U.S. patent application number 15/198542 was filed with the patent office on 2017-01-05 for methods for apple scab control.
The applicant listed for this patent is VALENT U.S.A., CORPORATION. Invention is credited to BILLY R. CORBIN, JR..
Application Number | 20170000124 15/198542 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 57609271 |
Filed Date | 2017-01-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20170000124 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
CORBIN, JR.; BILLY R. |
January 5, 2017 |
METHODS FOR APPLE SCAB CONTROL
Abstract
The present invention relates to methods for controlling apple
scab caused by Venturia inaequalis comprising spraying the bark of
an apple tree with an effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and a surfactant.
Inventors: |
CORBIN, JR.; BILLY R.;
(GREENVILLE, MS) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
VALENT U.S.A., CORPORATION |
WALNUT CREEK |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
57609271 |
Appl. No.: |
15/198542 |
Filed: |
June 30, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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62188266 |
Jul 2, 2015 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 43/653 20130101;
A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 43/653 20130101; A01N 25/30 20130101;
A01N 25/30 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A01N 43/56 20060101
A01N043/56; A01N 25/30 20060101 A01N025/30; A01N 43/653 20060101
A01N043/653 |
Claims
1. A method of controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
comprising spraying the bark of an apple tree with an effective
amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and a surfactant.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 0.0001 to about 1 gram of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide per centimeter of the trunk diameter at
breast height.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 0.001 to about 0.01 grams of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide per centimeter of the trunk diameter at
breast height.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the apple tree is selected from
the group consisting of braeburn, cameo, cortland, crabapple,
empire, Fuji, gala, ginger gold, golden delicious, granny smith,
honeycrisp, idared, jonagold, jonathan, McIntosh, mutsu, nittany,
pink lady, rome, red delicious, stayman, winesap, and york.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the tree is sprayed when the tree
is dormant.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the tree is sprayed on the lower
150 centimeters of the trunk.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is mixed with a solvent prior to
application.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the solvent is water.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the concentration of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 10 to about 1,000 parts per
million active ingredient.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the surfactant is a mixture of
alkylphenol ethoxylate, polysiloxane polyether copolymers, and
propylene glycol.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is mixed with a triazole fungicide.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the triazole fungicide is
metconazole.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is mixed with an inhibitor of
succinate-dehydrogenase.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the inhibitor of
succinate-dehydrogenase is selected from the group consisting of
penflufen, isopyrazam, bixafen, sedaxane, fluxapyroxad, fluopyram,
penthiopyrad, boscalid,
N-[1-(2,4-dichlohenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl--
1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
N-[9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-
-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichlormethylen)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-
-yl]-3-(difluormethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, and
N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichlormethylen)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-
-yl]-3-(difluormethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R),1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl]p-
yrazole-4-carboxamide is mixed with an insecticide.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the insecticide is a
neonicotinoid.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the neonicotinoid is selected
from the group consisting of clothianidin, imidacloprid,
thiacloprid, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, nitenpyram and
thiamethoxam.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole4-carboxamide is mixed with a strobilurin.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the strobilurin is selected from
the group consisting of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin,
fluoxastrobin, mandestrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin,
dimoxystrobin, metominostrobin and orysastrobin.
20. A method of controlling apple scab caused by Venturia
inaequalis comprising spraying the bark of a dormant apple tree
with from about 0.0001 to about 1 grams of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide per cm diameter of tree trunk diameter and
from about 0.25 to about 10 percent volume per volume of a
surfactant, wherein the surfactant is a mixture of alkylphenol
ethoxylate, polysiloxane polyether copolymers, and propylene
glycol.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention generally relates to methods for
controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis comprising
spraying the bark of an apple tree with an effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is a
major problem for growers of apple trees. Apple scab causes dark
lesions on the leaves, bark, buds and fruit of the trees. The
disease causes significant crop yield losses each year because the
infected fruit is not marketable. The disease also causes damage to
ornamental apple trees.
[0003] There are generally two phases to apple scab infection. When
the temperatures begin to warm up, Venturia inaequalis spores are
blown onto the bark and leaves of the apple trees. Later in the
season, secondary infections begin as the fungi release more spores
which infect new fruit and additional leaves.
[0004] Currently, it is very difficult to control apple scab for
several reasons. First, Venturia inaequalis has developed
resistance to some fungicides, such as benzimidazole and
strobilurin/quinone fungicides. Secondly, some effective
fungicides, such as benzimidazole fungicides, are being banned in
some areas because they are harmful to the environment or
humans.
