U.S. patent application number 15/107049 was filed with the patent office on 2017-01-12 for controlled system and methods for storage fire protection.
The applicant listed for this patent is TYCO FIRE PRODUCTS LP, TYCO FIRE & SECURITY GMBH. Invention is credited to Richard P. BONNEAU, Donald D. BRIGHENTI, John DESROSIER, Daniel G. FARLEY, Zachary L. MAGNONE.
Application Number | 20170007864 15/107049 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 52350378 |
Filed Date | 2017-01-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170007864 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
MAGNONE; Zachary L. ; et
al. |
January 12, 2017 |
CONTROLLED SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR STORAGE FIRE PROTECTION
Abstract
Fire protection systems and methods for ceiling-only high-piled
storage protection. The systems and methods include a fluid
distribution, detection and control sub-systems to identify one or
more fluid distribution devices for controlled operation to address
a fire.
Inventors: |
MAGNONE; Zachary L.;
(Warwick, RI) ; FARLEY; Daniel G.; (Westminster,
MA) ; DESROSIER; John; (East Greenwich, RI) ;
BRIGHENTI; Donald D.; (Westminster, MA) ; BONNEAU;
Richard P.; (Templeton, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
TYCO FIRE PRODUCTS LP
TYCO FIRE & SECURITY GMBH |
Lansdale
Neuhausen Am Rheinfall |
PA |
US
CH |
|
|
Family ID: |
52350378 |
Appl. No.: |
15/107049 |
Filed: |
December 23, 2014 |
PCT Filed: |
December 23, 2014 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US14/72246 |
371 Date: |
June 21, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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61920274 |
Dec 23, 2013 |
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61920314 |
Dec 23, 2013 |
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62009778 |
Jun 9, 2014 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A62C 37/40 20130101;
A62C 3/002 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A62C 3/00 20060101
A62C003/00; A62C 37/40 20060101 A62C037/40 |
Claims
1. A system for ceiling-only fire protection of a storage occupancy
having a ceiling defining a nominal ceiling height of thirty feet
or greater, the system comprising: a plurality of fluid
distribution devices disposed beneath the ceiling and above a
high-piled storage commodity in the storage occupancy having a
nominal storage height ranging from a nominal 20 ft. to a maximum
nominal storage height of 55 ft.; and means for quenching a tire in
the storage commodity.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the storage commodity is any one
of Class I, II, III or IV, Group A, Group B, or Group C plastics,
elastomers, or rubber commodities.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the commodity is exposed expanded
plastic having a maximum nominal storage height of at least 40
ft.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the exposed expanded plastic
commodity has a maximum nominal storage height ranging from fifty
to fifty-five feet (50-55 ft.).
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the commodity includes rack
storage being any one of multi-rack, double-row rack, or single-row
rack storage.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the commodity includes a non-rack
storage arrangement including any one of palletized, solid-piled,
bin box, shelf or back-to-back shelf storage.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the means includes: a fluid
distribution system including a network of pipes interconnecting
the fluid distribution devices to a water supply; a plurality of
detectors to monitor the occupancy for the fire; and a controller
coupled to the plurality of detectors to detect and locate the
fire, the controller being coupled to the plurality of distribution
devices to identify and control operation of a select number of
fluid distribution devices defining a discharge array above and
about the fire, the controller including: an input component
coupled to each of the plurality of detectors for receipt of an
input signal from each of the detectors; a processing component for
determining a threshold moment in growth of the fire; and an output
component to generate an output signal for operation of each of the
select fluid distribution devices in response to the threshold
moment.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the identified select number of
fluid distribution devices of the discharge array consists of any
one of nine, eight or four distribution devices.
9. The system of claim 7, further comprising a programming
component coupled with the processing component for a user to
preprogram the select number.
10. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing component is
coupled to the input component to dynamically identify the select
number of fluid distribution devices defining the discharge
array.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the processing component
processes readings from the plurality of detectors to detect and
locate a fire, and the processing component determines the
distribution devices closest to the fire based on a highest reading
from the plurality of detectors.
12. The system of claim 10, wherein the processing component
processes readings from the plurality of detectors and dynamically
identifies the select number of distribution devices by identifying
a minimum number of fluid distribution devices for placement in a
device queue based on a device being associated with a detector
reading meeting or exceeding a user-defined threshold.
13. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing component is
coupled to the input component to make a fixed determination of the
select number of fluid distribution devices defining the discharge
array.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processing component is
coupled to the input component to determine a first distribution
device associated with a threshold detection of a fire by the
plurality of detectors; the processing component determining a
plurality of distribution devices adjacent the first distribution
device to define a total number of fluid distribution devices equal
to the select number.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein determining the fluid
distribution devices adjacent the first distribution device is
independent of readings from the plurality of detectors.
16. The system of claim 13, wherein the processing component is
coupled to the input component to identify a first detector meeting
or exceeding a threshold indicating the presence of a fire; the
processing component being coupled to the output component to
operate a first fixed pattern of fluid distribution devices
associated with the first detector to address the fire; the
processing component and output component operating a second fixed
pattern of fluid distribution devices different than the first
fixed pattern for a first duration; and operating a third fixed
pattern of fluid distribution devices different than the first and
second fixed pattern for a second duration.
17. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the fluid distribution
devices includes an open frame body and an electrically operated
solenoid valve coupled to the frame body to control a flow of water
to the frame body.
18. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the fluid distribution
devices includes a frame body with a seal assembly disposed therein
and an electrically responsive actuator arranged with the frame
body to displace the seal assembly to control a flow of water
discharge from the frame body.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the actuator includes a
transducer responsive to an electrical signal to operate the
transducer.
20. The system of claim 17, wherein the frame body defines a
nominal K-factor of any one of 14.0 GPM/PSI.sup.1/2; 16.8
GPM/PSI.sup.1/2; 19.6 GPM/PSI.sup.1/2; 22.4 GPM/PSI.sup.1/2; 25.2
GPM/PSI.sup.1/2; 28.0 GPM/PSI.sup.1/2; and 33.6
GPM/PSI.sup.1/2.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein the nominal K-factor is 25.2
GPM/PSI.sup.1/2.
22. The system of claim 1, wherein the nominal ceiling height is 45
feet and the nominal storage height is 40 feet.
23. The system of claim 1, wherein the nominal ceiling height is 50
feet and the nominal storage height is 45 feet.
24. The system of claim 23, wherein the ceiling height is 48 feet
and the storage height is 43 feet.
25. The system of claim 1, wherein the nominal ceiling height is 60
feet and the nominal storage height is 55 feet.
26. The system of claim 1, wherein the nominal ceiling height is 30
feet and the nominal storage height is 25 feet.
27. The system of claim 1, wherein said means for quenching
identifies and operates four fluid distribution devices immediately
above and about a fire so as to contain the fire vertically and
laterally within a cross-sectional area defined by the spacing
between the four fluid distribution devices.
28. The system of claim 27, wherein the fluid distribution devices
are on 10 ft..times.10 ft. spacing.
29. The system of claim 27, wherein the fluid distribution devices
are installed above a double row rack array of Group A plastic
commodity having a nominal storage height of forty feet defined by
eight tiers of palletized commodity, the means for quenching
containing a test fire in the commodity so as to limit the fire to
six tiers or less.
30. The system of claim 27, wherein the fluid distribution devices
are installed above a double row rack array of Group A plastic
palletized commodity, the means for quenching containing a test
fire in the commodity so as to limit the fire horizontally to no
more than two pallets about the test fire.
31. The system of claim 27, wherein the fluid distribution devices
are installed above a double row rack array of Group A plastic
commodity, the means for quenching containing a test fire in the
commodity so as to limit the fire to 75% of the commodity or
less.
32.-54. (canceled)
Description
PRIORITY DATA & INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0001] This application is an international application claiming
the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.
