U.S. patent application number 14/796783 was filed with the patent office on 2017-01-12 for allergy skin test devices.
The applicant listed for this patent is Rememdia LC. Invention is credited to Fraser M. Smith.
Application Number | 20170007170 14/796783 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 57730564 |
Filed Date | 2017-01-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170007170 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Smith; Fraser M. |
January 12, 2017 |
Allergy Skin Test Devices
Abstract
An allergy skin test device can include a support strip having a
top and bottom face. An allergen can be applied to an area of the
bottom face forming an allergen portion. A skin viewing portion can
be located proximate or at the allergen portion. An adhesive can be
applied to an area of the bottom face forming an adhesion portion.
When applied to the skin of a subject, the allergy skin test device
can facilitate viewing of a portion of the skin beneath the allergy
skin test device through the skin viewing portion. A method of
testing a subject for an allergy can include applying an allergy
skin test device to the skin of the subject, recording two or more
images of the skin of the subject, and electronically comparing the
images.
Inventors: |
Smith; Fraser M.; (Salt Lake
City, UT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Rememdia LC |
Salt Lake City |
UT |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
57730564 |
Appl. No.: |
14/796783 |
Filed: |
July 10, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 2562/08 20130101;
A61B 5/7455 20130101; A61B 5/411 20130101; A61B 5/742 20130101;
A61B 5/7282 20130101; A61B 5/1032 20130101; A61B 5/0077 20130101;
A61B 5/015 20130101; A61B 2562/0276 20130101; A61B 5/7405 20130101;
A61B 5/6898 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61B 5/00 20060101
A61B005/00; A61B 5/01 20060101 A61B005/01 |
Claims
1. An allergy skin test device comprising: a support strip having a
top face and a bottom face; an allergen applied to an area of the
bottom face forming an allergen portion; a skin viewing portion
located proximate or at the allergen portion; and an adhesive
applied to an area of the bottom face forming an adhesion portion;
wherein, when applied to skin of a subject, the allergy skin test
device facilitates viewing of a portion of the skin beneath the
allergy skin test device through the skin viewing portion.
2. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, wherein the skin
viewing portion comprises a transparent portion formed within the
support strip.
3. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, wherein the skin
viewing portion comprises an aperture through the support strip,
the aperture being oriented in a central area of the allergen
portion such that, when applied to the skin of the subject, the
allergy skin test device facilitates viewing of an exposed area of
the skin through the aperture.
4. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, further comprising
micro spicules located about the allergen portion operable to
pierce the skin of the subject when the allergy skin test device is
applied to the skin, such that the allergen is caused to penetrate
a lower layer of the skin of the subject.
5. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, further comprising an
identification code printed on the top face of the support strip,
wherein the identification code identifies a characteristic of the
allergen.
6. The allergy skin test device of claim 5, wherein the
characteristic is selected from the group consisting of type of
allergen, class of allergen, expiration date, date of manufacture,
allergen strength, and combinations thereof.
7. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, wherein the allergen is
a single allergen applied to an area of the bottom face forming a
single allergen portion.
8. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, wherein the allergen is
selected from an animal product, a plant pollen, a spore, a food
product, a pharmaceutical, a metal, and a chemical.
9. The allergy skin test device of claim 1, wherein the allergy
skin test device comprises a thermochromic material configured to
change color with changing temperature of the skin of the
subject.
10. A method of testing a subject for an allergy, comprising: a)
applying an allergy skin test device to an area of skin of the
subject, such that an allergen of an allergen portion of the
allergy skin test device is caused to come into contact with the
skin; b) recording a first image of the skin of the subject prior
to an allergic response; c) waiting a sufficient time to enable an
allergic response to occur; d) recording a second image of the skin
of the subject viewed through a skin viewing portion of the allergy
skin test device; e) electronically comparing the first image with
the second image to identify a skin reaction and a corresponding
skin reaction factor; and f) electronically comparing the skin
reaction factor with a stored reaction parameter to determine an
allergic response severity level of the subject.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the allergy skin test device
comprises: a support strip having a top face and a bottom face; an
allergen applied to an area of the bottom face forming an allergen
portion; a skin viewing portion located proximate or at the
allergen portion; and an adhesive applied to an area of the bottom
face forming an adhesion portion; wherein the allergy skin test
device facilitates viewing of a portion of the skin beneath the
allergy skin test device through the skin viewing portion.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the allergy skin test device
comprises an identification code printed on the top face of the
support strip, wherein the identification code identifies a
characteristic of the allergen.
13. The allergy skin test device of claim 12, wherein the
characteristic is selected from the group consisting of type of
allergen, class of allergen, expiration date, date of manufacture,
allergen strength, and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 12, further comprising using an integrated
camera of a mobile device to scan the identification code.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first image is of the skin
of the subject viewed through the skin viewing portion of the
allergy skin test device.
16. The method of claim 10, wherein the allergy skin test device
comprises a thermochromic material configured to change color with
changing temperature of the skin of the subject, and wherein the
method further comprises identifying a change in color of the
thermochromics material.
17. The method of claim 10, wherein recording the first image and
recording the second image are performed using an integrated camera
of a mobile device.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising using an integrated
light of the mobile device to illuminate the skin of the subject
when recording the first image and the second image.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the integrated light is
configured to emit a wavelength of light selected to improve
detectability of the skin reaction.
20. The method of claim 17, further comprising: using a processor
of the mobile device, identifying the allergic response severity
level; displaying an instruction on a display of the mobile device
to remove the allergy skin test device; and removing the allergy
skin test device from the skin of the subject.
21. The method of claim 17, further comprising: using a processor
of the mobile device, identifying a low allergic response severity
level and displaying an instruction on a display of the mobile
device to apply an additional allergy skin test device with a
higher dose of allergen to the skin; and applying an additional
allergy skin test device with a higher dose of allergen to the
skin.
22. The method of claim 17, further comprising using the integrated
camera of the mobile device to record at least one additional image
of the skin of the subject viewed through the skin viewing portion
of the allergy skin test device as applied to the subject, and
using the processor of the mobile device to display a plot of the
allergic response severity level over time.
