein said ring is attached to said pivoting latch.
19. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 18 wherein said ring reversibly engages with a fixed
attachment.
20. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said elongated barbell is a flexible barbell.
21. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 20 wherein said flexible barbell comprises: an elongated
shape comprising a center and ends; and at least one flexible bar
in said elongated shape wherein said flexible bar has a minor axis
and a major axis and is capable of rotating in said elongated
shape.
22. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 wherein said elongated shape bends relative to a tangent
to said center in response to said center of said flexible barbell
being moved.
23. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 wherein said flexible bar is rectangular.
24. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 further comprising at least one flexible rod.
25. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 24 wherein said flexible rod is round.
26. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 wherein said flexible bar has a hollow cavity which
extends the entire length of said flexible bar.
27. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 wherein said flexible bar comprise a fiber reinforced
resin.
28. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 27 wherein said flexible bar comprises fiberglass.
29. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 27 wherein said flexible bar comprises carbon.
30. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 comprising multiple flexible bars.
31. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 30 comprising at least 2 to no more than 3 flexible bars.
32. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said elongated barbell has a length of at least
25.4 cm to 2.4 M.
33. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 32 wherein said length is at least 1.5 M up to 2.4 M.
34. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 wherein said elongated shape is formed from a fiber
reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset resin.
35. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 21 wherein said elongated shape is extruded using either a
reinforced or unreinforced thermoplastic resin material.
36. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said elongated barbell has a stiffness of at least
1,000 lbs-in.sup.2 to no more than 500,000 lbs-in.sup.2.
37. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 36 wherein said elongated barbell has a stiffness of at least
30,000 lbs-in.sup.2 to no more than 350,000 lbs-in.sup.2.
38. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said weights are at least 1.13 Kg to no more than
227 Kg.
39. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 38 wherein said elongated shape bends in a static mode when
supported in the center of the bar to the extent that said ends
deflect at least 12.7 mm to no more than a 45 degree acute angle
relative from said tangent to said center.
40. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 39 wherein said elongated shape bends in a static mode when
supported in the center of the bar to the extent that said ends
deflect at least 63.5 mm.
41. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 wherein said elongated barbell comprises a fiber reinforced
resin.
42. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 41 wherein said resin is selected from the group consisting
of vinyl ester thermoset, isophthalic polyester thermoset, epoxy
thermoset, polyurethane thermoset, polyvinyl chloride,
polypropylene, high density polyethylene, thermoplastic rubber, and
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
43. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 1 further comprising a surface treatment on at least a
portion of said elongated barbell.
44. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 43 wherein said surface treatment is selected from an applied
coating and a wrap.
45. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 44 wherein said wrap comprises a tape.
46. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 44 wherein said applied coating comprises a polymeric
material.
47. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 46 wherein said applied coating has a flexural modulus of at
least 15,000 psi.
48. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 46 wherein said polymeric material has a thickness of at
least 15 mils to no more than 250 mils.
49. The barbell system for enhancing weight lifting exercises of
claim 48 wherein said polymeric material has a thickness no more
than 90 mils.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 61/967,014 filed Mar. 7, 2014, which is
incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The instant invention is related to an improved barbell
system and more particularly to an improved device for securing
weights onto a barbell of a barbell system. More particularly, the
present invention is related to a barbell system comprising a
flexible barbell and to a locking device which secures weights on
the barbell system.
[0003] Power is the maximum amount of work that can be performed in
the minimal amount of time. It is somewhat based on strength but
has elements of speed of motion. Power is the foundation of
athletic performance in most sports.
[0004] Traditional barbells, which are relatively rigid, are well
known and widely used to train athletes. Certain exercises are
performed which are designed to increase the strength of the
athlete. While effective at increasing strength, traditional
barbells are not effective at increasing power. An experienced
lifter can easily make every repetition look identical to the last
and they are trained to accomplish consistency in their training.
Lifting a traditional barbell involves lifting "dead weight". The
traditional bar has very little flex and once a lifter finds "the
groove" on any particular lift the traditional bar can be moved in
a very predictable manner. Unfortunately, this does not always
translate well into sport performance, especially in contact
sports, where a dead weight does not effectively mimic action.
[0005] Vladimir Zatsiorsky, in his book "Science and Practice of
Strength Training", identifies a phenomenon called "Explosive
Strength Deficit (ESD)" which can limit an athlete's ability to
generate power despite his or her ability to generate absolute
strength. The reason for this is that there is a relationship
between strength and time. Maximum strength (force development)
takes more time than most sport performances allow. The window of
opportunity to generate force during real sport performance is
small. For example, the length of time a sprinter's foot is in
contact with the ground during a race is very short and it is
during this short time that maximum strength needs to be applied.
Similarly, a batter must move a bat from near rest to full speed
quickly to achieve maximum strength at the point in time when the
bat impacts the ball. During many sport performance events there is
insufficient time to generate maximum strength within the time
allowed to exert maximum force or power.
[0006] There has been a long standing desire to convert the
potential for generating force (otherwise known as strength) and
train our bodies to generate as much of that force or power as
possible. There has also been a long standing desire to reduce
explosive strength deficit of athletes by being able to generate
the greatest portion of absolute strength within the time limits of
a particular sport performance. To accomplish this the
neuromuscular system must be trained, which means applying
resistance in a very sport specific manner that allows the athlete
to mirror the speed of movement as much as possible. Many training
systems are designed to do this such as plyometric training,
weighted implements and through the use of lifting submaximal
weights very rapidly. These methods have their limitations. Lifting
weights rapidly or using weighted implements often requires
deceleration at the end of the motion which does not often carry
over to the sport performance. Plyometrics often use body weight
and are therefore limited by this as a resistance exercise. Adding
weight to the body using weighted vests can circumvent this
problem, but increases the risk of injury to the athlete.
[0007] The use of flexible barbells has greatly enhanced the art of
strength training, and particularly strength training using free
weights. There are many types of devices that are used in the art
to be affixed around all or a portion of the circumference of a bar
for the purpose of holding the disc weights in position and
preventing them from sliding off of the bar should the bar be
titled. Many of these devices are difficult to use, time consuming
to use and lack long term durability. Some closure devices
currently in the market include Lock Jaw Elite.RTM. collars which
are made from molded plastic materials and subject to breaking from
repeated opening and closing, Olympic spring collars by USA Sports
and other manufacturers, Pro-Lock.RTM. collars, Muscle Clamps.RTM.
collar, Mega Grip.RTM. Heavy Duty collars and Bull Dog.RTM.
collars. These are all designed for rigid bars and therefore fail
with a flexible bar since the directions of force with a flexible
bar is unique and the material of construction limits the
compressive force which can be applied. Conventional bar collars
therefore either fail to adequately fix the weights in position on
a flexible bar or they damage the material of construction leading
to catastrophic failure.
[0008] The present invention greatly enhances the training regimen
of athletes by converting strength of the muscles to power by
neuromuscular training.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0009] It is an object of the invention to provide an improved
system, and method, for training the neuromuscular system of
athletes to enhance sports performance.
[0010] It is another object to provide a system, and method, for
training athletes to increase power.
[0011] These and other embodiments, as will be realized, are
provided in a flexible barbell for enhancing weight lifting
exercises and a locking device for securing the weights to the
flexible barbell. The flexible barbell has an elongated shape,
comprising ends, which is capable of being grasped by at least one
hand. Weights are attached to the shape near the ends. The shape
bends relative to a tangent to the center in response to the center
of the flexible barbell being moved.
[0012] Yet another embodiment is provided in a barbell system for
enhancing weight lifting exercises. The barbell system includes an
elongated barbell comprising a first end and a second end. Weights
are provided for placing symmetrically on the first end and the
second end. A locking device is provided for securing the weights
to the bar wherein the locking device has a split collar capable of
receiving the elongated bar therein; and a locking device capable
of drawing the split collar into engaging relationship with the
elongate barbell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the
invention.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional schematic representation
of an embodiment of the invention.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the
invention.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the
invention.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of
the invention.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a perspective schematic view of an embodiment of
the invention..
[0019] FIG. 7 is an isolated schematic view of a component of the
invention.
[0020] FIG. 8 is an isolated schematic view of a component of the
invention.
[0021] FIG. 9 is a side schematic view of an embodiment of the
invention.
[0022] FIGS. 10A and 10B are perspective schematic views of an
embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION
[0023] The present invention is related to a weight lifting system.
More specifically, the present invention is related to locking
device for fixing the position of disc weights to an elongated,
preferably flexible, barbell to limit the ability of a disc weight,
or weights, to move parallel to the barbell. The locking device is
positioned and fixed, in one embodiment, between the end of the bar
and the outside surface of the outermost disc weight to secure the
weights against a mechanical stop that is an integral part of the
elongated device or against a second locking device described
herein or a device of conventional design. The locking device is
easily and quickly affixed to the barbell thereby providing the
user with a securely attached weight, or stack of weights, that
allows the barbell to function properly without risk of weights
sliding from the barbell. The locking device has a toughness and
durability suitable for use in a gym or strength and conditioning
facility. While the locking device is particularly suitable for use
with a flexible barbell it can be demonstrated with, and used with,
conventional rigid barbells.
[0024] The instant invention is related to a flexible barbell which
can be grasped by at least one hand and designed to be used by
weightlifters building muscular force strength, muscular velocity
strength, muscular endurance strength, increase the speed of muscle
contraction, enhance the ability of the various supporting muscles,
ligaments and tendons to work together more effectively and to
train the sensory receptors (proprioceptors) in the muscles and
tendons to improve the ability of the individual to be more aware
of the relative position of the various muscle groups which
interact in performing a movement thereby resulting in an enhanced
ability to perform movements more effectively.
[0025] The invention will be described with reference to the
various figures which are included for the purposes of describing
the invention without limit thereto. Throughout the invention
similar elements will be numbered accordingly.
[0026] An embodiment of the invention will be described with
reference to FIG. 1. In FIG. 1 a system for neuromuscular training
is illustrated in schematic view. A flexible barbell system,
generally represented at 10, is illustrated with weights, 14,
thereon. A locking device, 60, which will be described further
herein, is preferably provided to prohibit weights from sliding off
of the flexible barbell during use. The flexible barbell, 12,
preferably comprises a surface treatment, 18, which will be
described in more detail herein. A timing device, 20, is preferred
to assist the athlete in the timing of the lifting exercise to
insure that the movement of the flexible barbell during a lift is
in concert with the flexing of the flexible barbell as will be more
fully described herein. The timing device may be a metronome or any
device which can alert to a preset repeating pattern of time
intervals.
[0027] An embodiment of the invention will be described with
reference to FIG. 2. In FIG. 2 a flexible barbell, 12, is
illustrated in partial cross-sectional view. The flexible barbell
comprises an elongated shape, 22, such as a tube which is sealed on
either end by a closure such as an end cap or end plug, 24. The
closure prohibits flexible bars, 26, or flexible rods, 27, inside
the elongated shape of the flexible barbell from exiting the
elongated shape. At least a portion of the elongated shape is
preferably covered with a surface treatment, 28, which may be an
applied coating or a wrap. An applied coating is a material which
is applied as a flowing chemical such as by a dip, spray or
spread-on material and a wrap is a material which is adhesively
applied. The surface treatment is preferred to improve the grip,
aesthetics, durability, stiffness or friction of the exterior of
the elongated shape. Indicia, 30, along the elongated shape are
preferred. The indicia allow the separation of the weights or the
separation of the hands to be placed at a specific distance
repeatedly and accurately and insure the center of the flexible
barbell is indicated to avoid lateral weight asymmetry. A hitch
pin, 32, which is received by a void, 34, may be used as an added
precaution to insure that the weights do not slide off of the ends
of the flexible barbell in the unlikely event of a locking device
failure.
[0028] An embodiment of the invention will be described with
reference to FIG. 3. In FIG. 3 a lifter, 40, is illustrated fully
extended. The flexible barbell, 10, with weights, 14, is shown bent
from linearity. The deviation from linearity will be described with
reference to
[0029] FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, a tangent to the center, T, is defined at
the center of the flexible barbell. The deviation is measured as
the distance the end of the bar is from the tangent, indicated as
D. Alternatively, the deviation can be measured as the acute angle
.alpha., between the tangent to the center, T, and an end tangent
ET at the weights. It would be realized that the deviation can be
measured in any plane. It is preferred that the static deviation
from linearity, D, is at least 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) and more
preferably at least 63.5 mm (2.5 inches) to no more than about a 45
degree acute angle .alpha.. As would be realized, the very large
value of the distance, D, and large angle, .alpha., particularly
relative to a rigid barbell, causes the weights to be persuaded
towards the locking device during use. Traditional lock collars
either failed to be adequately secured to the barbell or tended to
damage the flexible components of the bar with a potential for
catastrophic failure.
[0030] In a particularly preferred embodiment the movement rate for
a single back and forth motion is 0.3-1.5 M (1-5 ft.)/second and as
the lifter reverses direction the momentum of the weight is moving
in the opposite direction. If the deviation from linearity is less
than about 12.7 mm the flexibility of the flexible barbell is
insufficient for light weights such as no more than 11 Kg (25 lbs).
For heavier weights, such as above about 11 Kg (25 lbs) with a
deviation from linearity of less than 63.5 mm (2.5 inches) the
flexibility of the flexible barbell is insufficient to move in
response to the lift. If the static deviation from linearity is
more than about a 45 degree acute angle a the flexible barbell will
probably deflect too much during use.
[0031] An embodiment of the invention will be described with
reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. In FIG. 4A the lifter, 40, is moving
from a squatted position to a standing position in the direction of
arrow 44 while the initial force of the weights is in the direction
of arrows 46. The lifting motion is referred to in the art as the
concentric phase. As the lifter reaches the full extension and
reverses direction as indicated by arrow 48 in FIG. 4B the momentum
of the weights is in the direction of arrows 50. The lowering
motion is referred to in the art as the eccentric phase. To
optimize the results the momentum is contrary to the movement of
the lifter each time the direction of movement changes. As would be
realized from further discussions herein the oscillatory amplitude
of the flexible barbell is higher than the oscillatory amplitude of
the lifter. In one embodiment the lifter will pause for a time to
allow the weights to approach the end of their oscillatory cycle,
represented by D in FIG. 5, prior to reversing direction.
