U.S. patent application number 15/249573 was filed with the patent office on 2016-12-22 for aerosol particle separation and collection.
This patent application is currently assigned to HOLLISON, LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is HOLLISON, LLC. Invention is credited to ANTHONY D. BASHALL, KEVIN E. HUMPHREY.
Application Number | 20160368026 15/249573 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 53480712 |
Filed Date | 2016-12-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160368026 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
HUMPHREY; KEVIN E. ; et
al. |
December 22, 2016 |
AEROSOL PARTICLE SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
Abstract
A contactor is positioned coaxially with and substantially
within at least one separator, and otherwise is configured to
receive aerosolized target particles of interest as a sample. The
use of a plurality of separators that are coaxial with each other
and the contactor increases the number of separations involving
target particles and other constituents of air at a sampling point,
whereby in some embodiments the separators are rotatably
configurable relative to each other and to the contactor.
Inventors: |
HUMPHREY; KEVIN E.; (Utica,
KY) ; BASHALL; ANTHONY D.; (Concord, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
HOLLISON, LLC |
Owensboro |
KY |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
HOLLISON, LLC
Owensboro
KY
|
Family ID: |
53480712 |
Appl. No.: |
15/249573 |
Filed: |
August 29, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14584215 |
Dec 29, 2014 |
9463491 |
|
|
15249573 |
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61921666 |
Dec 30, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 1/2211 20130101;
G01N 2001/2223 20130101; B07B 7/086 20130101; B01D 47/02 20130101;
B07B 11/06 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B07B 7/086 20060101
B07B007/086; G01N 1/22 20060101 G01N001/22; B07B 11/06 20060101
B07B011/06 |
Claims
1. A particle separation and collection method, comprising:
arranging a contactor coaxially with at least one separator,
wherein at least one separator surrounds the contactor;
transferring constituents from a sampling point to the at least one
separator in fluid communication with the sampling point;
establishing, within the contactor and the at least one separator,
a rotational gas movement pattern; separating a first fraction of
constituents from a second fraction of constituents wherein the
first fraction passes into the contactor through a contactor
opening and the second fraction of constituents does not pass
through the contactor opening; and contacting constituents from the
first fraction with a carrier liquid inside the contactor.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a pressure
gradient between the sampling point and at least one separator.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of arranging a contactor
with at least one separator includes arranging two or more
separators, and comprises arranging an outermost separator
coaxially with at least one interior separator, and the at least
one interior separator has an opening for receiving
constituents.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising setting an alignment
configuration between the outermost separator and at least one
interior separator or between the contactor and at least one
separator.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein constituents are transferred in a
conduit, and further comprising arranging a conduit and a conduit
opening tangentially to a central axis of the at least one
separator.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring a
reservoir to deliver carrier liquid to the contactor.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising maintaining a volume
of carrier liquid in the contactor at a level higher than the
contactor opening.
8. The method of claim 6 further comprising transferring
constituents and carrier liquid to a collection vessel.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED U.S. APPLICATION
[0001] This divisional patent application claims the benefit of and
priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/584,215, which was
filed on Dec. 29, 2014, which claims the benefit of and priority to
U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/921,666, which was filed on
Dec. 30, 2013.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The embodiments disclosed herein relate to separating and
collecting a concentrated sample of matter from aerosolized
particles in the atmosphere at a sampling point.
BACKGROUND
[0003] In commerce, many goods are sold as bulk materials. The term
"bulk materials" refers to items obtained, transported, used,
stored, or handled in a group, non-limiting examples of which
include grain, wheat, vegetables, tea, spices, flavorings, peanuts,
coffee beans, soybeans, and other agricultural products;
manufactured food products (including human food and pet food
products); pharmaceutical products; health products like
multivitamins and supplements. Packages which are handled and
shipped are also an example of bulk materials according to the
descriptions and teachings herein. Each example is an item that can
be broken down into individual units and grouped with numerous
others of its kind for shipment.
[0004] There is a need to sample bulk materials to determine if
they contain any matter that causes injury, disease, or irritation
if inhaled or ingested by a person or absorbed through the skin, or
matter that creates a risk of combustion or explosion, either by
itself or in contact with other matter. Such matter is
characterized in different ways, and depending on its nature may be
referred to variously as contaminants, adulterants, pathogens,
viruses, bacteria, microorganisms, fungi, toxins, toxic chemicals,
and pollutants. For brevity, such examples of matter set forth in
this paragraph are referred to herein as "contaminants."