23. A method for identifying an allergic reaction, the method
comprising under control of one or more computer systems configured
with executable instructions: identifying a first image of skin of
a subject, the first image being taken at a first time, using one
or more processors of the computer system; identifying a second
image of skin of a subject viewed through a skin viewing portion of
an allergy skin test device, the second image being taken at a
second time, using one or more processors of the computer system;
comparing the first image with the second image to identify a skin
reaction and a corresponding skin reaction factor, using one or
more processors of the computer system; and comparing the skin
reaction factor with a stored reaction parameter to determine an
allergic response severity level of the subject, using one or more
processors of the computer system.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising displaying, on an
electronic display in communication with the computer system, an
instruction for the subject based on the allergic response severity
level, using one or more processors of the computer system.
25. The method of claim 23, further comprising: displaying, on an
electronic display in communication with the computer system, a
prompt for the subject to record the first image using a digital
camera in communication with the computer system, using one or more
processors of the computer systems; delaying a sufficient time to
enable an allergic response to occur, using one or more processors
of the computer system; and displaying, on the electronic display
in communication with the computer system, a prompt for the subject
to record the second image using the digital camera in
communication with the computer system, using one or more
processors of the computer system.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising activating a light
source in communication with the computer system to illuminate the
skin during recording of the first and second images, using one or
more processors of the computer system.
27. The method of claim 25, further comprising alerting the subject
of the prompt by producing vibrations from a vibration device in
communication with the computer system or an audible sound in
communication with the computer system, using one or more
processors of the computer system.
28. The method of claim 25, further comprising delaying an
additional time using one or more processors of the computer system
and displaying an additional prompt for the subject to record an
additional image using the digital camera in communication with the
computer system, using one or more processors of the computer
system.
29. The method of claim 23, wherein comparing the first image with
the second image comprises using one or more processors of the
computer system.
30. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one of the first image
and second image shows an identification code printed on the
allergy skin test device, the method further comprising identifying
the allergen based on the identification code, using one or more
processors of the computer system.
31. The method of claim 23, wherein the first image and second
image are taken using an infrared or near-infrared camera to detect
emitted heat from the skin of the subject, using one or more
processors of the computer system.
32. The method of claim 23, wherein the allergy skin test device
comprises a thermochromic material configured to change color with
changing temperature of the skin of the subject, and wherein the
method further comprises identifying a change in color of the
thermochromic material using one or more processors of the computer
system.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] Millions of people suffer from allergies to various
substances. An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder, in which the
immune system over-responds to a substance in the environment. The
seriousness of allergic reactions can range from slight to severe.
Many less serious allergic reactions cause runny nose, itching,
internal discomfort and so on. Severe allergic reactions can cause
bronchoconstriction, edema, hypotension, coma, and even death. Many
different substances can potentially trigger allergic reactions.
Common allergens include pollen, animal dander, foods,
pharmaceuticals, latex, and metals.
[0002] Allergy testing has been used to determine whether an
individual is allergic to a particular substance. An individual may
seek allergy testing if the individual is experiencing allergy
symptoms, but does not know which allergen is causing the symptoms.
Alternatively, an individual may wish to know of an allergy ahead
of time so that the individual will know which allergens to avoid.
A variety of methods for diagnosing allergies have been developed.
Skin prick tests involve placing an allergen on the skin and then
pricking the skin so that the allergen contacts cells beneath the
skin's surface. A health care provider can observe the pricked area
and diagnose an allergy based on swelling, redness, or other signs
of reaction. Intradermal skin tests involve injecting allergen
under the skin. A health care provider can then observe the
injection site for allergic reactions. Allergies can also be
diagnosed using blood tests. A blood sample can be drawn and then
tested for the presence of certain antibodies that indicate an
immune response to a particular allergen.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] Features and advantages of the invention will be apparent
from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way
of example, features of the invention; and, wherein:
[0004] FIG. 1 is a top view of an allergy skin test device in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0005] FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the allergy skin test device
shown in FIG. 1.
[0006] FIG. 3 is a top view of an allergy skin test device in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0007] FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the allergy skin test device
shown in FIG. 3.
[0008] FIG. 5 is a side view of a portion of an allergy skin test
device having micro spicules, in accordance with an embodiment of
the present invention.
[0009] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of testing a
subject for an allergy, in accordance with an embodiment of the
present invention.
[0010] FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method of identifying
an allergic response in accordance with an embodiment of the
present invention.
[0011] FIG. 8 is a top view of an allergy skin test device as
applied to skin of a subject after an allergic response has
occurred, in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0012] Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments
illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe
the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of
the scope of the invention is thereby intended.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] As used herein, the term "substantially" refers to the
complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action,
characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For
example, an object that is "substantially" enclosed would mean that
the object is either completely enclosed or nearly completely
enclosed. The exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute
completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context.
However, generally speaking the nearness of completion will be so
as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total
completion were obtained. The use of "substantially" is equally
applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the
complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic,
property, state, structure, item, or result.
[0014] As used herein, "adjacent" refers to the proximity of two
structures or elements. Particularly, elements that are identified
as being "adjacent" may be either abutting or connected. Such
elements may also be near or close to each other without
necessarily contacting each other. The exact degree of proximity
may in some cases depend on the specific context.
[0015] An initial overview of technology embodiments is provided
below and then specific technology embodiments are described in
further detail later. This initial summary is intended to aid
readers in understanding the technology more quickly but is not
intended to identify key features or essential features of the
technology nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed
subject matter.
[0016] The present disclosure is directed towards allergy skin test
devices and methods for testing a subject for an allergy. More
specifically, the present disclosure relates to devices and methods
that can be easily purchased over the counter and which are
sufficiently reliable and easy to use so that an individual can
perform the allergy test at home without supervision of a health
care professional.
[0017] Previous solutions for allergy testing have generally
required a doctor or other health care professional to obtain, read
and interpret test results. For example, in skin prick tests, a
health care professional administers the allergen and skin prick at
the beginning of the test, and then observes the skin and
interprets any skin reaction that develops. Therefore, the
individual undergoing the test relies on the health care
professional to determine if the individual has an allergy. In many
cases, such an allergy test requires a long wait up to several
hours at the health care professional's office to read the test
results. In other cases, a waiting period of multiple days is
required between administering the allergen and reading the
results. This necessitates multiple trips to see the health care
professional. If an allergy test is negative, it is often necessary
to begin another test for a different allergen and make additional
trips to see the health care professional. Thus, allergy tests
administered by healthcare professionals can require significant
inconveniences and time commitments for the individual undergoing
the tests. Visits to health care professionals can also be a
financial burden. This results in loss of time and money for
individuals receiving allergy tests and can also prompt some
individuals to continue suffering allergy symptoms rather than
undergo testing to identify the individuals' allergies.
