U.S. patent application number 15/182790 was filed with the patent office on 2016-12-15 for heat exchanger.
This patent application is currently assigned to MAHLE International GmbH. The applicant listed for this patent is MAHLE International GmbH. Invention is credited to Christian FABER, Leander HORNTASCH, Simon HUND, Pascal LERCHNER, Albrecht SIEGEL.
Application Number | 20160363380 15/182790 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56087202 |
Filed Date | 2016-12-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160363380 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
SIEGEL; Albrecht ; et
al. |
December 15, 2016 |
HEAT EXCHANGER
Abstract
A heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, with a housing with a
first housing side and with a second housing side opposite to the
first housing side, and with an inner housing wall and with an
outer housing wall. The tubes, through which a gas can flow, are
disposed in the housing. The tubes each of which has a first tube
end and a second tube end, opposite to the first tube end, and with
a first tube sheet disposed in the area of the first housing side.
A first tube sheet has a number of first through-openings, through
which the first tube ends extend, and a second tube sheet disposed
in the area of the second housing side that has a number of second
through-openings through which the second tube ends extend. The
first tube sheet forms a first plane and the second tube sheet
forms a second plane.
Inventors: |
SIEGEL; Albrecht;
(Ludwigsburg, DE) ; FABER; Christian; (Stuttgart,
DE) ; HUND; Simon; (Stuttgart, DE) ;
HORNTASCH; Leander; (Erdmannhausen, DE) ; LERCHNER;
Pascal; (Kornwestheim, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
MAHLE International GmbH |
Stuttgart |
|
DE |
|
|
Assignee: |
MAHLE International GmbH
Stuttgart
DE
|
Family ID: |
56087202 |
Appl. No.: |
15/182790 |
Filed: |
June 15, 2016 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28D 7/16 20130101; Y02T
10/12 20130101; F02M 26/29 20160201; F28D 7/1684 20130101; F02M
26/11 20160201; F28F 1/02 20130101; F28D 2021/0026 20130101; F02B
29/0462 20130101; Y02T 10/146 20130101; F01N 2240/02 20130101; Y02T
10/16 20130101; F01N 5/02 20130101; F28D 21/0003 20130101; F28F
13/12 20130101; F28F 9/0219 20130101; F28D 2021/0082 20130101; F28F
1/105 20130101; F28F 9/001 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F28D 7/16 20060101
F28D007/16; F28F 9/02 20060101 F28F009/02; F28F 13/12 20060101
F28F013/12; F28F 1/10 20060101 F28F001/10; F28F 1/02 20060101
F28F001/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 15, 2015 |
DE |
10 2015 210 942.9 |
Claims
1. A heat exchanger comprising: a housing with a first housing side
and a second housing side opposite to the first housing side and
with an inner housing wall and an outer housing wall; tubes through
which a gas is adapted to flow, the tubes being arranged in the
housing, the tubes each have a first tube end and a second tube end
opposite to the first tube end; a first tube sheet arranged in an
area of the first housing side, the first tube sheet having a
plurality of first through-openings through which the first tube
ends extend; and a second tube sheet arranged in an area of the
second housing side, the second tube sheet having a plurality of
second through-openings through which the second tube ends, wherein
the first tube sheet forms a first plane and the second tube sheet
forms a second plane, wherein the first tube sheet has a first
circumferential edge raised at a first angle from the first plane
and the second tube sheet has a circumferential second edge raised
at a second angle from the second plane, and wherein the first edge
in the area of the first housing side is connected to the inner
housing wall or in the area of the first housing side to the outer
housing wall and/or wherein the second edge in the area of the
second housing side is connected to the inner housing wall or in
the area of the second housing side to the outer housing wall.
2. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the first edge
has a first contact side and a second contact side opposite to the
first contact side, wherein the first contact side in the area of
the first housing side is connected to the inner housing wall or
the second contact side in the area of the first housing side is
connected to the outer housing wall.
3. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the second edge
has a first contact area and a second contact area opposite to the
first contact area, wherein the first contact area in the area of
the second housing side is connected to the inner housing wall or
the second contact area in the area of the second housing side is
connected to the outer housing wall.
4. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the tubes are
arranged substantially lying parallel next to one another in the
longitudinal direction such that gaps, through which a coolant is
adapted to flow, are formed between the tubes.
5. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the first
contact side and/or the second contact side and/or the first
contact area and/or the second contact area are connected to the
inner housing wall and/or the outer housing wall by soldering or
welding.
6. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the first
contact side and/or the second contact side and/or the first
contact area and/or the second contact area are connected to the
inner housing wall and/or the outer housing wall substantially by
material bonding.
7. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the first tube
ends in the area of the first through-openings are connected to the
first tube sheet by soldering or welding and the second tube ends
in the area of the second through-openings are connected to the
second tube sheet by soldering or welding.
8. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the first
through-openings and/or the second through-openings each have
passages through which the first tube ends and/or the second tube
ends extend.
9. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the housing has
an inlet opening for a coolant supply and/or an outlet opening for
coolant removal.
10. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the tubes are
formed as flat tubes, and/or turbulence inserts and/or spacers
and/or corrugated fins are arranged between the tubes, and/or
wherein the tubes have a substantially smooth surface and/or a
substantially circular cross section.
11. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the first tube
sheet and/or the second tube sheet are produced in a deep-drawing
process.
12. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein a bypass
channel is located in an area of the housing.
13. The heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the heat
exchanger is an exhaust gas heat exchanger or a charge air cooler
for a motor vehicle.
Description
[0001] This nonprovisional application claims priority under 35
U.S.C. .sctn.119(a) to German Patent Application No. 10 2015 210
942.9, which was filed in Germany on Jun. 15, 2015, and which is
herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a heat exchanger, in
particular an exhaust gas heat exchanger or a charge air cooler, in
particular for a motor vehicle.
[0004] Description of the Background Art
[0005] Exhaust gas heat exchangers are used in motor vehicles, for
example, in so-called exhaust gas recirculation systems. In this
case, the exhaust gas is cooled and, inter alia, there is a
reduction of the pollutants arising during fuel combustion, as well
as a lower fuel consumption.
[0006] DE 199 07 163 C2 discloses an exhaust gas heat exchanger
with tubes, held at both ends in tube sheets, for conducting a gas
and with a housing, connected to the tube sheets and surrounding
the tubes, for conducting a liquid coolant. In this case, the tube
sheets, the tubes, and the housing are made of austenitic
heat-resistant steel sheets. The tubes are welded into the tube
sheets stamped out of a metal sheet and the housing is welded to
the tube sheets.
[0007] DE 10 2010 025 030 B4 discloses a heat exchanger for an
internal combustion engine, which is to be used, for example, for
cooling an exhaust gas stream intended for exhaust gas
recirculation. The heat exchanger here has a base tube formed by
two interconnected deep-drawn pots. The two ends of the base tube
each have a tube sheet, whereby the individual tube sheets are a
single-part component of the deep-drawn pots. A tube bundle extends
between the two tube sheets within the base tube.
[0008] In particular, the type of insertion and/or pressing in of
the deep-drawn pots serving as tube sheets, actions which are often
taken during the fabrication of the heat exchanger, in the
deep-drawn direction has the result that the complete length of the
base tube or of the housing of the heat exchanger cannot be
utilized as a heat exchanging region. The exhaust gas-carrying
tubes disposed in the base tube or in the housing of the heat
exchanger are in each case shorter by the deep-drawing height than
the base tube or the housing of the heat exchanger.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] It is the object of the invention to provide a heat
exchanger, which is improved relative to the prior art and makes
available a higher heat transfer rate.