61/920,274, filed Dec. 23, 2013; 61/920,314, filed Dec. 23, 2013;
and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/009,778, filed Jun. 9,
2014, each of which is incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates generally to fire protection
systems for storage. More specifically, the present invention
involves fire protection systems to generate a controlled response
to a fire in which a fixed volumetric flow of firefighting fluid is
distributed to effectively quench a fire.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Industry accepted system installation standards and
definitions for storage fire protection are provided in National
Fire Protection Association publication, NFPA 13: Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems (2013 ed.) ("NFPA 13"). With
regard to the protection of stored plastics, such as for example
Group A plastics, NFPA 13 limits the manner in which the commodity
can be stored and protected. In particular, Group A plastics
including expanded exposed and unexposed plastics is limited to
palletized, solid-piled, bin box, shelf or back-to-back shelf
storage up to a maximum height of twenty-five feet beneath a
maximum thirty foot ceiling depending upon the particular plastic
commodity. NFPA 13 does provide for rack storage of plastic
commodities, but limits rack storage of Group A plastics to (i)
cartoned, expanded or nonexpanded and (ii) exposed, nonexpanded
plastics. Moreover, the rack storage of the applicable Group A
plastics is limited to a maximum storage height of forty feet (40
ft.) beneath a maximum ceiling of forty-five feet (45 ft.). Under
the installation standards, the protection of Group A plastics in
racks requires particular accommodations such as for example,
horizontal barriers and/or in-rack sprinklers. Accordingly, the
current installation standards do not provide for fire protection
of exposed, expanded plastics in a rack storage arrangement with or
without particular accommodations, e.g., a "ceiling-only" fire
protection system. Generally, the systems installed under the
installation standards provide for fire "control" or "suppression."
The industry accepted definition of "fire suppression" for storage
protection is sharply reducing the heat release rate of a fire and
preventing its regrowth by means of direct and sufficient
application of a flow of water through the fire plume to the
burning fuel surface. The industry accepted definition of "fire
control" is defined as limiting the size of a fire by distribution
of a flow of water so as to decrease the heat release rate and
pre-wet adjacent combustibles, while controlling ceiling gas
temperatures to avoid structural damage. More generally, "control"
according to NFPA 13, can be defined "as holding the fire in check
through the extinguishing system or until the fire is extinguished
by the extinguishing system or manual aid."
[0004] Dry system ceiling-only fire protection systems for rack
storage including Group A plastics is shown and described in U.S.
Pat. No. 8,714,274. These described systems address a fire in a
rack storage occupancy by delaying the discharge of firefighting
fluid from actuated sprinklers to "surround and drown" the fire.
Each of the systems under either NFPA or described in U.S. Pat. No.
8,714,274, employ "automatic sprinklers" which can be either a fire
suppression or fire control device that operates automatically when
its heat-activated element is heated to its thermal rating or
above, allowing water to discharge over a specified area upon
delivery of the firefighting fluid. Accordingly, theses known
systems employs sprinklers that are actuated in a thermal response
to the fire.
[0005] In contrast to systems that use a purely thermally automatic
response, there are described systems that use a controller to
operate one or more sprinkler devices. For example, in Russian
Patent No. RU 95528 a system is described in which the system is
controlled to open a fixed geographical area of sprinkler
irrigators that is larger than the area of a detected fire. In
another example, Russian Patent No. RU 2414966, a system is
described which provides for controlled operation of sprinkler
irrigators of a fixed zone closer to the center of the fire, but
the operation of the zone is believed to rely in part upon visual
detection by persons able to remotely operate the sprinkler
irrigators. These described systems are not believed to improve
upon known methods of addressing the fire nor is it believed that
the described system provide fire protection of high challenge
commodities and in particular plastic commodities.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
[0006] Preferred systems and methods are provided which improve
fire protection over systems and methods that address a fire with a
control, suppression and/or surround and drown effect. Moreover,
the preferred systems and methods described herein provide for
protection of storage occupancies and commodities with
"ceiling-only" fire protection. As used herein, "ceiling-only" fire
protection is defined as fire protection in which the fire
protection devices, i.e., fluid distribution devices and/or
detectors, are located at the ceiling, above the stored items or
materials such that there are no fire protection devices between
the ceiling devices and the floors. The preferred systems and
methods described includes means for quenching a fire for the
protection of a storage commodity and/or occupancy. As used herein,
"quench" or "quenching" of a fire is defined as providing a flow of
firefighting liquid, preferably water, to substantially extinguish
a fire to limit the impact of a fire on a storage commodity; and in
a preferred manner, provide a reduced impact as compared to known
suppression performance sprinkler systems. Additionally or
alternatively to quenching the fire, the systems and methods
described herein can also effectively address the fire with fire
control, fire suppression and/or surround and drown performance or
provide fire protection systems and methods for stored commodities
that are unavailable under current installation designs, standards
or other described methods. Generally, the preferred means for
quenching includes a piping system, a plurality of fire detectors
to detect a fire and a controller in communication with each of the
detectors and fluid distribution devices to identify a select
number of fluid distribution devices preferably defining an initial
discharge array above and about the detected fire. The preferred
means provides for controlled operation of the fluid distribution
devices of the discharge array to distribute a preferably fixed and
minimized flow of firefighting fluid to preferably quench the fire.
In some embodiments, the preferred means controls the supply of
firefighting fluid to the selected fluid distribution devices.
[0007] In particular preferred embodiments of the systems and
methodologies described herein, the inventors have determined an
application of a preferred embodiment of the quenching means to
provide for protection of exposed expanded plastics in racks. In
particular, the preferred means for quenching can provide for
ceiling-only fire protection of rack storage of exposed expanded
plastics without accommodations required under current installation
standards, e.g., in-rack sprinklers, barriers, etc, and at heights
not provided for under the standards. Moreover, it is believed that
the preferred means for quenching can effectively address a high
challenge fire in a test fire without the need for testing
accommodations, such as for example, vertical barriers that limit
the lateral progression of a fire in the test array.
[0008] Preferred embodiments of the fire protection systems for
storage protection described herein provide for a controlled
response to a fire by providing a fixed volumetric flow of
firefighting fluid at a threshold moment in the fire to limit and
more preferably reduce impact of the fire on a storage commodity. A
preferred embodiment of a fire protection system is provided for
protection of a storage occupancy having a ceiling defining a
nominal ceiling height greater than thirty feet. The system
preferably includes a plurality of fluid distribution devices
disposed beneath the ceiling and above a storage commodity in the
storage occupancy having a nominal storage height ranging from a
nominal 20 ft. to a maximum nominal storage height of 55 ft. and
means for quenching a fire in the storage commodity. Preferred
means for quenching include a fluid distribution system including a
network of pipes interconnecting the fluid distribution devices to
a water supply; a plurality of detectors to monitor the occupancy
for the fire; and a controller coupled to the plurality of
detectors to detect and locate the fire, the controller being
coupled to the plurality of distribution devices to identify and
control operation of a select number of fluid distribution devices
and more preferably four fluid distribution devices above and about
the fire.
[0009] One preferred embodiment of the controller includes an input
component coupled to each of the plurality of detectors for receipt
of an input signal from each of the detectors, a processing
component for determining a threshold moment in growth of the fire;
and an output component to generate an output signal for operation
of each of the identified fluid distribution devices in response to
the threshold moment. More particularly, preferred embodiments of
the controller provide that the processing component analyzes the
detection signals to locate the fire and select the proper fluid
distribution devices to preferably define a discharge array above
and about the fire for operation. Preferred embodiments of the
fluid distribution device can include an open frame body and an
electrically operated solenoid valve to control the flow of water
to the sprinkler. Other preferred embodiments of the fluid
distribution device can include a sprinkler frame body and an
electrically responsive actuator arranged with the sprinkler frame
body to control the flow of water from the frame body. Accordingly,
a preferred fluid distribution device includes a sealing assembly
and a transducer responsive to an electrical signal to operate the
transducer. One particular embodiment of the fluid distribution
devices includes an ESFR sprinkler frame body and deflector having
a nominal K-factor of 25.2 GPM/PSI.sup.1/2.
[0010] The preferred systems can be installed beneath a nominal
ceiling height of 45 feet and above a nominal storage height of 40
feet. The preferred system can alternatively be installed beneath a
nominal ceiling height of 30 feet and above a nominal storage
height of 25 feet. The stored commodity can be arranged as any one
of rack, multi-rack and double-row rack, on floor, rack without
solid shelves, palletized, bin box, shelf, or single-row rack
storage. Moreover, the stored commodity can be any one of Class I,
II, III or IV, Group A, Group B, or Group C plastics, elastomers,
or rubber commodities. In one preferred embodiment for the
protection of rack storage, the commodity is expanded exposed
plastics.