[0018] The allergy testing devices and methods according to the
present disclosure can reduce the time and financial cost of
receiving allergy testing. The testing devices can be used at home
by any individual with minimal or no at home training. The tests
can have high accuracy and high sensitivity. Testing methods can
include using computerized systems, such as smartphones, which have
advantages of being able to detect small differences in skin color
that even a trained healthcare professional would not see. These
computerized systems also allow for comparing an individual's
allergic reaction with data from many other individuals, so that
the type and severity of the individual's allergy can be most
accurately identified. These and other advantages of the present
technology are described in more detail below.
[0019] In one aspect, the present technology relates to an allergy
skin test device. An allergy skin test device can include a support
strip having a top face and a bottom face. An allergen can be
applied to or about an area of the bottom face forming an allergen
portion. A skin viewing portion can be located proximate or at the
allergen portion. Additionally, an adhesive can be applied to an
area of the bottom face forming an adhesion portion. When applied
to the skin of a subject, the allergy test device can facilitate
viewing of a portion of the skin beneath the allergy test device
through the skin viewing portion, such as for the purpose of
viewing an allergic reaction while the support strip is maintained
on the skin.
[0020] A specific embodiment of an allergy skin test device is
shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 1 shows the allergy skin test device
100 as viewed from the bottom. The allergy skin test device
includes a support strip 110 having a bottom face 120. An adhesive
area 130 is denoted by a large dashed line. Adhesive is applied to
the bottom space inside this area. An allergen portion 140 is
denoted by a small dotted line. An allergen is applied to, or
otherwise caused to be located at, the area in the allergen
portion. A skin viewing portion 150 is located in a central area of
the support strip, encompassing the allergen portion. In the
specific embodiment shown, the skin viewing portion is a
transparent window in the support strip that allows the entire
allergen portion to be visible through the support strip. In some
embodiments, the adhesive can cover the allergen portion. In other
embodiments, the adhesive portion can end at the border of the
allergen portion or at the border of the skin viewing portion. This
can prevent false positives in subjects that have an allergy to the
adhesive.
[0021] FIG. 2 shows the same allergy skin test device as shown in
FIG. 1 viewed from the top. The allergy skin test device 100
includes a support strip 110 having a top face 220. The skin
viewing portion 150 can comprise a window that allows viewing of
the allergen portion 140 through the support strip. An
identification code 260 is printed on the top surface of the
support strip near the skin viewing portion. In the specific
embodiment shown, the identification code is a bar code that can be
read by an imaging device.
[0022] In some embodiments, the skin viewing portion can include a
transparent portion formed within the support strip. For example,
the allergen portion can be transparent with a transparent
allergen. If the allergen is opaque, then there can be a
transparent window adjacent to the allergen portion. For example, a
small transparent window can be at the center of the allergen
portion, with no allergen present beneath the window.
Alternatively, the viewing portion can be on a side of the allergen
portion, or can surround the allergen portion. Alternatively, the
entire support strip can be transparent.
[0023] The transparent portion can be formed from a transparent
material such as a transparent polymer. Examples of transparent
polymers can include polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE),
polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), styrene acrylonitrile
(SAN), combinations thereof, and others transparent polymers.
[0024] In further embodiments, the skin viewing portion can include
an aperture through the support strip. For example, the aperture
can be a hole or slit penetrating through the support strip. In one
example, the aperture can be oriented in a central area of the
allergen portion. When the device is applied to the skin of a
subject, the device can facilitate viewing of an exposed area of
the skin through the aperture. The aperture can have a diameter of
about 1 mm to about 1 cm, although this should not be considered
limiting in any way.
[0025] FIGS. 3 and 4 show an allergy skin test device 100 having an
aperture 350 through the support strip 110. FIG. 3 shows the device
as viewed from the bottom, with an adhesive portion 130 and
allergen portion 140 on the bottom face 120. In the specific
embodiment shows, the adhesive portion 130 surrounds the aperture
350. This arrangement can expose the skin of the subject to the
allergen in areas surround the aperture 350, so that if an allergic
reaction occurs the reaction will be visible through the aperture
350. The allergen portion 140 is shown as having a circular border
slightly outside the border of the aperture 350. However, in other
embodiments, the allergen portion can extend all the way to the
border of the aperture. FIG. 4 shows the same allergy skin test
device 100 as viewed from above. The aperture 350 allows viewing of
the skin of the subject through the aperture 350. An identification
code 260 is printed on the top face 220 of the support strip
110.
[0026] Some allergies can be effectively tested by external skin
contact only. However, other allergies can be more effectively
tested if the allergen is delivered beneath the outermost layer of
skin. Some allergens can be delivered into the epidermis, while
others can be delivered beneath the epidermis. Accordingly, in some
embodiments the allergy skin test device can comprise or further
comprise features for piercing the outermost layer of skin to
deliver allergen into the skin. In one embodiment, the allergy skin
test device can include micro spicules located about the allergen
portion. Micro spicules, also referred to as "micro needles," can
be very small, sharp spikes located on or around the allergen
portion. Generally, the micro spicules can be placed in a location
on the test device where a skin puncture from the micro spicules
can allow allergen to pass below the outer layer of skin. The micro
spicules can be operable to pierce the skin of the subject when the
allergy skin test device is applied to the skin. Thus, the allergen
can penetrate a lower layer of the skin of the subject.
[0027] In some examples, the micro spicules can be formed from a
hypoallergenic material so as to avoid causing allergic reactions
due to the micro spicules themselves. The micro spicules can be
formed from surgical steel, silicon, a hypoallergenic polymer, or
combinations thereof. In one approach, the micro spicules can be
formed of a biodegradable material. Biodegradable micro spicules
can effectively create the small skin punctures necessary to
deliver allergen beneath the outer layer of skin, and then the
micro spicules can dissolve or otherwise degrade over a period of
time. In one example, the micro spicules can be formed from sugar.