[0032] The invention is not intended to be limited to the
embodiments described; rather, this detailed description is
included to enable any person skilled in the art to produce and to
use effectively a locking device as a component of a weight lifting
system which significantly enhances the reliability and
effectiveness of the weight lifting system by providing the user
with a locking device that is easy to use, and a tough and durable
component of a weight lifting system. This locking device is able
to be used with elongated bars of different diameters. This closure
device is able to be used with rigid elongated `steel` bars or
flexible composite bars.
[0033] A locking device is illustrated in perspective view in FIG.
6 without the barbell. The split collar, 61, is illustrated in
isolated view in FIG. 7 and one embodiment of the closure mechanism
is illustrated in isolated view in FIG. 8. The locking device is
illustrated in FIG. 9 as engaged with a barbell. The locking device
comprises a split collar, 61, which can be placed on the barbell
either by receiving the end of the barbell in the central void, 68,
or by separating the split collar at the split, 62, to the extent
necessary to pass the bar laterally there through. The split collar
has a contoured surface, 66, on the inside thereof to provide
resistance against moving once tightly engaged with the barbell. As
will be realized from further discussion the rigidity of the split
collar is defined such that adequate pressure can be exerted
without damage to the barbell. The split collar preferably has
raised edges, 70, preferably on an outside diameter edge, which
inhibits the strap, 64, which is at least partially wrapped around
the split collar from moving laterally. Mounting voids, 72, on
either side of the split, 62, allow the closure mechanism to be
secured to the split collar such as by threaded members, 74, or the
functional equivalent thereto. Molded-in metal screw inserts may be
included in the mounting voids wherein the screw inserts receive
threaded members. A particularly preferred closure mechanism is a
strap, 64, and more particularly, a strap with a Velcro.TM.
closure. The strap comprises an attachment, 76, which secures a
ring, 78, therein. The shape may be the shape of the capital letter
"D" or it may be substantially rectangular. Substantially
rectangular is preferred since the pressure across the ring is more
evenly distributed with a substantially rectangular ring. The ring
is secured to one end of the strap by the attachment with the other
end being unattached. The strap is preferable secured to the split
collar by the aforementioned threaded members in the aforementioned
mounting voids thereby insuring the strap remains in a preferred
orientation bound by the raised edges within the recess formed
there between. The free end of the strap can be free from the ring
thereby allowing the barbell to pass through the split if so
desired. When deployed the free end of the strap is inserted
through the ring and wrapped back in opposite rotation such that
mating hook and loop closure elements, 80, also known in the art as
Velcro.TM., can reversibly engage as illustrated in FIG. 9. As
would be realized from the description herein one would place the
locking device on the barbell, 12, with the strap inserted through
the ring. The strap would then be drawn tight and manipulated such
that the closure elements engage thereby securing the locking
device onto the barbell and securing the weights on the
barbell.
[0034] An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in partial
schematic view in FIGS. 10A and 10B. In FIG. 10A, a closure
element, 84, is illustrated in perspective view in a partially
unlatched arrangement and in FIG. 10B the closure element is fully
latched. The closure element comprises a fixed attachment, 86,
preferably fixed to the split collar such as by threaded members at
least into the mounting voids as discussed above. A buckle
assembly, 88, is secured to the split ring opposite the split. The
buckle assembly includes a ring, 90, pivotally attached to a latch,
92, wherein the latch is also pivotally attached to a base, 94. The
base is attached to the split collar, such as by threaded members,
into the mounting voids as discussed above. The employ the closure
element the locking device is placed around the barbell and the
latch is rotated towards the fixed attachment thereby allowing the
ring to engage with the fixed attachment. The latch is then rotated
away from the fixed attachment thereby drawing the split ring
together at the split which secures the barbell in the central void
of the locking device as set forth above.
[0035] It is preferable that the locking device accept a barbell
with a diameter of about 48 mm (1.89 inches) to about 53.3 mm (2.1
inches) as this is the optimal range of elongated flexible bars
manufactured from Schedule 40 tubing with a diameter of about 48.3
mm (1.90 inches) to the approximate 50.3 mm (1.98 inches) diameter
and corresponds to the approximate size of a standard Olympic
barbell. A preferred material of construction for the split collar
is a thermoplastic rubber with a flexibility such that a person of
normal strength is able to pull open the split collar to position
the split collar onto the elongated, preferably flexible, bar. The
width of the closure device is preferably at least 25.4 mm (1 inch)
to about 76.2 mm (3 inches) with about 50 mm (2 inches) being
suitable for demonstration of the invention. Below about 25.4 mm
there is insufficient surface area on the inner diameter (ID) for
sufficient grip on the barbell. Above about 76.2 mm the space
occupied by the closure device limits the number of weight disk
which can be employed on the barbell. The outside diameter (OD) of
the split collar is a function of the thickness with an OD of about
63 mm being the minimal size given the typical barbell sizes and
material thickness requirement. An OD above about 75 mm provides no
additional benefit and the additional material cost is prohibitive.
An OD of about 68.27 mm (2.688 inches) has proven to be optimal for
demonstration of the invention. The inside diameter of the closure
device is preferably slightly smaller than the OD of the barbell
thereby insuring that the slit is not completely closed when the
locking device is fully engaged. An ID of about 45 to about 48 mm
is optimal with an ID of about 46.38 mm (1.826 inches) being
suitable for demonstration of the invention. The wall thickness is
dependent on the material of construction with a wall thickness of
about 8 to about 12 mm being preferable. A wall thickness of about
10.9 mm (0.431 inches) is suitable for demonstration of the
invention. The separation of the slit, when engaged, is preferably
greater than zero since this insures maximum grip. The separation
of the slit, when engaged, is preferably not large since an
increase in gap size decreases the surface area available for
engagement with the barbell when engaged. A gap of at least about 2
mm to no more than about 5 mm is preferred with a gap, when
engaged, of about 3.7 mm (0.146 inches) being suitable for
demonstration of the invention.
[0036] The inside surface of the split collar has contour to
increase the gripping ability of the barbell. The shape of the
contour is not particularly limiting, however, crosshatched lines
covering at least a portion of the ID surface, and preferably the
entire ID surface, are preferred due to manufacturing convenience
and effectiveness. The contour preferably is formed with a contour
depth, measured from highest peak to lowest valley on the inner
surface, of at least about 0.1 mm to preferably no more than about
0.5 mm with these crosshatched lines being indentations molded into
the closure device ID surface. Below a depth of about 0.1 mm the
contour has insufficient ability to form a sufficient grip and
above about 0.5 min the effectiveness also decreases. A contour
depth of about 0.3 mm (0.012 inches) is suitable for demonstration
of the invention. When used with a flexible elongated bar such as a
Tsunami Bar.RTM. LIGHT bar, the gripping to the surface is further
enhanced due to the fact that the surface of the Tsunami Bar.RTM.
LIGHT is made from a thermoplastic rubber material which allows the
crosshatched ID surface of the closure device, which is also a
thermoplastic rubber material, to press into the OD surface of the
Tsunami Bar.RTM. LIGHT which creates better gripping ability than
when the closure device is used with a steel elongated bar although
the gripping ability of the closure device to the OD of a steel
elongated bar is enhanced due to the crosshatched pattern of the ID
of the closure device coupled with the compressibility of the
thermoplastic rubber material.
[0037] The raised edge of the split collar has a sufficient height
to prohibit the strap from sliding laterally off of the split
collar. The raised edge can be formed by a molding process or
material can be removed with the raised edge being maintained. The
height of the raised edge is preferable at least 1 mm to no more
than about 4 mm. Below about 1 mm the height is insufficient to
inhibit the strap from lateral movement over the raised edge. Above
about 4 mm the raised edge becomes a nuisance to the user. A raised
edge of about about 2 mm (0.080 inches) above the OD is suitable
for demonstration of the invention. With an approximately 50.8 mm
(2 inches) wide closure device the indented surface area bound by
the raised edge is capable of accepting a nylon strap centered
around the outside of the split collar and the nylon strap is
prevented from moving side-to-side due to the raised edge at both
outer edges of the closure device thereby allowing the closure
device to be used more efficiently and effectively as the user
wraps the nylon strap around the split collar. Further, the nylon
strap is preferably attached in two places as discussed above using
threaded members, or the equivalent thereto.
[0038] The strap is preferably a nylon strap mating Velcro.TM.
sections positioned along the surface of the nylon strap such that
the mating sections adhere to each other when pressed together as
discussed above.
[0039] It is a principal objective of this invention to provide an
improved weight lifting system comprising several different
diameters of weight lifting bars which are elongated devices that
accept disc weights being loaded onto each end of the bar and a
tough, durable and easy to use locking devices to fix the position
and/or limit the movement of the disc weights that are placed on
the elongated device with the locking device able to be used with
more than one diameter bar.
[0040] In one embodiment the locking device fits a standard or
flexible barbell with an OD ranging from 48 mm (1.89 inches) to 53
mm (2.1 inches) and more preferably about 51 mm (2.00 inches). In
one embodiment the locking device fits 48.3 mm (1.90 inches) OD or
49.2 mm (1.9375 inches) OD solid round rod. Some of the elongated
bars used in weight lifting are: Olympic Weight Bars, Tsunami
Bars.RTM., Olympic Curl Bars, Specialty bars such as Olympic Fat
Bars, Safety Squat Bars, Rackable Cambered Bars, Swiss Bar,
Strongman implements such as Logs, Farmers Walk Handles, and Yokes.
In one embodiment the flexible barbells comprise a component that
is an integral part of the bar and limits the distance that the
disc weight can be pushed onto the bar. Alternatively, the weights
can be limited by a device such as a spring loaded device persuaded
to engage the barbell or a locking device as described herein. A
vital component of all lifting systems is a device which is
normally positioned in contact with the outside surface of the
outermost disc weight on each end of the barbell for the purpose of
keeping the weights from sliding off of the end of the bar
especially should the person using the bar allow the bar to tilt
which positions the weights to slid off or in the case of the
Tsunami Bar.RTM. barbells to prevent the disc weights from sliding
off when as the bar bends up and down. Four locking devices, as
described herein, with one on either side of each weight or weight
stack is particularly preferred.
[0041] It is an additional objective of this invention to provide
an improved weight lifting system that remains consistent in its
ability to hold the disc weights in position by providing excellent
gripping ability of an improved locking device and prevents the
disc weights from sliding off should the barbell be tilted during
use. Further, the operating conditions in a typical weight room,
gym or strength and conditioning facility subjects the weight
lifting systems to abuse. An additional objective of this invention
is to provide a weight lifting system with an improved closure
device to fix the position of the disc weights on the elongated bar
that is abuse resistant and which incorporates features into the
weight lifting system that allows the weight lifting system, in
conjunction with the locking device, to fix the position of the
disc weights on the elongated bar such that a high level of
consistency is achieved from a functional standpoint by insuring
that the weight lifting system can be used effectively and safely
over a long period of time.
[0042] In one embodiment the split collar is made from a
thermoplastic rubber compound with a durometer of about 65 to 100
Shore A with about 85 Shore A being optimal. Within this range the
thermoplastic rubber material is sufficiently pliable to provide a
tight engagement with the barbell yet not so hard as to potentially
damage the flexible barbell. Furthermore, this range would be
flexible enough to expand for placing around the bar laterally yet
still have sufficient strength to insure that breaking of the
material is very unlikely and the closure mechanism maintains the
collar in a firmly closed positioned against the outside surface of
the barbell and is highly abuse resistant and replaceable. For
example, in one embodiment straps are used which can be replaced by
removing screws, such as four (4) screws, and replace the old strap
with a new strap. An additional objective of this invention is to
provide a weight lifting system with an improved locking device
that incorporates into the design of the closure device features
that allow the locking device to be put between 2 disc weights that
are already positioned on the bar without having to take the disc
weights off of the barbell.
[0043] The disclosed weight lifting system is preferably durable
construction including the use of tough elastomeric materials used
to construct the locking device coupled with a closure attachment
that allows the user to achieve a consistent and highly reliable
level of gripping ability to keep disc weights in place
time-after-time. The weight lifting system is significantly
enhanced through the synergistic combination of functional design
features of the molded closure device coupled with the closure
attachment portion of the closure device and the materials used to
construct the closure device and the means by which the closure
attachment device is attached to the molded closure device.
[0044] In use, the flexible bars and rods in the elongated shape
provide strength to the flexible barbell and are chosen to achieve
the proper amount of flexibility for the weight range and exercise
of choice as more fully described herein. Bars with a rectangular
cross-section are most preferred but rods find use both with and
without bars where increase in bending stiffness is required.
Flexible rectangular bars rotate within the elongated shape such
that the largest face of the rectangle is perpendicular to the
direction of force applied to the flexible barbell.
[0045] The form of the weights used with the instant invention is
not particularly limited. Olympic style and standard disc weights,
weighted bags such as sand filled bags, chains and/or other
weighted devices affixed to each end of the flexible barbell can be
used. The weight is preferably in the form of disc weights where
the flexible barbell is inserted through a hole in the center of
the disc weights. Iron plates or discs, are widely used with weight
lifting. The plates typically range in weight from about 1.1 Kg
(2.5 lbs) to about 45 Kg (100 lbs). Plates typically have a
centrally located hole. Plates with a hole having an approximate
diameter of 51 mm (2 inches) are typically referred to as Olympic
disc weights and plates with holes having an approximate diameter
of 25.4 mm (1 inch) are typically referred to as standard disc
weights. Sand bags, such as those available from Rae Crowther Co.
of Rock Hill, S.C. are filled with sand and typically weight from
about 35 lbs to about 55 lbs. Kettlebells typically range from
about 5 lbs to about 80 lbs. Kettlebells feature an approximate
round steel ball with integral curved handle allowing the
kettlebell to be grasped by one or both hands. Kettlebells may be
suspended from the flexible barbell by sliding the handle onto an
end of the flexible barbell and securing the kettlebell to the
flexible barbell by a locking device. Metal chains may be suspended
from each end of the flexible barbell by a hook and secured by a
locking device. Chains and hooks are available from `TOTAL STRENGTH
AND SPEED, Inc.` of West Columbia, S.C.