[0005] Alternatively, a need exists to sample bulk materials to
determine if they contain matter that is desirable and beneficial,
i.e., which is supposed to be present. Such substances include,
again by way of illustration only, an additive used to enhance a
manufacturing process related to a particular commodity; or matter
incorporated with a particular commodity providing beneficial,
nutritional, or therapeutic effects, such as proteins,
nanoparticles, and additives. For brevity, all such substances
contemplated by this paragraph are referred to, individually and
collectively, as "additives."
[0006] In the past, various attempts have been made involving the
separation and collection of particulate matter, for the purpose of
obtaining a concentrated sample that can be analyzed, tested, or
further studied to determine the quality of bulk materials. In some
cases, the bulk materials have been related to food, while in other
contexts separation and collection have been performed on non-food
bulk materials. The present embodiments are not limited to the type
of bulk materials which they can be practiced upon.
[0007] When contaminants are present in bulk materials, the
contamination will be borne on microscopic particles of matter in
the atmosphere located near the bulk materials. Such particles
exist, for example, in the interstitial headspace between
individual units of the bulk materials. The same is true of
additives. The particles that bear the contaminants or additives
(i.e., a biological or chemical compound of interest) are referred
to herein as target particles. A target particle generally can be
any matter that needs to be sampled, detected, or analyzed, such as
by using polymerase chain reaction, high performance liquid
chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and
immunoassaying to name a few non-limiting examples. Thus, target
particles are those particles that are joined to any compound or
matter which is either beneficial to, or detrimental to, the
formulation, nutritional value, therapeutic value, efficacy,
integrity, safety, or edibility of bulk materials. Illustrative
examples of such compounds or matter include, but are not limited
to, that which may cause injury, disease, or irritation if inhaled
or ingested into the system or absorbed through the skin; or that
may create a risk of combustion or explosion, either by itself or
in contact with other matter; or that may react with other matter
to produce unwanted chemical reactions; or an additive used to
enhance a manufacturing process; or matter providing beneficial,
nutritional, or therapeutic effects.
[0008] Various approaches have been tried before with respect to
the collection of target particles, including the separation of
target particles. One problem that these approaches have attempted
to overcome, largely unsuccessfully, involves increasing the
selectivity so that a collected sample contains a higher
concentration of target particles because of the removal of other
particles. Accordingly, if one focuses substantially on collection
to the substantial exclusion of separation, it results in a
collected sample without a sufficiently high concentration of
target particles to make detection effective. To try to overcome
this limitation, some have tried filters, screens, or the like
upstream of the contactor device, but such approaches have resulted
in the filters and screens becoming clogged with particles that
limits the usefulness of the system. Thus, an approach is needed
that accomplishes both separation and collection, and which can be
flexibly configured so it can be useful in a variety of contexts in
the collection and separation of a number of different target
particles depending on the situation.
SUMMARY
[0009] The present embodiments which are described and claimed
herein relate to separating various particles in the form of
aerosolized (liquid or solid) particulate, which are in the
vicinity of certain bulk materials. Collectively, particles of
matter drawn from a sampling point into at least one separator are
referred to as constituents herein. However, not all of the
constituents are target particles. That is, particles which are
unlikely to bear biological or chemical compounds of interest
during later testing and detection need to be separated from the
target particles. Rather, target particles are ones upon which, due
to their sizes and densities, contaminants or other biological or
chemical compounds of interest are likely to be located. The
present embodiments collect these target particles in a
concentrated form. One or more separations of particles based on
their respective densities may occur before the target particles
enter a contactor, where the target particles are dispersed in a
liquid for collection.
[0010] Examples of contaminants and additives according to present
embodiments were provided in the Background, but by no means are
these limiting. The present embodiments relate to many types of
target particles. The scope of the embodiments described and/or
claimed herein is not limited by the specific type of target
particle to be collected. Collectively, the target particles and
the other particles are referred to as constituents, all of which
are found in aerosolized form in the interstitial headspace around
the bulk materials.
[0011] Systems and methods according to multiple embodiments and
alternatives herein comprise at least one separator arranged
coaxially with a contactor positioned substantially within the at
least one separator. The at least one separator is in fluid
communication with a sampling point, e.g., a location of a
manufacturing facility where bulk materials undergo sampling. The
at least one separator and the contactor are also in fluid
communication. In certain embodiments, the at least one separator
comprises a substantially enclosed volume defining a chamber. The
contactor comprises a substantially enclosed volume defining a
contact space, i.e., an area in which target particles are
contacted by a carrier liquid and transferred out of the contactor
into a collection vessel, e.g., a vial with or without a removable
cap is a non-limiting example of a collection vessel.