[0011] In another preferred aspect, a method of fire protection of
a storage occupancy is provided. The preferred method includes
detecting a fire in a storage commodity in the storage occupancy
and quenching the fire in the storage commodity. The preferred
method includes determining a select plurality of fluid
distribution devices to define a discharge array above and about
the fire. The fluid distribution devices can be determined
dynamically or may be a fixed determination. The determination
preferably includes identifying preferably any one of four, eight
or nine adjacent fluid distribution devices above and about the
fire. The preferred method further includes identifying a threshold
moment in the fire to operate the identified fluid distribution
devices substantially simultaneously.
[0012] A preferred method of detecting the fire includes
continuously monitoring the storage occupancy and defining a
profile of the fire and/or locating the origin of the fire.
Preferred embodiments of locating the fire includes defining an
area of fire growth based upon data readings from a plurality of
detectors that are monitoring the occupancy; determining a number
of detectors in the area of fire growth; and determining the
detector with the highest reading. Preferred methods of quenching
includes determining a number of discharge devices proximate the
detector with the highest reading, and more preferably determining
the four discharge devices about the detector with the highest
reading. A preferred embodiment of the method includes determining
a threshold moment in the fire growth to determine when to operate
the discharge devices; and quenching includes operating the
preferred discharge array with a controlled signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0013] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and
constitute part of this specification, illustrate exemplary
embodiments of the invention, and together, with the general
description given above and the detailed description given below,
serve to explain the features of the invention. It should be
understood that the preferred embodiments are some examples of the
invention as provided by the appended claims.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a representative illustration of one embodiment of
the preferred fire protection system for storage.
[0015] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of operation of the
preferred system of FIG. 1.
[0016] FIGS. 2A-2B are schematic illustrations of preferred fluid
distribution devices arrangements for use in the preferred system
of FIG. 1.
[0017] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a controller
arrangement for use in the system of FIG. 1.
[0018] FIG. 4 is a preferred embodiment of controller operation of
the system of FIG.
[0019] FIGS. 4A and 4B is another preferred embodiment of
controller operation of the system of FIG. 1.
[0020] FIG. 4C is another preferred embodiment of controller
operation of the system of FIG. 1.
[0021] FIG. 4D is another preferred embodiment of controller
operation of the system of FIG. 1.
[0022] FIG. 4E is another preferred embodiment of controller
operation of the system of FIG. 1.
[0023] FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic illustrations of a preferred
installation of the system of FIG. 1.
[0024] FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphic illustrations of damage to a
stored commodity from a test fire addressed by another embodiment
of the preferred system.
MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0025] Shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a preferred embodiment of a fire
protection system 100 for the protection of the storage occupancy
10 and one or more stored commodities 12. The preferred systems and
methods described herein utilize two principles for fire protection
of the storage occupancy: (i) detection and location of a fire; and
(ii) responding to the fire at a threshold moment with a controlled
discharge and distribution of a preferably fixed minimized
volumetric flow of firefighting fluid, such as water, over the fire
to effectively address and more preferably quench the fire.
Moreover, the preferred systems and methods include fluid
distribution devices coupled to a preferred means to address and
more preferably quench a fire.
[0026] The preferred system shown and described herein includes
means for quenching a fire having a fluid distribution sub-system
100a, a control sub-system 100b and a detection sub-system 100c.
With reference to FIG. 2, the fluid distribution and control
sub-systems 100a, 100b work together, preferably by communication
of one or more control signals CS, for controlled operation of
selectively identified fluid distribution devices 110 defining a
preferred discharge array to deliver and distribute the preferred
fixed volumetric flow V of firefighting fluid preferably
substantially above and about the site of a detected fire F in
order to effectively address and more preferably quench the fire.
The fixed volumetric flow V can be defined by a collection of
distributed discharges Va, Vb, Vc, and Vd. The detection sub-system
100c with the control sub-system 100b determines, directly or
indirectly, (i) the location and magnitude of a fire F in the
storage occupancy 10; and (ii) selectively identifies the fluid
distribution devices 110 for controlled operation in a preferred
manner as described herein. The detection and control sub-systems
100b, 100c work together, preferably by communication of one or
more detection signals DS, to detect and locate the fire F. As
shown in FIG. 1, the fluid distribution devices are located for
distribution of the firefighting fluid from a preferred position
beneath the ceiling of the storage occupancy and above the
commodity to provide for "ceiling-only" fire protection of the
commodity. The detection sub-system 100c preferably includes a
plurality of detectors 130 disposed beneath the ceiling and above
the commodity in support of the preferably ceiling-only fire
protection system. The control sub-system 100b preferably includes
one or more controllers 120 and more preferably a centralized
controller 120 coupled to the detectors 130 and fluid distribution
devices 110 for the controlled operation of the selectively
identified group of devices 110.
[0027] The detectors 130 of the detector sub-system 100c monitor
the occupancy to detect changes for any one of temperature, thermal
energy, spectral energy, smoke or any other parameter to indicate
the presence of a fire in the occupancy. The detectors 130 can be
any one or combination of thermocouples, thermistors, infrared
detectors, smoke detectors and equivalents thereof. Known detectors
for use in the system include TrueAlarm.RTM. Analog Sensing analog
sensors from SIMPLEX, TYCO FIRE PROTECTION PRODUCTS. In the
preferred embodiments of the ceiling-only system 100, as seen for
example in FIG. 1, the one or more detectors 130 for monitoring of
the storage occupancy 10 are preferably disposed proximate the
fluid distribution device 110 and more preferably disposed below
and proximate to the ceiling C. The detectors 130 can be mounted
axially aligned with the sprinkler 110, as schematically shown in
FIG. 2A or may alternatively be above and off-set from the
distribution device 110, as schematically shown in FIGS. 2 and 2B.
Moreover, the detectors 130 can be located at the same or any
differential elevation from the fluid distribution device 110
provided the detectors 130 are located above the commodity to
support the ceiling-only protection. The detectors 130 are coupled
to the controller 120 to communicate detection data or signals to
the controller 120 of the system 100 for processing as described
herein. The ability of the detectors 130 to monitor environmental
changes indicative of a fire can depend upon the type of detector
being used, the sensitivity of the detector, coverage area of the
detector, and/or the distance between the detector and the fire
origin. Accordingly, the detectors 130 individually and
collectively are appropriately mounted, spaced and/or oriented to
monitor the occupancy 10 for the conditions of a fire in a manner
described.
[0028] The preferred centralized controller 120 is shown
schematically in FIG. 3 for receiving, processing and generating
the various input and output signals from and/or to each of the
detectors 130 and fluid distribution devices 110. Functionally, the
preferred controller 120 includes a data input component 120a, a
programming component 120b, a processing component 120c and an
output component 120d. The data input component 120a receives
detection data or signals from the detectors 130 including, for
example, either raw detector data or calibrated data, such as for
example, any one of continuous or intermittent temperature data,
spectral energy data, smoke data or the raw electrical signals
representing such parameters, e.g., voltage, current or digital
signal, that would indicate a measured environmental parameter of
the occupancy. Additional data parameters collected from the
detectors 130 can include time data, address or location data of
the detector. The preferred programming component 120b provides for
input of user-defined parameters, criteria or rules that can define
detection of a fire, the location of the fire, the profile of the
fire, the magnitude of the fire and/or a threshold moment in the
fire growth. Moreover, the programming component 120b can provide
for input of select or user-defined parameters, criteria or rules
to identify fluid distribution devices or assemblies 110 for
operation in response to the detected fire, including one or more
of the following: defining relations between distribution devices
110, e.g., proximity, adjacency, etc., define limits on the number
of devices to be operated, i.e., maximum and minimums, the time of
operation, the sequence of operation, pattern or geometry of
devices for operation, their rate of discharge; and/or defining
associations or relations to detectors 130. As provided in the
preferred control methodologies described herein, detectors 130 can
be associated with a fluid distribution devices 110 on a one-to-one
basis or alternatively can be associated with more than one fluid
distribution device. Additionally, the input and/or programming
components 120a, 120b can provide for feedback or addressing
between the fluid distribution devices 110 and the controller 120
for carrying out the methodologies of the distribution devices in a
manner described herein.
