U.S. patent application number 15/251874 was filed with the patent office on 2016-12-22 for settable spacer fluids comprising pumicite and methods of using such fluids in subterranean formations.
The applicant listed for this patent is Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.. Invention is credited to Jeffery Dwane Karcher, Gunnar Lende.
Application Number | 20160369152 15/251874 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48779178 |
Filed Date | 2016-12-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160369152 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lende; Gunnar ; et
al. |
December 22, 2016 |
SETTABLE SPACER FLUIDS COMPRISING PUMICITE AND METHODS OF USING
SUCH FLUIDS IN SUBTERRANEAN FORMATIONS
Abstract
Methods and compositions for the treatment of subterranean
formations, and more specifically, treatment fluids containing
pumicite and methods of using these treatment fluids in
subterranean formations, are provided. An example of a method is a
method of displacing a fluid in a well bore. Another example of a
method is a method of separating fluids in a well bore in a
subterranean formation. An example of a composition is a settable
spacer fluid comprising pumicite, an activating agent, and a base
fluid.
Inventors: |
Lende; Gunnar; (Sola,
NO) ; Karcher; Jeffery Dwane; (Houston, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
48779178 |
Appl. No.: |
15/251874 |
Filed: |
August 30, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13630507 |
Sep 28, 2012 |
|
|
|
15251874 |
|
|
|
|
12613788 |
Nov 6, 2009 |
|
|
|
13630507 |
|
|
|
|
11844188 |
Aug 23, 2007 |
|
|
|
12613788 |
|
|
|
|
10969570 |
Oct 20, 2004 |
7293609 |
|
|
11844188 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09K 8/424 20130101;
C09K 8/40 20130101; C04B 28/18 20130101; E21B 33/13 20130101; C09K
8/52 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C09K 8/42 20060101
C09K008/42; E21B 33/13 20060101 E21B033/13; C04B 28/18 20060101
C04B028/18; C09K 8/40 20060101 C09K008/40; C09K 8/52 20060101
C09K008/52 |
Claims
1. A settable spacer fluid comprising pumicite, an activating
agent, and a base fluid.
2. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the activating
agent comprises at least one activating agent selected from the
group consisting of: lime; calcium chloride; calcium bromide;
sodium hexametaphosphate; sodium silicate; sodium sulfate; and any
combination thereof.
3. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, further comprising a set
accelerator.
4. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite is
present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 90% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid.
5. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite is
present in an amount from about 1% to 20% by weight of the settable
spacer fluid.
6. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite is
present in an amount from about 10% to 40% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid.
7. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the activating
agent is present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 35% by
weight of the settable spacer fluid.
8. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the activating
agent is present in an amount from about 5% to about 10% by weight
of the settable spacer fluid
9. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the base fluid
comprises at least one fluid selected from the group consisting of:
an aqueous-based fluid, an emulsion, a synthetic fluid, an
oil-based fluid, and any combination thereof.
10. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the 300/3 ratio
of the settable spacer fluid is from about 1 to about 50.
11. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the 300/3 ratio
of the settable spacer fluid is from about 5 to about 20.
12. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the 300/3 ratio
of the settable spacer fluid is from about 10 to about 15.
13. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite
comprises less than 1% crystalline silica by weight.
14. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite
comprises particulates that are sized to pass through a 20 mesh
screen.
15. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite
comprises particulates that are sized to pass through a 200 mesh
screen.
16. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the pumicite
comprises particulates that are sized to pass through a 325 mesh
screen.
17. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the base fluid is
present in an amount from about 15% to about 95% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid.
18. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the base fluid is
present in an amount from about 25% to about 85% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid.
19. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the settable
spacer fluid additionally comprises a set accelerator.
20. The settable spacer fluid of claim 1, wherein the settable
spacer fluid additionally comprises a weighting agent.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/630,507, entitled "Settable Spacer Fluids
Comprising Pumicite and Methods of Using Such Fluids in
Subterranean Formations," filed Sep. 28, 2012, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
12/613,788, entitled "Improved Treatment Fluids Comprising Pumicite
and Methods of Using Such Fluids in Subterranean Formations," filed
Nov. 6, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/844,188, entitled "Treatment Fluids
Comprising Vitrified Shale and Methods of Using Such Fluids in
Subterranean Formations," filed Aug. 23, 2007, which is a
divisional application of U.S. Pat. No. 7,293,609, entitled
"Treatment Fluids Comprising Vitrified Shale and Methods of Using
Such Fluids in Subterranean Formations," filed Oct. 20, 2004, the
entireties of which are herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The present disclosure relates to subterranean treatment
operations, and more particularly, to improved treatment fluids
comprising pumicite, and methods of using these improved treatment
fluids in subterranean formations.
[0003] Treatment fluids are used in a variety of operations that
may be performed in subterranean formations. As referred to herein,
the term "treatment fluid" will be understood to mean any fluid
that may be used in a subterranean application in conjunction with
a desired function and/or for a desired purpose. The term
"treatment fluid" does not imply any particular action by the
fluid. Treatment fluids often are used in, e.g., well drilling,
completion, and stimulation operations. Examples of such treatment
fluids include, inter alia, drilling fluids, well cleanup fluids,
workover fluids, conformance fluids, gravel pack fluids, acidizing
fluids, fracturing fluids, spacer fluids, and the like.
[0004] Spacer fluids often are used in oil and gas wells to
facilitate improved displacement efficiency when displacing
multiple fluids into a well bore. For example, spacer fluids often
may be placed within a subterranean formation so as to physically
separate incompatible fluids. Spacer fluids also may be placed
between different drilling fluids during drilling-fluid changeouts,
or between a drilling fluid and a completion brine.