[0012] In certain embodiments, a fan or blower (for brevity, fan)
generates negative pressure sufficient to transfer constituents
from a sampling point into the at least one separator. It will be
understood in this sense that the fan should be at an appropriate
setting to generate a vacuum that draws air, gas, and constituents
toward it. Constituents, including target particles, are generally
aerosolized meaning they are dispersed as fine particles or liquid
droplets throughout a gas, for example the atmosphere at a sampling
point, and are carried along in the air that is drawn toward the
fan. However, the act of transferring constituents from the
interstitial headspace around the bulk materials at the sampling
point necessarily introduces particles other than the target
particles into the collection system. Such other particles of
matter making up the constituents may include dust or other
particles generally found at a sampling point for a specific type
of facility. The at least one separator separates at least some of
these other particles from the target particles.
[0013] Due to a rotational gas movement pattern established within
the at least one separator, a centrifugal force is exerted upon the
aerosolized constituents. The constituents' momentum and overall
response to this force is related to their respective sizes and
densities. For constituents which are larger and more dense,
greater radial momentum is established away from the center of the
at least one separator, as represented by a central (virtual) axis.
Conversely, constituents that are smaller and less dense are not
urged radially outward to such an extent.
[0014] The contactor is positioned substantially within the at
least one separator, and the two are coaxial. A contactor opening
17 is formed in the contactor such that constituents colliding with
the at least one separator may enter the at least one separator
through that opening 17. Within the at least one separator, the gas
movement pattern is configured to selectively allow target
particles through the contactor opening 17 based on their sizes and
densities, while forcing larger and heavier constituents away from
the central axis and the contactor opening 17, thereby preventing
those other, larger and heavier constituents from entering through
such contactor opening into the contactor. Conversely, smaller,
lighter target particles are capable of making contact with the
contactor opening 17 and entering the contactor through that
opening, because the centrifugal force established by the gas
movement pattern does not direct them outward and away from the
central axis.
[0015] Accordingly, fractions reaching the contactor contain a
higher concentration of target particles compared to the makeup of
all the constituent particles at a sampling point. In the
contactor, target particles are contacted with and dispersed within
a carrier liquid before exiting the contactor through an outlet. In
some embodiments, a vacuum is configured to generate negative
pressure within the contactor, the at least one separator, and at
the sampling point, and the geometries of the at least one
separator and contactor create the rotational gas movement pattern
described herein. The force of the vacuum is sufficient to transfer
constituents from the sampling point to the separators and then to
the contactor. Alternatively, sufficient positive pressure is
exerted at the sampling point, for example by a positive pressure
fan which urges constituents generally in a direction of first
conduit opening 14 and then along a transfer path inside conduit
12, into at least one separator 15 via inlet 18 where the
constituents are subjected to a rotational gas movement pattern,
causing some constituents to enter contactor 25 via opening 17,
while excluding other constituents from the contactor based on
differences in their sizes and densities.
[0016] In certain embodiments, a plurality (two or more) of
separators is used, each being configured coaxially with the others
and with the contactor. The outermost one of the plurality of
separators is in closer proximity to, and therefore in more direct
fluid communication with, the sampling point. The other
separator(s) are then arranged successively interiorly between the
outermost separator and the contactor. Each separator and contactor
is in fluid communication (at least indirectly) with the spaces
defined by all other separators, with the space defined by the
contactor, and with the sampling point. Consequently, the vacuum
establishes a rotational gas movement pattern within the spaces
defined by each separator and contactor.
[0017] Being arranged in this way, it is possible to achieve a
series of separations according to the respective densities of
constituents in the plurality of separators and before the
aerosolized target particles enter the contactor. Because the
concentration of target particles is higher within the contactor
than within the separator(s), detection of target particles in the
concentrated sample is more effective. In certain embodiments, two
or more separators are rotatably adjusted according to an alignment
configuration to provide a series of separations before target
particles enter the contactor. The respective openings 19 are
configured in an alignment relative to every other opening 19 and
relative to the inlet 18, all of which are likewise positioned
relative to contactor opening 17 of the contactor.