Sugar micro spicules can pierce the skin and then dissolve and be
metabolized in the body. In a further example, a mixture of sugar
with the allergen can be used to form the micro spicules, so that
the allergen is delivered into the skin from the micro spicules
(the micro spicules forming the allergen portion) as the micro
spicules dissolve. Other non-limiting examples of biodegradable
materials include biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid,
polyglycolic acid, and copolymers thereof.
[0028] The size of the micro spicules can vary depending on the
desired penetration depth. In some embodiments, the micro spicules
can be from about 1 micron to about 100 microns in length. Longer
micro spicules can generally provide a deeper penetration and
higher likelihood of allergic reaction, but also can cause more
pain or discomfort when the allergy skin test device is applied.
When sufficiently small micro spicules are used, the allergy skin
test device can be applied with little or no pain while still
maintaining efficacy.
[0029] FIG. 5 shows a close up side view of a support strip section
510 of an allergy test device in accordance with another
embodiment. The support strip section has a bottom face 520 with
micro spicules 530 pointing downward. An allergen 540 is applied
over the micro spicules. When the support strip is applied to the
skin of a subject, the micro spicules can pierce the outer layer of
skin and deliver the allergen beneath the outer layer of skin. In
various embodiments, the micro spicules can be formed as an
integral part of the support strip or they can be separate
components attached to the support strip.
[0030] In some cases, multiple allergy skin test devices can be
manufactured to test for a single allergen at different strength
levels. For example, a low strength test device can have a low
concentration of an allergen, while a high strength test device can
have a high concentration of allergen. A subject having a very high
sensitivity to the allergen may react to the lowest strength level
of test device, while a subject with a moderate sensitivity may
only react to a high strength level. In addition to using a higher
concentration of allergen in higher strength test devices, micro
spicules can be included to pierce the skin of the subject. The
micro spicules can generally increase the likelihood that a subject
will react to an allergen. Therefore, a subject with a low
sensitivity to an allergen may show a skin reaction to an allergy
test device including micro spicules.
[0031] The allergy skin test device can include an identification
code printed on the top face of the support strip. The
identification code can contain information about the allergy test
device, such as the type of allergen, strength level of the test
device, dose of allergen, presence or lack of micro spicules,
expiration date, and so on. In some cases, the identification code
can be a machine-readable code such as a bar code or QR (quick
response) code. In other cases, the identification code can be
human-readable. For example, the code can include words and numbers
such as the name of the allergen, strength level of the test
device, dose of allergen, presence or lack of micro spicules,
expiration date, and so on.
[0032] The allergy skin test device can include a single allergen
applied to an area of the bottom face of the support strip, forming
a single allergen portion on the support strip. Such allergy skin
test devices can be convenient and easy to use, because a user can
select any desired single allergen to test for allergic reactions.
Thus, if a user is only interested in testing for a single allergy,
the user only needs to apply the specific allergen being tested to
the user's skin. Additionally, having a single allergen on a test
device makes it easy to identify what allergen is being tested.
There is no likelihood of confusing allergens as there may be with
multiple allergens present on a single test device. If a user
wishes to test for multiple allergens, then multiple test devices
with different allergens can be applied. For example, a user can
apply several allergy skin test devices along the user's arm or
other area of skin.
[0033] In an alternative embodiment, the allergy skin test device
can include multiple allergens applied to an area of the bottom
face of the support strip. In one example, the test device can
include a panel of similar allergens or allergens from a single
class of allergens. Such a test device can allow for quickly
testing a broad range of allergens and may be used to rule out a
large number of allergens with a single test.
[0034] The allergen portion can include any type of allergen that a
user may wish to test. Non-limiting examples of classes allergens
that can be tested include animal products, plant pollens, spores,
food products, pharmaceuticals, metals, chemicals, and others.
Non-limiting specific allergens that can be tested include grass
pollen, dust, dust mites, mold, cat and dog dander, latex, perfume,
peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, eggs, milk, meat, fruit, soy, wheat,
gluten, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, antibiotics,
anesthetics, bee sting venom, nickel, copper, chromium, and
others.
[0035] The allergen can be in any convenient form in the allergen
portion of the test device. Non-limiting examples include allergen
in the form of a powder, a paste, a suspension, a liquid, a film,
an allergen-impregnated pad, a solid monolithic form, and
combinations thereof. Different allergens can lend themselves to
being used in different forms in the allergy skin test devices. For
example, small particulate allergens such as pollen and pet dander
can be applied to the allergy skin test device in their natural
particulate form, as a suspension in water or other solvent, as a
suspension in a gel, as a mixture with a polymer, as a mixture with
an adhesive, and so on. Food allergens can be dried if necessary
and ground into powder, then applied in any of the above mentioned
forms. Alternatively, in some cases a food allergy is caused by a
specific substance in the food. This substance can be extracted
from the food and used in the allergy skin test device in any of
the above mentioned forms. Proteins from peanuts are one specific
example of an allergen that can be extracted from a food. Chemical
allergens can be mixed with a matrix to hold the allergen on the
test device. The matrix can be formulated to release a sufficient
amount of the allergen onto the skin to cause an allergic reaction
if the user is allergic to the allergen in question. For example, a
chemical allergen can be dissolved in water or other solvent,
impregnated into a pad, mixed with a polymer, mixed with an
adhesive, or otherwise formulated to be applied to the test device.
Metal allergens like nickel and copper can be ground into powder
form and applied in any of the above forms. Alternately, a solid
metal plate or foil can be attached to the test device so that the
metal plate comes into contact with the user's skin. In one
embodiment, the metal plate can be formed with a hole at the skin
viewing portion of the test device so that the skin can be visible
through the hole.
[0036] In any of the above forms of allergen, the allergen portion
of the allergy skin test device can be formulated so that the
allergen can be quickly removed from the skin in case of a severe
allergic reaction. Specifically, the allergen portion can be
formulated so that little or no residual allergen remains on the
skin, such as in the form of loose allergen powder or adhered
adhesive film containing allergen, after the test device is
removed.