[0010] An exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a heat
exchanger, in particular to an exhaust gas heat exchanger or a
charge air cooler for a motor vehicle, with a housing with a first
housing side and with a second housing side, opposite to the first
housing side, and with an inner housing wall and with an outer
housing wall, whereby tubes, through which a gas can flow, are
disposed in the housing, said tubes each of which has a first tube
end and a second tube end, opposite to the first tube end, and with
a first tube sheet disposed in the area of the first housing side,
whereby the first tube sheet has a number of first
through-openings, through which the first tube ends extend, and
with a second tube sheet disposed in the area of the second housing
side, whereby the second tube sheet has a number of second
through-openings through which the second tube ends extend, whereby
the first tube sheet forms a first plane and the second tube sheet
forms a second plane, whereby the first tube sheet has a first
circumferential edge raised at a first angle a from the first plane
and the second tube sheet has a circumferential second edge raised
at a second angle 13 from the second plane, whereby the first edge
in the area of the first housing side is connected to the inner
housing wall or in the area of the first housing side to the outer
housing wall and/or the second edge in the area of the second
housing side is connected to the inner housing wall or in the area
of the second housing side to the outer housing wall. This design
form in an advantageous way allows an effective heat transfer over
the entire length of the housing between the exhaust gas stream
carried in the tubes and a cooling medium flowing around the tubes
within the housing. In this case, `extend` can mean that the tube
coming from one side at least engages in the through-opening and
optionally emerges again out of the through-opening on the opposite
side.
[0011] In an exemplary embodiment of the heat exchanger, the first
edge can have a first contact side and a second contact side
opposite to the first contact side, whereby the first contact side
in the area of the first housing side is connected to the inner
housing wall or the second contact side in the area of the first
housing side is connected to the outer housing wall.
[0012] The heat exchanger at the second edge can have a first
contact area and a second contact area opposite to the first
contact area, whereby the first contact area in the area of the
second housing side is connected to the inner housing wall or the
second contact area in the area of the second housing side is
connected to the outer housing wall. The tube sheets advantageously
can be connected to the housing in this way, without the first edge
or the second edge reducing the space available for the heat
transfer.
[0013] An embodiment of the heat exchanger provides that the tubes
are arranged substantially lying parallel next to one another in
the longitudinal direction such that gaps through which a coolant
can flow are formed between the tubes. The relation of the exhaust
gas amount and the heat transfer performance can be varied by
varying the gap depth.
[0014] In an exemplary embodiment of the heat exchanger, the first
contact side and/or the second contact side and/or the first
contact area and/or the second contact area can be connected to the
inner housing wall and/or the outer housing wall with solder. This
facilitates the production of the heat exchanger in a bundling and
soldering process.
[0015] In an exemplary embodiment of the heat exchanger, the first
contact side and/or the second contact side and/or the first
contact area and/or the second contact area can be connected to the
inner housing wall and/or the outer housing wall substantially by
material bonding. As a result, an especially strong connection
between the tube sheets and the housing is possible, which
facilitates the application of pressure during the operation of the
heat exchanger.
[0016] In an embodiment of the heat exchanger, the first tube ends
in the area of the first through-openings can be connected to the
first tube sheet by solder and the second tube ends in the area of
the second through-openings are connected to the second tube sheet
by solder. The production of the heat exchanger by a bundling and
soldering process is also simplified as a result.
[0017] An embodiment of the heat exchanger provides that the first
through-openings and/or the second through-openings each have
passages through which the first tube ends and/or the second tube
ends extend. The fabrication is considerably simplified as a result
and a higher stability of the heat exchanger in the area of the
first housing side and the second housing side is achieved.
[0018] In an embodiment of the heat exchanger, the housing can have
an inlet opening for a coolant supply and/or an outlet opening for
coolant removal.
[0019] In further exemplary embodiments of the heat exchanger, the
tubes are formed as flat tubes, and/or turbulence inserts and/or
spacers and/or corrugated fins are arranged between the tubes,
and/or the tubes have a substantially smooth surface and/or a
substantially circular cross section.