[0029] Accordingly, the preferred processing controller 120c
processes the input and parameters from the input and programming
components 120a, 120b to detect and locate a fire, and select,
prioritize and/or identify the fluid distribution devices for
controlled operation in a preferred manner. For example, the
preferred processing controller 120c generally determines when a
threshold moment is achieved; and with the output component 120d of
the controller 120 generates appropriate signals to control
operation of the identified and preferably addressable distribution
devices 110 preferably in accordance with one or more methodologies
described herein. A known exemplary controller for use in the
system 100 is the Simplex.RTM. 4100 Fire Control Panel from TYCO
FIRE PROTECTION PRODUCTS. The programming may be hard wired or
logically programmed and the signals between system components can
be one or more of analog, digital, or fiber optic data. Moreover
communication between components of the system 100 can be any one
or more of wired or wireless communication.
[0030] Shown in FIG. 4 is a preferred generalized embodiment of
operation 160 of the controller 120 in the system 100. In an
operative state of the system, the processing component 120c
processes the input data to detect 162 and locate 164 a fire F. In
accordance with the preferred methodologies herein, the processing
component 120c, based upon the detection and/or other input data or
signals from the detection sub-system 100c, identifies 166 the
fluid distribution devices 110 which define a preferred array above
and about the located fire F for controlled discharge. The
processing component 120c preferably determines a threshold moment
168 in the fire for operation and discharge from the selected array
of fluid distribution devices. In step 170, the processing
component 120c with the output component 120d appropriately signals
to operate 170 the identified fluid distribution devices for
addressing and more preferably quenching the fire.
[0031] The discharge array is preferably initially defined by a
select and prioritized number of fluid distribution devices 110 and
a geometry that is preferably centered above the detected fire. As
described herein, the number of discharge devices 110 in the
discharge array can be pre-programmed or user-defined and is more
preferably limited up to a pre-programmed or user-defined maximum
number of devices forming the array. Moreover, the select or
user-defined number of discharge devices can be based upon on one
or more factors of the system 100 and/or the commodity being
protected, such as for example, the type of distribution device 110
of the system 100, their installation configuration including
spacing and hydraulic requirements, the type and/or sensitivity of
the detectors 130, the type or category of hazard of the commodity
being protected, storage arrangement, storage height and/or the
maximum height of the ceiling of the storage occupancy. For
example, for more hazardous commodities such as Group A exposed
expanded plastics stored beneath a rectilinear grid of distribution
devices, a preferred number of fluid distribution devices forming
the discharge array can preferably be eight (a 3.times.3 square
perimeter of eight devices) or more preferably can be nine (a
3.times.3 grid array of devices). In another example, for Group A
cartoned unexpanded plastics, a preferred number of discharge
devices can be four (a 4.times.4 grid array of devices) as
schematically shown in FIG. 2. Alternatively, for less hazardous
commodities, the number of discharge devices of the array can be
one, two or three substantially centered above and about the fire
F. Again, the particularized number of devices in the discharge
array can be defined or dependent upon the various factors of the
system and the commodity being protected. The resulting discharge
array preferably delivers and distributes the fixed volumetric flow
V of firefighting fluid preferably substantially above and about
the site of a detected fire F in order to effectively address and
more preferably quench the fire.
[0032] The identification of the fluid distribution devices 110 for
the discharge array and/or the shape of the array can be determined
dynamically or alternatively may be of a fixed determination. As
used herein, the "dynamic determination" means that the selection
and identification of the particular distribution devices 110 to
form the discharge array is determined preferably over a period of
time as a function of the detector readings from the moment of a
defined first detection of a fire up to a defined threshold moment
in the fire. In contrast, in a "fixed" determination, the number of
distribution devices of the discharge array and its geometry is
predetermined; and the center or location of the array is
preferably determined after a particular level of detection or
other threshold moment. The following preferred controller
operations for identification and operation of the discharge array
are illustrative of the dynamic and fixed determinations.
[0033] Shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, is a flowchart of another
exemplary preferred operational embodiment 200 of the controller
120 of the system 100. In a first step 200a, the controller 120
continuously monitors the environment of the occupancy based upon
sensed or detected input from the detectors 130. The controller 120
processes the data to determine the presence of a fire F in step
200b. The indication of a fire can be based on sudden change in the
sensed data from the detectors 130, such as for example, a sudden
increase in temperature, spectral energy or other measured
parameters. If the controller 120 determines the presence of a
fire, the controller 120 develops a profile of the fire in step
200c and more preferably defines a "hot zone" or area of fire
growth based on incoming detection data. With the preferred profile
or "hot zone" established, the controller 120 then locates the
origin or situs of the fire in step 200d. In one particular
embodiment, the preferred controller 120 determines in step 200d1
all the detectors 130 and distribution devices 110 within the fire
profile or "hot zone." The controller 120 in a next step 200d2
determines the detector 130 or distribution device 110 closest to
the fire. In one preferred aspect, this determination can be based
upon identification of the detector 130 measuring the highest
measured value within the hot zone. The controller 120 can
preferably determine in step 200e the proximity of fluid
distribution devices 110 relative to the detector 130 with the
highest value.
[0034] The controller 120 further preferably identifies the fluid
distribution devices 110 above, about and more preferably closest
to the fire to define the preferred discharge array. For example,
the controller 120 preferably dynamically and iteratively
identifies in step 200f the closest four discharge devices 110
about the detection device with the highest measured value or other
selection criteria. Alternatively, the controller 120 can select
and identify distribution devices 110 any other preferably
user-defined number of devices such as, for example, eight or nine
distribution devices based on the selection criteria. The closest
four distribution devices 110 about and above the fire are then
identified for operation in step 200g. In step 200h, the controller
120 preferably determines a threshold moment at which to operate
the four distribution devices 110 above and about the fire. The
controller 120 can be preferably programmed with a user-defined
threshold value, moment or criteria in terms of temperature, heat
release rate, rate of rise in temperature or other detected
parameter. The threshold moment can be determined from any one or
combination of system parameters, for example, the number of
detectors having data readings above a user-defined threshold
value, the number of fluid distribution devices in the "hot zone"
reaching a user-define amount, the temperature profile reaching a
threshold level, the temperature profile reaching a user-specified
slope over time, the spectral energy reaching a user-defined
threshold level; and/or the smoke detectors reaching a user-defined
particulate level. Once the threshold moment is reached, the
controller 120 signals the four distribution devices 110 for
operation in step 200i. More preferably, the controller 120
operates the select four distribution devices 110 of the discharge
array substantially simultaneously to address and more preferably
quench the fire.
[0035] Shown in FIG. 5A is a plan view of the preferred
ceiling-only system 100 disposed above a stored commodity in a rack
arrangement. Shown in particular is an exemplary grid of the fluid
distribution devices 110a-110p and detectors 130a-130p. In an
example of the methodology 200, the detectors 130 detect a fire and
the processor 120 determine the location of the fire F. Where, for
example, the detector 130g is identified as detector with the
highest reading, the fluid distribution devices 110f, 110g, 110j,
11k are identified by the controller 120 as being above and about
the fire F in the "hot zone". The controller 120 operates the fluid
distribution devices 110f, 110g, 110j, 110k to address the fire
upon the detectors within the "hot zone" meeting or exceeding the
user-defined threshold.
[0036] Shown in FIG. 4C, is a flowchart showing another exemplary
preferred operational embodiment 300 of the controller of the
system 100. In a first step 300a, the controller 120 monitors the
environment of the occupancy for the indication of a fire and
preferably its location based upon sensed or detected input from
the detectors 130 reading a value meeting or exceeding a first
threshold moment in the fire. For example, one or more detectors
130 can return a reading meeting or exceeding a threshold rate of
rise in temperature, a threshold temperature or other measured
parameter. The controller 120 processes the data to preferably
determine a first distribution device 110 closest to or associated
with one or more detectors 130 from step 300b and more preferably
closest to the determined location of the fire. The controller 120
in step 300c identifies a preferred discharge array to address the
detected fire by identifying the distribution devices preferably
immediately adjacent and more preferably surrounding the first
distribution device 110 previously identified. Identification of
adjacent distribution devices is preferably, based upon controller
120 programming providing an address or location of each device
which can be related to identified adjacency or relative
positioning between devices. Moreover, the number of devices in the
preferred array can be a user-defined or preprogrammed number. The
controller 120 then determines in step 300d a second threshold
moment in the fire preferably using the same parameters or criteria
used in the determination of the first detection of step 300a or by
a preferably higher threshold. The second threshold can be defined
by readings returned from one or more detectors 130. With the
second threshold moment detected, the controller 120 then operates
all identified devices 110 of the preferred array to address the
detected fire in a preferred step 300e.