[0046] The flexible barbell bends up and down at its ends in
response to the up and down movements of the body using traditional
weightlifting movements. One such weightlifting movement is a back
squat wherein the center of the flexible barbell is positioned
behind the user's neck which allows the user to condition and train
the affected muscles in a beneficial way and in ways that are not
possible when using traditional steel barbells where the degree of
bend during use is minimal due to the very rigid material's
properties of steel. The effects of traditional weightlifting
movements is further enhanced when the user moves their body or
parts of their body such as their arms, shoulders, or legs in a up
and down or back and forth manner which allows the ends of the
flexible barbell to move or oscillate in an up and down or back and
forth manner in trailing rhythm to the movements of the user's body
and in response to the forces transmitted to the flexible barbell
by the user as the exercise movement is performed. This oscillatory
movement of the ends of the flexible barbell causes stresses (or
forces) to be transmitted to the user's muscles, tendons and joints
plus conditioning and training of the sensory receptors in the
user's muscles, tendons and joints such that beneficial results
occur for the user. Some of the beneficial results are the ability
of the muscles to contract faster which allows for greater speed of
movement which can give the user greater power in the use of their
body with particular emphasis on the use of the arms, shoulders,
legs and core.
[0047] The oscillating movement of the ends of the flexible barbell
allows the user to perform isokinetic oscillatory exercise as a
result of the ends of the flexible barbell moving up and down or
back and forth depending on the methods that the user will be
practicing for strengthening and conditioning of the user's
muscles, tendons and joints. Further, the timing and efficiency of
the concentric and eccentric muscle contractions in body parts
performing the exercise will be enhanced through proper practice of
the methods of use of the flexible barbell. In addition, when
placing the flexible barbell behind the neck, such as in performing
a back squat, the loads of the flexible barbell are transferred in
a safer manner to the outer sections of the body in the shoulder
area and over the hips and legs as opposed to being transmitted
along the length of the spine in the center of the body as occurs
with the use of a rigid steel barbell. This present invention will
define several methods of using the flexible barbell in performing
exercises that will be beneficial for the user and will be readily
understood by professionals in the Strength and Conditioning
field.
[0048] The methods of exercise are dependent upon the proper
flexibility and strength characteristics of the flexible barbell in
combination with the placement on the flexible barbell of the
selected disc weights or other weight forms to allow the user to
develop a rhythmic movement that is in harmony with the up and down
or back and forth movement of the ends of the flexible barbell in
response to the forces imparted to the center section of the
flexible barbell by the movement(s) of the user. An apparatus
construction that allows the ends of the flexible barbell, with
weights affixed, to oscillate with appropriate oscillation
amplitude and oscillation frequency to permit effective use of the
flexible barbell by the weightlifter is desired herein. U.S. Pat.
No. 7,951,051 entitled Variable Resistant Exercise Device is
incorporated herein by reference.
[0049] The stiffness of a shape constructed of a particular
material is defined as:
Stiffness=E*I
wherein E is the flexural modulus of the material and I is the
moment of inertia of the shape geometry.
[0050] In addition to the stiffness of the flexible barbell, the
oscillation frequency and oscillation amplitude are influenced by
multiple factors. For a composite, the type of fiber used as the
reinforcement in the flexible bar is a factor with oscillating
frequency and oscillation amplitude with glass fibers being the
preferred fiber. The diameter of the flexible barbell is a factor
in oscillating frequency and oscillation amplitude with a diameter
from 25.4 mm (1 inch) to about 63.5 mm (2.5 inches) being the
preferred range. The method of obtaining the required flexural
strength is a factor in oscillating frequency and oscillation
amplitude with the use of fiber reinforced composite shapes in
combination with an extruded thermoplastic tube being the preferred
materials. The length of the flexible barbell is a factor in
oscillating frequency and oscillation amplitude with a length from
5 to 8 feet being the preferred range. The use of functional
closures on the ends of the flexible barbell to insure safe and
efficient use of the flexible barbell influences oscillating
frequency and oscillation amplitude to a lesser degree.
[0051] The model also describes the dual action of the flexible
barbell, which adds an element of stabilization. Unlike
conventional stabilizer exercises like the Swiss ball, in which the
training surface is unstable, the flexible barbell provides an
unstable resistance or "live weight". But, the flexible barbell
does more than target stabilizer muscle groups. It allows the
lifter to generate maximal forces with submaximal weights loaded on
the flexible barbell.
[0052] The flexible barbell generates forces based on two primary
factors. One factor is flexible barbell frequency, which is based
on the flexibility of the flexible barbell, the length of the
flexible barbell, where the weights are placed on the flexible
barbell and the amount of weight being used. The flexibility of the
flexible barbell is constant and cannot be manipulated by the
lifter. However, the other three variables can be manipulated.
Another factor is user frequency, or force frequency, which is
based on hand placement and the timing of the repetition frequency
or how fast or slow the lifter moves the flexible barbell.
[0053] Each hand is preferably positioned on each side of the
centerline of the flexible barbell at a distance from 20.3 cm (8
inches) to 61 cm (24 inches) with 21.6 cm (8.5 inches) to 24.1 cm
(9.5 inches) being the most common position for the hands from the
flexible barbell's centerline.
[0054] With the flexible barbell the forces generated by the
flexible barbell, known as impulse forces, can be affected by the
timing of the lift. Impulse forces are defined as how much force is
needed to change the direction of the flexible barbell as it moves
downward, in a given amount of time. Putting this into a simple
formula:
Force.times.Time (impulse force)=Mass.times.change in velocity
[0055] In the flexible barbell lifting protocol this can be
manipulated by setting the metronome at very specific lifting
frequencies to fit the training goal. Decreasing the "time" factor
in the above equation requires an increase in "force", thus by
increasing the frequency of the metronome can increase the amount
of force needed to move the weight. The amount of force can be
controlled by either speeding up the repetition frequency or
slowing it down without ever having to change the weight on the
flexible barbell. The stiffness (EI) of the flexible barbell with
E=the elastic characteristics of the material used to construct the
shapes used in the flexible barbell and I=the moment of inertia of
the shapes used to construct the flexible barbell remains
relatively constant under differing parameters such as changing the
weight on each end of the flexible barbell.
[0056] The flexible barbell allows for minimal joint stress since
the force needed to move the weight changes throughout the range of
motion and is only maximal at predetermined points throughout the
lift. The flexible barbell and a standard barbell have been
compared using electromyography (EMG) to compare muscle activation
in various lifts. These tests lead to the conclusions that the
stabilizer muscles are 3 times more active using the flexible
barbell properly in the bench press. The pectoral muscles and
deltoid muscle groups were found to have a much greater EMG
response in the deltoid groups. During a close grip bench press, in
which the lifter stops the flexible barbell four inches from the
chest and immediately presses the weight upward while the flexible
barbell is still accelerating downward, the muscle activation was
20% greater than the same action using a standard barbell of the
same weight. In other words, the muscle activation at the
transition from down to up was much greater using the flexible
barbell. Proper training is critical since the flexible barbell
does all the work if the timing is not right.
[0057] Power, speed and agility can be improved using the flexible
barbell. Many training systems use chains or rubber bands to
increase resistance through the range of motion of many standard
barbell lifts such as bench press and squats. The drawback of this
method is that the weight decelerates from start to finish as the
resistance increases. Deceleration is not representative of actual
activities such as jumping, sprinting or throwing where follow
through is critical to performance. The wave action of the flexible
barbell maximizes force at a predetermined critical phase of the
lift, but then decreases force to allow the athlete to
accelerate.
[0058] Most lifts performed on a standard barbell can be adapted
using the flexible barbell. However, to get the most out of the
flexible barbell, it is not simply a matter of using it the same
way as you would a standard barbell. An ideal system would allow
for resistance to increase meeting the most critical phase of a
given movement and then decrease to allow for full acceleration on
the follow through. When used properly the flexible barbell does
just that.
[0059] The flexible barbell employs two types of oscillations
simultaneously. The lifter must time exertion based on the target
adaptation which is dictated by the sport performance one is trying
to train. As an example, in jumping there is a critical point in
the range of motion in which maximum ground reaction forces must be
generated to get maximum height. That point where the hips and
knees are flexed and are about to extend explosively upward. The
flexible barbell allows an athlete to initiate the jump as the
flexible barbell is accelerating downward to hit that critical
"sweet spot" in the jumping motion. The faster the flexible barbell
accelerates downward, the greater the resistive forces at that
point. But unlike conventional weights, once the maximal resistance
is met, the momentum of the flexible barbell transitions to an
upward acceleration allowing the athlete to move more rapidly on
the follow through of the jump. Thus maximal resistance only occurs
where it is needed.
[0060] The invention is not intended to be limited to the
embodiments described; rather, this detailed description is
included to enable any person skilled in the art to produce and to
use effectively a flexible barbell such that the ends of the
flexible barbell will bend in the downward direction when weighted
devices are attached to each end of the flexible barbell and the
flexible barbell is supported in the center section of the flexible
barbell by a means such as the supporting brackets on a steel
lifting frame or behind the neck and on the shoulders of a lifter
which act on the center section of the bar to allow gravity to pull
the ends of the flexible barbell in the downward direction. And the
flexible barbell responds to forces that are applied to the center
section of the flexible barbell with the weighted devices on the
outside of the applied forces such that as the forces are applied
in an up-and-down manner (as in a bench press starting with the
flexible barbell on one's chest) or a down-and-up manner (as in a
squat with the flexible barbell behind one's neck and the person
starting from a standing position) or a forward-and-back manner (as
in a Zercher Push Pull movement), by oscillation of the ends of the
flexible barbell with the amplitude of oscillation of the ends of
the flexible barbell proportional to the magnitude and speed and
duration of the force applied to the center section of the flexible
barbell with the person that is exerting the force in the center
section of the flexible barbell controlling the oscillation
amplitude of the ends of the flexible barbell by the timing of
their application of force to the center section of the flexible
barbell as the ends of the flexible barbell are oscillating
up-and-down, by the force and speed that is exerted on the center
section of the flexible barbell and any delays that the individual
may insert into the movement or lifting routine to allow the
oscillating ends of the flexible barbell to reach a different
position before resuming the application of a force at a given
speed to the center section of the flexible barbell.
[0061] A traditional steel barbell is very stiff and does not bend
(nor is a steel barbell designed to bend) appreciably in performing
the wide variety of exercises such as those using a flexible
barbell with weights on each end such as bicep curls, military
presses, barbell upright row, bench presses, barbell squats,
deadlifts, or clean and jerks. When significant weights are placed
on a steel barbell, the ends of the barbell will deflect downward
slightly but a rhythmic oscillation of the ends of a steel barbell
during use does not occur when using steel barbells in use today
due to the stiffness of the steel barbells in use today.
Traditional steel barbells are either approximately 7 feet or 8
feet in length although other lengths can be used. It has not been
demonstrated to date to use a traditional steel barbell to produce
a beneficial up and down oscillatory type of movement as can be
performed with a flexible barbell as described in the various
preferred embodiments of the present invention which have been
constructed to give the strength and stiffness of the flexible
barbell necessary to allow acceptable oscillatory amplitude and
oscillatory frequency in conjunction with the movements of the user
in performing the many weightlifting exercises using a flexible
barbell with circular weights placed at each end of the flexible
barbell. The person performing the exercises can position their
hands so that one hand in on top of the other hand in the center of
the flexible barbell, the two hands are side by side with the 2
thumbs or 2 index fingers touching in the center of the flexible
barbell or with the hands spaced an equal distance apart from the
center of the flexible barbell or using just one hand which is
placed at the approximate center of the device. The flexible
barbell can be positioned behind the neck and supported at the
shoulder areas, in the cusp of the arms as in performing a Zercher
push-pull or in other ways where the ends of the flexible barbell
are able to respond to forces exerted on the center of the flexible
barbell to produce acceptable oscillation amplitudes and
oscillation frequencies for the weightlifting method practiced.
This invention and methods of using the invention pertain to a
flexible barbell and is hereinafter described in detail.
[0062] The flexible barbell allows the user to train and condition
their muscles in more effective ways than using a traditional steel
barbell which is very stiff. The lifting phase of an exercise
movement is called the concentric phase. The lowering phase of an
exercise movement is called the eccentric phase. A person can
generally `lower` about 40% more weight than they can `lift`. In
the lifting phase of an exercise using a flexible barbell, the
actual amount of weight that is felt by the person when starting
the exercise movement, such as a deadlift, is less with a flexible
barbell than with a steel barbell due to the fact that the flexible
barbell bends in the center as the individual applies the initial
upward force to the center of the flexible barbell with the weights
outside the hand position towards the ends of the flexible barbell.
Once the flexible barbell has bent to the point where the stiffness
of the flexible barbell is sufficient to raise the weights off of
the surface, then the full weight of the flexible barbell with
weights will be transferred to the muscles of the user, but in a
different and potentially more beneficial manner than with using a
traditional steel bar. There is a lag or delay in the transfer of
the full weight of the flexible barbell and weights to the user
because the center portion of the flexible barbell bends first with
less force required by the user until the ends of the flexible
barbell have moved off of the surface and upward once the flexible
barbell's strength and stiffness is able to overcome the downward
weight of the circular weights at each end of the flexible barbell.
The invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments
described; rather, this detailed description is included to enable
any person skilled in the art to construct a flexible barbell and
to perform weightlifting exercises following methods that will
allow the movements of the user to interact with the responses of
the flexible barbell to enable the exercises to be done in a
beneficial manner.
[0063] The flexible barbell is made from special composite
materials, which provides a unique training stimulus. The motion of
the flexible barbell has been scientifically analyzed using high
speed cameras and a computerized motion analysis. The data from
this analysis was then used to develop a precise mathematical
modeling of the motion of the flexible barbell. The mathematical
model provides great insight into the forces generated when the
flexible barbell is used in the proper fashion, depending on the
lift performed. All standard Olympic lifts can be performed using
the flexible barbell.