[0005] Yet another issue is that often the currently available
treatments have to be re-applied repeatedly to be effective and in
order to treat secondary infections. Some apple orchards are
treated with fungicides for apple scab up to 12 times in a growing
season. The extra applications add to the expense of disease
control because more of the product must be purchased, and
significant time and labor resources are used during the subsequent
applications. Further, each new application increases the risk of
exposure of the product to non-target trees.
[0006] Another problem is that some treatments require that the
leaves and fruit be treated. For example, some contact fungicides,
such as Captan (N-trichtoromethylthiocyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide,
available from Southern Agricultural Insecticides, Inc.), are
effective against apple scab. However, Captan has no systemic
control activity so it must be applied directly and repeatedly to
the infected areas. A lot of product must be used and the
techniques are often dangerous and/or wasteful. For example, if a
tree's leaves are infected, comprehensive treatment requires
application of the product to the leaf surface. Given the size of
trees, it is difficult to apply the product to the leaves. One
application method requires the user to tediously spray the leaves
with a low pressure sprayer in close proximity to each leaf. For a
home owner or backyard gardener, this method may require the user
to use a ladder or other tool to elevate himself to the leaves. The
user must be careful not to damage the tree by climbing or other
similar means of accessing the leaves. Alternatively, a high
pressure sprayer could be used. For this application method, the
user could be on the ground, however, this method results in drift
of the product to the surrounding area. The drift can require that
people, animals, and non-target tree species be removed from the
area of treatment or otherwise protected from the product by
sufficient physical barriers. These additional measures required
for safe and effective foliar spray applications are costly and
inconvenient.
[0007] In the past, bark spray applications have been used with
limited success. The treatments resulted in ineffective or
unpredictable disease control in trees because the fungicides were
not able to penetrate the tree bark and/or the tree could not
transfer them to the areas in need of treatment.
[0008] Other means of treating trees are available but have proven
to be ineffective or impractical to implement. Some methods require
professionals who are trained in specialized equipment to apply the
product. Other expensive methods include invasive drilling, bark
injections, or high-pressure root flare injections. For example,
there has been a fungicide that provided some systemic fungal
protection, however, it was effective only when injected directly
into the tree.
[0009]
3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinde-
n-4-yl]pyrazole 4 carboxamide has the following structure:
##STR00001##
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 8,580,836 discloses that carboxamide compounds
can be sprayed to the bark of trees to control diseases. This
patent, however, fails to disclose or suggest the use of
3-(difluoromethyl)-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl]p-
yrazole-4-carboxamide to treat apple scab by bark spray
treatment.
[0011] Therefore, there is a need in the art for safe and effective
methods for providing long-term and systemic protection to apple
trees from apple scab infection.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] In one aspect, the present invention is directed to methods
for controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis comprising
spraying the bark of an apple tree with an effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and a surfactant.
[0013] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to
methods for controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
comprising spraying the bark of a dormant apple tree with from
about 0.0001 to about 1 gram of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-
-yl]pyrazole-4- carboxamide per centimeter of tree trunk diameter
at breast height and from about 0.25 to about 10% volume per volume
of a surfactant.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] Applicants unexpectedly found that
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide when combined with a surfactant and applied
as a bark spray, exhibited excellent activity against apple scab
caused by Venturia inaequalis as compared to metconazole and
propiconazole.
3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazo le-4-carboxamide provides desirable broad spectrum apple
scab control when applied according to the present invention. This
finding was unexpected because of the low water solubility of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide, very low application rate, and high level
of control obtained. Further, it was very unexpected that the apple
trees would be able to transport
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide to the leaves and fruit in the canopy at
levels to provide disease control.
[0015] Another advantage of the present invention is that the trees
can be sprayed when they are dormant. Frequently, apple tree
growers have more time and resources when the trees are dormant so
the methods of the present invention are especially convenient for
tree growers.
[0016] A further advantage of the present invention is that because
the trees translocate and do not immediately break down
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide, the trees may need fewer sequential foliar
fungicide applications or only need one or two treatments per this
present invention for systemic, all-season control.
[0017] Yet another advantage of the present invention is that the
trees can be treated by spraying only the base of their trunks.
This method reduces waste and contact of the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide to non-target species in proximity to the
trees.