[0037] With reference again to FIG. 5A for example, if detector
130k and associated distribution device 110k are first identified
under the methodology at a first threshold, the immediately
adjacent and surrounding eight distribution devices, 110f, 110g,
110h, 110j, 110l, 110n, 110o and 110p can be automatically
identified for selection of a preferred discharge array. Following
a determination of a second threshold moment in the fire, detected
for example by the first detector 130k at a second preferably
higher threshold value than the first, the preferred array can be
operated by the controller for discharge to address and preferably
quench the detected fire. Alternatively, the second threshold
moment can be detected by a second detector 130g, for example,
reading at the same or higher threshold than the first detector
130k. For such a preferred embodiment, the identification of
adjacent and surrounding devices is preferably independent of
temperature detection or other measured thermal parameter and
instead based upon the preset location or preprogrammed addresses
of the devices to determine adjacency or relative positioning.
[0038] Alternatively or additionally, where user defined parameters
specify a smaller number of distribution devices 110 in the
preferred discharge array, such as for example, four distribution
devices, the identification of a second detector 130 can be used to
determine how the preferred discharge array is to be located or
centered. Again with reference to FIG. 5A, if detector 130k and
associated distribution device 110k are first identified under a
first threshold, the immediately adjacent and surrounding eight
distribution devices, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110j, 110l, 110n, 110o and
110p can be identified for possible selection of a preferred
discharge array. If at a second user-defined or pre-programmed
threshold, detector 130f is identified, the controller can fixedly
identify the four fluid distribution devices 110f, 110g, 110j and
110k as the preferred four-device discharge array for controlled
operation. Accordingly, in one aspect, this methodology can provide
for a preferred user-defined preset, fixed or preprogrammed
actuation of a group or zone of distribution devices 110 upon
thermal detection identifying a first distribution device.
[0039] Shown in FIG. 4D are alternate embodiments of another
methodology for use in the system 100. This embodiment of the
methodology dynamically identifies and operates an array of fluid
distribution devices 110 above and about and more preferably
centered about and surrounding the point of fire origin based on
the monitoring and detection of a fire at each detector 130. Each
detector 130 is preferably associated with a single discharge
device 110. The methodology employs two different detector
sensitivity thresholds in which one is a more sensitive or lower
threshold than the other. The lower threshold defines a preferred
pre-alarm threshold to identify a preferred number of distribution
devices above and about the detected fire for a controlled
operation. The lesser sensitive or higher threshold identifies the
moment of actuation of the identified group of fluid distribution
devices.
[0040] In the embodiment of the system and methods, the controller
120 is programmed to define a preferred pre-alarm threshold and a
preferred higher alarm threshold. The thresholds can be one or more
combination of rate of rise, temperature or any other detected
parameter of the detectors 130. The controller 120 is further
preferably programmed with a minimum number of distribution devices
to be identified in the preferred discharge array. A device queue
is preferably defined as being composed of those distribution
devices associated with a detector that has met or exceeded the
pre-alarm threshold. The programmed minimum number of devices 110
defines the minimum number of devices required to be in the queue
before the array is actuated or operated by the controller 120 at
the programmed alarm threshold. The controller 120 is further
preferably programmed with a maximum number of distribution devices
110 in the device queue to limit the number of devices to be
operated by the controller 120.
[0041] In an exemplary embodiment of the programmed controller 120
for the protection of double-row rack exposed expanded plastics up
to forty feet (40 ft.) beneath a forty-five foot (45 ft.) ceiling,
the pre-alarm threshold can be set to 20.degree. F. per minute rate
of rise with an alarm threshold at 135.degree. F. and the minimum
and maximum number of devices being four and six (4/6)
respectively. In the exemplary embodiment of the methodology 400
shown in FIG. 4D, at step 402 the controller 120 receives
temperature information from the detectors 130. In step 404, the
controller 120 looks at the historic temperature information from
each of these detectors 130 and the current temperature detected by
each of the detectors 130 to determine a rate of rise of the
temperature at each of these detectors. In step 406, it is
determined whether or not the rate of rise of any detector 130 is
greater than the pre-alarm threshold rate of rise. If it is
determined that a detector meets or exceeds the pre-alarm
threshold, then the distribution device 110 associated with the
detector 130 is placed in the device queue at step 408. At step
410, the detectors 130 continue to monitor the occupancy to detect
a rate of rise equal to or exceeding the alarm threshold. If the
alarm threshold is met or exceeded and the number of distribution
devices 110 in the device queue is equal to or exceeds the minimum
number of devices up to the maximum number of distribution devices
in the device queue, the devices in the queue are signaled for
operation at step 412. Again, the controller 120 can limit or
control the total number of device operations up to the maximum
identified in the program of the controller 120.
[0042] With reference to FIG. 5A and an exemplary fire event F, the
detectors 130 monitor the storage occupancy. Where for example,
eight detectors 130 detect the temperature and/or rate of rise
exceeding the programmed pre-alarm threshold, the queue of devices
is built sequentially up to a maximum of six distribution devices
110 with each device being associated with one of the eight
detectors 130. The distribution devices 110 in the queue can
include, for example, 110b, 110c, 110f, 110g, 110j, 110k. Once the
alarm threshold is equal or exceeded, the six devices 110 defining
the device queue can be operated and more preferably simultaneously
operated to address the fire F.
[0043] The controller 120 can be additionally or optionally
programmed with a backup threshold, which is a detected or derived
parameter which can be the same as or different from the pre-alarm
and alarm threshold to define a condition or moment at which
additional devices for controlled operation after the device queue
has been actuated. An exemplary backup threshold for the previously
described protection system can be 175.degree. F. Additionally, the
controller can be programmed with a preferred maximum number of
additional distribution devices 110, such as for example three (3)
devices to be operated following operation of the initial device
queue for a total of nine devices. Optionally shown in FIG. 4D of
the method of operation 400 and after the operation of the queue of
distribution devices 110, additional devices up to the maximum
number of additional can be identified and operated in respective
steps 414, 416 for controlled operation if the detectors 130 detect
directly or indirectly a value that equals or exceeds the backup
threshold. Accordingly, where the program is programmed with the
maximum distribution devices of six (6) to define the device queue
and three (3) maximum additional devices a total of eight device
may be operated by the controller 120 when the detectors 130
continue to detect fire parameters equal or exceeding the backup
threshold. For example, devices, 110a, 110e, 1100i are actuated if
their associated detectors 130 meet or exceed the backup
threshold.
[0044] Shown in FIG. 4E is another embodiment of a methodology 500
of operation of the controller 120 in the system 100. This
embodiment of the methodology continuously monitors the condition
of the fire and as needed, address the fire with a desired fixed
group of fluid distribution devices that preferably addresses the
fire and minimizes the volume of discharge. Operation of the fluid
distribution devices of the methodology 500 can be controlled by
the controller 120 and more preferably, the fluid distribution
devices are preferably configured for fluid control in which the
controller 120 can cease and reinitiate discharge and more
preferably control flow from the fluid distribution devices
110.
[0045] In preferred first step 501, a first detector 130 is
preferably identified by the controller 120 in response to
detection reading equal to or exceeding a programmed alarm
threshold condition, such as for example, a threshold temperature,
rate of rise or other detected parameter. In step 502, one or more
fluid distribution devices 110 is operated preferably based upon a
programmed association or programmed proximity to the identified
first detector 130. A detector 130 can be associated with a fluid
distribution device on a one-to-one basis or alternatively can be
associated with more than one fluid distribution device, such as
for example, a group of four distribution devices 110 surrounding
and centered about a single detector 130. With reference to FIGS.
4E and 5A, in one preferred embodiment of the methodology and step
502, the controlled fluid distribution devices preferably includes
the combination of a single primary distribution device 110g
associated with the identified first detector 130g and eight
secondary distribution devices 110b, 110c, 110d, 110f, 110h, 110j,
110k, 110l centered about the primary distribution device 110g. The
primary and secondary devices 110 are activated to define a first
discharge pattern for a period of operation, such as for example,
two minutes in step 502.