[0020] In an exemplary embodiment of the heat exchanger, a bypass
channel can be located in the area of the housing. This permits
control of the exhaust gas amount that is conveyed through the heat
transfer region of the heat exchanger.
[0021] An embodiment of the heat exchanger provides that the first
tube sheet and the second tube sheet are produced in a deep-drawing
process. This is an especially cost-efficient production method for
the tube sheets.
[0022] Further scope of applicability of the present invention will
become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter.
However, it should be understood that the detailed description and
specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the
invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various
changes, combinations and modifications within the spirit and scope
of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art
from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] The present invention will become more fully understood from
the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying
drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus, are
not limitive of the present invention, and wherein:
[0024] FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of a heat exchanger of
the invention;
[0025] FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the heat exchanger
according to FIG. 1,
[0026] FIG. 3 shows a schematic detailed view of a part of the heat
exchanger according to FIG. 1;
[0027] FIG. 4 shows a schematic detailed view of a further part of
the heat exchanger according to FIG. 1;
[0028] FIG. 5 shows a schematic side view of a further exemplary
embodiment of a heat exchanger;
[0029] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of the heat exchanger
according to FIG. 5;
[0030] FIG. 7 shows a schematic detailed view of a part of the heat
exchanger according to FIG. 5; and
[0031] FIG. 8 shows a schematic detailed view of a further part of
the heat exchanger according to FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] FIGS. 1 and 2 show an exemplary embodiment of heat exchanger
1 of the invention. Heat exchanger 1 is disposed by way of example
as an exhaust gas heat exchanger in an exhaust gas recirculation
system of a motor vehicle. Alternatively, heat exchanger 1 can also
be disposed as a charge air cooler in an exhaust gas recirculation
system of a motor vehicle. Moreover, heat exchanger 1 can also be
disposed elsewhere.
[0033] Heat exchanger 1 has a housing 2. Housing 2 is made
substantially as a type of tubular shell body, for example, of
sheet steel and has an inner housing wall 5 and an outer housing
wall 6.
[0034] Housing 2 at its end has a first housing side 3 and an
end-side, second housing side 4 opposite to first housing side 3.
On the circumferential side, housing 2 has an inlet opening 21 and
an outlet opening (not shown). A housing interior, substantially
delimited by inner housing wall 5, is fluidically connected to a
coolant circuit via inlet opening 21 and the outlet opening. In
this case, a substantially liquid coolant flows into the housing
interior through inlet opening 21 and out of the housing interior
through the outlet opening.
[0035] In the area of the housing interior, a number of tubes 7 are
arranged parallel to one another and parallel to the longitudinal
direction of housing 2. Tubes 7 have a first tube end 8, which is
disposed in the area of first housing side 3, and a second tube end
9, which is disposed in the area of second housing side 4. Tubes 7
are made, for example, as flat tubes. In alternative embodiments,
tubes 7 may also have a substantially circular cross section.
[0036] In the area of first housing side 3, a first tube sheet 10
is arranged substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
housing 2. First tube sheet 10 has a number of first
through-openings 11, which are arranged vertically to the
longitudinal direction of housing 2 and are penetrated by first
tube ends 8.
[0037] In the area of second housing side 4, a second tube sheet 12
is arranged substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
housing 2. Second tube sheet 12 has a number of second
through-openings 13, which are arranged vertically to the
longitudinal direction of housing 2 and are penetrated by second
tube ends 9.
[0038] First through-openings 11 and second through-openings 13 can
have passages. First tube ends 8 can be soldered to first tube
sheet 10 in the area of first through-openings 11. Second tube ends
9 can be soldered to second tube sheet 12 in the area of second
through-openings 13.
[0039] For example, an exhaust gas stream, discharged by the
internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle, flows through
tubes 7. The exhaust gas stream flows into tubes 7, for example, in
the area of first tube ends 8 and flows out of tubes 7 in the area
of second tube ends 9 and is then supplied to an intake tract of
the internal combustion engine.