[0018] Once the concentrated sample containing target particles is
obtained, it can be handled as selectably desired by a user, e.g.,
by testing, or screening the contents of this sample. However, the
embodiments describe and/or claimed herein are not limited by how
the concentrated sample is handled once obtained in a collection
vessel.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] The drawings and descriptions herein are to be understood as
illustrative of structures, features, processes, and aspects of the
present embodiments and do not limit the scope of the embodiments.
Accordingly, the scope of the embodiments described and/or claimed
herein is not limited to the precise arrangements or scale as shown
in the drawing figures.
[0020] FIG. 1A is a side elevation view of an aerosol particle
separation and collection system, according to multiple embodiments
and alternatives.
[0021] FIG. 1B is a perspective view of an aerosol particle
separation and collection system, according to multiple embodiments
and alternatives.
[0022] FIG. 1C is a schematic figure with a representation of
constituent particles of matter in proximity to a sampling
point.
[0023] FIG. 1D is a schematic figure of an aerosol particle
separation and collection system, according to multiple embodiments
and alternatives.
[0024] FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of an aerosol particle
separation and collection system having at least one separator and
a contactor configured coaxially, according to multiple embodiments
and alternatives.
[0025] FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of an aerosol particle
separation and collection system having at least one separator and
a contactor configured coaxially, across line 3-3 of FIG. 2,
according to multiple embodiments and alternatives.
[0026] FIG. 4A is a top perspective sectional view of an aerosol
particle separation and collection system having at least one
separator and a contactor configured coaxially, according to
multiple embodiments and alternatives.
[0027] FIG. 4B is a top perspective sectional view of an aerosol
particle separation and collection system having a plurality of
separators and a contactor configured coaxially, according to
multiple embodiments and alternatives.
[0028] FIG. 5 is a perspective view with cutaway of an aerosol
particle separation and collection system, according to multiple
embodiments and alternatives.
[0029] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an aerosol particle
separation and collection system having a plurality of separators
that are coaxial with each other and with a contactor, according to
multiple embodiments and alternatives.
MULTIPLE EMBODIMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
[0030] In certain embodiments, and as illustrated generally
throughout the drawing figures, an aerosol particle separation and
collection system comprises at least one separator 15 arranged for
fluid communication with a sampling point 20 by way of an inlet 18;
and a contactor 25 configured coaxially with the at least one
separator about a common vertically-oriented central axis 24, the
contactor being smaller than and positioned substantially within
the at least one separator. Two or more objects are coaxial if the
structure of the objects is defined at least in part by walls
having inner and outer surfaces, with the objects being situated
around a common central axis and the outer wall surface of one
object being substantially the same shape but of smaller size than
an inner wall surface of a second object (and of a third object, a
fourth object, and so on depending on the number of objects which
are coaxial). In some embodiments, the at least one separator 15
comprises a chamber 21 (FIG. 2) and has a curved inner wall surface
22, while contactor 25 comprises a separate chamber as a contact
space and has a curved outer wall surface 23 (see FIG. 4A for
surfaces 22, 23). Although illustrated in FIG. 2 as circular, the
curvature of wall surfaces 22, 23 can be any of a number of
geometries, including oval, elliptical, and teardrop to name a few
non-limiting examples in addition to circular. Because the at least
one separator and the contactor are substantially enclosed
chambers, dashed lines are used to depict these interior curved
wall surfaces. The contactor 25 is in fluid communication with the
at least one separator by way of a contactor opening 17 formed in
the surface of the contactor.
[0031] Turning to FIG. 1B, in some embodiments, a fan 11 generates
a vacuum which draws a force in a direction indicated by arrow 7.
Contactor opening 17 and inlet 18 (as seen in FIG. 4B and others)
thus establish fluid communication of the system with conduit 12,
whereby the force generated by negative pressure of fan 11 is
exerted through the conduit and at the sampling point 20. A vacuum
opening 8 is formed in a surface of contactor 25 into which a hose
(not shown) attached to fan 11 snugly fits, creating a draw from
the fan that acts within the contactor, separator(s), and at the
sampling point. Ultimately, as they make their way into contactor
25, target particles are separated from other constituents that
were also transferred from the sampling point 20. Inside contactor
25, target particles are dispersed in a liquid, and the
liquid-borne target particles exit the contactor through outlet 27
as shown in FIG. 1A. In some embodiments, at least one separator 15
and contactor 25 are cylindrically shaped, with the contactor being
smaller than and positioned substantially within the at least one
separator(s) 15.
[0032] FIG. 1C and FIG. 1D are schematic figures, which are not
indicative of any spatial relationships regarding the system
components, nor of their geometric shape, but rather reflect the
flow of target particles and other constituents through the system.