[0005] Spacer fluids also may be used in primary or remedial
cementing operations to separate, inter alia, a drilling fluid from
a cement composition that may be placed in an annulus between a
casing string and the subterranean formation, or in the wellbore or
inside a casing string, whether the cement composition is placed in
the annulus in either the conventional or reverse-circulation
direction. The cement composition often is intended, inter alia, to
set in the annulus, supporting and positioning the casing string,
and bonding to both the casing string and the formation to form a
substantially impermeable barrier, or cement sheath, which
facilitates zonal isolation. The cement composition may also set
inside the casing or inside the wellbore. If the spacer fluid does
not adequately displace the drilling fluid from the annulus, or the
cement slurry does not adequately displace the spacer from the
annulus, the cement composition may fail to bond to the casing
string and/or the formation to the desired extent, or pockets of
drilling fluid and/or spacer fluid may be left which could
compromise the hydraulic isolation. In certain circumstances,
spacer fluids also may be placed in subterranean formations to
ensure that all down hole surfaces are water-wetted before the
subsequent placement of a cement composition, which may enhance the
bonding that occurs between the cement composition and the
water-wetted surfaces.
[0006] Conventional treatment fluids, including spacer fluids,
often comprise materials that are costly and that, in certain
circumstances, may become unstable at elevated temperatures. This
is problematic, inter alia, because it may increase the cost of
subterranean operations involving the treatment fluid.
[0007] Treatment fluids comprising vitrified shale may contain
crystalline silica. For example, vitrified shale may contain about
16% crystalline silica and amorphous silica Crystalline silica is
an inhalation hazard and can lead to health problems, such as
silicosis, with extended exposure.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0008] The present disclosure relates to subterranean treatment
operations, and more particularly, to improved treatment fluids
comprising pumicite, and methods of using these improved treatment
fluids in subterranean formations.
[0009] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
settable spacer fluid comprising pumicite, an activating agent, and
a base fluid.
[0010] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
method of using a settable fluid in a well bore, comprising:
providing a well bore having a first fluid disposed therein;
placing a second fluid into the well bore to displace at least a
portion of the first fluid therefrom, wherein the second fluid
comprises pumicite, an activating agent, and a base fluid; and
allowing the second fluid to a least partially set in the well
bore.
[0011] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
method of displacing a fluid in a well bore, comprising: providing
a well bore having a first fluid disposed therein; placing a second
fluid into the well bore to displace at least a portion of the
first fluid therefrom, wherein the second fluid comprises pumicite,
an activating agent, and a base fluid; placing a cement composition
into the well bore to displace at least a first portion of the
second fluid therefrom, wherein at least a second portion of the
first fluid remains therein; allowing the cement composition to at
least partially set in the well bore; and allowing the second
portion of second fluid to at least partially set in the well
bore.
[0012] The features and advantages of the present disclosure will
be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of
the description of the preferred embodiments that follows.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] The present disclosure relates to subterranean treatment
operations, and more particularly, to improved treatment fluids
comprising pumicite, and methods of using these improved treatment
fluids in subterranean formations. The treatment fluids of the
present disclosure are suitable for use in a variety of
subterranean treatment applications, including well drilling,
cementing, completion, and stimulation operations.
[0014] The treatment fluids of the present disclosure generally
comprise pumicite and a base fluid. Optionally, the treatment
fluids of the present disclosure may comprise additional additives
as may be required or beneficial for a particular use. For example,
the treatment fluids of the present disclosure may include other
additives such as viscosifying agents, organic polymers,
dispersants, surfactants, weighting agents, vitrified shale, and
any combinations thereof.
[0015] The pumicite utilized in the treatment fluids of the present
disclosure generally comprises any volcanic or similar material
full of cavities and very light in weight. The term "pumicite" as
used herein refers to a volcanic rock such as solidified frothy
lava. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pumicite
may be an amorphous aluminum silicate, containing less crystalline
silica than vitrified shale. In certain embodiments, the pumicite
may contain less than 1% crystalline silica. In certain embodiments
of the present disclosure, the pumicite is sized to pass through a
200 mesh screen (DS-200). The pumicite may be cheaper and/or safer
than vitrified shale, and may be useful in environmentally
sensitive regions.
[0016] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, pumicite
is present in the treatment fluids of the present disclosure in an
amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 90% by weight of
the treatment fluid. In other embodiments of the present
disclosure, the pumicite is present in the treatment fluids of the
present disclosure in an amount in the range of from about 1% to
about 20% by weight of the treatment fluid. In other embodiments of
the present disclosure, the pumicite is present in the treatment
fluids of the present disclosure in an amount in the range of from
about 10% to about 40% by weight of the treatment fluid. One
skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will
recognize a suitable amount of pumicite for a particular
application.
[0017] The base fluid utilized in the treatment fluids of the
present disclosure may comprise an aqueous-based fluid, an
oil-based fluid, a synthetic fluid, or an emulsion. In certain
embodiments of the present disclosure, the base fluid may be an
aqueous-based fluid that comprises fresh water, salt water, brine,
sea water, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments of the
present disclosure, the base fluid may be an aqueous-based fluid
that may comprise cesium and/or potassium formate. The base fluid
can be from any source provided that it does not contain compounds
that may adversely affect other components in the treatment fluid.
The base fluid may be from a natural or synthetic source. In
certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the base fluid may
comprise a synthetic fluid such as, but not limited to, esters,
ethers, and olefins. Generally, the base fluid will be present in
the treatment fluids of the present disclosure in an amount
sufficient to form a pumpable slurry. In certain embodiments, the
base fluid will be present in the treatment fluids of the present
disclosure in an amount in the range of from about 15% to about 95%
by weight of the treatment fluid. In other embodiments, the base
fluid will be present in the treatment fluids of the present
disclosure in an amount in the range of from about 25% to about 85%
by weight of the treatment fluid. One of ordinary skill in the art,
with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate
amount of base fluid to use for a chosen application.