[0046] Following the first discharge pattern period, a
determination is made at step 504 whether or not the fire has been
suppressed, controlled or otherwise effectively addressed. The
detectors 130 and controller 120 of the system continue to monitor
the occupancy to make the determination. If it is determined that
the fire has been effectively addressed and more preferably
quenched, then all of the fluid distribution devices 110 can be
deactivated and the method 500 is terminated. However, if it is
determined that the fire has not been effectively addressed, then
the fluid distribution devices 110 are again activated in the same
first discharge pattern or more preferably a different second
discharge pattern at step 506 to continue to target the fire with
firefighting fluid. The fluid distribution devices 110 defining the
second pattern are maintained open by the controller 120 for a
programmed period of, for example, thirty seconds (30 sec.). The
total amount of water that is used to address the fire is
preferably minimized. Accordingly, in one preferred embodiment, the
second discharge pattern is preferably defined by four secondary
110c, 110f, 110h, 110k centered about the primary distribution
device 110g. Additionally or alternatively, the second discharge
pattern can vary from the first discharge pattern by altering the
flow of firefighting fluid from one or more distribution devices
110 or the period of discharge to provide for the preferred
minimized fluid flow.
[0047] In a preferred step 508, the controller again preferably
alters the secondary distribution devices 110 about the primary
distribution device to define a third discharge pattern. For
example, secondary distribution devices 110b, 110d, 110j, 110l are
operated to define the third discharge pattern. The third pattern
is discharge for a thirty seconds (30 sec.) or other programmed
period of discharge. The preferred sequential activation of second
and third discharge patterns facilitate formation and maintenance
of a perimeter of fluid distribution devices 110 preferably above
and about the fire, while minimizing water usage and thus,
minimizing potential water damage on the other. Following steps 506
and 508, it is again determined if the fire is effectively
addressed in step 510. If the fire is effectively addressed and
more preferably quenched, then all of the discharge devices are
deactivated in step 505. However, if it is determined that the fire
is not effectively addressed the controller repeats steps 506
through 508 to continue to discharge firefighting fluid in the
sequential second and third patterns previously described.
[0048] For the preferred ceiling-only fire protection systems, the
ability to effectively address and more particularly quench a fire
can depend upon the storage occupancy and the configuration of the
stored commodity being protected. Parameters of the occupancy and
storage commodity impacting the system installation and performance
can include, ceiling height H1 of the storage occupancy 10, height
of the commodity 12, classification of the commodity 12 and the
storage arrangement and height of the commodity 12 to be protected.
Accordingly, the preferred means for quenching in a ceiling-only
system can detect and locate a fire for operation of the preferred
number and pattern of fluid distribution devices defining a
preferred discharge array to address and more preferably quench a
fire at a maximum ceiling and storage height of a commodity of a
maximum hazard commodity classification including up to exposed
expanded Group A plastics.
[0049] Referring to FIG. 1, the ceiling C of the occupancy 10 can
be of any configuration including any one of: a flat ceiling,
horizontal ceiling, sloped ceiling or combinations thereof. The
ceiling height H1 is preferably defined by the distance between the
floor of the storage occupancy 10 and the underside of the ceiling
C above (or roof deck) within the storage area to be protected, and
more preferably defines the maximum height between the floor and
the underside of the ceiling C above (or roof deck). The commodity
array 12 can be characterized by one or more of the parameters
provided and defined in Section 3.9.1 of NFPA-13. The array 12 can
be stored to a storage height H2, in which the storage height H2
preferably defines the maximum height of the storage and a nominal
ceiling-to-storage clearance CL between the ceiling and the top of
the highest stored commodity. The ceiling height H1 can be twenty
feet or greater, and can be thirty feet or greater, for example, up
to a nominal forty-five feet (45 ft.) or higher such as for example
up to a nominal fifty feet (50 ft.), fifty-five (55 ft.), sixty
feet (60 ft.) or even greater and in particular up to sixty-five
feet (65 ft.) Accordingly, the storage height H2 can be twelve feet
or greater and can be nominally twenty feet or greater, such as for
example, a nominal twenty-five feet (25 ft.) up to a nominal sixty
feet or greater, preferably ranging nominally from between twenty
feet and sixty feet. For example, the storage height can be up to a
maximum nominal storage height H2 of forty-five feet (45 ft.),
fifty feet (50 ft.), fifty-five (55 ft.), or sixty feet (60 ft.).
Additionally or alternatively, the storage height H2 can be
maximized beneath the ceiling C to preferably define a minimum
nominal ceiling-to-storage clearance CL of any one of one foot, two
feet, three feet, four feet, or five feet or anywhere in
between.
[0050] The stored commodity array 12 preferably defines a
high-piled storage (in excess of twelve feet (12 ft.)) rack
arrangement, such as for example, a single-row rack arrangement,
preferably a multi-row rack storage arrangement; and even more
preferably a double-row rack storage arrangement. Other high-piled
storage configurations can be protected by the system 100,
including non-rack storage arrangements including for example:
palletized, solid-piled (stacked commodities), bin box (storage in
five sided boxes with little to no space between boxes), shelf
(storage on structures up to and including thirty inches deep and
separated by aisles of at least thirty inches wide) or back-to-back
shelf storage (two shelves separated by a vertical barrier with no
longitudinal flue space and maximum storage height of fifteen
feet). The storage area can also include additional storage of the
same or different commodity spaced at an aisle width W in the same
or different configuration. More preferably, the array 12 can
includes a main array 12a, and one or more target arrays 12b, 12c
each defining an aisle width W1, W2 to the main array, as seen in
FIGS. 5A and 5B.
[0051] The stored commodity 12 can include any one of NFPA-13
defined Class I, II, III or IV commodities, alternatively Group A,
Group B, or Group C plastics, elastomers, and rubbers, or further
in the alternative any type of commodity capable of having its
combustion behavior characterized. With regard to the protection of
Group A plastics, the preferred embodiments of the systems and
methods can be configured for the protection of expanded and
exposed plastics. According to NFPA 13, Sec. 3.9.1.13, "Expanded
(Foamed or Cellular) Plastics" is defined as "[t]hose plastics, the
density of which is reduced by the presence of numerous small
cavities (cells), interconnecting or not, disposed throughout the
mass." Section 3.9.1.14 of NFPA 13 defines "Exposed Group A Plastic
Commodities" as "[t]hose plastics not in packaging or coverings
that absorb water or otherwise appreciably retard the burning
hazard."
[0052] By responding and more particularly quenching a fire in
storage commodity in a manner as described herein, the preferred
systems 100 provide for a level of fire protection performance that
significantly limits and more preferably reduces the impact of the
fire on the storage commodity. This is believed to provide less
damage to the stored commodity as compared to previously known fire
protection performances, such as for example, suppression or fire
control. Moreover, in the protection of exposed expanded plastic
commodities the preferred systems and methods provide for ceiling
only-protection at heights and arrangements not available under the
current installation standards. Additionally or alternatively, the
preferred systems and methods provide for ceiling only-protection
of a exposed expanded plastic commodities without accommodations
such as for example, a vertical or horizontal barriers. As
described herein, actual fire testing can be conducted to
demonstrate the preferred quenching performance of the preferred
systems and methods described herein.
[0053] In the preferred ceiling-only arrangement of the preferred
system 100, the fluid distribution devices 110 are installed
between the ceiling C and a plane defined by the storage commodity
as schematically shown in FIGS. 1, 5A and 5B. The fluid
distribution subsystem 100a includes a network of pipes 150 having
a portion suspended beneath the ceiling of the occupancy and above
the commodity to be protected. In the preferred embodiments of the
system 100, the plurality of fluid distribution devices 110 are
mounted or connected to the network of pipes 150 to provide for the
ceiling-only protection. The network of pipes 150 preferably
includes one or more main pipes 150a from which one or more branch
lines 150b, 150c, 150d extend. The distribution devices 110 are
preferably mounted to and spaced along the spaced-apart branch
pipes 150b, 150c, 150d to form a desired device-to-device spacing
a.times.b. Preferably disposed above and more preferably axially
aligned with each distribution device 110 is a detector 130. The
distribution devices 110, branch lines and main pipe(s) can be
arranged so as to define either one of a gridded network or a tree
network. The network of pipes can further include pipe fittings
such as connectors, elbows and risers, etc. to interconnect the
fluid distribution portion of the system 100 and the fluid
distribution devices 110.