FIG. 1C represents a sampling point 20 which bulk materials move
past--in proximity to conduit 12. Constituents, including target
particles, are in the interstitial headspace surrounding the bulk
materials, and are urged in the direction indicated by the arrow
thus entering the separation and collection system via conduit 12
at its first end. Constituents exist as aerosolized particulate,
some of which will be laden with contaminant if there is
contamination existing in the bulk materials.
[0033] FIG. 1D represents various system components beginning at
step 100 where bulk materials pass a sampling point. As unseparated
constituents enter conduit 12, they are transferred from sampling
point 20 at step 110. At step 120, these unseparated constituents
enter at least one separator through inlet 18. Next, at step 130,
some of the constituents in the form of aerosolized particular
matter, including target particles, enter the contactor through
contactor opening 17. At step 140, carrier liquid is delivered from
reservoir 40 to the contactor. The target particles are dispersed
in the carrier liquid inside the contactor, which is then delivered
to collection vial 42 at step 150 for any sort of physical,
chemical, or biological testing or detection as may be chosen.
[0034] Now turning back to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, at least one
separator 15 is in fluid communication with a sampling point 20 via
transfer conduit 12. In some embodiments, conduit 12 is formed from
piping having a first conduit opening 14 and a second conduit
opening 16. Conduit 12 defines a substantially closed (save for
first and second openings) for constituents to be transferred from
sampling point 20 to at least one separator 15, the latter being
entered through an inlet 18 joined to second conduit opening 16. In
a sample configuration, first opening 14 of conduit 12 is exposed
to the atmosphere at a sampling point 20, for example a conveyor
line or portion of a production line where bulk materials pass.
[0035] In certain embodiments, conduit 12 including conduit opening
16 is oriented tangentially to the separator as shown in FIG. 1B.
In this sense, tangentially means offset, i.e., not perpendicular
to central axis 24 along a transverse (horizontal) plane of the at
least one separator. Although present embodiments are not limited
to a specific shape of the inlet, FIG. 5 shows inlet 18 (providing
access into the outermost separator) with a substantially
elliptical geometry as result of the tangential offset of second
opening 16. In some embodiments, inlet 18 is joined to and sealed
with conduit 12 at its second opening 16 using connectors, gaskets,
snaps, or other connecting apparatuses known in the art.
Alternatively, at least a portion of conduit 12 that includes
second end 16 is formed integrally with separator 15 with its inlet
18 and the second end 16 of the conduit joined at fabrication.
Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the tangential orientation
of the conduit relative to the central axis 24 conserves the
momentum of constituents long enough (compared to a perpendicular
entry angle) to promote a centrifugal gas movement pattern within
the separator, and to separate constituent particles according to
density. In non-limiting fashion, and depending on the particular
circumstances, an airflow rate for establishing a suitable gas
movement pattern within the contactor and separator(s) will range
from about 50 to 1,500 liters/minute.
[0036] Also not meant as limiting, a food production facility is
one example of an application where such embodiments could be used.
Some foods are processed in such a facility from various
ingredients, which are used in making the food. If any ingredient
contains target particles, e.g., due to contamination, such
contamination will be borne on specific particles which are
referred to herein as target particles, and these will be found in
the atmosphere at various points in the production line. The first
opening 14 of conduit 12 is thus exposed to the atmosphere at a
sampling point, in a position to receive target particles and other
constituents which are transferred from the sampling point.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the constituents enter a first
opening 14 of conduit 12 and are transferred the length of the
conduit by negative pressure created by vacuum, exiting through
second opening 16 via inlet 18 into at least one separator 15. The
movement of constituents which causes their transfer in this way is
responsive to a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure
to lower pressure. This pressure gradient causes the gas and at
least some constituents from the sampling point to be drawn into
the at least one separator 15 and ultimately into a contactor 25,
as described herein. The particles may be either solid or liquid.
As desired by a user, a single sampling point may be utilized,
while in some embodiments multiple sampling points are
utilized.
[0038] Generally, the suction created by the vacuum should be
sufficient to create a centrifugal force on the aerosolized
particles, including in the outermost separator, generally with
respect to all constituents and particularly with respect to the
target particles. Preferably, the vacuum is generated by a variable
speed fan allowing adjustment for factors such as the number and
volume of the separators, as well as the respective densities of
the constituents including target particles.