[0018] Optionally, the treatment fluids of the present disclosure
further may comprise a viscosifying agent. The viscosifying agent
may be any component suitable for providing a desired degree of
solids suspension. The choice of a viscosifying agent depends upon
factors such as the desired viscosity and the desired chemical
compatibility with other fluids (e.g., drilling fluids, cement
compositions, and the like). In certain embodiments of the present
disclosure, the viscosifying agent may be easily flocculated and
filtered out of the treatment fluids of the present disclosure.
Suitable viscosifying agents may include, but are not limited to,
colloidal agents (e.g., clays, polymers, guar gum), emulsion
forming agents, diatomaceous earth, starches, biopolymers,
synthetic polymers, or mixtures thereof. Suitable viscosifying
agents often are hydratable polymers that have one or more
functional groups. These functional groups include, but are not
limited to, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, carboxylic acids,
derivatives of carboxylic acids, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups,
phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, and amino groups. In certain
embodiments of the present disclosure, viscosifying agents may be
used that comprise hydroxyl groups and/or amino groups. In certain
embodiments of the present disclosure, the viscosifying agents may
be biopolymers, and derivatives thereof, that have one or more of
these monosaccharide units: galactose, mannose, glucoside, glucose,
xylose, arabinose, fructose, glucuronic acid, or pyranosyl sulfate.
Examples of suitable biopolymers include, but are not limited to,
guar gum and derivatives thereof, such as hydroxypropyl guar and
carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, and cellulose derivatives, such
as hydroxyethyl cellulose, welan gums, and xanthan gums.
Additionally, synthetic polymers that contain the above-mentioned
functional groups may be used. Examples of such synthetic polymers
include, but are not limited to, poly(acrylate),
poly(methacrylate), poly(ethylene imine), poly(acrylamide),
poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Other suitable
viscosifying agents include chitosans, starches and gelatins.
Suitable clays include kaolinites, montmorillonite, bentonite,
hydrous micas, attapulgite, sepiolite, and the like, as well as
synthetic clays, such as laponite. An example of a suitable
viscosifying agent is a hydroxyethyl cellulose that is commercially
available under the trade name "WG-17" from Halliburton Energy
Services, Inc., of Duncan, Okla. Another example of a suitable
viscosifying agent is a welan gum that is commercially available
under the trade name "BIOZAN" from Kelco Oilfield Services, Inc.
Where included, the viscosifying agent may be present in the
treatment fluids of the present disclosure in an amount sufficient
to provide a desired degree of solids suspension. In certain
embodiments, the viscosifying agent may be present in an amount in
the range from about 0.01% to about 35% by weight of the treatment
fluid. In other embodiments, the viscosifying agent may be present
in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of
the treatment fluid. In certain embodiments of the present
disclosure wherein the treatment fluids will be exposed to elevated
pH conditions (e.g., when the treatment fluids will be contacted
with cement compositions), viscosifying agents such as welan gum,
cellulose (and cellulose derivatives), and xanthan gum may be
particularly suitable. One of ordinary skill in the art, with the
benefit of this disclosure, will be able to identify a suitable
viscosifying agent, as well as the appropriate amount to include,
for a particular application.
[0019] Optionally, the treatment fluids of the present disclosure
further may comprise a fluid loss control additive. Any fluid loss
control additive suitable for use in a subterranean application may
be suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present
disclosure. In certain embodiments, the fluid loss control additive
may comprise organic polymers, starches, or fine silica. An example
of a fine silica that may be suitable is commercially available
from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. under the trade name
"WAC-9." An example of a starch that may be suitable is
commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. under
the trade name "DEXTRID." In certain embodiments where the
treatment fluids of the present disclosure comprise a fluid loss
control additive, the fluid loss control additive may be present in
the treatment fluids of the present disclosure in an amount in the
range from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight of the treatment
fluid. In other embodiments, the fluid loss control additive may be
present in the treatment fluids of the present disclosure in an
amount in the range from about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of the
treatment fluid. One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this
disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of a fluid loss
control additive to use for a particular application.
[0020] Optionally, the treatment fluids of the present disclosure
may comprise a dispersant. Suitable examples of dispersants
include, but are not limited to, sulfonated styrene maleic
anhydride copolymer, sulfonated vinyl toluene maleic anhydride
copolymer, sodium naphthalene sulfonate condensed with
formaldehyde, sulfonated acetone condensed with formaldehyde,
lignosulfonates (e.g., modified sodium lignosulfonate),
allyloxybenzene sulfonate, allyl sulfonate and non-ionic monomers,
and interpolymers of acrylic acid. An example of a dispersant that
may be suitable is commercially available from National Starch
& Chemical Company of Newark, N.J. under the trade name
"Alcosperse 602 ND," and is a mixture of 6 parts sulfonated styrene
maleic anhydride copolymer to 3.75 parts interpolymer of acrylic
acid. Another example of a dispersant that may be suitable is a
modified sodium lignosulfonate that is commercially available from
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., of Duncan, Okla., under the
trade name "HR.RTM.-5. " Where included, the dispersant may be
present in an amount in the range from about 0.0001% to about 4% by
weight of the treatment fluid. In other embodiments, the dispersant
may be present in an amount in the range from about 0.0003% to
about 1% by weight of the treatment fluid. One skilled in the art,
with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate
amount of dispersant for inclusion in the treatment fluids of the
present disclosure for a particular application.
[0021] Optionally, the treatment fluids of the present disclosure
may comprise surfactants. Suitable examples of surfactants include,
but are not limited to, nonylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol
ethoxylates, sugar lipids, a-olefinsulfonates, alkylpolyglycosides,
alcohol sulfates, salts of ethoxylated alcohol sulfates, alkyl
amidopropyl dimethylamine oxides, and alkene amidopropyl
dimethylamine oxides. An example of a surfactant that may be
suitable comprises an oxyalkylatedsulfonate, and is commercially
available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. under the trade
name "STABILIZER 434C." Another surfactant that may be suitable
comprises an alkylpolysaccharide, and is commercially available
from Seppic, Inc. of Fairfield, N.J. under the trade designation
"SIMUSOL-10." Another surfactant that may be suitable comprises
ethoxylated nonylphenols, and is commercially available under the
trade name "DUAL SPACER SURFACTANT A" from Halliburton Energy
Services, Inc. Where included, the surfactant may be present in an
amount in the range from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the
treatment fluid. In other embodiments of the present disclosure,
the surfactant may be present in an amount in the range from about
0.01% to about 6% by weight of the treatment fluid. One skilled in
the art, with the benefit of this disclosure will recognize the
appropriate amount of surfactant for a particular application.