[0064] The elongated shape of the flexible barbell may have any
suitable shape with a round or approximately round exterior to
include an oval shape with many types of materials inserted to the
center cavity of the device if the shape has a center cavity or
materials placed or applied on or onto the outside of the device
that makes contact with the person's hands as long as the shape
exhibits that capability to flex adequately such that that shape
does not crack, crimp or break in performing the various lifting
procedures and the shape exhibits acceptable oscillation amplitude
and oscillation frequency characteristics in performing at least
one of the many lifting procedures used in the strength and
conditioning of individuals.
[0065] The flexible barbell preferably has an approximately hollow
round shape with a uniform wall thickness formed by the process of
fixed length or continuous filament winding over a mandrel such as
a round steel mandrel in which continuous fibers of glass, carbon,
aramid, nylon or combinations of these are saturated with a liquid
resin are wound around the mandrel at angles from the horizontal
that can vary from zero degrees to 90 degree (i.e. 45 degrees, 75
degrees, etc.) with the normal practice being that the wind angles
are balanced with an example being a balanced winding of fibers in
a +/-45 degree from horizontal, or angles of wind that features
more than one wind angle such as a combination of an approximately
zero degree wind angle fibers for one or more layers with one or
more layers of an approximately 90 degree wind angle, or a
combination of wind angles such as +/-10 degrees combined with
+/-75 degrees. The reason for multiple wind angles is to provide
acceptable combination of hoop strength with longitudinal strength
with the longitudinal component being the primary contributor of
bending stiffness which affects the flexibility and the oscillation
(frequency and amplitude of oscillation) characteristics of the
flexible barbell. Use of a thermoset resin is preferred in filament
winding products although a thermoplastic resin may be used.
[0066] Particularly preferred materials for the tube are polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene
(HDPE) and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC).
[0067] The flexural modulus of the fiber reinforced resin shape can
be measured using traditional testing methods. Below is an example
of two (2) filament wound products that are manufactured on a
continuous process with the benefit of a continuous process being
that the mandrel can be a constant and consistent diameter the
entire length of the filament wound part. This constant diameter
along the length of a flexible barbell is desirable in that this
insures that the bending characteristics on each side of the
centerline of the flexible barbell are the same and that the disc
weights used in the weighting industry will fit uniformly on each
end of the flexible barbell.
[0068] Representative elongated shapes include a fiberglass pipe
with OD from about 25.4 mm (1 inch) to 2'' with continuous strands
of glass fiber in both the longitudinal direction, up to 15 degrees
off of zero degrees direction, and hoop directional with angle of
wound continuous strands of glass being between 90 degrees and 45
degrees from the longitudinal or zero degree direction provided by
Ameron-Bonstrand of Burkburnett, Tex. as Series 2000 Fiberglass
Pipe, product code FP163F. This tubular product is not tapered and
has a consistent 51 mm (2 inch) nominal OD, 42.4 mm (1.67 inches)
ID and consistent wall thickness.
[0069] Another representative elongated shape is provided by
Glasforms, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. which is an epoxy resin tubing
primarily for use with `Standard Weight Disc Plates`. The elongated
shape is a filament wound epoxy resin tubing using continuous glass
fibers as the reinforcement. The following products can be used for
flexible bars using weights with a `hole` with diameter of about
25.4 mm (1 inch). Model BW106500 has nominal 27.05 mm (1.065
inches) OD, 22.1 mm (0.872 inches) ID a wall thickness of 2.36 mm
(0.093 inches) and is available in a length of 2.74 M (108 inches).
Model BW106510 has nominal 27.05 mm (1.065 inches) OD, 27.05 mm
(1.065 inches) ID a wall thickness of 2.36 mm (0.093 inches) and is
available in a length of 2 M (79 inches). Model BW106520 has a
nominal 27.05 mm (1.065 inches) OD, 27.05 mm (1.065 inches) ID a
wall thickness of 2.36 mm (0.093 inches) and is available in a
length of 1.52 M (59.75 inches). A particularly suitable elongated
shape for demonstration of the invention is a 2.4 M (943/8 inches)
PVC schedule 40 extruded pipe manufactured by Silver-Line.RTM.
Plastics Asheville, N.C. 28804 which has an approximate OD of 48.5
mm (1.91 inches) and an ID of 39.7 mm (1 9/16 inches); a 25.4 mm (1
inch) CPVC extruded pipe, 488 Kg/M.sup.2 (100 psi) rated,
manufactured by Silver-Line.RTM. PlasticsAshville, N.C. 28804 which
has an inside diameter of approximately 22.2 mm (0.875 inches) and
an OD of approximately 28.5 mm (1.125 inches) with lengths of 2.3 M
(91.875 inches) or 2.34 M (92.1875 inches).
[0070] Particularly preferred elongated shapes feature the use of
continuous glass or carbon fibers with defined layers of the
continuous fibers being either in the longitudinal direction, zero
degrees to the lengthwise direction, or hoop direction, approximate
90 degrees to the lengthwise direction with this angle capable of
going down to 45 degrees.
[0071] Particularly preferred elongated shapes have an
approximately hollow round shape with a uniform wall thickness and
constant cross-section formed by the process of pultrusion in which
continuous forms of reinforcing materials such as continuous
fibers, glass, carbon, aramid, nylon, etc., continuous rolls of
reinforcing mats or fabrics plus continuous rolls of materials such
as surfacing veils of nylon or polyester fiber are wetted with a
liquid thermoset or thermoplastic resin with the resulting wetted
material system pulled through a shaping device and then into a
curing die where the final shape of the end product is fixed either
by cross-linking of the thermoset resin or cooling of the
thermoplastic resin with the thermoplastic resin having been heated
to a liquid state or a room temperature thermoplastic resin is used
such a PVC plastisol. In some pultrusion processes the liquid resin
is injected directly into the curing die to wet the reinforcements.
The amount and orientation of the reinforcing materials is selected
to give acceptable stiffness of the shape to be able to exhibit
acceptable oscillatory frequency and oscillatory amplitude to
function as a flexible barbell. The pultruded products are
continuously pulled over a fixed mandrel and through a die which
insures a fixed and consistent OD making pultruded round elongated
shapes ideally suited as candidates for a flexible barbell with the
selection of the appropriate reinforcing materials determining the
elongated shape's flexibility and the oscillation frequency and
amplitude which can be designed into the pultruded product to match
the performance characteristics of the identified preferred
embodiments. The focus of the pultruded flexible shapes will be the
round elongated shapes with an OD of both 50.8 mm (2 inches) and
25.4 mm (1 inch) making them useable with existing disc weight
which have an ID of either 50.8 mm (2 inches) or 25.4 mm (1 inch).
A pultruded shape using a vinyl ester resin is preferred to insure
the best long term flexural performance. Acceptable pultruded
tubing can be purchased from Strongwell Corporation of Bristol,
Va.
[0072] An approximately hollow round shape with a uniform wall
thickness and constant cross-section formed by the process of
extrusion augmented with pultrusion in which continuous forms of
reinforcing materials such as continuous fibers (glass, carbon,
aramid, nylon, etc.) are wetted with a liquid resin (a liquid PVC
thermoplastic plastisol) with the resulting wetted materials or
B-stage materials pulled into an extrusion machine in advance of
the extrusion die with curing of wetted reinforcements and
consolidation of the wetted reinforcement(s) with the melted PVC
pellets occurring in the heated extrusion die chamber. An alternate
method is to feed a fully or partially cured reinforced strand(s)
into the extrusion dies chamber such that that the resin
impregnated reinforcing strand(s) is surrounded by the melted
thermoplastic resin. If the resin component of the reinforced
strand is a PVC plastisol, then a degree of chemical bonding will
occur and if the resin matrix is another resin such as a thermoset
resin then the degree of chemical bonding will be less and primary
bonding will be either mechanical and/or simple sticking of the
thermoplastic extrusion resin to the surface of the fiber
reinforced strand. In either of these methods the primary fiber
direction is parallel to the lengthwise direction of the extruded
round shape. Where the extrusion thermoplastic pellets are PVC and
the resin used to wet the reinforcements is a PVC plastisol with
the resulting shape cured in a heated die reference hereby is made
to U.S. Pat. No. 6,955,735B2 issued Oct. 18, 2005. Resin selected
from the group consisting of vinyl ester thermoset, isophthalic
polyester thermoset, epoxy thermoset, polyurethane thermoset,
polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, high density polyethylene,
thermoplastic rubber, and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is
particularly preferred.
[0073] The internal flexible bar can be a solid round shape with a
constant OD or solid shape with a major and a minor axis with the
two axis not of the same dimension made from such materials as
composites which contain continuous reinforcing fibers and a
suitable resin using the process of pultrusion, or a metallic shape
made from a material like steel, spring steel, aluminum, etc. which
has appropriate stiffness, flexibility and adequate flexural
fatigue performance may be used as the primary material of
construction or as a component of the construction of a flexible
barbell and even to replace the external tubular shape. A 12.7 mm
(0.5 inches) OD solid steel rod has a stiffness (E*I) of
approximately 434,170 kG/M.sup.2 (88,925 lbs-in.sup.2) and 3
fiberglass bars with each bar having dimensions of 31.75.times.9.52
mm (1.25.times.0.375 inches) together have a stiffness of about
483,360 Kg/M.sup.2 (99,000 lbs-in.sup.2). Therefore the 12.7 mm
(0.5 inches) solid steel rod would give similar bending
characteristics to the three fiberglass bars although the
oscillatory characteristics would be different but if acceptable,
this steel rod could replace the three fiberglass bars. Three
fiberglass bars fit nicely inside a 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) CPVC
Schedule 40 tube whereas a 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) diameter steel rod
would be very loose inside the 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) CPVC Schedule
40 tube and this would allow the CPVC tube to bend a greater
distance before it had bent enough for the 12.7 mm (0.5 inches)
diameter steel rod to take some of the load of the weight means
attached at the ends of the flexible barbell. This would alter the
oscillatory bending/flexing characteristics. The flexible barbells
are preferably sized to accommodate standard Olympic iron disc
weights with a hole in the center that is 50.8 mm (2 inches) in OD
and the standard iron disc weights with a hold in the center that
is 25.4 mm (1 inch) in OD. Other weights may be used such as sand
bags, etc. and other iron disc weights with different diameter
holes could be made to accommodate flexible barbells with different
OD's but the practical range of OD's for iron disc weights is
projected to be in the range of 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) to about 63.5
mm (2.5 inches). A solid fiberglass rod with a flexural modulus of
about 29,294,566 Kg/M.sup.2 (6,000,000 psi) and an outside diameter
of 23.8 mm (0.9375 inches) has a stiffness (EI) of 1,110,249
Kg/M.sup.2 (227,397 lbs-in.sup.2) which would enable this 23.8 mm
(0.9375 inches) diameter rod to be used as a flexible barbell in a
length of about 2.28 M (90 inches) by itself eliminating the need
for a tube although this diameter bar would be used with standard
disc weights that had a 25.4 mm (1 inch) diameter hole or the ends
of this 23.8 mm (0.9375 inches) diameter shape could be retrofitted
with a covering that would enable the use of Olympic size disc
weights with 50.8 mm (2 inches) diameter holes, and this bar could
be coated with a LineX XS-350 polyurea material in order to offer
additional exterior protection.
[0074] Acceptable composite solid round pultruded shapes are
available from Glasforms, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. Solid steel
tubular shapes are available from a variety of sources such as
Ryerson Inc. of Chicago, Ill. In addition to defining the stiffness
of the flexible barbell, the minimum and maximum amount of weight
that is placed on a flexible barbell is to be defined for each
flexible bar construction.
[0075] A particularly suitable flexible bar is a fiberglass
pultruded rectangular shape with dimensions of
6.35.times.19.05.times.2321 mm (0.25.times.0.75 wide.times.91.375
inches). The fiberglass shapes were manufactured by Trench Electric
in Toronto, Canada. Two of the fiberglass rectangular shapes were
inserted into the center cavity of a 25.4 mm (1 inch) CPVC extruded
tube. This fiberglass rectangular shape has a flexural modulus of
approximately 34-30 million Kg/M.sup.2 (5-6 million psi). A
material such as round 9.525 mm (0.375 inches) diameter foam backer
tubing that is traditionally used as an insulation type of material
to plug gaps around windows may be wrapped around the 25.4 mm (1
inch) CPVC extruded tube and secured at each end of the CPVC tube
using a piece of duct tape. This wrapping of the 9.525 mm (0.375
inches) foam backer tubing takes up some space between the outside
of the 25.4 mm (1 inch) CPVC tube and the inside diameter of the
38.1 mm (1.5 inches) diameter PVC schedule 40 tube into which the
25.4 mm (1 inch) CPVC tubing will be inserted. This foam backer
material serves to dampen any noise from the movement of the CPVC
tubing inside the PVC tubing.
[0076] It is particularly preferred to apply end caps or plugs to
the end of the elongated shape for aesthetics and to prohibit the
internal flexible bars from sliding out of the elongated shape. For
example, 25.4 mm (1 inch) CPVC end caps can be affixed to each end
of 25.4 mm (1 inch) CPVC extruded elongated shape. The 25.4 mm (1
inch) CPVC cap fits over an end of the 25.4 mm (1 inch) CPVC
extruded pipe. A suitable end plug is a 38.1 mm (1.5 inches)
plastic mechanical pipe plug from Oatey.RTM. of Cleveland, Ohio.
The wing nut of the Oatey pipe plug adds about 20.64 mm (0.8125
inches) to the length of each end of the 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) PVC
extruded tube.
[0077] It is preferable to add a surface treatment, such as a
coating or a wrap, to the exterior of the elongated shape. A
material suitable for demonstration of the invention is 3M
Safety-Walk.TM. Anti Slip Tape in Grey color available from ACE
hardware as code 64175. This tape contains a slip-resistant surface
of a durable rubber-type material which is comfortable to the hands
and allows the user to grip the surface of the flexible barbell
plus the wrap increases the OD of the 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) PVC tube
so that the circular barbell weights have a reduced tendency to
slip on the surface of the barbell.