[0039] Turning to FIG. 3, the at least one separator 15 is in fluid
communication with contactor 25 through contactor opening 17. In
certain embodiments, contactor opening 17 is an orifice formed
through the outer wall surface of contactor 25. It will be
appreciated that, in cases where a plurality of separators is used,
e.g., FIG. 4B, one is the outermost separator and the other(s) are
interior separators. The outermost separator includes inlet 18,
while every other separator will have an interior separator opening
19 providing fluid communication between the outermost separator
and each successive separator moving interiorly and ultimately to
contactor 25.
[0040] The separators 15 thus separate constituents from the
sampling point 20 based on the respective sizes and densities of
the constituents. Based on their sizes and densities, a first
subset of constituents (or, fraction) will pass through contactor
opening 17 for the type of configuration shown in FIG. 4A, while a
second fraction of constituents will not. In general, the more
random the movement of the constituents, and thereby the more
random the collisions of these particles with matter inside the at
least one separator 15, the less effective the separation.
Accordingly, geometry of the separator and inlet, as well as
geometry and positioning of each interior separator opening 19
determine the gas movement pattern within the two or more
separators and contactor and are thereby used to influence the
movement of target particles and other constituents after they are
transferred from the sampling point. For example, establishing a
gas movement pattern as described herein allows for one separation
to occur (e.g., FIG. 4A), or a series of separations (e.g., FIG.
4B), each of which separates relatively smaller or less dense
constituents from larger or more dense constituents, with those
entering contactor 25 being of the smallest size and/or the lowest
density. The use of a plurality of separators provides flexibility
to the approach. For example, and merely for illustration, one
separator 15 with one contactor 25 can be configured with other
system components described herein to separate 500 .mu.m
constituents from those which are on the order of millimeters. By
comparison, a series of separations can be achieved with a
configuration such as shown in FIG. 4B, resulting in three
different fractions of constituents. Again, for illustrative
purposes only, the system may be configured to allow a fraction
with a diameter less than about 300 .mu.m to pass ultimately
through contactor opening 17 and into contactor 25. This fraction
may be separate from a second fraction of constituents between
about 300 .mu.m and 500 .mu.m, wherein the system can be configured
in such a way that these constituents would pass through opening 19
and into the interior separator, but not into the contactor due to
their relatively larger size and greater density than the under 300
.mu.m fraction. And both of the aforementioned fractions may be
separate from a third fraction of constituents greater than about
500 .mu.m that remains in the outermost separator, the latter
fraction having not been able to pass through opening 19 due to the
exertion of greater centrifugal force on these relatively larger
and more dense constituents.
[0041] When a plurality of separators is utilized, any one or more
of the interior separator(s) can also be configured with an outlet
and utilized as a contactor. Thus, in the previous illustration,
the components of the system can be configured so that carrier
liquid from reservoir 40 is introduced into an interior separator
to transfer constituents of the approximately 300-500 .mu.m
fraction, which can be dispensed into their own collection
vessel.
[0042] For example, in certain embodiments, a plurality of coaxial
separators 15 having a common axis, with each separator being
progressively smaller in size than the adjacent one moving inward.
For example, as shown in FIG. 4B, the circumference and, therefore,
the volume of each separator decreases as one moves from the
outermost separator toward the contactor 25 located in the center.
Thus, in certain embodiments, such a configuration permits only
some of the aerosolized constituents, including target particles,
to move in series through one or more separators (beginning with
the outermost separator associated with inlet 18) and finally into
the contactor. By way of example, FIG. 3 shows the respective
positions of contactor opening 17 and inlet 18, which in some
embodiments is rotatably adjustable into various configurations as
discussed herein. Alternatively, the positions of the separator(s)
and contactor (and, therefore, their respective inlet or openings)
can be set at the time of manufacture.
[0043] Persons having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the
effect of centrifugal force on particles inside the separator. The
density of each constituent that enters the separator determines
the centrifugal force exerted upon that particle. The relationship
between density and centrifugal force determines which constituents
enter contactor 25 through contactor opening 17, and which do not.
Conversely, absent a centrifugal gas movement pattern inside the
separator, collisions would be generally random and the respective
densities of the particles would have less influence in determining
which particles proceeded to the next separator moving inwardly
(and ultimately to the contactor moving inwardly). However, as can
be appreciated from various figures including FIG. 2, such a gas
movement pattern in the separator(s) urges larger particles toward
the periphery, and thus any probability of their entering the
contactor (or the next separator moving inwardly) is highly remote
if not impossible. Conversely, particles that are less dense have
less momentum and the centrifugal force is less than for particles
having greater density. Therefore, the smaller particles have the
potential to pass through an interior separator opening 19 leading
to the interior of the next separator moving inwardly (or, the
contactor), while the larger ones do not.