[0022] Optionally, the treatment fluids of the present disclosure
may comprise weighting agents. Generally, any weighting agent may
be used with the treatment fluids of the present disclosure.
Suitable weighting materials may include barium sulfate, hematite,
manganese tetraoxide, ilmenite, calcium carbonate, and the like. An
example of a suitable hematite is commercially available under the
trade name "Hi-Dense.RTM. No. 4" from Halliburton Energy Services,
Inc. Where included, the weighting agent may be present in the
treatment fluid in an amount sufficient to provide a desired
density to the treatment fluid. In certain embodiments, the
weighting agent may be present in the treatment fluids of the
present disclosure in the range from about 0.01% to about 85% by
weight. In other embodiments, the weighting agent may be present in
the treatment fluids of the present disclosure in the range from
about 15% to about 70% by weight. One of ordinary skill in the art,
with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate
amount of weighting agent to use for a chosen application.
[0023] Optionally, other additives may be added to the treatment
fluids of the present disclosure as deemed appropriate by one
skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure. Examples of
such additives include, inter alia, defoamers, curing agents,
salts, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, and formation
conditioning agents. One of ordinary skill in the art with the
benefit of this disclosure will recognize the appropriate type of
additive for a particular application.
[0024] Certain embodiments of the fluids of the present disclosure
may demonstrate improved "300/3" ratios. As referred to herein, the
term "300/3" ratio will be understood to mean the value that
results from dividing the shear stress that a fluid demonstrates at
300 rpm by the shear stress that the same fluid demonstrates at 3
rpm. When treatment fluids are used as spacer fluids, an ideal
"300/3" ratio would closely approximate 1.0, indicating that the
rheology of such fluid is flat. Flat rheology will facilitate,
inter alia, maintenance of nearly uniform fluid velocities across a
subterranean annulus, and also may result in a near-constant shear
stress profile. In certain embodiments, flat rheology may reduce
the volume of a spacer fluid that is required to effectively clean
a subterranean well bore. Certain embodiments of the fluids of the
present disclosure may demonstrate 300/3 ratios in the range of
from about 1 to about 9. In some embodiments, the range may be from
about 2 to about 5. Certain embodiments of the fluids of the
present disclosure may maintain a nearly flat rheology across a
wide temperature range.
[0025] The fluids of the present disclosure may be prepared in a
variety of ways. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure,
the well fluids of the present disclosure may be prepared by first
pre-blending the pumicite with certain optional dry additives.
Next, the blended dry materials may be mixed with base fluid in the
field, either by batch mixing or continuous ("on-the-fly") mixing.
In certain embodiments of the present disclosure wherein the
blended dry materials are mixed with base fluid by batch mixing, a
weak organic acid and defoamers typically will be premixed into the
base fluid. The dry blend then may be added to the base fluid
using, e.g., an additive hopper with venturi effects; the mixture
of the dry blend and the base fluid also may be agitated, after
which the weighting material may be added and agitated. Surfactants
may be added to the spacer fluid shortly before it is placed down
hole. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure wherein the
blended dry materials are mixed with base fluid by continuous
mixing, the blended dry materials typically will be further blended
with a weighting material, and the resulting mixture may be metered
into, e.g., recirculating cement mixing equipment while the base
fluid is metered in separately. The base fluid typically will
comprise defoamers pre-blended therein. Shortly before the spacer
fluid is placed down hole, surfactants may be added to the spacer
fluid. In other embodiments, the fluid may be prepared my mixing
all but one or some of the components at a first location (for
example at a suitable operations base) and then the remaining
components may be added at a second location (such as the well
location) before the fluid is pumped into the well bore.
[0026] An example of a method of the present disclosure is a method
of displacing a fluid in a well bore, comprising: providing a well
bore having a first fluid disposed therein; and placing a second
fluid into the well bore to at least partially displace the first
fluid therefrom, wherein the second fluid comprises pumicite and a
base fluid.
[0027] Another example of a method of the present disclosure is a
method of separating fluids in a well bore in a subterranean
formation, comprising: providing a well bore having a first fluid
disposed therein; placing a spacer fluid in the well bore to
separate the first fluid from a second fluid, the spacer fluid
comprising a pumicite and a base fluid; and placing a second fluid
in the well bore.
[0028] An example of a composition of the present disclosure
comprises 60.44% barite by weight, 36.26% water by weight, 3.08%
pumicite by weight, and 0.22% Fe.sub.2 by weight. Another example
of a composition of the present disclosure comprises 51.51% water
by weight, 42.67% barite by weight, 5.65% pumicite by weight, and
0.17% Fe.sub.2 by weight. Yet another example of a composition of
the present disclosure comprises 75.93% water by weight, 14.24%
barite by weight, 9.74% pumicite by weight, and 0.08% Fe.sub.2 by
weight.
[0029] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides
settable spacer fluids. In other embodiments, the present
disclosure provides methods of forming settable spacer fluids by
adding an activating agent to the treatment fluids discussed
herein. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides
methods of using settable spacer fluids in subterranean
formations.
[0030] The settable spacer fluids may generally comprise pumicite,
a base fluid, and an activating agent. Optionally, the settable
spacer fluids of the present disclosure may comprise additional
additives as may be required or beneficial for a particular use.
For example, the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure
may include other additives such as accelerators, viscosifying
agents, organic polymers, dispersants, surfactants, weighting
agents, vitrified shale, and any combinations thereof.