[0037] The present technology also extends to methods of testing a
subject for an allergy. FIG. 6 shows a method of testing a subject
for an allergy 600. The method includes, first, applying an allergy
skin test device to an area of skin of the subject, such that an
allergen of an allergen portion of the allergy skin test device is
caused to come into contact with the skin 610. A first image is
recorded of the skin of the subject prior to an allergic response
620. Next, the method includes waiting a sufficient time to enable
an allergic response to occur 630. A second image of the skin of
the subject viewed trough a skin viewing portion of the allergy
skin test device is then recorded 640. The first image is
electronically compared with the second image to identify a skin
reaction and a corresponding skin reaction factor 650. Finally, the
skin reaction factor is electronically compared with a stored
reaction parameter to determine an allergic response severity level
of the subject 660.
[0038] The allergy skin test device used in the method can have any
of the features and characteristics described above. In some
embodiments, the allergy skin test device can include a support
strip having a top and bottom face. An allergen can be applied to
an area of the bottom face forming an allergen portion. A skin
viewing portion can be located proximate or at the allergen
portion. An adhesive can be applied to an area of the bottom face
forming an adhesion portion. The allergy skin test device can
facilitate viewing of a portion of the skin beneath the allergy
skin test device through the skin viewing portion.
[0039] In some embodiments, the allergy skin test device can
include an identification code printed on the top face of the
support strip. The identification code can identify a
characteristic of the allergen. In some cases, the identification
code can be machine-readable, such as a bar code or QR code. The
identification code can be read electronically to provide
information about the allergy skin test device. This information
can be used in the method to help identify an appropriate stored
reaction parameter to determine an allergic response severity level
of the subject. In other cases, the identification code can be
human-readable. However, a human-readable identification code can
also be read electronically using an optical reading process such
as optical character recognition (OCR).
[0040] In various embodiments, the steps of electronically
comparing the first and second images and electronically comparing
the skin reaction factor with the stored reaction parameter can be
performed using a computer system comprising one or more
processors. Non-limiting examples of computer systems include a
personal computer (PC), a laptop, a smartphone, a tablet computer,
a server and client system, and combinations thereof. In some
embodiments, the method steps can be performed by a single computer
or mobile device. In other embodiments, the method steps can be
distributed between multiple computers, mobile devices, servers,
clients, and so on. For example, in one embodiment, comparing the
first and second images can be performed by a processor of a mobile
device such as a smart phone. The stored reaction parameter can be
stored in memory of the same mobile device, and the processor the
mobile device can also be used to compare the skin reaction factor
with the stored reaction parameter to determine an allergic
response severity level. In another embodiment, a processor of the
mobile device can be used to compare the first and second image and
to compare the skin reaction factor with the stored reaction
parameter, but the stored reaction parameter can be stored in
memory of a server. In yet another embodiment, comparing the first
and second images, storing the stored reaction parameter, and
comparing the skin reaction factor with the stored reaction
parameter can all be performed by a server, and a PC or mobile
device can be used as a client for a user to access the server.
[0041] In some cases, the computer system can include a digital
imaging device in communication with one or more processors of the
computer system. In one example, the computer system can comprise a
mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet with an integrated
digital camera. Such a digital imaging device can be used to record
the first and second images of the skin of the subject. In one
example, the digital imaging device can also be used to read the
identification code printed on the allergy skin test device. The
identification code can be printed near the skin viewing portion so
that the first and second images of the skin of the subject can
include both the skin viewing portion of the allergy skin test
device and the identification code. In one embodiment, the first
and second images can be recorded using an integrated camera of a
mobile device.
[0042] In some embodiments, the first image of the skin can be
recorded as viewed through the skin viewing portion of the allergy
skin test device. In other embodiments, the first image of the skin
can be recorded before the allergy skin test device is applied.
Therefore, the first image can be of bare skin. However, for the
purpose of comparing the first and second images, it can be useful
to record both images through the skin viewing portion of the
allergy skin test device to make the images as similar as possible.
Recording both images through the viewing portion of the allergy
skin test device can enhance control parameters to ensure that the
same area of skin is viewed in each image, and the major difference
between the first image and the second image can be any change in
appearance of the skin.
[0043] To further control the first and second images, a consistent
light source can be used to illuminate the skin in each image. In
some examples, the light source can be in communication with one or
more processors of the computer system. In a specific example, the
light source can be an integrated light of a mobile device. The
integrated light can provide calibrated illumination to the skin.
In one embodiment, the brightness of the integrated light can be
adjusted to provide consistent illumination to the skin. The
brightness of the light can be changed to compensate for other
variables, such as the distance at which the user holds the mobile
device from the skin when taking the images. Although a user may
take the first and second images from different distances, the
brightness of the integrated light of the mobile device can be
adjusted so that a consistent amount of light reaches the skin. In
one example, the mobile device can adjust the brightness of the
light to an appropriate level by matching a reference point in the
first and second images. One or more colors present on the top
surface of the allergy skin test device can provide reference
points for the mobile device to adjust the brightness. The
brightness of the light used when recording the second image can be
adjusted until the colors on the allergy skin test device match the
colors as recorded in the first image. Thus, any change in skin
color can be attributed to a skin reaction, and not to a difference
in light brightness.
[0044] In further examples, the light source can be configured to
emit a wavelength of light selected to improve detectability of the
skin reaction. In many cases, a skin reaction can include an
increase in redness of the skin. In these cases, the light source
can be configured to emit green and blue light. Before an allergic
reaction occurs, the skin can reflect green and blue light, but as
the skin becomes redder, more green and blue light is absorbed.
Therefore, images of the skin before and after the allergic
reaction can have a high brightness contrast because the green and
blue light is more strongly absorbed in the second image. The
desired wavelengths of light can be produced, for example, by
placing a filter in front of the light source. For example, a
filter that filters out red light can be used in order to emit
green and blue light. A filter can also be used to filter light
entering an imaging device to make increased redness of the skin
more apparent. In one example, a polymer film blue filter can be
adhered to the camera lens of a mobile device. This can provide for
recording an image with an even more apparent change in the skin
color. It should be noted, however, that such a filter is optional,
as the processor of the mobile device can be capable of analyzing
colors in the recorded image to directly recognize an increase in
skin redness without the use of a filter.