[0018] In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to
methods for controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
comprising spraying the bark of an apple tree with an effective
amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and a surfactant.
[0019] In another preferred embodiment, the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1
methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl]
pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 0.0001 to about 1 grams per
centimeter of tree trunk diameter at breast height. In a more
preferred embodiment, the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4- carboxamide is from about 0.001 to about 0.01 grams
per centimeter of trunk diameter at breast height. In a most
preferred embodiment, the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4- carboxamide is from about 0.003 to about 0.03 grams
per centimeter of trunk diameter at breast height.
[0020] Suitable apple tree varieties include, but are not limited
to, braeburn, cameo, cortland, crabapple, empire, Fuji, gala,
ginger gold, golden delicious, granny smith, honeycrisp, idared,
jonagold, jonathan, McIntosh, mutsu, nittany, pink lady, rome, red
delicious, stayman, winesap, and york.
[0021] In yet another embodiment, the apple tree is sprayed with an
effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and surfactant when the tree is dormant. As
used herein, "dormant" refers to a period in the tree's life cycle
when the tree has a significantly slowed metabolism. Leaves may or
may not be present on the tree at the time of application.
[0022] In an alternative embodiment, the apple tree is sprayed with
an effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and surfactant during the time between when
the tree is dormant after leaf drop in the fall until the time when
it produces leaf buds which typically occurs in the spring season
of the year.
[0023] In yet another embodiment, the apple tree is sprayed with an
effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and surfactant during the time between when
the tree is dormant up until the time when bud swell begins in the
spring of the year.
[0024] In embodiments of the present invention, the dormant apple
trees may be sprayed with high or low pressure (meaning lower than
40 psi) spraying mechanisms. A backpack sprayer or similar sprayer
can be used for ease of the person delivering the spray to the tree
bark.
[0025] In a further embodiment, the apple tree is sprayed on the
lower 150 centimeters of the trunk. In a more preferred embodiment,
the apple tree is sprayed on the lower 100 centimeters of the
trunk.
[0026] In yet another embodiment, the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide may be mixed with a solvent prior to
application. One presently preferred solvent is water.
[0027] In a preferred embodiment, the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 10 to about 1,000 parts per
million active ingredient solution concentration. In a more
preferred embodiment, the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 25 to about 500 parts per
million active ingredient solution concentration. In a most
preferred embodiment, the effective amount of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is from about 50 to about 200 parts per
million active ingredient solution concentration.
[0028] In an embodiment, from about 0.25 to about 10% volume per
volume concentration surfactant in the spray solution is applied to
the tree. In a preferred embodiment, from about 0.1 to about 5%
volume per volume concentration surfactant in the spray solution is
applied to the tree. In a more preferred embodiment, from about 1
to about 2.5% volume per volume concentration surfactant in the
spray solution is applied to the tree.
[0029] Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to,
mixtures of alkylphenol ethoxylate, polysiloxane polyether
copolymers, and propylene glycol; polyether modified polysiloxanes;
hexylene glycols; dipropylene glycols; ethoxylated alcohols; and
combinations thereof. One presently preferred surfactant is a
mixture of alkylphenol ethoxylate, polysiloxane polyether
copolymers, and propylene
[0030] In an embodiment,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl]-
pyrazole4-carboxamide and the surfactant may be mixed with a
another fungicide. In a preferred embodiment, the fungicide is a
triazole fungicide. Two presently preferred triazole fungicides are
metconazole and propiconazole.
[0031] In another preferred embodiment,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and the surfactant may be mixed with a
phosphonate fungicide. In a preferred embodiment, the phosphonate
fungicide comprises mono and dipotassium salts of phosphorous acid
(for example, Agri-Fos.RTM., AgriFos is available from and a
registred trademark of AgBio).
[0032] In a further embodiment,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and the surfactant may be mixed with an
inhibitor of succinate-dehydrogenase. Preferably, the inhibitor of
succinate-dehydrogenase is selected from the group consisting of
penflufen, isopyrazam, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, sedaxane,
fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, penthiopyrad, boscalid, N-[1-(2,4-dichlo
henyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-ca-
rboxamide,
N-[9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthal-
en-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichlormethylen)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-
-yl]-3-(difluromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, and
N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichlormethylen)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-5-
-yl]-3-(difluormethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid.
[0033] In an embodiment,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and the surfactant may be mixed with an
insecticide. One preferred class of insecticides is neonicotinoids.