[0031] The pumicite utilized in the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure generally comprises any volcanic or similar
material full of cavities and very light in weight. In some
embodiments of the present disclosure, the pumicite present in the
settable spacer fluids may be an amorphous aluminum silicate,
containing less crystalline silica than vitrified shale. In certain
embodiments, the pumicite present in the settable spacer fluids may
contain less than 1% crystalline silica. In certain embodiments of
the present disclosure, the pumicite present in the settable spacer
fluids is sized to pass through a 200 mesh screen (DS-200). In
other embodiments, the pumicite is sized to pass through a 20 mesh
screen or a 325 mesh screen.
[0032] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, pumicite
may be present in the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about
90% by weight of the settable spacer fluid. In other embodiments of
the present disclosure, the pumicite is present in the settable
spacer fluids of the present disclosure in an amount in the range
of from about 1% to about 80% by weight of the settable spacer
fluid. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, the pumicite
is present in the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure
in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 60% by weight
of the settable spacer fluid. In other embodiments of the present
disclosure, the pumicite is present in the settable spacer fluids
of the present disclosure in an amount in the range of from about
20% to about 40% by weight of the settable spacer fluid. In other
embodiments of the present disclosure, the pumicite is present in
the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in an amount
in the range of from about 30% to about 35% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid. One skilled in the art, with the benefit of
this disclosure, will recognize a suitable amount of pumicite for a
particular application.
[0033] The base fluid utilized in the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure may comprise an aqueous-based fluid, an
oil-based fluid, a synthetic fluid, or an emulsion. In certain
embodiments of the present disclosure, the base fluid may be an
aqueous-based fluid that comprises fresh water, salt water, brine,
sea water, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments of the
present disclosure, the base fluid may be an aqueous-based fluid
that may comprise cesium and/or potassium formate. The base fluid
can be from any source provided that it does not contain compounds
that may adversely affect other components in the settable spacer
fluid. The base fluid may be from a natural or synthetic source. In
certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the base fluid may
comprise a synthetic fluid such as, but not limited to, esters,
ethers, and olefins. Generally, the base fluid will be present in
the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in an amount
sufficient to form a pumpable slurry. In certain embodiments, the
base fluid will be present in the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure in an amount in the range of from about 10% to
about 95% by weight of the settable spacer fluid. In other
embodiments, the base fluid will be present in the settable spacer
fluids of the present disclosure in an amount in the range of from
about 25% to about 85% by weight of the settable spacer fluid. One
of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure,
will recognize the appropriate amount of base fluid to use for a
chosen application.
[0034] In certain embodiments, the activating agent may be any
material that allows the settable spacer fluids to set in the well
bore. In certain embodiments, the activating agent may be a
material that comprises a source of calcium or a source of
hydroxide. In certain embodiments, the activating agent may
comprise lime, calcium chloride, cement, calcium bromide, sodium
hexametaphosphate, sodium silicate, or other calcium sources. In
certain embodiments, the activating agent may comprise hydrated
lime.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the activating agent may be present
in the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in an
amount sufficient to allow for the settable spacer fluids to set in
the well bore. In certain embodiments, the activating agent will be
present in the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in
an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 35% by weight
of the settable spacer fluid. In certain embodiments, the
activating agent will be present in the settable spacer fluids of
the present disclosure in an amount in the range of from about 5%
to about 10% by weight of the settable spacer fluid. In other
embodiments, the mass ratio of activating agent to pumicite may be
from about to 1:10 to about 1:2. One of ordinary skill in the art,
with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate
amount of activating agent to use for a chosen application.
[0036] Optionally, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure may further comprise a set accelerator. Generally, any
set accelerator may be used with the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art, with the
benefit of this disclosure, will be able to identify a suitable set
accelerator for a particular application. Where used, the set
accelerator generally will be present in the settable spacer fluid
in an amount in the range of from about 0.5% to about 8% by weight
of the settable spacer fluid.
[0037] Optionally, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure further may comprise a viscosifying agent. The
viscosifying agent may be any component suitable for providing a
desired degree of solids suspension. The choice of a viscosifying
agent depends upon factors such as the desired viscosity and the
desired chemical compatibility with other fluids (e.g., drilling
fluids, cement compositions, and the like). In certain embodiments
of the present disclosure, the viscosifying agent may be easily
flocculated and filtered out of the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure. Suitable viscosifying agents may include, but
are not limited to, colloidal agents (e.g., clays, polymers, guar
gum), emulsion forming agents, diatomaceous earth, starches,
biopolymers, synthetic polymers, or mixtures thereof. Suitable
viscosifying agents often are hydratable polymers that have one or
more functional groups. These functional groups include, but are
not limited to, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, carboxylic acids,
derivatives of carboxylic acids, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups,
phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, and amino groups. In certain
embodiments of the present disclosure, viscosifying agents may be
used that comprise hydroxyl groups and/or amino groups. In certain
embodiments of the present disclosure, the viscosifying agents may
be biopolymers, and derivatives thereof, that have one or more of
these monosaccharide units: galactose, mannose, glucoside, glucose,
xylose, arabinose, fructose, glucuronic acid, or pyranosyl sulfate.
Examples of suitable biopolymers include, but are not limited to,
guar gum and derivatives thereof, such as hydroxypropyl guar and
carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, and cellulose derivatives, such
as hydroxyethyl cellulose, welan gums, and xanthan gums.
Additionally, synthetic polymers that contain the above-mentioned
functional groups may be used. Examples of such synthetic polymers
include, but are not limited to, poly(acrylate),
poly(methacrylate), poly(ethylene imine), poly(acrylamide),
poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Other suitable
viscosifying agents include chitosans, starches and gelatins.