[0045] The method of testing a subject for an allergy can also
include warnings to the subject if a very severe allergic reaction
occurs. For example, if a serious allergic reaction occurs then it
can be desirable to remove the allergy skin test device immediately
to avoid discomfort in the subject from the allergic reaction. In
these situations, the method can include displaying instructions
(e.g., on the mobile device) for the subject to remove the allergy
skin test device. Such a message can also be displayed if an
allergic reaction is not serious, but merely severe enough that it
is clear that the allergy test has a positive result. In this
situation, there is no need to keep the allergy skin test device on
the skin of the subject longer than necessary. In one embodiment,
the method can be performed using a mobile device. A processor of
the mobile device can be used to electronically identify the
allergic response severity level. A display screen of the mobile
device can then be used to display an instruction to the subject to
remove the allergy skin test device. The allergy skin test device
can then be removed from the skin of the subject. Along these same
lines, the mobile or other device can be programmed with
instructions to the user on how to administer an allergy test using
the allergy test device in conjunction with the mobile device, or
the mobile device can comprise an application that the user can run
on the mobile device that essentially guides the user through the
testing procedures.
[0046] In another example, a processor of the mobile device can be
used to identify a low allergic response severity level. If the
skin shows a slight response, in some cases it can be useful to
apply another allergy skin test device with a higher strength level
to verify that the subject is allergic. When the processor of the
mobile device identifies a low allergic response severity level, an
instruction can be displayed on the display of the mobile device to
apply an additional allergy skin test device with a higher dose of
allergen to the skin. The subject can then apply the allergy skin
test device with the higher dose of allergen and the test can be
repeated.
[0047] Depending on the type of allergen, a "low allergic response
severity level" and a "high allergic response severity level" can
refer to different symptoms and types of allergic reactions.
Generally, allergic response severity can be rated using a rating
scale. Because different allergens can provoke different responses,
each individual allergen can have its own scale. In a generic
example, an allergic response severity rating scale can range from
0-10, with 10 being the most severe reaction experienced by an
allergic subject, and 0 being no reaction. The scale can be divided
into subranges. For example, allergic responses rated from 1-2 can
be considered slight reactions or low allergic response severity
level. Allergic responses rated from 3-7 can be considered a medium
allergic response severity level. Allergic responses rated from
8-10 can be considered a high allergic response severity level, or
generally referred to as a sever response.
[0048] In some cases, rather than a scale, the allergic response
severity level can be a binary "allergic" or "not allergic" result.
As an example, after an allergy test is completed the processor of
the mobile device can display a message informing the subject
whether or not the subject is allergic to the allergen in
question.
[0049] Depending on the type of allergen, different signs of an
allergic response can be used to determine the allergic response
severity level. In some cases, a color change in the skin can be
the primary sign of allergic response. As an example, a severe
allergic response can cause a large increase in redness of skin. A
slight allergic response, on the other hand, can cause a slight
increase in redness. In another example, size of a red spot on the
skin can be related to allergic response severity level, with a
larger spot indicating a more serious response. In yet another
example, an allergic response can cause a raised weal on the skin.
The size of the weal can be related to the allergic response
severity level.
[0050] Additionally, the method can include displaying periodic
instructions to the subject, such as instructions to record an
additional image of the skin. A processor of the mobile device can
run a timer and display instructions at certain pre-set times. For
example, an instruction can be displayed a short time after
applying the allergy skin test device to record an additional image
of the skin. If a moderate or severe response is detected after the
short time, then an instruction can be displayed that the test
result is positive and that the allergy skin test device should be
removed. In some examples, the short time can be 5 minutes, 10
minutes, half an hour, or another time that is appropriate for the
allergen in question. An instruction to record an additional image
of the skin can also be displayed at a normal test end time. For
example, the allergy test can be calibrated to end after 5 minutes,
30 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, or any
other time duration appropriate for the allergen in question. At
this point, the processor of the mobile device can display an
instruction to record an additional image of the skin so that the
processor can evaluate a final test result. Then, the processor can
display an instruction prompting the user to remove the allergy
skin test device from the skin.
[0051] Each time the display of the mobile device is used to
display an instruction for the subject, the instruction can be
accompanied by a sound, vibration, or other notification method to
get the attention of the subject or user. The portability of the
mobile device can make it convenient for the subject to keep the
mobile device close by even when traveling away from home. Thus,
the subject can receive the instructions regarding the allergy skin
test device at the appropriate times no matter where the subject is
located.
[0052] Instructions to record additional images can be displayed at
multiple times between the beginning of the test and the end time.
In one example, an integrated camera of the mobile device can be
used to record at least one additional image of the skin viewed
through the skin viewing portion of the allergy skin test device,
and then the processor of the mobile device can display a plot of
allergic response severity level over time.
[0053] Although many features of the present technology have been
described as incorporating a mobile device such as a smartphone or
tablet computer, any of the described embodiments can include any
suitable computer system or systems. For example, the methods
described herein can be performed using personal computers,
laptops, servers, clients, mobile devices, and other computer
systems. Images of the skin and other images described herein can
be recorded using an integrated camera of a mobile device, an
integrated camera of a laptop, a webcam attached to a computer
system, a portable digital camera, a scanner, or other imaging
device operable with or connected to a processor. Various
combinations of computer systems can be used to perform the various
method steps described herein. For example, some method steps can
be performed using a mobile device, while others are performed
using a server. Therefore, the present technology is not limited to
any particular computer system or combination of computer
systems.
[0054] The present technology also extends to methods of
identifying allergic reactions that can be performed using computer
systems. A flowchart illustrating one such method is shown in FIG.
7. A method 700 of identifying an allergic response can be
performed under control of one or more computer systems configured
with executable instructions. The method can include identifying a
first image of skin of a subject 710. The first image can be taken
at a first time. The image can be identified using one or more
processors of the computer system. A second image can also be
identified using one or more processors of the computer system 720.
The second image can be of the skin of the subject viewed through a
skin viewing portion of an allergy skin test device. The second
image can be taken at a second time. The method can further include
comparing the first image with the second image, using one or more
processors of the computer system 730. The images can be compared
to identify a skin reaction and a corresponding skin reaction
factor. The skin reaction factor can be compared with a stored
reaction parameter, using one or more processors of the computer
system 740. By this comparison, an allergic response severity level
of the subject can be determined.
[0055] The comparison of the first and second images can be
performed using any process suitable for finding differences
between the two images that indicate an allergic response. In some
cases, an allergic response can be signified by an increase in
redness of the skin in the location where the allergen is applied.