[0044] As seen in FIG. 4B, in certain embodiments the at least one
separator comprises a plurality of separators, each having inner
and outer wall surfaces. The scope of embodiments is not limited by
how many separators are employed. Although the figure includes two
separators in combination with a single contactor, the embodiments
described and/or claimed herein are not limited by the number of
separators nor by the number of contactors. Aside from the
outermost separator, in certain embodiments each of the openings
18, 19 to the separator(s) as well as contactor opening 17 into the
contactor comprise a chamfered edge sloping inwardly, i.e., toward
the interior space within the inner walls of the separator (or
contactor, as the case may be). In FIG. 4B, the positioning of the
interior separator opening is denoted by the reference numeral 19,
and the general appearance and formation of this opening is similar
to that of contactor opening 17 as shown in other drawing figures,
particularly FIG. 5, and as discussed in the next paragraph.
[0045] The use of chamfered edges reduces turbidity at the entry
point into the separator(s) and/or to the contactor, making the
passage of constituents more fluid and aerodynamic. The inlet 18,
the opening(s) 19 of the interior separator(s) and the contactor
opening 17 are formed in any of a variety of ways as are known to
person of skill in the art of manufacturing cylindrical or other
objects having a material thickness, e.g., through post-fabrication
machining or by forming them integrally during additive processes
such as 3-D printing.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the positioning of each interior
separator opening 19 and inlet 18 is adjustable by rotating the
contactor relative to the at least one separator(s), or by rotating
at least one separator relative to the contactor, making the
relative angular positioning of the openings selective for which
constituents are separated out. FIG. 6 shows inlet 18 and interior
separator opening 19, the positioning of which is set according to
an adjustable alignment configuration. In the figure, the relative
positioning of inlet 18 and opening 19 of an interior separator are
represented by turn "A." Likewise, opening 19 and contactor opening
17 are also set according to an alignment configuration, as
represented by turn "B," with all of these positions being
rotatably configurable by turning the separator for angular
adjustment as selected by a user. Manual adjustment as well as
other mechanical options as known in the art exist for imparting
relative rotation of the contactor relative to the at least one
separator(s) or any one separator relative to at least one other
separator.
[0047] In turn, the selected positions are held in place by
configuring the separator(s) and contactor to maintain an
interference fit through friction forces, thus holding them in
substantially static positions as selectably desired until
readjustment. In certain embodiments employing a plurality of
separators, an interference fit is configured between, for example,
the outermost separator and the interior separator positioned
closest to the outermost separator. Such a fit is achieved through
the implementation of friction forces according to any of a number
of design choices which are known in the art. In some embodiments,
positioning of the inlet relative to one or more openings is
staggered as shown in FIG. 6 and is adjustable to allow multiple
variations for how any given interior separator(s) and contactor
can be rotated around axis 24 to increase the specificity of
separations based on particle density.
[0048] In certain embodiments, various system components such as
fan 11 are configured and effectuated with use of a controller 45
which may include a processor having a memory and program
instructions for receiving inputs and executing firmware and/or
software commands to control various elements of separation and
collection as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, memory for
storage of data comprises RAM of any processor, or storage may be
provided on disc, optical media, magnetic media, semiconductor
memory devices, flash memory devices, mass data storage device, and
other storage as is known in the art. In some embodiments,
controller 45 includes one or more general or special purpose
microprocessors, or any one or more processors of any kind of
digital computer, including ones that sense conditions and perform
various threshold comparisons. In some embodiments, controller 45
is coupled to user interface screens, key pads, and the like for
entering and viewing information about the configuration and
performance of system components. As desired, controller 45 may be
connected to a network, e.g., local area network, private network,
wide area network, and internet to name a few.
[0049] Although referred to as a single device, optionally the
controller may be provided as several individual controllers or
microprocessors, some or all of which may be centrally controlled
by a personal computer or similar device. If desired, the vacuum
and other system components are manually configured and
operated.