Suitable clays include kaolinites, montmorillonite, bentonite,
hydrous micas, attapulgite, sepiolite, and the like, as well as
synthetic clays, such as laponite. An example of a suitable
viscosifying agent is a hydroxyethyl cellulose that is commercially
available under the trade name "WG-17" from Halliburton Energy
Services, Inc., of Duncan, Okla. Another example of a suitable
viscosifying agent is a welan gum that is commercially available
under the trade name "BIOZAN" from Kelco Oilfield Services, Inc.
Where included, the viscosifying agent may be present in the
settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in an amount
sufficient to provide a desired degree of solids suspension. In
certain embodiments, the viscosifying agent may be present in an
amount in the range from about 0.01% to about 35% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid. In other embodiments, the viscosifying agent
may be present in an amount in the range from about 0.5% to about
2% by weight of the settable spacer fluid. In certain embodiments
of the present disclosure wherein the treatment fluids will be
exposed to elevated pH conditions (e.g., when the treatment fluids
will be contacted with cement compositions), viscosifying agents
such as welan gum, cellulose (and cellulose derivatives), and
xanthan gum may be particularly suitable. One of ordinary skill in
the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to
identify a suitable viscosifying agent, as well as the appropriate
amount to include, for a particular application.
[0038] Optionally, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure further may comprise a fluid loss control additive. Any
fluid loss control additive suitable for use in a subterranean
application may be suitable for use in the compositions and methods
of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the fluid loss
control additive may comprise organic polymers, starches, or fine
silica. An example of a fine silica that may be suitable is
commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. under
the trade name "WAC-9." An example of a starch that may be suitable
is commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
under the trade name "N-Dril HT Plus." In certain embodiments where
the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure comprise a
fluid loss control additive, the fluid loss control additive may be
present in the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in
an amount in the range from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight of
active ingredient. In other embodiments, the fluid loss control
additive may be present in the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure in an amount in the range from about 0.05% to
about 2% by weight active ingredient. One skilled in the art, with
the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate
amount of a fluid loss control additive to use for a particular
application.
[0039] Optionally, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure may comprise a dispersant. Suitable examples of
dispersants include, but are not limited to, sulfonated styrene
maleic anhydride copolymer, sulfonated vinyl toluene maleic
anhydride copolymer, sodium naphthalene sulfonate condensed with
formaldehyde, sulfonated acetone condensed with formaldehyde,
lignosulfonates (e.g., modified sodium lignosulfonate),
allyloxybenzene sulfonate, allyl sulfonate and non-ionic monomers,
and interpolymers of acrylic acid. An example of a dispersant that
may be suitable is commercially available from National Starch
& Chemical Company of Newark, N.J. under the trade name
"Alcosperse 602 ND," and is a mixture of 6 parts sulfonated styrene
maleic anhydride copolymer to 3.75 parts interpolymer of acrylic
acid. Another example of a dispersant that may be suitable is a
modified sodium lignosulfonate that is commercially available from
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., of Duncan, Okla., under the
trade name "CFR-3." Where included, the dispersant may be present
in an amount in the range from about 0.0001% to about 4% by weight
of active ingredient. In other embodiments, the dispersant may be
present in an amount in the range from about 0.0003% to about 1% by
weight of active ingredient. One skilled in the art, with the
benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount
of dispersant for inclusion in the treatment fluids of the present
disclosure for a particular application.
[0040] Optionally, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure may comprise surfactants. Suitable examples of
surfactants include, but are not limited to, nonylphenol
ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, sugar lipids, a-olefinsulfonates,
alkylpolyglycosides, alcohol sulfates, salts of ethoxylated alcohol
sulfates, alkyl amidopropyl dimethylamine oxides, and alkene
amidopropyl dimethylamine oxides. An example of a surfactant that
may be suitable comprises an oxyalkylatedsulfonate, and is
commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. under
the trade name "SEM-8." Another surfactant that may be suitable
comprises an alkylpolysaccharide, and is commercially available
from Seppic, Inc. of Fairfield, N.J. under the trade designation
"SIMUSOL-10." Another surfactant that may be suitable comprises
ethoxylated nonylphenols, and is commercially available under the
trade name "DUAL SPACER SURFACTANT A" from Halliburton Energy
Services, Inc. Where included, the surfactant may be present in an
amount in the range from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the
settable spacer fluid. In other embodiments of the present
disclosure, the surfactant may be present in an amount in the range
from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight of the settable spacer
fluid. One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure
will recognize the appropriate amount of surfactant for a
particular application.
[0041] Optionally, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure may comprise weighting agents. Generally, any weighting
agent may be used with the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure. Suitable weighting materials may include barite,
hematite, manganese tetraoxide, ilmenite, calcium carbonate,
crushed rock, silica, cement kiln dust, silica, and the like. An
example of a suitable hematite is commercially available under the
trade name "Hi-Dense.RTM. No. 4" from Halliburton Energy Services,
Inc. Where included, the weighting agent may be present in the
settable spacer fluid in an amount sufficient to provide a desired
density to the settable spacer fluid. In certain embodiments, the
weighting agent may be present in the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure in the range from about 0.01% to about 85% by
weight. In other embodiments, the weighting agent may be present in
the settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure in the range
from about 15% to about 70% by weight. One of ordinary skill in the
art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the
appropriate amount of weighting agent to use for a chosen
application.
[0042] Optionally, other additives may be added to the settable
spacer fluids of the present disclosure as deemed appropriate by
one skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.
Examples of such additives include, inter alia, strength
restoration additives, lost circulation materials, weight reducing
additives, friction reducing materials, defoamers, curing agents,
salts, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, and formation
conditioning agents. One of ordinary skill in the art with the
benefit of this disclosure will recognize the appropriate type of
additive for a particular application.
[0043] Certain embodiments of the settable spacer fluids of the
present disclosure may demonstrate improved "300/3" ratios, as
defined in paragraph [0024] above. In certain embodiments, the
"300/3" ratio for the settable spacer fluids discussed herein may
be in the range from about 1 to about 50. In some embodiments, the
range may be from about 5 to about 20. In other embodiments, the
range may be from about 10 to about 15.