[0040] Tubes 7 are arranged spaced apart from one another such that
gaps 20 are arranged between them. Coolant flows through gaps 20.
Coolant flows around tubes 7. In this case, heat is transferred
from the exhaust gas to the coolant and the exhaust gas is cooled
at least partially by the coolant.
[0041] In exemplary embodiments in which heat exchanger 1 is formed
as a charge air cooler, charge air flows through tubes 7 and is
cooled by the coolant.
[0042] Tubes 7 have a surface on which in the exemplary embodiment
shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 spacers 22 are arranged. In alternative
exemplary embodiments, turbulence inserts and/or corrugated fins as
well can be arranged on the surface of tubes 7 and/or between tubes
7 in the area of gaps 20. An exemplary embodiment of heat exchanger
1, which has tubes 107 with a smooth surface 123, is shown in FIGS.
5 and 6.
[0043] First tube sheet 10 in the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 in the area of first housing side 3 forms a first
plane arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of
housing 2. First tube sheet 10 has a circumferential first edge 14
raised at a first angle a from the first plane.
[0044] A detailed illustration of first edge 14 of the exemplary
embodiment, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, of heat exchanger 1 is shown in
FIG. 3. First edge 14 has a first contact side 16 and a second
contact side 17 opposite to first contact side 16. First contact
side 16 is connected to inner housing wall 5 in the area of first
housing side 3. In this case, first contact side 16 and inner
housing wall 5 can be connected in particular with solder and/or by
material bonding. For the sake of clarity, first contact side 16
and inner housing wall 5 as well as tubes 7 and first tube sheet 10
are shown spaced apart from one another.
[0045] Second tube sheet 12 in the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 in the area of second housing side 4 forms a second
plane arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of
housing 2. Second tube sheet 12 has a circumferential second edge
15 raised at a second angle 13 from the second plane.
[0046] A detailed illustration of second edge 15 of the exemplary
embodiment, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, of heat exchanger 1 is shown in
FIG. 4. Second edge 15 has a first contact area 18 and a second
contact area 19 opposite to first contact area 18. First contact
area 18 is connected to inner housing wall 5 in the area of second
housing side 4. In this case, first contact area 18 and inner
housing wall 5 can be connected in particular with solder and/or by
material bonding. For the sake of clarity, first contact area 18
and inner housing wall 5 as well as tubes 7 and second tube sheet
12 are shown spaced apart from one another.
[0047] FIGS. 5 and 6 show a further exemplary embodiment of a heat
exchanger 101 of the invention. Heat exchanger 101 is disposed by
way of example as an exhaust gas heat exchanger in an exhaust gas
recirculation system of a motor vehicle. Alternatively, heat
exchanger 101 can also be disposed as a charge air cooler within an
exhaust gas recirculation system of a motor vehicle. Moreover, heat
exchanger 101 can also be disposed elsewhere.
[0048] Heat exchanger 101 has a housing 102. Housing 102 is made
substantially as a type of tubular shell body, for example, of
sheet steel and has an inner housing wall 105 and an outer housing
wall 106.
[0049] Housing 102 at its end has a first housing side 103 and an
end-side, second housing side 104 opposite to first housing side
103. On the circumferential side, housing 102 has an inlet opening
121 and an outlet opening (not shown). A housing interior,
substantially delimited by inner housing wall 105, is fluidically
connected to a coolant circuit via inlet opening 121 and the outlet
opening. In this case, a substantially liquid coolant flows into
the housing interior through inlet opening 121 and out of the
housing interior through the outlet opening.
[0050] In the area of the housing interior, a number of tubes 107
are arranged parallel to one another and parallel to the
longitudinal direction of housing 102. Tubes 107 have a first tube
end 108, which is disposed in the area of first housing side 103,
and a second tube end 109, which is disposed in the area of second
housing side 104. Tubes 107 are made, for example, as flat tubes.