[0078] Additional apparatus constructions may be used as long as
they provide the user with acceptable oscillation amplitudes and
oscillation frequencies with weights affixed to each end of the
flexible barbell as have been achieved with the above preferred
embodiments in the performance of at least one lifting method.
Speed of movement of the hands of the person doing the lifting in
applying forces to the center of the flexible barbell in
conjunction with the physical properties of the flexible barbell
being used, the amount of weight on each end of the flexible
barbell plus the length of the movement of applied forces. The
length of the arm extension in performing a bench exercise
determines the oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequencies of
the flexible barbell during the use of the flexible barbell with
one requirement being an acceptable perceived responsiveness of the
flexible barbell. This is determined by the user of the flexible
barbell.
[0079] A rate of movement of the hands of the individual that grasp
the flexible barbell is preferably between 30.35 and 152 cm (1 and
5 feet) per second. An acceptable means for determining
acceptability of alternative constructions is the stiffness of the
flexible barbell. Stiffness is defined as the product of E
(material modulus).times.I (moment of inertia of the shape being
used). An apparatus with an exterior circular shape is preferred
but other shapes may be used as long as the shape exhibits
acceptable oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequency.
[0080] Training with the flexible barbell provides the lifter with
added safety and builds muscular force strength, muscular velocity
strength, muscular endurance strength, increase the speed of muscle
contraction, and enhances the ability of the various supporting
muscles, ligaments and tendons to work together more effectively
for potential enhancement of the affected movements by training the
sensory receptors, or proprioceptors, in the muscles and tendons to
be more aware of the relative position of the various muscles
groups.
[0081] There are many lifting movements where the use of a flexible
barbell can enhance the specific training. Most lifting movements
using a flexible barbell are similar to the movements when using a
standard steel barbell. Because the weights at or near the ends of
the flexible barbell are moving in an oscillatory manner with an
amplitude in response to the forces exerted by the lifter on the
center section of the flexible barbell, the methods of using a
flexible barbell effectively are different from the methods used
when lifting with a steel barbell.
[0082] Resistance training falls into two primary categories: speed
resistance training and force resistance training. In speed
training the lifter will use a submaximal amount of weight and the
muscle response and activation will be faster than in force
training. In force training, the lifter will use maximal weight,
consequently muscle activation will be slower than in speed
training. Use of a flexible barbell permits new methods to be used
to achieve maximum results surpassing the results that are
achievable when using standard steel barbells.
[0083] The contraction of one's muscles, when they activate, are
either eccentric or concentric contractions. The weights at the
ends of a flexible barbell can move in the same and opposite
direction from the direction of movement of either the arms or body
of the lifter during both the eccentric and concentric contraction
phase of muscle movement. Depending on the objectives of the
training, the lifter, when the muscles are approaching the end of
the eccentric contraction, can develop a timing response for the
weights to fully bottom-out before engaging the muscles in the
concentric contraction phase which is supported by `The
Sliding-Filament Model of Muscular Contraction` which is specific
to Force training. This model was independently developed by Andrew
F. Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke and by Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson
in 1954. The timing response is part of the new method in using the
flexible barbell most effectively. Response timing, wherein the
lifter waits for the weights to bottom-out, results in a new and
novel method for lifters to perform. The lifter will want to wait
until the weights bottom-out in order to allow the muscles to take
the maximum load (Sliding-Filament Model) which will be greater
than the total amount of weights placed on the ends of the flexible
barbell due to the effects of momentum of the moving weights. And
while the lifter is waiting for the ends of the flexible barbell to
bottom-out the ancillary supporting muscles will be activated and
conditioned as the lifter must control the movement of the flexible
barbell. This method results in training focusing on building
additional strength through Force training.
[0084] But the lifter can alter the above method and before the
weights bottom-out in their movement, the lifter can begin the
concentric phase of muscle contraction for Speed training. The
lifter moves and pushes against a force that is increasing to the
point where the weights bottom-out. This places an increasing
stress on the skeletal muscular system. The focus of this type of
`new and novel` movement is to enhance the ability of the targeted
muscles to `fire faster` so the net result is the lifter's ability
to move their hands and arms faster. This occurs with a football
lineman who will keep their elbows in a bent position and their
hands 6-8 inches away from their chest. Therefore, moving their
hands and arms, using concentric muscle contractions to full
extension that will make contact with the opposing player. A
football player wants to be able to move the arms as fast as
possible so he can be the first to make contact and gain an
advantage over the opposing player. This `new` speed training
method trains the muscles to contract faster. The same principal
applies to a lifter that would be performing squats in which the
legs are bending at the knees vice the bending of the arms. As the
legs bend downward in the squat the weights at the ends of the
flexible barbell bend downward and when the lifter moves upward
before the weights have bottomed-out for Speed training, the
continued downward movement of the weights places increasing stress
on the muscles of the legs, quads and hamstrings, resulting in
training that will allow the muscles to `fire faster` resulting the
football player being able to extend their legs faster from a bent
position enabling them to move their bodies faster and make contact
with the opposing player quicker and with more `power` with the
combination of force and speed.
[0085] The lifting methods using a flexible barbell for the
greatest benefit in developing muscle strength and power feature
several common features. A basic feature in the majority of
exercises using a flexible barbell is to challenge the muscles in a
unique way during the eccentric phase of the exercise. Muscles can
handle about 40% more weight during the eccentric phase of
weightlifting than the concentric phase. During this phase, which
is also called the negative phase, the weights at the ends of the
flexible barbell will continue in a downward movement once the user
has come to a stop due to the flexing of the flexible barbell and
the momentum of the downward moving weight. This downward momentum
of the downward moving weight places greater stress on the user's
muscles during this eccentric movement. This flexibility is
dramatically demonstrated when performing a squat with the flexible
barbell behind and resting on the back of the user's neck. During
the downward (or eccentric) movement of the user, the weight will
continue moving downward as the user stops and reverses the
movement direction to up. Then during the upward movement of the
lifter, the weights at the end of the flexible barbell will change
direction and the force of the flexing fiberglass bars will cause
the weights to accelerate slightly in the upward direction. When
the user is at the full upright position, the flexible barbell is
still moving up which during this upward movement has slightly
reduced the stress on the user during this lifting or concentric
phase of the movement which is an enhancement due to the use of the
flexible barbell given the fact that fatigue will set in more
quickly during the concentric phase than the eccentric phase
because the eccentric phase can handle almost 40% more weight than
the concentric phase. And when the oscillation characteristics of
the flexible barbell are in harmony with the up and down movement
of the user during the squat exercise, the user is able to maintain
a rhythm which results in more effective transfer of the forces
encountered by the user during the exercise to the muscles
resulting in better muscle conditioning, greater ability in
training the muscles to fire more responsively or respond faster
and more effectively during use and better conditioning due to
greater loads being transferred to the muscles during the eccentric
phase that is enabled through the use of a properly designed
flexible barbell in combination with the correct amount and
positioning of the circular weights. If an exercise can be
performed at high enough frequency rate, then the ability to train
the muscle, tendons and joint sensory receptors is made possible. A
flexible barbell exercise where this is more applicable is a bench
press with rapid up and down movement with the flexible barbell
constructed to move up and down at a frequency that is in harmony
with the up and down movement of the individual's arms. Other types
of lifts to which this applies are the jump squat and split jump
squat.
[0086] Another benefit to the weightlifter is the fact that because
the flexible barbell bends in the center, the load of the flexible
barbell is transferred to the lifter in a different manner than
with a steel barbell. With the flexible barbell bending in the
center, the loads in a back squat are transferred more to the
sagittal planes of the body instead of the spinal column which
decreases stress on the vertebrae with the loads transferred to the
large shoulder muscles and the ankle, knee and hip joint which
reduces the risk of a spinal injury and makes the training process
safer and more effective for the lifter in pre, during and post
competition. This will enable the lifter to train with greater
velocity or speed due to using submaximal weight. By using
submaximal weight the force-velocity relationship will be greater
than with a steel barbell, and increase the amplitude and
oscillatory factor which will stimulate to a higher level the
neuromuscular system and increase the firing (contraction speed) of
the muscle. This use of submaximal weight in combination with
faster lifting movements is unique with a flexible barbell and not
possible with a steel barbell as a steel barbell does not bend and
does not allow for the momentum gain which occurs when the ends of
the flexible barbell bends.
[0087] Using submaximal weight means using a weight which is
roughly 60% or less of maximal weight, which gives the lifter the
ability to apply more velocity to the lift. This enables the
central nervous system to be more stimulated in a sense of firing
(or contraction speed) the muscle. The rigid steel bar is great for
developing force, or strength, but is difficult to use in a manner
that the flexible barbell gives in the development of coordination,
balance, rhythm, speed, plyometric and reversal movements. Because
the ends of the flexible barbell move during the lifting movements,
the athlete must concentrate on maintaining body balance and
coordination of the various muscles that are being used, and this
promotes better coordination among the various muscles and an
increased ability to move the body in a more stable and balanced
manner. Also, the athlete's sense of awareness, or proprioception,
of the various parts of their body engaged in the lifting process
is enhanced due to the conditioning of the muscles being used under
the combination of the weight of the flexible barbell and weights
on the flexible barbell plus the added velocity due to the movement
of the ends of the flexible barbell. This promotes an ability for
the athlete to use the various parts of their body and the muscles
that move these body parts in a more effective manner.
[0088] The lifter lowers a steel bar to the chest and the steel
barbell is rigid, in which case the lifter could possibly drop or
bounce the steel barbell on the lifters chest resulting in possible
injury. The flexible barbell bends in the middle thereby minimizing
the chance of chest injury due to the weight shifting to the
sagittal plane of the body moving the weight from the center of the
chest area to the outside edges of the body. As the lifter unracks
the weight, the ends of the flexible barbell bend downward and the
flexible barbell begins oscillating which develops core and
shoulder stability which is very beneficial in athletic
competition. As the lifter lowers the weight they are able to work
different movements with the flexible barbell. The first, being a
normal lowering and pressing of the flexible barbell. The second is
a more plyometric or reversing of the flexible barbell. As this
lift is performed the greater the velocity and force that is
applied by the lifter the greater the amplitude of the oscillating
ends of the flexible barbell and the greater the neuromuscular
development implications. This lowering of the weight using the
above mentioned normal method and the alternative method of the
lowering being a more plyometric or reversing can be applied to
other methods of lifting such as a back squat wherein the legs are
effecting the lowering of the body rather than the arms, and the
rate of lowering and then raising up effects the amplitude of the
oscillating ends of the flexible barbell. Also, at the down or up
position, there can be a slight pause which affects the transfer of
the weights to the muscles and joints of the body to allow the
lifter to train effectively in a variety of ways.
[0089] Another benefit of the flexible barbell is the rehab methods
of uses. These includes lifts that are loaded on the back such as a
back squat, but not limited to the back that enables the lifter to
rehab from hip, knee or ankle injuries/surgeries. This gives the
lifter the ability to load sub-maximal weight that will enable them
to develop coordination, balance, rhythm, and the ability to train
the muscle to fire more effectively again through the
proprioception process. This process enables the muscle to reverse
or respond to the resistance that is applied through neuromuscular
responses that train the muscles to perform or respond with greater
accuracy, control and power during the rehab process.
[0090] Another significant aspect of the flexible barbell which
alters the methods of lifting is the ability to move with the
flexible barbell and not stay in a stationary position. For example
the jump squat or the split jump squat. The flexible barbell moves
with the body and deloads the stress off the spine due to the
loading of the sagittal plane instead of the spine. The flexing
up-and-down of the flexible barbell enables the athlete to move up
and down, back and forth and side to side. During the flexing of
the ends of the flexible barbell the weight is transferred to the
supporting muscles in a softer and gradual manner as opposed to the
instantaneous manner of a steel barbell. During this movement, the
muscles that surround all the joints in which stress is being
applied are working in a more conducive way that relates to
athletic movement.
[0091] The athlete can use the flexible barbell for force training
because of the ability to load heavy weight on the flexible
barbell. The lifter or athlete can use the flexible barbell in a
dynamic manner in which they are more focused on developing the
central nervous system to train the muscles to fire more
effectively. They can use the flexible barbell for balance and
coordination purposes through the oscillating effect of the
flexible barbell's movement. The lifter or athlete can use the
flexible bar as a prehab or rehab tool to develop the muscles, the
muscle attachments and the firing mechanisms that surround the
joints being exercised. They can also use the flexible barbell in
mobile capacity in which they move from a stationary position into
a mobility action such as a jump squat. Their anaerobic capacity
can be greatly enhanced due to the endless possibilities for
altering the methods of lifting that the flexible barbell allows
them to do.
[0092] Many athletes perform multi-joint movements when they
compete. A flexible barbell allows the multiple joints to be
developed in different and unique ways. For example the back squat
allows the athlete to train the joints of the lower sagittal plane
that consists of the ankle flexion/extension, knee
flexion/extension, hip flexion/extension and the trunk
flexion/extension. There are at least 43 muscles around these
joints that are being developed, not to mention the muscle
attachments and the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, if
we were to complex the lift and add a clean and jerk to the
movement, the athlete would then be able to develop the shoulder
flexion/extension, elbow flexion/extension and the wrist
flexion/extension. This increases the muscles exercised by 15,
which would give a total 58 muscles around the joints of the
sagittal plane being developed. Steel barbells do not support the
lifting methods that permit this type of training.
[0093] The below lifting movements will be described and reference
will be made to the above described new methods applied for both
Force training and Speed training as they apply to each individual
lifting movement. These new methods are directly related to the
oscillatory movement of the ends of the flexible barbell when
weighted means are affixed at or near the ends of the flexible
barbell.