In other cases, an allergic response can be signified by a red spot
with the size of the spot corresponding to the severity level. In
yet other cases, an allergic response can be signified by a raised
weal on the skin, with the size of the weal corresponding to the
severity level. The first and second images can be compared by the
processor of the computer system using image processing methods to
identify the signs of allergic response. In one example, an average
color of pixels can be calculated for each of the first and second
images and then the average colors can be compared to determine if
skin redness has increased. In some cases, the average color can be
calculated only from the pixels representing the skin itself, and
not the surrounding allergy skin test device or other parts of the
images. This can be accomplished, for example, by using image
recognition to locate identifying marks, symbols, or colors on the
allergy skin test device, and then identifying the pixels
representing the skin of the subject as viewed through the skin
viewing portion of the allergy skin test device. In other examples,
the size of a spot or weal on the skin can be determined from the
image by using edge recognition. Edges of the spot or weal can be
found, and then the diameter or area of the spot or weal can be
calculated. In one example, the processor can find the edges of the
skin viewing portion of the allergy skin test device and calculate
the actual size of the spot or weal by comparing its apparent size
in the image to the known size of the skin viewing portion of the
allergy skin test device. A wide variety of image processing
methods and algorithms can be used, and the present technology is
not limited to the examples described herein. Rather, any image
processing method suitable for finding signs of allergic response
can be used.
[0056] As an example, FIG. 8 shows an allergy skin test device 100
as applied to the skin of a subject after an allergic response has
occurred. The allergic response causes a reddened spot 870 to form.
The spot is shaded in the figure to represent a change in color
from the original color of the skin. An image of the skin after
this response has occurred can be compared with an image of the
skin before the response occurred. As described above, a variety of
methods can be used to electronically compare the images to
identify a skin reaction. The diameter or area of the reddened spot
can be calculated by comparing the apparent size of the reddened
spot with the apparent size of the skin viewing portion 150.
Alternately, the average pixel color inside the entire skin viewing
portion can be compared with the average pixel color before the
allergic response. Edge recognition can also be used to isolate the
reddened spot and compare the average color of the reddened spot
with the average color of the skin before the allergic
response.
[0057] The processor can identify a skin reaction by comparing the
first and second images. The skin reaction refers to the physical
change in the skin of the patient that signifies an allergic
response. The processor can also identify a corresponding skin
reaction factor. The skin reaction factor can be any numerical
value used by the processor to represent the allergic reaction. For
example, the skin reaction factor can be a difference between
average pixel colors, a diameter of a weal, or other factor that
describes the extent of the allergic reaction. Because different
types of allergens can produce different types of allergic
responses, the skin reaction factor can be different for each type
of allergen. In some cases, multiple skin reaction factors can be
used. For example, a first skin reactions factor can be a
difference in average pixel colors, representing an increased
redness of the skin. A second skin reaction factor can be a
diameter of a red spot on the skin. Both of these reaction factors
may be used together to determine an allergic response severity
level.
[0058] An allergic response severity level can be determined by
comparing the skin reaction factor with a stored reaction
parameter. The stored reaction parameter can be a numerical value
that can be used in conjunction with the skin reaction factor to
identify or calculate the allergic response severity level of the
subject. Stored reaction parameters can be determined ahead of time
through study of the allergens and collection of data. As an
example, allergens can be applied to known allergic individuals,
and the type of allergic response experienced by the individuals
can be recorded. By collecting data from a large number of
individuals, a range of allergic response severity levels from
slight responses to severe responses can be correlated with
different skin reactions. These different skin reactions can be
stored as stored reaction factors, for example in a database.
[0059] A variety of algorithms can be used to compare the skin
reaction factor measured during an allergy test with the stored
reaction factors for the particular allergen in question in order
to determine the allergic reaction severity level of the subject
being tested. Therefore, present technology is not limited to the
specific examples described herein. However, as one example, the
stored reaction parameter can be a threshold value for a particular
allergic response severity level. If the skin reaction factor is an
average color difference, then the stored reaction parameter can be
a threshold value for an allergic response severity level of 1. The
processor of the computer system can compare the skin reaction
factor with the stored reaction parameter, and if the skin reaction
factor is higher, then the subject has an allergic response
severity level of at least 1. The processor can then compare the
skin reaction factor with the next stored reaction parameter to
determine if the subject's allergic response severity level is at
least 2, and so on until the allergic response severity level is
determined.
[0060] In one example, the stored reaction parameter and the skin
reaction factor can be percentages of reflected light that has a
red color. An initial percentage of red reflected light can be
measured at the beginning of the allergy test. A second percentage
of red reflected light can be measured after an elapsed time. The
difference between the percentages can be compared to stored values
of percentage or red reflected light that correspond to various
severity levels. For example, a range between a minimum and maximum
percentage of red reflected light can be divided into 10 divisions,
and the severity level can be assigned based on which division
matches the percentage of red reflected light from the subject's
skin.
[0061] In another example, the stored reaction parameter can
include a mathematical formula or function that can receive the
skin reaction factor as input and then output the allergic response
severity level. Such a function can be developed by studying test
data from a large number of individuals, and then using
curve-fitting or other methods to fit a function to the data.
[0062] In yet another example, the skin reaction factor and stored
reaction parameter can include measurements based on increased heat
of the skin caused by an allergic response. Viewing the skin of the
subject using a near-infrared or infrared camera can show increased
heat from an allergic response. Some commercially available mobile
devices already include cameras that are able to sense
near-infrared radiation. In another example, a thermally sensitive
ink can be printed on the test device that changes color with heat
from inflamed skin. The change in color of the ink can also serve
as a skin reaction factor and a stored reaction parameter for
identifying allergic responses. In some cases, such a thermally
sensitive ink can include a thermochromic material such as
thermochromatic liquid crystals or leuco dyes. The change in color
of the thermochromics material can be detected electronically and
can also serve as a visible indicator to the subject that a
reaction is occurring.