More preferably, the neonicotinoid is selected from the group
consisting of clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran,
acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam.
[0034] In a further embodiment,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide is mixed with a strobilurin. Preferably,
the strobilurin is selected from the group consisting of
azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, mandestrobin,
picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, dimoxystrobin, metominostrobin and
orysastrobin.
[0035] In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed
to methods for controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
comprising spraying the bark of a dormant apple tree with from
about 0.0001 to about 1 grams of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole4- carboxamide per centimeter of tree trunk diameter at
breast height and from about 0.25 to about 10% volume per volume
surfactant, wherein the surfactant is a mixture of alkylphenol
ethoxylate, polysiloxane polyether copolymers, and propylene
glycol.
[0036] In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed
to methods for controlling apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
comprising spraying the bark of a dormant apple tree with from
about 10 to about 1,000 parts per million active ingredient
solution concentration of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-
-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and from about 0.25 to about 10% volume
per volume concentration in the spray solution of a surfactant,
wherein the surfactant is a mixture of alkylphenol ethoxylate,
polysiloxane polyether copolymers, and propylene glycol.
[0037] As used herein, "yield" refers to an increase in the amount
or number of apples that are marketable.
[0038] As used herein, "controlling apple scab" refers to reducing
the amount of damage caused by apple scab to a level that is
acceptable to the grower. For example, "controlling apple scab" can
mean the prevention of the fungal infection, the treatment of an
existing infection, limiting the spread of the infection, or the
use of the methods as a prophylactic.
[0039] Throughout the application, the singular forms "a," "an,"
and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly
dictates otherwise.
[0040] As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts,
weight percentages and the like, are defined as "about" or
"approximately" each particular value, plus or minus 10%. For
example, the phrase "at least 5.0% by weight" is to be understood
as "at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight." Therefore, amounts within 10%
of the claimed values are encompassed by the scope of the
claims.
[0041] The invention will be understood more clearly from the
following non-limiting representative examples. Of course, the
present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments and
modes of operation described herein and it is possible to imagine a
number of variations in the details without departing from the
scope of this invention.
[0042] The examples below are presented to describe preferred
embodiments and utilities of the invention and are not meant to
limit the invention unless otherwise stated in the claims appended
hereto.
EXAMPLES
[0043] A 40% suspension concentrate formulation was used as the
source of
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide (available from Sumitomo Chemical Company,
Tokyo, Japan).
[0044] Tourney.RTM. fungicide (Tourney.RTM. is available from
Valent U.S.A. Corporation, Tourney is a registered trademark of
Valent U.S.A. Corporation) was used as the source of
metconazole.
[0045] Tilt.RTM. fungicide (Tilt.RTM. is available from Syngenta
Corporation, Tilt is a registered trademark of Syngenta
Corporation) was used as the source of propiconazole.
[0046] Pentra-Bark.RTM. surfactant (Pentra-Bark.RTM. surfactant is
available from AgBio, Inc., Pentra-Bark is a registered trademark
of Quest Products Corporation) was used as the source of surfactant
in the following examples. Pentra-Bark.RTM. surfactant is a mixture
of alkylphenol ethoxylate, polysiloxane polyether copolymers, and
propylene glycol.
[0047] Applicant conducted the following study to determine the
effect of a
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4--
yl]pyrazole-4- carboxamide bark spray application on common fungal
infections in apple and pear trees. Applications were made in late
February with a CO.sub.2 charged, single-tip hand sprayer.