[0044] The settable spacer fluids of the present disclosure may be
prepared in a variety of ways. In certain embodiments of the
present disclosure, the settable spacer fluids of the present
disclosure may be prepared by first pre-blending the pumicite with
certain optional dry additives. Next, the blended dry materials may
be mixed with base fluid in the field, either by batch mixing or
continuous ("on-the-fly") mixing. In certain embodiments of the
present disclosure wherein the blended dry materials are mixed with
base fluid by batch mixing, a weak organic acid and defoamers
typically will be premixed into the base fluid. The dry blend then
may be added to the base fluid using, e.g., an additive hopper with
venturi effects; the mixture of the dry blend and the base fluid
also may be agitated, after which the weighting material may be
added and agitated. Surfactants may be added to the spacer fluid
shortly before it is placed down hole. In certain embodiments of
the present disclosure wherein the blended dry materials are mixed
with base fluid by continuous mixing, the blended dry materials
typically will be further blended with a weighting material, and
the resulting mixture may be metered into, e.g., recirculating
cement mixing equipment while the base fluid is metered in
separately. The base fluid typically will comprise defoamers
pre-blended therein. Shortly before the settable spacer fluid is
placed down hole, surfactants may be added to the spacer fluid. In
other embodiments, the fluid may be prepared my mixing all but one
or some of the components at a first location (for example at a
suitable operations base) and then the remaining components (such
as the activating agent) may be added at a second location (such as
the well location) before the fluid is pumped into the well
bore.
[0045] In another embodiment, a settable spacer fluid may be
prepared by adding the activating agent and/or the pumicite to an
existing well bore fluid. In certain embodiments, the activating
agent and/or the pumicite may be added to the existing well bore
fluid while it is present in the well bore or after it has been
removed from the well bore. For example, in certain embodiments a
settable spacer fluid may be prepared by adding an activating agent
and/or pumicite to a drilling fluid present in the well bore after
a drilling operation has been performed. In other embodiments, a
settable spacer fluid may be prepared by adding an activating agent
and/or pumicite to a drilling fluid that has been removed from well
bore after a drilling operation has been performed. In certain
embodiments, the drilling fluid may comprise pumicite.
[0046] An example of a method of the present disclosure is a method
of displacing a fluid in a well bore, comprising: providing a well
bore having a first fluid disposed therein; placing a second fluid
into the well bore to at least partially displace the first fluid
therefrom, wherein the second fluid comprises pumicite, a base
fluid, and an activating agent; and allowing the second fluid to
set in the well bore.
[0047] Another example of a method of the present disclosure is a
method of separating fluids in a well bore in a subterranean
formation, comprising: providing a well bore having a first fluid
disposed therein; placing a second fluid into the well bore to
displace at least a portion of the first fluid therefrom, wherein
the second fluid comprises pumicite, an activating agent, and a
base fluid; and allowing the second fluid to a least partially set
in the well bore.
[0048] Another example of a method of the present disclosure is a
method of separating fluids in a well bore in a subterranean
formation, comprising: providing a well bore having a first fluid
disposed therein; placing a second fluid into the well bore to
displace at least a portion of the first fluid therefrom, wherein
the second fluid comprises pumicite, an activating agent, and a
base fluid; placing a cement composition into the well bore to
displace at least a first portion of the second fluid therefrom,
wherein at least a second portion of the first fluid remains
therein; allowing the cement composition to at least partially set
in the well bore; and allowing the second portion of second fluid
to at least partially set in the well bore.
[0049] To facilitate a better understanding of the present
disclosure, the following examples of preferred embodiments are
given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or
to define, the scope of the disclosure.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0050] Rheological testing was performed on a variety of sample
compositions that were prepared as follows. First, all dry
components (e.g., pumicite, or vitrified shale, or zeolite, or
fumed silica, plus dry additives such as, for example,
hydroxyethylcellulose, BIOZAN, citric acid, barite, and sodium
lignosulfonate) were weighed into a glass container having a clean
lid, and thoroughly agitated by hand until well blended. Tap water
then was weighed into a Waring blender jar, and the blender turned
on at 3,000-4,000 rpm. While the blender continued to turn, the
blended dry components were added along with 2 drops of a standard,
glycol-based defoamer. The blender speed then was maintained at
3,000-4,000 rpm for about 5 minutes.
[0051] Rheological values then were determined using a Chan model
35 viscometer. Dial readings were recorded at speeds of 3, 6, 30,
60, 100, 200, and 300 RPM with a B1 bob, an R1 rotor, and a 1.0
spring.
[0052] Sample Composition No. 1 comprised a 16 pound per gallon
slurry of shale, 29.6 grams Tuned Spacer III ("TS III") blend,
580.9 grams barite, 348.5 grams water, and 2.13 grams Fe2.
[0053] Sample Composition No. 2 replaced the shale with DS-200
pumicite, and comprised a 16 pound per gallon slurry of DS-200
pumicite, 29.6 grams TS III blend, 580.9 grams barite, 348.5 grams
water, and 2.13 grams Fe2.
[0054] Sample Composition No. 3 comprised a 13 pound per gallon
slurry of shale, 44.1 grams TS III blend, 333.2 grams barite, 402.2
grams water, and 1.32 grams Fe2.
[0055] Sample Composition No. 4 replaced the shale with DS-200
pumicite, and comprised a 13 pound per gallon slurry of DS-200
pumicite, 44.1 grams TS III blend, 333.2 grams barite, 402.2 grams
water, and 1.32 grams Fe2.
[0056] Sample Composition No. 5 comprised a 10 pound per gallon
slurry of shale, 58.5 grams TS III blend, 85.5 grams barite, 455.9
grams water, and 0.5 grams Fe2.