[0050] In certain embodiments, a pump (not shown) for delivering
the carrier liquid to the contactor is a positive displacement
pump, such as a peristaltic pump or piston-driven, as are known to
persons having ordinary skill in the art. Typically, the carrier
liquid is stored in a reservoir 40 configured for holding carrier
fluid which is delivered to the contactor. Reservoir 40 is joined
to a channel 41 for establishing fluid communication with contactor
25. In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1A, channel 41
comprises tubing connected to the reservoir and the contactor and
configured to provide carrier liquid to contactor 25 directly via
contactor inlet 28. Channel 41 may be configured with various fluid
ports and gaskets at both reservoir and contactor ends, as may be
desired. In some embodiments, a flow regulator (not shown) governs
the movement of concentrated sample through tubing, both in terms
of movement from the reservoir into contactor 25 or from the
contactor into collection vessel 42. In some embodiments,
controller 45 is configured to control the rate of flow by
actuating the flow regulator and a liquid pump configured to
transfer carrier liquid from the reservoir to the contactor. As may
be suitable, various fittings, gaskets, valves, and shutoffs are
provided in association with such a flow regulator. Optionally, the
pH of the carrier liquid within the reservoir is maintained to a
desired level using a buffer added to the liquid.
[0051] Inside the contactor, generally the carrier liquid level is
maintained to a level higher than the contactor opening 17 through
which constituents enter the contactor 25. In certain embodiments,
the level is maintained with the use of an appropriate sensor as is
known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Appropriate sensors
may include, but are not limited to, capacitive, inductive,
resistive, ultrasonic, infrared, and optical sensors that function
to detect the level of fluid within the contactor. As desired,
multiple sensors may be employed to determine and maintain the
carrier liquid level. When this level drops below a certain
predetermined threshold, additional carrier liquid is added to the
contactor from the reservoir via the aforementioned tubing.
Generally, evaporation is the primary factor that may cause the
carrier liquid level to drop. Seepage from the contactor via
contactor opening 17 is minimal or non-existent because of the
centrifugal forces on the liquid due to the gas movement pattern
and the chamfered orientation of the opening.
[0052] In an example operation, and with general reference to FIG.
1B, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 5 except where noted, constituents are
transferred from a sampling point 20 as they enter a first opening
14 of conduit 12, by virtue of the vacuum emanating from the
contactor 25. In some embodiments, due to negative pressure from
the vacuum, the constituents then enter the chamber 21 of at least
one separator 15 via the inlet 18, the second space being defined
by the outermost one of the at least one separator 15. Within
chamber 21, the constituents are subjected to centrifugal movement
away from the center, which is represented by axis 24, thus
undergoing separation according to the particles' respective
densities. As desired, multiple separations are employed by adding
interior separators 15 (see FIG. 4B) between the outermost
separator 15 and the contactor 25. Moving inward, negative pressure
from the vacuum ultimately draws some constituents including target
particles into the contactor 25 via opening 17, to be dispersed in
the carrier liquid and then to exit the contactor via outlet 27. As
depicted in FIG. 1A, tubing 43 is also represented by dashed lines
and in some embodiments represents standard tubing having an
opening at each of a first end, which communicates with the
contactor via outlet 27, and a second end, which communicates with
collection vessel 42.
[0053] Each of the various structures described herein according to
multiple embodiments and alternatives is formed from a range of
materials, as may be selected by a user and which will be readily
apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present
disclosure applies. Materials may be selected, for example,
according to desired firmness and rigidity, durability, weight, and
inertness with liquid or gas chemicals (e.g., the constituents
including target particles, or the buffered liquid) coming in
contact with surfaces, with polyethylene being an exemplary
material. All materials described herein can be transparent,
semitransparent, or opaque according to user decision and
implementation.
[0054] It is to be understood that the embodiments described and/or
claimed herein are not limited in their application to the details
of the teachings and descriptions set forth herein, or as
illustrated in the following examples. Rather, it will be
understood that the embodiments are capable of being practiced or
carried out in multiple ways, according to many alternatives based
on these descriptions and teachings.
[0055] Further, it will be understood that the phraseology and
terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and
should not be regarded as limiting. The use herein of "including,"
"comprising," "e.g.," "such as, for example," "containing," or
"having" and variations of those words is meant in a non-limiting
way to encompass the items listed thereafter, and equivalents of
those, as well as additional items. Accordingly, the foregoing
descriptions are meant to illustrate a number of embodiments and
alternatives, rather than limiting to the precise forms and
processes disclosed herein. The descriptions herein are not
intended to be exhaustive. It will be understood by those having
ordinary skill in the art that modifications and variations of
these embodiments are reasonably possible in light of the above
teachings and descriptions.
* * * * *