Treatments were applied as a spray to the lower 3 to 4 feet of the
tree trunks all the way around the tree. The tree trunks were
sprayed until they were wet. If the treatments included a
surfactant (see tables), then the treatments included a surfactant
at a rate of 3 fl Oz/gallon of the spray mix. The apple trees were
at bed swell stage. The apple tree trunks were about 5 to 8 inches
in diameter. The pear trees were at mid-petal fall with some green
leaves emerging. The pear tree trunks were about 10 to 12 inches in
diameter. The following rates in grams per active/cm diameter tree
trunk are based on an average trunk diameter. A large amount of
apple scab naturally developed during this growing season in this
location. The effects of the treatments on apple leaf
phytotoxicity, apple leaf apple scab incidence, apple leaf scab
severity, and apple leaf percent control were observed 113 and 169
days after treatment ("DAT"). The results of this study are below
in Tables 1 and 2.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 113 DAT Rate (grams Apple Apple Apple
active/cm Leaf Leaf leaf Apple trunk Phyto- scab scab leaf %
Treatment diameter) toxicity incidence severity control Control
2.3% V/V 0 33.33 33.33 0 Surfactant Metconazole + 0.86 + 0 12.5 10
80 Surfactant 2.3% V/V Metconazole + 1.72 + 0 18 18.3 68.8
Surfactant 2.3% V/V Metconazole + 3.44 + 0 11.25 13.3 80 Surfactant
2.3% V/V 3- 0.003 + 0 20 13.8 88.3 (difluoromethyl)- 2.3% V/V
1-methyl-N- [(3R)-1,1,3- trimethyl-2,3- dihydroinden-4-
yl]pyrazole-4- carboxamide + Surfactant 3- 0.03 + 0 23 16.3 80
(difluoromethyl)- 2.3% V/V 1-methyl-N- [(3R)-1,1,3- trimethyl-2,3-
dihydroinden-4- yl]pyrazole-4- carboxamide + Surfactant
Propiconazole + 1.16 + 0 18.78 8.3 68.3 Surfactant 2.3% V/V
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Rate 169 DAT (grams Apple Apple active/cm
Leaf Apple Leaf leaf Apple trunk Phyto- scab scab leaf % Treatment
diameter) toxicity incidence severity control Control 2.3% V/V 0
25.75 9.25 0 Surfactant Metconazole 0.86 + 0 18.88 4.25 31.3
Surfactant 2.3% V/V Metconazole 1.7 + 0 15.5 4.75 27.5 Surfactant
2.3% V/V Metconazole 3.4 + 0 7.25 2.75 62.5 Surfactant 2.3% V/V 3-
0.003 + 0 13.75 7 43.8 (difluoromethyl)- 2.3% V/V 1-methyl-N-
[(3R)-1,1,3- trimethyl-2,3- dihydroinden-4- yl]pyrazole-4-
carboxamide + Surfactant 3- 0.03 + 0 13.75 4.5 46.3
(difluoromethyl)- 2.3% V/V 1-methyl-N- [(3R)-1,1,3- trimethyl-2,3-
dihydroinden-4- yl]pyrazole-4- carboxamide + Surfactant
Propiconazole + 1.16 + 0 13.38 4.63 36.3 Surfactant 2.3% V/V
[0048] On apple trees, Applicant found that
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide provided considerable (80 to 88%) control
of apple scab. On pear trees, Applicant found that when
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide was applied at this rate and at this time
of development, the treatment failed to provide adequate control of
Fabraea leaf spot or Alternaria leaf spot.
Example 2
[0049] In this study, the
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydroinden-4-yl-
]pyrazole-4-carboxamide treatment was applied at the time of bud
swell in mid March on apple tree trunks (treatment 5). The result
of this treatment was compared to metconazole treatments applied
when the apple trees were dormant (treatments 2 and 3), at the time
of bud swell (treatment 4), and a foliar spray applied after petal
fall (treatment 6). The control treatment (treatment 1) was applied
during bud swell, as well. Four trees were subjected to each
treatment.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Rate (grams active/cm trunk Leaf pest Leaf
pest Fruit pest Fruit pest Fruit pest Fruit pest Treatment
diameter) Phytotoxicity incidence severity incidence severity
incidence severity 1 Control 2.3% 0 4.750 10.8 37.50 2.5 46.67 3.0
Surfactant V/V 2 Metconazole + 1.72 + 2.3% 0 1.875 5.0 33.75 2.25
45.0 3.0 Surfactant V/V 3 Metconazole + 1.72 + 2.3% 0 1.000 1.7
6.67 0.333 10.0 0.5 Surfactant V/V 4 Metconazole + 1.72 + 2.3% 0
0.140 2.0 14.00 1.125 18.67 1.5 Surfactant V/V 5 3-(difluorometh-
0.003 + 2.3% 0 0.25 0.3 10.25 0.638 0.33 0.183 yl)-1-methyl- V/V
N-[(3R)- 1,1,3- trimethyl-2,3- dihydroinden- 4-yl]pyrazole-
4-carboxamide + Surfactant 6 Metconazole 4 oz 0 0.125 0.8 2.75
0.263 3.67 0.350 pr/A
[0050] This study showed a large reduction in leaf pest incidence,
leaf pest severity, fruit pest severity, fruit pest incidence, and
fruit pest severity.
* * * * *