In alternative embodiments, the tubes may also have a substantially
circular cross section.
[0051] In the area of first housing side 103, a first tube sheet
110 is arranged substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of housing 102. First tube sheet 110 has a number of first
through-openings 111, which are arranged vertically to the
longitudinal direction of housing 102 and are penetrated by first
tube ends 108. In the area of second housing side 104, a second
tube sheet 112 is arranged substantially perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of housing 102. Second tube sheet 112 has a
number of second through-openings 113, which are arranged
vertically to the longitudinal direction of housing 102 and are
penetrated by second tube ends 109.
[0052] First through-openings 111 and second through-openings 113
can have passages. First tube ends 108 can be soldered to first
tube sheet 110 in the area of first through-openings 111. Second
tube ends 109 can be soldered to second tube sheet 112 in the area
of second through-openings 113.
[0053] For example, an exhaust gas stream, discharged by the
internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle, flows through
tubes 107. The exhaust gas stream flows into tubes 107, for
example, in the area of first tube ends 108 and flows out of tubes
107 in the area of second tube ends 109 and is then supplied to an
intake tract of the internal combustion engine.
[0054] Tubes 107 are arranged spaced apart from one another such
that gaps 120 are arranged between them. Coolant flows through gaps
120. Coolant flows around tubes 107. In this case, heat is
transferred from the exhaust gas to the coolant and the exhaust gas
is cooled at least partially by the coolant.
[0055] In exemplary embodiments in which heat exchanger 101 is
formed as a charge air cooler, charge air flows through tubes 107
and is cooled by the coolant.
[0056] Tubes 107 have a smooth surface 123. In alternative
embodiments, spacers may be arranged on the surface of tubes 107
and/or turbulence inserts and/or corrugated fins may be arranged on
the surface of tubes 107 and/or between tubes 107 in the area of
gaps 120.
[0057] First tube sheet 110 in the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIGS. 5 and 6 in the area of first housing side 103 forms a first
plane arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of
housing 102. First tube sheet 110 has a circumferential first edge
114 raised at a first angle a from the first plane.
[0058] A detailed illustration of first edge 114 of the exemplary
embodiment, shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, of heat exchanger 101 is shown
in FIG. 7. First edge 114 has a first contact side 116 and a second
contact side 117 opposite to first contact side 116. Second contact
side 117 is connected to outer housing wall 106 in the area of
first housing side 103. In this case, second contact side 117 and
outer housing wall 106 can be connected in particular with solder
and/or by material bonding. For the sake of clarity, second contact
side 117 and outer housing wall 106 as well as tubes 107 and second
tube sheet 112 are shown spaced apart from one another.
[0059] Second tube sheet 112 in the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIGS. 5 and 6 in the area of second housing side 104 forms a second
plane arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of
housing 102. Second tube sheet 112 has a circumferential second
edge 115 raised at a second angle 13 from the second plane.
[0060] A detailed illustration of second edge 115 of the exemplary
embodiment, shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, of heat exchanger 101 is shown
in FIG. 8. Second edge 115 has a first contact area 118 and a
second contact area 119 opposite to first contact area 118. Second
contact area 119 is connected to outer housing wall 106 in the area
of second housing side 104. In this case, second contact area 119
and outer housing wall 106 can be connected in particular with
solder and/or by material bonding. For the sake of clarity, second
contact side 119 and outer housing wall 106 as well as tubes 107
and second tube sheet 112 are shown spaced apart from one
another.
[0061] The exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 5, and 6,
moreover, have a circumferential flange 24 or a circumferential
flange 124.
[0062] Tube sheets 10, 12, 110, and 112, shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 5,
and 6, can be fabricated in particular as deep-drawn pots.
[0063] The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that
the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be
regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention,
and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in
the art are to be included within the scope of the following
claims.
* * * * *