[0057] Sample Composition No. 6 replaced the shale with DS-200
pumicite, and comprised a 10 pound per gallon slurry of DS-200
pumicite, 58.5 grams TS III blend, 85.5 grams barite, 455.9 grams
water, and 0.5 grams Fe2.
[0058] The results of the testing are set forth in Table 1 below.
The abbreviation "PV" stands for plastic viscosity, while the
abbreviation "YP" refers to yield point.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Temp. Cement Viscometer RPM 300/3 Sample
(F.) Contamination 300 200 100 60 30 6 3 ratio PV YP 1 80 none 60
50 38 32.5 27 20 18 3.33 33 27 2 80 none 68 57 43 36 30 23 21.5
3.16 37.5 30.5 3 80 none 57 49 39 34 29 21 20 2.85 27 30 4 80 none
55 44 35 38 23 16 14 3.93 30 25 5 80 none 39 33 26 23 19 13 12.5
3.12 19.5 19.5 6 80 none 38 33 27 24 20.5 15 13.5 2.81 16.5 21.5 1
180 none 51 41.5 31 26 22 15 14 3.64 30 21 2 180 none 45 38 29 24.5
20.5 15 14.5 3.10 24 21 3 180 none 50 42.5 34 30.5 26 20.5 19 2.63
24 26 4 180 none 40 34 27 23 19 14 13 3.08 18.5 21.5 5 180 none 38
32 27 24 20 17 15 2.53 16.5 21.5 6 180 none 37 32 26 23.5 20.5 15.5
14 2.64 16.5 20.5 1 80 0.50% 73 62 49 42 36 27 26 2.81 36 37 2 80
0.50% 77 66 51 46 38 30 28 2.75 39 38 4 80 0.50% 52 45 37 33.5 29
21 20 2.6 22.5 29.5 1 180 0.50% 100 82 66 58 52 45 44 2.27 51 49 2
180 0.50% 110 92 74 66 61 50 50 2.20 54 56 4 180 0.50% 60 52 42 36
30.5 22 20 3.00 27 33 1 80 1% 72 60 46 39 32 24 22 3.27 39 33 1 180
1% 77 63 48 41 35 28 26 2.96 43.5 33.5 1 80 2% 67 56 41 34 27 19 17
3.94 39 28 1 180 2% 85 69 51 43 36 27 25.5 3.33 49.5 30.5 1 80 3%
68 56 41 34 27 18 16 4.25 40.5 27.5 2 80 3% 60 50 37 30 24 15.5 13
4.62 34.5 25.5 1 180 3% 80 64 47 38.5 21 22 21 3.81 49.5 30.5 2 180
3% 76 62 45 36 29 18 17 4.47 46.5 29.5 1 80 5% 65 53 39 31.5 26 17
15 4.33 39 26 1 180 5% 78 63 46 37.5 31 21 19 4.10 48 30
Example 2
[0059] A series of various tests were performed on a variety of
sample compositions that were prepared as follows. First, all dry
components (e.g., pumicite and lime, plus dry additives) were
weighed into a glass container having a clean lid, and thoroughly
agitated by hand until well blended. The liquid additives were
measured out in suitable syringes. Tap water then was weighed into
a Waring blender jar, and the blender turned on at 3,000-4,000 rpm.
While the blender continued to turn, the liquid and blended dry
components were added along with 2 drops of a standard,
glycol-based defoamer. The blender speed then was maintained at
3,000-4,000 rpm for about 5 minutes. This mixing sequence was
repeated for the number of times it took to allow for the testing
that was necessary.
[0060] Rheological values then were determined using a Chan model
35 viscometer. Dial readings were recorded at speeds of 3, 6, 30,
60, 100, 200, and 300 RPM with a B1 bob, an R1 rotor, and a 1.0
spring.
[0061] A sample composition comprised 600 kg/m.sup.3 of pumicite,
504.6 l/m.sup.3 water, 367.95 kg/m.sup.3 barite, 50 l/m.sup.3 of
fluid loss control agent, 100 kg/m.sup.3 of KCl, 167 kg/m.sup.3 of
lime, 3 l/m.sup.3 of defoamer, and 24 l/m.sup.3 of surfactant. The
measured thickening time for this composition was 48 hours and 47
minutes at 118.degree. F. The measured thickening time for the
composition was then determined to be 20 hours and 2 minutes at
200.degree. F. The composition was tested for strength development
using an ultrasonic cement analyzer. A value of 523 psi at 48 hours
was measured. After a 7 day cure, some mechanical properties were
measured by using a destructive test method. The composition had a
tensile strength of 208 psi, a Young's Modulus of 413,000 psi, a
Poissons Ratio of 0.179, and a compressive strength of 1,091
psi.
[0062] The results of the rheology testing for the sample
composition at 68.degree. F. and 118.degree. F. in units of
centipoise are set forth in Table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 RPM Viscosity at 68.degree. F. (cp)
Viscosity at 118.degree. F. (cp) 600 -- -- 300 141 92 200 104 64.5
100 60 38.5 60 43 28 30 27 21 6 14 10.5 3 4 6.5
[0063] The above Examples demonstrates, inter alia, that the
improved treatment fluids of the present disclosure comprising
pumicite and a base fluid may be suitable for use in treating
subterranean formations. One having ordinary skill in the art will
appreciate that vitrified shale may be used in conjunction with the
pumicite disclosed herein.
[0064] Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain
the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are
inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are
illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and
practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those
skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.
Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of
construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the
claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular
illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified
and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit
of the present disclosure. While compositions and methods are
described in terms of "comprising," "containing," or "including"
various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also
"consist essentially of" or "consist of" the various components and
steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some
amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper
limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling
within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every
range of values (of the form, "from about a to about b," or,
equivalently, "from approximately a to b," or, equivalently, "from
approximately a-b") disclosed herein is to be understood to set
forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range
of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary
meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the
patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles "a" or "an", as used in
the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the
element that it introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages
of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or
other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the
definitions that are consistent with this specification should be
adopted.
* * * * *