[0063] In further examples of methods of identifying an allergic
response, an instruction for the subject can be displayed on an
electronic display in communication with the computer system. The
instruction can be any of the instructions described herein, such
as instructions to record additional images of the subject's skin
or to remove the allergy skin test device. In further examples, the
instruction can change based on the allergic response severity
level. For example, if an allergic response severity level is
calculated a short time after beginning the test (such as 5
minutes, 10 minutes, or 30 minutes) and the allergic response
severity level is low (e.g., 1 or 2 on a scale of 1-10), then the
instruction can prompt the subject to leave the allergy skin test
device on longer to wait and see if the allergic response worsens
over time. The instruction can also include a message explaining
that a slight allergic reaction was detected, but that the test
should continue for a longer time to verify the reaction. The
computer system can also be programmed to modify the time schedule
for recording additional images in this situation. For example, the
time at which another image should be recorded to recalculate the
allergic response severity level can be moved forward from the
original schedule. Then, at the new time for recording an
additional image, the computer system can display another
instruction for the subject to record an additional image.
[0064] In another example, a severe allergic reaction after a short
period of time can cause the computer system to display an
instruction for the subject to remove the allergy skin test device
immediately before any more adverse reaction occurs.
[0065] At the end of a test, an instruction can be displayed
prompting the subject how to proceed. For example, if the allergy
test is negative then an instruction can be displayed informing the
subject that the subject is not allergic to the allergen in
question. If the subject is allergic, the instruction can inform
the subject of the allergy and the allergic response severity
level. The test device can be packaged with multiple test devices
of different strengths. In some cases, the instruction can prompt
the user to apply another test device with stronger or weaker
allergen strength. The instruction can also prompt the subject to
seek advice or a prescription from a healthcare professional if
needed. In some cases, the instruction can provide information to
help the subject avoid allergic reactions, such as listing possible
foods to avoid eating that could contain the allergen.
[0066] In another embodiment, the method can include displaying, on
an electronic display in communication with the computer system, a
prompt for the subject to record the first image using a digital
camera in communication with the computer system, using one or more
processors of the computer system. Then, the processor can delay
for a sufficient time to enable an allergic response to occur.
After the time has passed, another prompt can be displayed on the
electronic display prompting the subject to record a second image
using the digital camera.
[0067] In yet another embodiment, the method can include activating
a light source in communication with the computer system to
illuminate the skin during the recording of the first and second
images. The light source can provide the same light intensity for
each image, or vary the light intensity depending on the distance
from the light source to the skin of the subject so that the skin
receives consistent illumination. As described above, the light
source can also be configured to emit a wavelength of light
selected to increase visibility of the allergic response.
[0068] In a further embodiment, at least one of the first image and
second image can show an identification code printed on the allergy
skin test device. The processor of the computer system can identify
the allergen based on the identification code. The processor can
also identify other information about the allergy skin test device,
such as a strength level, an allergen dosage, presence of lack of
micro spicules, and so on. This information can then be used by the
processor to identify the correct skin reaction factors and stored
reaction parameters to be used in calculating the allergic response
severity level.
PROPHETIC EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0069] An allergy skin test device is prepared by forming a
flexible support strip with a transparent window at the center.
Ground peanuts mixed with adhesive are applied to the bottom
surface of the transparent window. Adhesive without the peanut
allergen is applied to the remaining bottom surface of the support
strip. The allergy skin test device has a machine-readable bar code
printed on the top surface near the transparent window.
Example 2
[0070] The allergy skin test device of Example 1 is applied to the
skin of a subject. The subject uses a smartphone running an
application programmed to work together with the allergy skin test
device. The smartphone application prompts the subject to take a
photograph of the transparent window immediately after applying the
allergy skin test device to the skin. The subject takes the
photograph using the integrated digital camera of the smartphone,
and in some cases a light filtering function can be provided and
utilized as needed. This photograph is stored in the smartphone's
memory. The smartphone application reads the bar code on the
allergy skin test device from the photograph, and identifies the
allergy skin test device as a peanut allergy test. The smartphone
application downloads and/or accesses pre-stored data about the
peanut allergy test, including time periods between photographs,
skin reaction factors, stored reaction parameters, and instructions
for the subject.
[0071] After a period of 30 minutes, the smartphone application
prompts the subject to take another photograph. The subject takes
the second photograph using the integrated camera of the
smartphone. The smartphone application compares the first
photograph with the second photograph. The smartphone application
identifies the skin reaction factor for the peanut allergy test to
be change in red value in the average pixel color of the skin
exposed to the allergen. Using edge recognition, the smartphone
application isolates the area inside the transparent window and
then compares the average pixel colors of the first photograph and
the second photograph. Using the RGB color scale of 0-255 for red,
green, and blue, the smartphone application finds that the average
red value increased by 2 points from the first photograph to the
second photograph. The smartphone application compares the increase
in red value with the stored reaction parameter for a slight (level
1) reaction. The stored reaction parameter for a level 1 reaction
for the peanut allergy test is a 5 point increase in red value.
Because the actual increase in red value is below this threshold,
the smartphone application identifies no sign of reaction and
displays an instruction for the subject to continue the test.
[0072] After 24 hours, the smartphone application prompts the
subject to take another photograph. The smartphone application
compares this third photograph with the first photograph in the
same way described above. The difference in red value is calculated
to be 15 points. The smartphone application determines that this
value is between the stored reaction parameter for a level 3
reaction (12 points on the red scale) and the stored reaction
parameter for a level 4 reaction (16 points on the red scale). The
smartphone displays and instruction to the subject informing the
subject that the subject has a level 3, or moderate, peanut
allergy.
[0073] It is to be understood that the embodiments of the
technology disclosed are not limited to the particular structures,
process steps, or materials disclosed herein, but are extended to
equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily
skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that
terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing
particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0074] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment"
or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment of the present technology.
Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an
embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not
necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
[0075] As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements,
compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a
common list for convenience. However, these lists should be
construed as though each member of the list is individually
identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual
member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of
any other member of the same list solely based on their
presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary.
In addition, various embodiments and example of the present
invention may be referred to herein along with alternatives for the
various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments,
examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as de facto
equivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate
and autonomous representations of the present technology.
[0076] Furthermore, the described features, structures, or
characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or
more embodiments. In the description, numerous specific details are
provided, such as examples of lengths, widths, shapes, etc., to
provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention.
One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the
invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific
details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In
other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations
are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of
the technology.
[0077] While the foregoing examples are illustrative of the
principles of the present invention in one or more particular
applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the
art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of
implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive
faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of
the present technology. Accordingly, it is not intended that the
present technology be limited, except as by the claims set forth
below.
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