[0094] Force Training is the ability to activate muscle contraction
against an opposing force that is applied through the flexible
barbell. In amplitude speed training the muscles are trained to
fire, or contract, with greater efficiency and/or greater speed
through stimulation and training of the sensory receptors, or
proprioceptors, located in the muscles and tendons with the muscles
training against the resistive forces produced in the use of a
flexible barbell.
[0095] Oscillatory training enhances sensory receptor stimulation
wherein the ability of the sensory receptors to enhance
stabilization of the muscle contractions is enhanced through the
use of the oscillation characteristics of the flexible barbell.
[0096] Plyometric training improves muscle responsiveness, which
results in improved muscle power, through the up-and-down or
back-and-forth movements of the ends of the flexible barbell in
which the muscles are rapidly lengthening more effectively followed
by a more effective explosive muscle shortening movement that
trains the targeted muscles to fire faster and produce a stronger
muscle contraction.
[0097] The oscillatory movements of a flexible barbell promotes
rehabilitation of the sensory receptors and facilitates the ability
of the injured muscles to fire, or contract, more effectively
following surgery, tear or sprain.
[0098] Many standard exercises can be enhanced with the flexible
barbell including upper body exercises such as bench press,
inclined bench press, shoulder press, bent over row and bicep
curls; lower body exercises such as back squat, front squat, lunge
walks, good mornings, dead lifts and box squats and total body
explosive exercises such as power clean, hang clean, push jerk,
push press, broad jump, vertical jump, split jump, Zercher push
pull, power shrugs and high pulls.
[0099] Bench press for force training can be performed by loading
the flexible barbell with a maximum load. The lifter takes the
flexible barbell from the chest to lockout position, where the arms
are fully extended, in a controlled manner and repeating. Bench
press for speed training can be performed by loading the flexible
barbell with a submaximal weight, such as 60% or less of one's body
weight, and moving the flexible barbell rapidly in an up and down
motion. Bench press for oscillatory training can be accomplished
for speed and force movements. An example includes overloading the
flexible barbell and holding the flexible barbell in a lockout
position. The flexible barbell will naturally oscillate as a result
of the upward forces applied to the approximate center of the
flexible barbell during the initial bench press movement
immediately preceding the lockout. The oscillating ends of the
flexible bar force the sensory receptors, or proprioceptors, to be
activated to balance or control the movement of the flexible
barbell. This conditions the muscles and tendons in the joints to
function together which enhances the athletic performance of the
individual.
[0100] Inclined bench press for force training can be performed by
loading the flexible barbell with a maximum load and taking the
flexible barbell from chest to lockout position in a controlled
manner repeatedly. Inclined bench press can be performed for speed
training by loading the flexible barbell with a submaximal weight,
such as 60% or less of one's body weight, and moving the flexible
barbell in a rapid up and down motion. The flexible barbell can be
used for oscillatory training by overloading the flexible barbell
and holding in a lockout position while the flexible barbell
oscillates as a result of the upward forces applied to the
approximate center of the flexible barbell during the initial
inclined bench press movement which immediately precedes the
lockout. The oscillating ends of the flexible barbell force the
sensory receptors to be activated to balance or control the
movement of the flexible barbell as in the bench press.
[0101] Shoulder press for force training can be performed by
loading the flexible barbell with a maximum load and moving the
flexible barbell from between the chest and chin to a lockout
position parallel to the body in a controlled manner and repeating.
Shoulder press for speed training can be performed by loading the
flexible barbell with a submaximal weight, such as 60% or less of
one's body weight, and moving the flexible barbell rapidly in an up
and down motion. The flexible barbell can be used for oscillatory
training by overloading the flexible barbell and holding the
flexible barbell in a lockout position while the flexible barbell
oscillates as a result of the upward forces applied to the
approximate center of the flexible barbell by the lifting motion
preceding lockout.
[0102] Bent over row can be performed by loading the flexible
barbell with a submaximal load and pulling the flexible barbell
from the lockout position to the navel. The flexibility of the
flexible barbell allows for force, speed and oscillatory
training.
[0103] Tricep extensions may be performed by loading the flexible
barbell with a submaximal load and extending the triceps from
behind the head to over the head with arms fully extended and palms
facing up. The flexibility of the flexible barbell permits force,
speed and oscillatory training.
[0104] Bicep curls can be performed by loading the flexible barbell
with submaximal weight and moving the flexible barbell from the
hips to the upper chest in a standing curling movement with
multiple repetitions. During the lower phase, or eccentric phase,
of the movement the flexible barbell allows for a greater load to
be transmitted to the bicep muscles due to the momentum gain from
the downward movement of the moving weights which permits an
enhanced stretching of the bicep muscle at approximately the end
position of the lowering phase. In the enhanced stretch position
the individual has placed the bicep muscle in a position such that
in the following concentric lifting phase the bicep is able to be
trained to contract faster due to the bicep muscle being stretched
more effectively during the eccentric phase.
[0105] A back squat and front squat can be performed for force
training by loading the flexible barbell with the maximal load and
moving from a standing position to a squatted parallel position
where the quadriceps are parallel to the ground and back to a
standing position. In the back squat the flexible barbell is behind
the neck whereas with front squat the flexible barbell is in front
of the neck. The angle of the back is different for the two squats
to maintain the weight over the centerline and feet. Because the
flexible barbell bends in the center with the weights on each end
of the flexible barbell bends across the back and shoulder of the
lifter and therefore the load is not concentrated on the centerline
of the body but instead are moved outwards towards the shoulders
which allows the lifter to more effectively handle the load with
the weight of the flexible barbell and weights being divided
between each of the sides of the lifters shoulders as opposed to
being concentrated on the centerline of the body. Speed training
can be performed with the back squat by loading a submaximal load
on the flexible barbell and moving in a rapid pace from standing to
a squatting parallel position and back to a standing position.
During the eccentric, or downward phase, of the squat the ends of
the flexible barbell will bend downward to a greater degree as the
lifter approaches the end of the downward movement. This continued
loading of the muscles as a result of the downward movement of the
loading of the muscles as a result of the downward movement of the
ends of flexible barbell causes the sensory receptors in the
muscles and tendons to be activated at an enhanced level resulting
in more training and conditioning of the muscles involved in this
squat exercise with one potential benefit being enhanced speed or
contraction of the quads and hamstrings resulting in greater power
movement by the lifter. The oscillatory training effect will take
place naturally as the flexible barbell oscillates while the lifter
performs the squat in a force or speed exercise.
[0106] Zercher squats for force training may be performed by
loading the flexible barbell with maximal load and moving from a
squatted position to a parallel position wherein the quadriceps are
parallel to the ground back to the standing position while the
flexible barbell is cradled in the cuffs of the elbow. The Zercher
squat lowers the weight from the shoulders to mid-torso. As the
lifter moves down during the squat and approaches the limit of the
squat the ends of the flexible barbell will continue to move down
which accentuates the load felt by the lifter thereby making the
squat more difficult resulting in a greater ability for
strengthening the glutes and hamstrings. Speed training can be
performed with the Zercher squat by loading a submaximal load on
the flexible barbell and moving in a rapid pace from standing to
squatting parallel position and back to a standing position. The
movements are more rapid than in force training and the loads
transferred to the lifter's muscles are accentuated more than in
the force Zercher squats with the benefit to the lifter being
development of greater muscle strength targeted to the hamstrings
and glutes. In addition, the fast pace of the speed training
promotes sensory receptor stimulation and training with a potential
for more effective use of the legs for sports specific uses. The
oscillatory training effect will take place naturally as the
flexible barbell oscillates while the lifter performs the Zercher
squat in a force or speed manner.
[0107] Lunge walks can be performed by loading the flexible barbell
on the lifters back, front shoulders or in the cuffs of the elbow
followed by a forward or backward lunge step while assuring the
shins are vertical and the quadriceps are parallel to the ground.
Because the flexible barbell bends as the lifter approaches the end
of the lunge movement the forces transferred to the lifter's
muscles are enhanced thereby forcing the surrounding muscles to
assist in stabilization making the lunge a more beneficial movement
resulting in a greater ability to condition the targeted muscles
and ancillary supporting muscles.
[0108] Good mornings can be performed by loading the flexible
barbell on the lifters back followed by the lifter bending over
while pushing their hips back until the desired amount of
resistance is felt on the hamstrings, glutes and spinal erectors.
As the lifter bends over and approaches the end of the bend the
flexible barbell will continue to bend downwards forcing
surrounding muscles to assist the body in stabilizing which results
in conditioning of a greater number of muscles and surrounding
tendons. As in a back squat this lift is made safer when using a
flexible barbell since the flexible barbell bends in the center
with weights on each end of the flexible barbell and the loads
transferred to the outer parts of the body.
[0109] Dead lifts can be performed by loading submaximal to maximal
weight on the flexible barbell and pulling the flexible barbell
from the floor until the hips are locked in a standing position.
The oscillation of the ends of the flexible barbell require the
ancillary muscles to assist the body in stabilizing during this
movement thereby increasing the conditioning benefit to the
supporting ancillary muscles. As the lifter moves up from the
standing position the weight of the flexible barbell will be
increased due to the momentum of the weights flexing having
momentum downward which the lifter has to encounter which results
in greater conditioning due to the enhanced loads.
[0110] Box squats can be performed by using a box that is
positioned at a height that allows the lifter to perform a parallel
squat while sitting back on the box. The lifter loads the flexible
barbell on the back with submaximal weight that enables the athlete
to move into a speed training movement. The flexible barbell
enables the lifter to more effectively develop the quads, glutes
and hamstrings due to the fact that during speed training the ends
of the flexible barbell continue to flex down following the sitting
down of the lifter and with the lifter immediately exploding up
from the sitting position with the ends of the flexible barbell
moving down which places a greater load due to the moment which
requires the lifter to exert more force as the lifter pushes up
initially using the glutes followed by the quads.
[0111] The Power Clean can be performed as a ground base speed
movement using the flexible barbell and submaximal weight. The
Power Clean lift is benefitted more from a speed training
standpoint than force training because of the flexible barbell's
ability in use to stimulate the nervous system, which will help
muscles respond and react faster. The flexible barbell aids in this
process by overloading the muscle sensory system from a reactive,
responsive and coordinated effort that can be transferred to the
action of sport or to the action of lifting, jumping, running or
movement in general.
[0112] The Hang Clean can be performed as a ground base speed
movement using the flexible barbell and submaximal weight. The Hang
Clean lift is benefitted more from a speed training standpoint than
force training because of the flexible barbell's ability in use to
stimulate the nervous system, which will help muscles respond and
react faster. The flexible barbell aids in this process by
overloading the muscle sensory system from a reactive, responsive
and coordinated effort that can be transferred to the action of
sport or to the action of lifting, jumping, running or movement in
general.
[0113] The push jerk develops multi-joint explosive power and can
be performed from a force movement or a speed movement. Oscillating
movement is realized as the lifter stabilizes and controls the top
end of the lift due to the flexing of the ends of the flexible
barbell. The lifter presses the flexible barbell from the top of
the chest to overhead in the frontal plane of the lifters body.
This can also be done off of the back shoulders which builds
explosive power as the lifters ankle, knee, hip and shoulder joint
work in sequence to lock the flexible barbell out over the lifters
head. The power generated in this movement should cause the
athlete's feet to leave the floor.
[0114] The push press can be performed with both a force movement
and a speed movement. Oscillating movement of the flexible barbell
occurs as the lifter stabilizes and controls the top end of the
lift due to the flexibility of the flexible barbell. The lifter
presses the flexible barbell from the top of the chest to overhead
in the frontal plane of the body. This can be done off of the back
shoulders as well and builds explosive power as the lifters ankle,
knee, hip and shoulder joints work in sequence to lock the flexible
barbell out over the lifters head. The feet should remain in
contact with the floor.
[0115] The broad jump, vertical jump and split jump are very
difficult to accomplish safely with a standard steel barbell but
due to the flexibility of the flexible barbell the lifter is able
to move more freely and less rigidly as they perform broad jumps
since the flexible barbell bends to absorb the force through the
lower levers and then reapplies force as the lifter jumps.
[0116] The Zercher push pull benefits greatly from the flexible
barbell. The flexible barbell gives the resistance of a push-pull
movement that can develop balance and coordination in athletes,
particularly football players. The flexible barbell sits in the
cuff of the lifters elbows and as the lifter moves back and forth
in a power position the ends of the flexible barbell move back and
forth giving the sensation of a push-pull movement which is counter
to the movement of the athlete.
[0117] Power shrugs or high pulls can be performed using a flexible
barbell and are particularly preferred prior to performing a power
clean or hang clean using a standard rigid steel barbell. The
flexible barbell allows the overloading of the muscles due to the
bending of the flexible barbell which provides for increased weight
transfer to the affected muscles due to the momentum of the flexing
flexible barbell which engages the sensory receptors resulting in
the ability of the muscles to fire at a faster rate with resulting
faster movement of a standard steel bar. The power shrug using the
flexible barbell stimulates the muscles and sensory receptors in a
way that they fire the nervous system which creates a muscle memory
and when lifting a steel barbell the affected muscles remain
actively firing and this condition helps transfer greater force to
the steel barbell thereby enabling faster movement of the standard
steel bar.
EXAMPLES
Example A
[0118] A 2.28 M (90 inches) length of Schedule 40 extruded
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) with an inside diameter (ID)
of 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) and an outside diameter (OD) of 48.5 mm
(1.91 inches) from IPEX America of Pineville, N.C. was used to
prepare a bar suitable for accommodating at least 136 Kg (300 lbs)
of total weight with the oscillation amplitude and oscillation
frequency acceptable to the user when the hands are moving during
the concentric and eccentric lifting phase of a bench press at a
speed that may vary between 1 and 5 feet per second with the speed
of the hands adjusted by the user to accommodate the training
objectives with each hand positioned on each side of the centerline
of the flexible barbell at a distance from 20.3 cm (8 inches) to 61
cm (24 inches) with 21.6 cm (8.5 inches) to 24.1 cm (9.5 inches)
being the most common position for the hands from the flexible
barbell's centerline.