[0054] The network of pipes 150 connect the fluid distribution
devices 110 to a supply of firefighting liquid such as, for
example, a water main 150e or water tank. The fluid distribution
sub-system can further include additional devices (not shown) such
as, for example, fire pumps, or backflow preventers to deliver the
water to the distribution devices 110 at a desired flow rate and/or
pressure. The fluid distribution sub-system further preferably
includes a riser pipe 150f which preferably extends from the fluid
supply 150e to the pipe mains 150a. The riser 150f can include
additional components or assemblies to direct, detect, measure, or
control fluid flow through the water distribution sub-system 110a.
For example, the system can include a check valve to prevent fluid
flow from the sprinklers back toward the fluid source. The system
can also include a flow meter for measuring the flow through the
riser 150f and the system 100. Moreover, the fluid distribution
sub-system and the riser 150f can include a fluid control valve,
such as for example, a differential fluid-type fluid control valve.
The fluid distribution subsystem 100a of system 100 is preferably
configured as a wet pipe system (fluid discharges immediately upon
device operation) or a variation thereof including, i.e.,
non-interlocked, single or double-interlock preaction systems (the
system piping is initially filled with gas and then filled with the
firefighting fluid in response to signaling from the detection
subsystem such that fluid discharges from the distribution devices
at its working pressure upon device operation).
[0055] A preferred embodiment of the fluid distribution device 110
includes a fluid deflecting member coupled to a frame body as
schematically shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The frame body includes an
inlet for connection to the piping network and an outlet with an
internal passageway extending between the inlet and the outlet. The
deflecting member is preferably axially spaced from the outlet in a
fixed spaced relation. Water or other firefighting fluid delivered
to the inlet is discharged from the outlet to impact the deflecting
member. The deflecting member distributes the firefighting fluid to
deliver a volumetric flow which contributes to the preferred
collective volumetric flow to address and more preferably quench a
fire. Alternatively, the deflecting member can translate with
respect to the outlet provided it distribute the firefighting fluid
in a desired manner upon operation. In the ceiling-only systems
described herein, the fluid distribution device 110 can be
installed such that its deflecting member is preferably located
from the ceiling at a desired deflector-to-ceiling distance S as
schematically shown in FIG. 5B. Alternatively, the device 110 can
be installed at any distance from the ceiling C provided the
installation locates the device above the commodity being protected
in a ceiling-only configuration.
[0056] Accordingly, the fluid distribution device 110 can be
structurally embodied with a frame body and deflector member of a
"fire protection sprinkler" as understood in the art and
appropriately configured or modified for controlled actuation as
described herein. This configuration can include the frame and
deflector of known fire protection sprinklers with modifications
described herein. The sprinkler frame and deflectors components for
use in the preferred systems and methods can include the components
of known sprinklers that have been tested and found by industry
accepted organizations to be acceptable for a specified sprinkler
performance, such as for example, standard spray, suppression, or
extended coverage and equivalents thereof. For example, a preferred
fluid distribution device 110 for installation in the system 100
includes the frame body and deflector member shown and described in
technical data sheet "TFP312: Model ESFR-25 Early Suppression, Fast
Response Pendent Sprinklers 25.2 K-factor" (November 2012) from
TYCO FIRE PRODUCTS, LP having a nominal 25.2 K-factor and
configured for electrically controlled operation.
[0057] As used herein, the K-factor is defined as a constant
representing the sprinkler discharge coefficient, that is
quantified by the flow of fluid in gallons per minute (GPM) from
the sprinkler outlet divided by the square root of the pressure of
the flow of fluid fed into the inlet of the sprinkler passageway in
pounds per square inch (PSI). The K-factor is expressed as
GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2. NFPA 13 provides for a rated or nominal K-factor
or rated discharge coefficient of a sprinkler as a mean value over
a K-factor range. For example, for a K-factor 14 or greater, NFPA
13 provides the following nominal K-factors (with the K-factor
range shown in parenthesis): (i) 14.0 (13.5-14.5)
GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2; (ii) 16.8 (16.0-17.6) GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2; (iii)
19.6 (18.6-20.6) GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2; (iv) 22.4 (21.3-23.5)
GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2; (v) 25.2 (23.9-26.5) GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2; and (vi)
28.0 (26.6-29.4) GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2; or a nominal K-factor of 33.6
GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2 which ranges from about (31.8-34.8
GPM/(PSI).sup.1/2). Alternate embodiments of the fluid distribution
device 110 can include sprinklers having the aforementioned nominal
K-factors or greater.
[0058] U.S. Pat. No. 8,176,988 shows another exemplary fire
protection sprinkler structure for use in the systems described
herein. Specifically shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,176,988
is an early suppression fast response sprinkler (ESFR) frame body
and embodiments of deflecting member or deflector for use in the
preferred systems and methods described herein. The sprinklers
shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,176,988 and technical data sheet TFP312
are a pendent-type sprinklers; however upright-type sprinklers can
be configured or modified for use in the systems described herein.
Alternate embodiments of the fluid distributing devices 110 for use
in the system 100 can include nozzles, misting devices or any other
devices configured for controlled operation to distribute a
volumetric flow of firefighting fluid in a manner described
herein.
[0059] The preferred distribution devices 110 of the system 100 can
include a sealing assembly, as seen for example, in the sprinkler
of U.S. Pat. No. 8,176,988 or other internal valve structure
disposed and supported within the outlet to control the discharge
from the distribution device 110. However, the operation of the
fluid distribution device 110 or sprinkler for discharge is not
directly or primarily triggered or operated by a thermal or
heat-activated response to a fire in the storage occupancy.
Instead, the operation of the fluid distribution devices 110 is
controlled by the preferred controller 120 of the system in a
manner as described herein. More specifically, the fluid
distribution devices 110 are coupled directly or indirectly with
the controller 120 to control fluid discharge and distribution from
the device 110. Shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic
representations of preferred electro-mechanical coupling
arrangements between a distribution device assembly 110 and the
controller 120 technical data sheet TFP312. Shown in FIG. 2A is a
fluid distribution device assembly 110 that includes a sprinkler
frame body 110x having an internal sealing assembly supported in
place by a removable structure, such as for example, a thermally
responsive glass bulb trigger. A transducer and preferably
electrically operated actuator 110y is arranged, coupled, or
assembled, internally or externally, with the sprinkler 110x for
displacing the support structure by fracturing, rupturing,
ejecting, and/or otherwise removing the support structure and its
support of the sealing assembly to permit fluid discharge from the
sprinkler. The actuator 110y is preferably electrically coupled to
the controller 120 in which the controller provides, directly or
indirectly, an electrical pulse or signal for signaled operation of
the actuator to displace the support structure and the sealing
assembly for controlled discharge of firefighting fluid from the
sprinkler 110x.
[0060] Alternate or equivalent distribution device
electro-mechanical arrangements for use in the system are shown in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,811,511; 3,834,463 or 4,217,959. Shown and
described in FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,811,511 is a sprinkler and
electrically responsive explosive actuator arrangement in which a
detonator is electrically operated to displace a slidable plunger
to rupture a bulb supporting a valve closure in the sprinkler head.
Shown and described in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,463 is a
sensitive sprinkler having an outlet orifice with a rupture disc
valve upstream of the orifice. An electrically responsive explosive
squib is provided with electrically conductive wires that can be
coupled to the controller 120. Upon receipt of an appropriate
signal, the squib explodes to generate an expanding gas to rupture
disc to open the sprinkler. Shown and described in FIG. 2 of U.S.
Pat. No. 4,217,959 is an electrically controlled fluid dispenser
for a fire extinguishing system in which the dispenser includes a
valve disc supported by a frangible safety device to close the
outlet orifice of the dispenser. A striking mechanism having an
electrical lead is supported against the frangible safety device.
The patent describes that an electrical pulse can be sent through
the lead to release the striking mechanism and fracture the safety
device thereby removing support for the valve disc to permit
extinguishment to flow from the dispenser.