[0119] The flexible barbell was coated with a thickness between 40
and 50 mils of Line-X.RTM. spray polyurea coating, XS-100, with a
top coat of about 3 mils of Line-X.RTM.'s AspartX.RTM. black
coating to give a tougher surface.
[0120] The expected deflection of each end of the flexible barbell
with a defined amount of weight on each end of the flexible barbell
using the equation for a simply supported beam where 2 concentrated
loads are symmetrically applied. The two concentrated loads
represent the weights applied to each end of the flexible barbell
with the flexible barbell supported in the center using 2 hands
spaced 21.6 cm (8.5 inches) on each side of the flexible barbells
centerline. From Strength of Materials by Robert W Fitzgerald
Copyright 1967 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.; pg 381
deflection at the end of the flexible barbell using the
equation:
Deflection=[[P(weight on one end of bar=135 lbs)*[(Length of bar
section: 2.28 M (90 inches)-43.2 cm (17 inches))/2]]/(24*EI) (with
EI=216,256 for the construction of this
bar)]*((3*90.sup.2)-(4*36.5.sup.2))=18''(45.72 cm) or converting to
the angle from horizontal=35 degrees.
[0121] When performing a squat or a jump squat with the flexible
barbell positioned behind the head and resting along the shoulders
of the lifter, the flexible barbell is expected to respond
acceptably with up to 227 Kg (500 lbs) of total weight.
[0122] A 137 cm (54 inches) long 7.62 cm (3 inch) inside diameter
(ID) piece of clear 0.045'' thick heat shrink tubing, purchased as
BuyHeatShrink.RTM. tubing(polyolefin) from Deerfield Beach, Fla.
33064 was applied over the outside surface of the CPVC tube
following coating of the CPVC tubing with the LineX material and
centered along the 2.28 M (90 inches) length of the CPVC tube. The
shrink tubing had a shrink ratio of 2:1. The 137 cm (54 inches)
long piece was selected due to the observation that 7.62 cm (3
inch) wide metal bar support brackets are provided on a standard
barbell lifting rack which are about 54.6 cm (21.5 inches) from the
centerline (CL) of the flexible barbell. The brackets are 7.62 cm
(3 inch) wide and an extra length of 63.5 mm (2.5 inches) was added
for safety suggest a length of 137 cm (54 inches) for the heat
shrink tubing. The heat shrink tubing is a preferred option which
provides benefits for the user of this flexible barbell. The heat
shrink tubing provides a better gripping surface for one's hands
when using the flexible barbell and increases slightly the OD of
the Line-X.RTM. coated surface so that the 50.8 mm (2 inches)
ID.times.15.24 cm (6 inches) long rack support pads will fit tight
to the outside surface of the flexible barbell when installed at a
distance of approximately 53.3 cm (21 inches) each side of the
centerline of the flexible barbell. The rack support pads provide
protection for the surface of the flexible barbell as it is place
in and taken out of the rack support brackets on the lifting
rack.
[0123] Three 2.2 M (86.75 inches) pultruded fiberglass reinforced
plastic bars with dimensions of 9.525.times.31.75 mm
(0.375.times.1.25 inches) were inserted in the flexible tube. The
plastic bars were supplied by Glasforms, Inc. of San Jose, Calif.
and each end of the plastic bars was beveled to prevent the ends
from cutting into the CPVC inside wall. Each bar was a vinyl ester
resin to better insure long flex life reinforced with 65% weight
percent continuous fiberglass rovings.
[0124] The fiberglass bars were inserted into the cavity of the
CPVC tube and a rubber end cap plug was inserted and glued into
each end of the CPVC tube. The entire bar was coated with the
Line-X.RTM. spray polyurethane/polyurea coating, XS-100. The rubber
end caps were provided by Schacht/Pfister as model BB 21B 28.5 mm
(1.125 inches). Krazy.RTM. superglue around the outside surface
near the open end of the rubber end cap and using a twisting motion
as the rubber end cap is pushed into the open ends of the CPVC
tubing. Rubber end cap fits approximately 33.3 mm (1.312 inches)
from the open end of the CPVC tubing into the cavity of the CPVC
tubing thereby provided a finished length of flexible bar of about
2.3 M (90.75 inches).
[0125] Two 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) diameter holes were drilled,
approximately 31.75 mm (1.25 inches) from the end of the rubber end
plug, through the wall of the Line-X.RTM. coated CPVC tube and the
wall of the rubber end cap plug for receiving a hitch pin with a
diameter of 9.525 mm (0.375 inches).times.63.5 mm (2.5 inches). The
hitch pins were provided by Hillman and identified as a `Wire Lock`
pin square with product code 08236 77004. A 3.97 mm ( 5/32 inch)
pilot hole was drilled before the 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) final hole
was drilled. A template was used to mark the center of each hole
with the holes positioned on opposite sides of the extruded
flexible tube and each hole is 31.75 mm (1.25 inches) from the end
of the tube with the holes positioned 180 degrees from each other.
The open end of the rubber end plug that extends toward the
interior of the CPVC tube from the hitch pin prevents the
fiberglass bars from becoming wedged between the hitch pin and the
inner wall of the tube thereby allowing the fiberglass bars to
rotate freely inside the extruded flexible tubing.
[0126] Indicia, in the form of numbers, were stenciled onto the
surface of the Line-X.RTM. coating before application of the heat
shrink tubing. Starting with numbers 5.4 mm (1 inch) from each of
the knurling line indicators, 21.6 cm (8.5 inches) from centerline
of the tube, with numbers going from 1 to 18 in 5.4 mm (1 inch)
increments. The numbers were 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) high and
stenciled onto the surface of the Line-X.RTM. coating using a
flexible plastic number stencil and a `Metallic Silver`
Sharpie.RTM. permanent marker. Logo labels containing Safety
Caution information plus Instructions for using the bar, such as
peel-n-stick labels, were applied to the surface of the flexible
barbell as desired. The indicia and labels were placed prior to the
heat shrink tubing being applied.
[0127] Wear pads can be installed if desired. Long tubular wear
pads were installed by applying a liquid soap solution to the
outside surface of the barbell and the inside surfaces of the 15.24
cm (6 inches) long flexible tubular wear pads and pushing the 15.24
cm (6 inches) long tubular wear pads from each end of the barbell
to a position such that the 15.24 cm (6 inches) long tubular wear
pad covers 15.24 cm (6 inches) of the end of the previously applied
137 cm (54 inches) long heat shrink tubing. The wear pad material
was 50.8 mm (2 inches) ID extruded nylon with a braided material in
the center for extra strength and was available as NEXBRAID.RTM. NT
from NEXGEN Hose 120-32 from Dixie Rubber & Plastic, Inc. of
Greenville, S.C. Double sided tape or an adhesive such as
Krazy.RTM. superglue can be used to fix the position of the wear
pads to the surface of the heat shrink tubing or LineX coated
surface.
[0128] One or more `collars` may be attached along the length of
the flexible barbell at or near each end to position the disc
weights along the length of the flexible barbell and/or to fix the
position of the disc weights along the flexible barbell's length. A
suitable collar is made by BFS (BiggerFasterStronger.com) and is
identified as their item number 320095. This collar features a
rubber type liner with a Velcro.RTM. strap webbing material used to
secure the collar to the flexible barbell surface. The length of
the collar is about 60.325 (2.375 inches).
[0129] After placing the weight on the flexible barbell the hitch
pins are inserted through the 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) diameter holes
previously drilled through the flexible barbell at each end of the
flexible barbell.
Example B
[0130] A flexible barbell was prepared as in Example A with the
exceptions listed below. A polypropylene (PP) extruded 38.1 mm (1.5
inches) Schedule 40 flexible tube used which is not as stiff a
polymer as the CPVC material. The polypropylene polymer is
hypothesized to provide a flexible barbell with greater long term
use because of the increased tensile elongation properties of the
polypropylene material as compared to polyvinylchloride (PVC) or
CPVC. It may last longer in a flexing mode than PVC or CPVC. Also,
the flexural modulus of the polypropylene (1.2-2.7.times.10.sup.5)
is lower than PVC or CPVC (about 4.times.10.sup.5).
[0131] The flexible barbell was not coated with Line-X.RTM. spray
polyurea due to the difficulty associated with getting materials to
stick to the surface of polypropylene and the polypropylene
material is hypothesized to be more abuse resistant than PVC or
CPVC so this example was produced without a Line-X.RTM. coating.
But since the LineX.RTM. polyurethane/polyurea coating totally
encapsulates the tubing plus end cap plugs, a LineX spray material
could be used.
[0132] The PP tubes were purchased as Enpure.RTM. natural Polypro
Type II per ASTM D4101 pipe from IPEX America of Pineville, N.C.
The tube had an ID of 39.837 mm (1.568 inches) and a wall thickness
of 4.216 mm (0.166 inches).
[0133] Two different size bars were used due to the thickness of
the tubing. Two pieces of fiberglass pultruded bars each 9.525
mm.times.31.75 mm.times.2.2 M (0.375.times.1.25.times.86.75 inches)
and one piece of fiberglass pultruded bar at 7.92 mm (0.312
inches).times.31.75 mm (1.25 inches).times.2.2 M (86.75 inches) was
used with the 7.92 mm (0.312 inches) thick piece placed between the
two pieces of 9.525 mm (0.375 inches) thick bars. Together they fit
easily into the cavity of the 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) polypropylene
Schedule 40 pipe. The fiberglass bars had an isophthalic polyester
resin with continuous fiberglass rovings with 65% weight percent
fiberglass reinforcement. The ends of each fiberglass pultruded
bars were beveled so that the sharp cut ends of the fiberglass bar
would not damage the inside wall of the extruded flexible tube.
Example C
[0134] A flexible barbell was prepared as in Example A with the
exceptions of the coating which was between 45 and 60 mils of
Line-X.RTM. spray polyurea coating with a top coat of about 3 mils
of Line-X.RTM.'s AspartX.RTM. black coating to give a tougher
surface. This proved to be a heavier Line-X.RTM. coating than
acceptable with the Olympic Disc weights being a little hard to
slide onto the bar so the `new` range of Line-X.RTM. coating is 40
to 50 mils with a nominal of 45 mils plus the 3 mils of
AspartX.RTM. top coat.
[0135] The fiberglass bars were isophthalic polyester resin with
65% weight percent continuous fiberglass rovings.
Example D
[0136] A flexible barbell was prepared as in Example A with the
exceptions of the tubing which was produced by Charlotte Pipe of
Charlotte, N.C. and was otherwise the same. The flexible barbell
was not coated with LineX.TM. but instead two layers of heat shrink
tubing were used. The first heat shrink tubing was a 2.3 M (91
inches) long, 50.8 mm (2 inches) ID, 11.43 mm (0.45 inches) thick,
black polyethylene with a shrink ration of 2:1 provided by Nelco
Products--South; Clearwater, Fla. 33760 as Product ID: NP-221. The
second heat shrink tubing was 137 cm (54 inches) long, 11.43 mm
(0.45 inches) thick, 7.62 cm (3 inch) OD black polyolefin from
BuyHeatShrink.RTM. tubing from Deerfield Beach, Fla. 33064.
[0137] The fiberglass bars were used as in Example A with all three
bars being 9.525.times.31.75 mm (0.375.times.1.25 inches).
Example E
[0138] A 72'' long, 31.75 mm (1.25 inches) OD, ID =1 11/32'', Schd
40 PVC flexible tube used with one 9.525.times.31.75 mm
(0.375.times.1.25 inches) fiberglass pultruded bar inside. The
flexible barbell is designed to accommodate at least 200 lbs of
total weight with the oscillation amplitude and oscillation
frequency acceptable to the user when the hands are moving during
the concentric and eccentric lifting phase at a speed that may vary
between 1 and 5 feet per second with the speed of the hands
adjusted by the user to accommodate the training objectives with
each hand positioned on each side of the centerline of the flexible
barbell at a distance from 20.3 cm (8 inches) to 61 cm (24 inches)
with 21.6 cm (8.5 inches) to 24.1 cm (9.5 inches) being the most
common position for the hands from the flexible barbell's
centerline. This flexible barbell was not coated with Line-X.RTM.
spray polyurea but a Line-X.RTM. coating with a thickness in the
range of 60 to 75 mils with 3 mils of AspartX would be suitable for
demonstration of the invention. Heat shrink tubing not used but it
could have be used to demonstrate the invention.
[0139] One fiberglass bar, as described in Example B, was used
wherein the bar had dimensions of 0.375''.times.31.75 mm (1.25
inches).times.70.25''.
[0140] Also, two pieces of a 31.75 mm (1.25 inches)
wide.times.70.25'' long piece of `blue` flat foam material were
used with one piece on each side of the fiberglass bar inside the
PVC tube to reduce the noise that the fiberglass bar makes against
the inside wall of the PVC tube when the flexible barbell is
oscillating back and forth.
[0141] An embodiment containing 2 rectangular fiberglass bars, each
1/4'' thick and 3/4'' wide and 913/8'' long will allow this
flexible barbell to be used with a minimum weight on each end of
about 25 pounds and a maximum weight on each end of the flexible
barbell of about 90 pounds for a total maximum weight of 200 lbs.