[0061] Shown in FIG. 2B, is another preferred electro-mechanical
arrangement for controlled actuation that includes an electrically
operated solenoid valve 110z in line and upstream from an open
sprinkler or other frame body 110x to control the discharge from
the device frame. With no seal assembly in the frame outlet, water
is permitted to flow from the open sprinkler frame body 110x upon
the solenoid valve 110z receiving an appropriately configured
electrical signal from the controller 120 to open the solenoid
valve depending upon whether the solenoid valve is normally closed
or normally open. The valve 110z is preferably located relative to
the frame body 110x such that there is negligible delay in
delivering fluid to the frame inlet at its working pressure upon
opening the valve 110z. Exemplary known electrically operated
solenoid valves for use in the system 100 can include the electric
solenoid valve and equivalents thereof described in ASCO.RTM.
technical data sheet "2/2 Series 8210: Pilot Operated General
Service Solenoid Valves Brass or Stainless Steel Bodies 3/8 to 21/2
NPT" available at
<http://http://www.ascovalve.com/Common/PDFFiles/Product/8210R6.pdf>-
;. In one particular solenoid valve arrangement in which there is a
one-to-one ratio of valve to frame body, the system can effectively
provide for controlled micro-deluge systems to address and more
preferably quench a fire thereby further limiting and more
preferably reducing damage to the occupancy and stored commodity as
compared to known deluge arrangements.
[0062] A preferred system 100 as previously described was installed
and subject to actual fire testing. A plurality of preferred fluid
distribution devices 110 and detectors 130 were installed above
rack storage of cartoned unexpanded Group A plastic stored to a
nominal storage height of forty feet (40 ft.) under a forty-five
foot (45 ft.) horizontal ceiling to define a nominal clearance of
five feet (5 ft.). More specifically, sixteen open sprinkler frame
bodies and deflector members of an ESFR type sprinkler, each having
a nominal K-factor of 25.2 GPM/PSI..sup.1/2, were arranged with a
solenoid valve in a fluid distribution assembly, as shown for
example in FIG. 2B, to define an effective K-factor of 19.2
GPM/PSI..sup.1/2 Disposed above and about each fluid distribution
assembly were a pair of detectors 130. The distribution devices 110
were installed on 10 ft..times.10 ft. spacing and supplied with
water so as to provide a flow from each sprinkler that is
equivalent to a nominal K-factor of 25 GPM/PSI..sup.1/2 supplied
with an operating pressure of water at 35 psi. The assemblies were
installed beneath the ceiling so as to locate the deflector member
of the sprinkler twenty inches (20 in.) beneath the ceiling.
[0063] The sprinkler assemblies were installed above Group A
Plastic commodity that included single wall corrugated cardboard
cartons measuring 21 in..times.21 in. containing 125 crystalline
polystyrene empty 16 ox. cups in separated compartments within the
carton. Each pallet of commodity was supported by a two-way 42
in..times.42 in..times.5 in. slatted deck hardwood pallet. The
commodity was stored in a rack arrangement having a central
double-row rack with two single-row target arrays disposed about
the central rack to define four foot (4 ft.) wide aisles widths W1,
W2, as seen in FIG. 5B, between the central array and the target
arrays. The central double-row rack array includes 40 ft. high by
36-inch wide rack members arranged with four 96 inch bays, eight
tiers in each row, and nominal 6 inch longitudinal and transverse
flue spaces throughout the test array.
[0064] The geometric center of the central rack was centered below
four fluid distribution assemblies 110. Two half-standard cellulose
cotton igniters were constructed from 3 in..times.3 in. long
cellulosic bundle soaked with four ounces (4 oz.) gasoline and
wrapped in a polyethylene bag. The igniters were positioned at the
floor and offset 21 inches from the center of the central double
row rack main array. The igniters were ignited to provide a single
fire F test of the system 100. The system 100 and a preferred
methodology located the test fire and identified the fluid
distribution devices 110 for addressing the fire in a manner as
previously described. The system 100 continued to address the test
fire for a period of thirty-two minutes; and at the conclusion of
the test, the commodity was evaluated.
[0065] The test fire illustrates the ability of a preferred system
configured for quenching to substantially reduce the impact of the
fire on the stored commodity. A total of nine distribution devices
were identified for operation and operated within two minutes of
ignition. Included among the nine identified devices are the four
distribution devices 110q, 110r, 110s, 110t immediately above and
about the fire F. The four operated devices 110q, 110r, 110s, 110t
defined a discharge array that effectively quenched the ignition by
limiting propagation of the fire in the vertical direction toward
the ceiling, in the fore and aft directions toward the ends of the
central array 12a, and in the lateral direction toward the target
arrays 12b, 12c. Thus, the fire was confined or surrounded by the
four most immediate or closest fluid distribution devices 110q,
110r, 110s, 110t above and about the fire.
[0066] The damage to the main array is graphically shown in FIGS.
5B, 6A and 6B. Damage to the commodity was focused to the central
core of the central array as defined by the centrally disposed
pallets indicated in shading. In the direction toward the ends of
the array, the fire damage was limited to the two central bays. It
was observed that the damage to the cartons was minimized.
Accordingly, in one preferred aspect, the quenching system confined
the fire within a cross-sectional area defined by the preferred
four fluid distribution devices most closely disposed above and
about the fire. With reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B, the fire damage
was also vertically limited or contained by the preferred quenching
system. More specifically, the fire damage was limited vertically
so as to extend from the bottom of the array to no higher than the
sixth tier from the bottom of the stored commodity. Given that
quenching performance confines the propagation of the fire,
quenching performance can be further characterized by the ability
of the preferred system to prevent the test fire from jumping
across the aisles to the target arrays 12b, 12c.
[0067] Quenching performance can be observed by the satisfaction of
one or more parameters or a combination thereof. For example,
vertical damage can be limited to six or fewer tiers of commodity.
Alternatively or additionally, vertical damage can be limited to
75% or less than the total number of tiers of the test commodity.
Lateral damage can also be quantified to characterize quenching
performance. For example, lateral damage subject to quenching
performance can be limited to no more than two pallets and is more
preferably no more than one pallet in the direction toward the ends
of the array.
[0068] Additional fire testing has shown that the preferred systems
and methods described herein can be used in the ceiling-only
protection of exposed expanded plastic commodities at heights and
arrangements not available under the current installation
standards. For example in one preferred system installation, a
plurality of preferred fluid distribution devices 110 and detectors
130 can be installed above rack storage of exposed expanded Group A
plastic stored to a nominal storage height ranging from twenty-five
(25 ft.) to forty feet (40 ft.) under a forty-five foot (45 ft.)
horizontal ceiling to define a nominal clearance ranging from five
feet (5 ft.) to twenty feet (20 ft.). Provided the ceiling is of a
sufficient height, preferred embodiments of the systems and
methodologies herein can protect up to a maximum fifty to
fifty-five feet (50-55 ft.). In one preferred storage arrangement,
wherein the ceiling height is forty-eight (48 ft.) and the nominal
storage height is forty-three feet (43 ft.)
[0069] In one particular embodiment of the preferred system, a
group of an ESFR type sprinkler frame bodies with internal sealing
assembly and deflector member, each having a nominal K-factor of
25.2 GPM/PSI..sup.1/2, are preferably arranged with an electrically
operated actuator in a fluid distribution assembly, as shown for
example in FIG. 2A. Disposed above and about each fluid
distribution assembly are a pair of detectors 130. The distribution
devices 110 are preferably installed on 10 ft..times.. 10 ft.
spacing in a looped piping system and supplied with water at
operating pressure of 60 psi. to provide a preferred discharge
density of 1.95 gpm/ft.sup.2. The fluid distribution devices are
preferably installed beneath the ceiling so as to locate the
deflector member at a preferred deflector-to-ceiling distance S of
eighteen inches (18 in.) beneath the ceiling. Each detector and
fluid distribution device is coupled to a preferably centralized
controller for detection of a fire and operation of one or more
fluid distribution devices in a manner as described herein. The
system and its controller 120 is preferably programmed to identify
nine distribution devices 110 to define an initial discharge array
for addressing a detected fire.
[0070] While the present invention has been disclosed with
reference to certain embodiments, numerous modifications,
alterations, and changes to the described embodiments are possible
without departing from the sphere and scope of the present
invention, as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, it is
intended that the present invention not be limited to the described
embodiments, but that it has the full scope defined by the language
of the following claims, and equivalents thereof.
* * * * *
References