For uses where one would desire to put additional weight on each
end of the flexible barbell, the cross-sectional area of the
fiberglass composite elongated shape would need to be increased or
possibly a composite tube with stiffness characteristics that would
meet the increased stiffness needs. The defined preferred
embodiment produces a flexible barbell with a stiffness that can be
calculated by an engineer. A fiberglass bar with a width of 0.75''
and a thickness of 0.400'' would produce a fiberglass composite
with a stiffness or bending resistance slightly more than twice the
stiffness or bending resistance of the 2, 0.75'' wide.times.0.250''
thick as defined above. This alternative fiberglass shape would
allow for a significant increase in the weight that could be placed
on each end of the 96'' flexible barbell and still have correct
amount of flexibility to be used in the various weightlifting
exercises such as a squat where the user would move up and down at
a certain rate or speed which would allow the ends of the weighted
flexible barbell to move up and down and at a rate that would be in
harmony with the rate of the up and down movement of the user
thereby producing beneficial results by the enhancing the
conditioning of the muscles used in performing a squat. Depending
on the amount of weights placed on each end of the flexible
barbell, the distance the weights are placed to the left and right
from the center of the flexible barbell along the length of the
flexible barbell and the speed at which the person moves up and
down in performing the squat exercise, the ends of the flexible
barbell will move up and down at a particular frequency. If there
is too much weight on each end of the flexible barbell and/or the
flexible barbell is not stiff enough, the ends of the flexible
barbell will bend down too much and achieving an acceptable up and
down movement of the ends of the flexible barbell to be in harmony
with the up and down movement of the individual performing the
barbell squat will not be possible. If the stiffness of the
flexible bar is too low and the amount of weight on each end of the
flexible barbell is too high, then effective movement of each end
of the flexible barbell is not possible when performing an exercise
such as a barbell squat. Such is the case with the described
preferred embodiment where 225 pounds of weight is placed close to
each end of the 96'' long flexible bar. Acceptable oscillation
frequency and oscillation amplitude could not be obtained with 225
pounds of weight on each end of the flexible barbell. In this case,
to perform the exercise effectively, the weight must be reduced
and/or the cross-sectional area of the fiberglass composite must be
increased which increases the bending resistance or stiffness of
the flexible barbell.
[0142] An embodiment using 2 fiberglass pultruded rectangular bars
that have a significantly greater cross-sectional area than in the
above preferred embodiment permitting a greater amount of weight to
be placed on each end of the flexible bar plus the surface of the
flexible tube has been spray coated with a thermoset plastic
material called a polyurethane/polyurea blend, similar to the spray
on truck bed liners done by Line-X.RTM., which provides enhanced
surface durability plus the texture of the spray applied polyurea
is slightly rough providing a good gripping surface.
Example F
[0143] A 96'' long, 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) PVC schedule 40 extruded
pipe manufactured by Silver-Line.RTM. Plastics; Asheville, N.C.
28804 which has an approximate OD of 1.91 inches and an ID of 1
9/16'' was used. The entire outer surface was spray coated using
Line-X.RTM. standard black thermoset polyurethane/polyurea spray
coating. The coating is applied in two passes and the approximate
total thickness of polyurea applied is about 25 mils. A 38.1 mm
(1.5 inches) plastic mechanical pipe plug from Oatey.RTM. of
Cleveland, Ohio was inserted to provide a finished length of
flexible elongated tubing plus 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) plastic
mechanical pipe plug affixed inside each end of the 38.1 mm (1.5
inches) PVC tube was 97.75''. The wing nut of this Oatey pipe plug
adds about 7/8'' to the length of each end of the 38.1 mm (1.5
inches) PVC extruded tube.
[0144] Two 94'' long fiberglass pultruded rectangular bars with
dimensions of 9.525 mm.times.31.75 mm.times.2388 mm
(0.375.times.1.25 inches wide.times.94 inch) were inserted in the
tube. This shape had a flexural modulus of approximately 5-6
million psi.
[0145] A 4'' to 12'' long cylindrical plastic tube, from Keeney
Mfg. of Newington, Conn., in which the flange on one end has been
cut off is slipped over the 2 pieces of fiberglass rectangular bars
in order to minimize any abrasive effects of the cut ends of the
fiberglass rectangular bars from abrading the inside surface of the
PVC tube. Over the outer end of each of the plastic tube, a piece
of duct tape is applied to fix the position of the plastic tube at
each end of the fiberglass bars. The outside diameter of the
plastic cylinder is smaller than the inside diameter of the PVC
tube permitting the plastic tube to be fully contained inside the
finished flexible barbell.
[0146] A standard black conventional compression cylindrical device
used routinely in strength and conditioning facilities were placed
over each end of the 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) PVC tube to fix the
position of the disc weights that were slid onto each end of the
flexible barbell. Once the appropriate weights were slipped onto
the flexible barbell an additional standard black conventional
compression cylindrical device was slipped onto each end and
tightened to prevent the weights from sliding off Alternately,
Velcro.RTM. strapping such as `hook` and `loop` 25.4 mm (1 inch)
wide strapping could be used to wrap around the flexible barbell on
the outside and inside of the circular weights that are placed on
each end of the flexible barbell.
[0147] A wire lock pin, round or square would suffice, was used
near each end of the flexible barbell as a safety feature to insure
that any weights placed on the flexible barbell do not slip off
during use. As an example a 13/64'' diameter round hole would be
drilled through the center and both walls of the PVC tube about
31.75 mm (1.25 inches) from each end of the PVC tube. This is
sufficient distance from the ends to still allow the compression
plug to be used in each end of the tube. After the hole is drilled,
a wire lock pin with dimensions of 9.525 mm (0.375
inches).times.21/2'' was inserted through the hole and the square
wire attachment slipped over the free end of the pin to insure that
the pin did not fall out.
[0148] This embodiment was able to function acceptably with up to
225 lbs of weight placed on each end of the flexible barbell. Three
of the fiberglass bars with dimensions of 9.525.times.31.75 mm
(0.375.times.1.25 inches) is preferred at this weight which
significantly improves the responsiveness although a weight of 135
lbs on each end of the flexible barbell would make speed training
more effective.
Example G
[0149] A flexible dumbbell consisting of a 20'' long piece of 3/4''
flexible PVC tubing from Jain Irrigation, Ontario, CA with a
flexural modulus of about 5,000 psi and inside the flexible PVC
tubing is a 195/8'' long pultruded rectangular bar
(0.1875''.times.0.500''.times.195/8'') with a flexural modulus of
5,500,000 psi with a 10 lb standard disc weight with a 25.4 mm (1
inch) diameter hole in the center on each end of the flexible PVC
tubing 7.75'' from the center of the tube with a rubber end cap
from Schacht Pfister of Huntington, Ind. fixed on each end of the
flexible PVC tube using Krazy superglue with a metal hose clamp
fixed in position between the rubber end cap and the 10 lb disc
weight. The maximum deflection was measured in the center of the
flexible PVC tube by lifting up on the center of the flexible PVC
tube until the 10 lb weights just started to come off of the floor
and a deflection of 1.3'' was measured. The angle of deflection, as
measured by dividing the 1.3'' deflection by the length, 7.75'',
equaled 9.5 degrees. The feel of the dumbbell was good when
performing bicep curls and the oscillation of the ends of the
dumbbell was controlled.
[0150] This dumbbell prototype was meant to simulate a dumbbell in
which the weights on each would not be removable. The use of the
metal hose clamps assured that the weights did not come off of the
ends. 25.4 mm (1 inch) wide electrical tape was wrapped around the
circumference of the flexible PVC tube just inside the 10 lb weight
which prevented the weight from moving toward the center of the
dumbbell.
Example H
[0151] A 2.28 M (90 inches) length of Endot Industries, Inc. of New
Jersey `HDPE` (high density polyethylene) thermoplastic tubing with
an inside diameter (ID) of 1.54'' and an outside diameter (OD) of
1.9'' with a flexural modulus of 80,000 psi was used to prepare a
flexible bar to accommodate up to 136 Kg (300 lbs) of total weight
with the oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequency acceptable
to the user when the hands are moving during the concentric and
eccentric lifting phase of a bench press at a speed that may vary
between 1 and 5 feet per second with the speed of the hands
adjusted by the user to accommodate the training objectives with
each hand positioned on each side of the centerline of the flexible
barbell at a distance from 20.3 cm (8 inches) to 61 cm (24 inches)
with 21.6 cm (8.5 inches) to 24.1 cm (9.5 inches) being the most
common position for the hands from the flexible barbell's
centerline. HDPE is expected to give longer flex life to the
flexible barbell over that available with CPVC tubing due to the
significantly higher elongation properties.
[0152] The flexible barbell was coated with a thickness between 35
and 45 mils of Line-X.RTM. spray 100% polyurea coating, XS-350,
with a top coat of about 3 mils of Line-X.RTM.'s AspartX.RTM. black
coating to give a tougher surface.
[0153] Following coating with LineX, 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) diameter
holes were drilled through each end of the bar 31.75 mm (1.25
inches) from the end of the rubber end cap plug. Then the labels
plus indicia were applied to the center of the bar over the LineX
coating. Next, the heat shrink tubing at a length of 44'' was
applied. Then the 15.24 cm (6 inches) long wear pads were applied
with the inside end of each wear pad positioned 53.3 cm (21 inches)
from the centerline of the bar and covering about 25.4 mm (1 inch)
of heat shrink tubing. Double sided tape with a liquid activator
from Golfsmith International of Austin Tex., similar to the
materials used in re-gripping golf club grips was applied to the
surface of the LineX coating prior to sliding the wear pads onto
the bar to fix the position of the wear pads. Finally, the hitch
pins were applied to each end of the flexible barbell.
[0154] To give this flexible barbell sufficient stiffness (EI) to
function effectively as a 136 Kg (300 lbs) rated barbell, the
fiberglass shapes inside the HDPE tubing consisted of one
fiberglass pultruded bar, 9.525 mm.times.31.75 mm.times.2.2 M
(0.375.times.1.25.times.86.75 inches) and one fiberglass pultruded
solid round rod, 0.812'' diameter.times.2.2 M (86.75 inches) long,
which together with the HDPE tube plus the LineX coating gave a
stiffness of approximately 200,000 lbs-in.sup.2.
Example I
[0155] A 2.28 M (90 inches) long preferred embodiment using a 2.28
M (90 inches) long 38.1 mm (1.5 inches) CPVC schedule 40 tube and
coated with a LineX XS-350 coating to a thickness of about 11.43 mm
(0.45 inches) with 3 fiberglass bars inside the CPVC with each bar
being 9.525.times.31.75 mm.times.2.2 M
(0.375.times.1.25.times.86.75 inches) long with a flexural modulus
of about 26,900,000 kg/M.sup.2 (5,500,000 psi) for the fiberglass
bars and a single lifting force applied in approximately the center
of the barbell would result in a `static deflection` at the ends of
about 5 inches with one (1) 45 lb iron disc weight placed on each
end of the barbell and a static deflection of about 10 inches with
two (2) 45 lb iron disc weights placed on each end of the barbell.
The calculated barbell stiffness (EI) for the above flexible
barbell construction is about 1,000,000 kg/M.sup.2 (215,000
lbs-in.sup.2) with about 571,000 kg/M.sup.2 (117,000 lb-in.sup.2)
for the CPVC tube; 146,000 kg/M.sup.2 (30,000 lb-in.sup.2) for each
of the 3 fiberglass bars and about 36,000 kg/M.sup.2 (7,400
lb-in.sup.2) for the LineX XS-350 coating. The deviation from
linearity, D, during use at maximum bend of the bar will be greater
that the static deflection with this maximum amount dependent on
the strength of the athlete and the speed of movement of the
barbell. Practical knowledge of the bending characteristics of the
materials used to construct a flexible barbell suggests that the
barbell will become unsafe if the acute angle .alpha. becomes
greater than 90 degrees during use.
Comparative Example
[0156] 2.28 M (90 inches) Acrylonitrile butadiene (ABS) 38.1 mm
(1.5 inches) Schedule 40 flexible tube Produced by IPEX America of
Pineville, N.C. was used. The tube had an ID of 42.26 mm (1.664
inches) and a wall thickness of 3 mm (0.118 inches). The bar was
coated with between 45 and 60 mils of Line-X.RTM. spray polyurea
coating with a top coat of about 3 mils of Line-X.RTM.'s
AspartX.RTM. black coating plus a 3 mil top coat of AspartX.RTM.
black coating to give a tougher surface. One layer of heat shrink
tubing, purchased as BuyHeatShrink.RTM. from Deerfield Beach, Fla.
33064, was applied using several pieces over the approximate center
137 cm (54 inches) to provide. The heat shrink tubing was 11.43 mm
(0.45 inches) thick, clear color with a 7.62 cm (3 inch) OD and a
2:1 shrink ratio. Length 137 cm (54 inches) with 3 pieces used to
give the 137 cm (54 inches) and positioned in the center of the
tubing. Three 2.2 M (86.75 inches) fiberglass bars, with beveled
edges were used in the ABS. The fiberglass bars had cross-sectional
dimensions of 9.525.times.31.75 mm (0.375.times.1.25 inches) with
isophthalic polyester resin and 65 wt % continuous fiberglass
rovings. Body Bar, Inc. end caps ACO #21 used as a plug and applied
into each end of the ABS tubing applying Krazy.RTM. superglue
around the outside surface near the open end of the rubber end cap
and using a twisting motion as the rubber end cap is pushed into
the open ends of the ABS tubing. Rubber end cap fits approximately
33.3 mm (1.312 inches) from the open end of the ABS tubing into the
cavity of the ABS tubing to provide a finished length of 2.3 M
(90.75 inches). Wire lock pins were installed as described
above.
[0157] This flexible barbell failed in use. A minimal amount of
weight was on the flexible barbell with about 22.7 Kg (50 lbs.) on
each end but the method of use was jump squats which produced large
oscillation amplitudes that resulted in the tube fracturing. The
amplitudes were less than those which occur when the ends of the
flexible barbell result in the ends of the flexible barbell, in a
bent condition, being parallel to each other. The failure mode was
a `clean` fracture around the circumference of the ABS tube with
the location about 15.24 cm (6 inches) from the centerline of the
flexible barbell. This failure indicates that ABS in this flexural
bending application is not a suitable polymer. It would appear that
the ABS material simply does not have enough tensile elongation.
The tensile elongation of PVC and CPVC is roughly twice that of
ABS.
[0158] The evaluation of this flexible barbell using the ABS pipe
manufactured by IPEX America confirms that this standard extruded
pipe ABS formulation does not have sufficient flexibility to
function as an acceptable flexible barbell. It is possible to add a
greater percentage of the polybutadiene rubber component of the ABS
material formulation such that this material might be able to be
used to extruded a flexible tube that could function successfully
in this application.
[0159] The invention has been described with specific reference to
exemplary embodiments without limit thereto. One of skill in the
art would realize additional improvements and embodiments which are
not specifically set forth but which are within the scope of the
invention as set forth in the claims appended hereto.
* * * * *