U.S. patent application number 14/858300 was filed with the patent office on 2016-12-15 for apparatus and methods for modifying keratinous surfaces.
The applicant listed for this patent is The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Thomas Eliott RABE.
Application Number | 20160361240 14/858300 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 57504673 |
Filed Date | 2016-12-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160361240 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
RABE; Thomas Eliott |
December 15, 2016 |
APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR MODIFYING KERATINOUS SURFACES
Abstract
An apparatus and method for depositing a particulate containing
composition onto mammalian skin such that when the particles
contact the mammalian skin they have a momentum defined by .rho.vr,
which is within the range of about 0.1
kg/ms.ltoreq..rho.vr.ltoreq.about 12.0 kg/ms. The particles can be
in the range of from about 10 nanometers to about 10 micrometers,
in size. And the particles may be selected from the group
consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide,
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate,
polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, silica and mixtures
thereof. The particles are imbedded below the first layer of dead
skin cells in the stratum corneum but they do not pass all the way
through the stratum corneum into the living cells of the epidermis
or dermis layers of the skin.
Inventors: |
RABE; Thomas Eliott;
(Baltimore, MD) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Procter & Gamble Company |
Cincinnati |
OH |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
57504673 |
Appl. No.: |
14/858300 |
Filed: |
September 18, 2015 |
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14858300 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 8/8111 20130101;
A61M 5/2053 20130101; A61M 5/30 20130101; A61K 2800/91 20130101;
A61Q 17/04 20130101; A61K 8/25 20130101; A61K 8/0241 20130101; A61K
8/29 20130101; A61Q 1/02 20130101; A61K 8/8123 20130101; A61K 8/022
20130101; A61M 2037/0007 20130101; A61K 8/19 20130101; A61Q 1/025
20130101; A61K 8/27 20130101; A61K 8/85 20130101; A61K 2800/413
20130101; A61M 5/3015 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 8/02 20060101
A61K008/02; A61K 8/29 20060101 A61K008/29; A61K 8/27 20060101
A61K008/27; A61Q 1/02 20060101 A61Q001/02; A61K 8/81 20060101
A61K008/81; A61K 8/25 20060101 A61K008/25; A61K 8/85 20060101
A61K008/85; A61Q 17/04 20060101 A61Q017/04; A61K 8/19 20060101
A61K008/19 |
Claims
1. An apparatus for depositing a particulate containing composition
onto mammalian skin such that when the particles contact the
mammalian skin they have a momentum defined by .rho.vr within the
range of about 0.1 kg/ms.ltoreq..rho.vr.ltoreq.about 12.0
kg/ms.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are in the range
of from about 10 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, preferably
from about 200 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, in size.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are selected
from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron
oxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate,
polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, silica and mixtures
thereof.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are imbedded
below the first layer of dead skin cells in the stratum corneum and
they do not pass all the way through the stratum corneum into the
living cells of the epidermis or dermis layers of the skin.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are injected
into the stratum corneum but no deeper than from about 10
micrometers to about 40 micrometers into the mammalian skin.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are injected
into the stratum corneum and remain there for at least one day.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles are injected
into the stratum corneum to achieve a skin benefit selected from
the group consisting of a cosmetic, UV protection, skin radiance
and mixtures thereof.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the cosmetic or skin radiance
benefit is provided by injecting particles that are inorganic or
organic cosmetic pigmentary grade particles that are preferably
selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide,
iron oxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene
terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, silica and
mixtures thereof, which are in the range of from about 10
nanometers to about 20 micrometers, preferably from about 150
nanometers to about 20 micrometers, in size, and which scatter less
than 10% of light in the wave lengths of from about 400 nanometers
to about 700 nanometers.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the UV protection benefit is
provided by injecting particles selected from the group consisting
of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof, which are
smaller than about 200 nanometers, preferably from about 10
nanometers to about 100 nanometers, in size, and which scatter at
least 90% of UV light in the wave lengths of from about 290
nanometers to about 400 nanometers.
10. A method for depositing a particulate containing composition
onto mammalian skin such that when the particles contact the
mammalian skin they have a momentum defined by .rho.vr within the
range of about 0.1 kg/ms.ltoreq..rho.vr.ltoreq.about 12.0
kg/ms.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles are in the range
of from about 10 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, preferably
from about 200 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, in size.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles are selected from
the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide,
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate,
polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, silica and mixtures
thereof.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles are imbedded
below the first layer of dead skin cells in the stratum corneum and
they do not pass all the way through the stratum corneum into the
living cells of the epidermis or dermis layers of the skin.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles are injected into
the stratum corneum but no deeper than from about 10 micrometers to
about 40 micrometers into the mammalian skin.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the particles are injected into
the stratum corneum and remain there for at least one day.
16. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles are injected into
the stratum corneum to achieve a skin benefit selected from the
group consisting of a cosmetic, UV protection, skin radiance and
mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cosmetic or skin radiance
benefit is provided by injecting particles that are inorganic or
organic cosmetic pigmentary grade particles that are preferably
selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide,
iron oxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene
terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, silica and
mixtures thereof, which are in the range of from about 10
nanometers to about 20 micrometers, preferably from about 150
nanometers to about 20 micrometers, in size, and which scatter less
than 10% of light in the wave lengths of from about 400 nanometers
to about 700 nanometers.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the UV protection benefit is
provided by injecting particles selected from the group consisting
of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof, which are
smaller than about 200 nanometers, preferably from about 10
nanometers to about 100 nanometers, in size, and which scatter at
least 90% of UV light in the wave lengths of from about 290
nanometers to about 400 nanometers.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to an apparatus and method for
applying a composition to the surface of human or animal skin at
high velocity in order to embed the composition into the stratum
corneum layers of the skin. The composition may be particulate,
fluid or combinations of these.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The stratum corneum of human and animal skin is the
outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells known as
corneocytes. These stratum corneum is composed of 15-20 layers of
flattened cells with no nuclei and cell organelles. These layers
are continually being exfoliated and replaced by new layers of dead
cells. Depending on the area of the body the time for complete
turnover of all layers of the stratum corneum is normally 2-4
weeks. There are many products that are designed to be applied to
the surface (top layer) of the stratum corneum. These are primarily
skin care and cosmetic products. Within these categories of
products one benefit area that is important and has led to
continual innovation is that of durability. Extending the length of
time that a product remains on the skin is desirable for both
cosmetic effect as well as for skin protection products like
sunscreens. However, there are many drawbacks to the current
approaches to creating long wearing topical products. The first is
that they usually utilize adhesive polymers which impart a tight or
tacky feel to the skin. Additionally they are susceptible to being
dissolved by contact with water, sweat and sebum. Furthermore even
the longest wearing, most durable products rarely last for more
than 24 hours due to the fact that they are only attached to the
top layer of the stratum corneum and once this layer is exfoliated
the product or film is removed from the body along with it.
[0003] These and other deficiencies of the existing skin care
treatments require improvement. The performance and consumer
acceptance of skin care regimens will be greatly improved by
addressing the aforementioned shortcomings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention relates to apparatuses and methods for
depositing a particulate containing composition onto mammalian skin
such that when the particles contact the mammalian skin they have a
momentum defined by .rho.vr within the range of about 0.1
kg/ms.ltoreq..rho.vr.ltoreq.about 12.0 kg/ms. The particles are in
the range of from about 10 nanometers to about 10 micrometers,
preferably from about 200 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, in
size. And in one embodiment the particles are selected from the
group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide,
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate,
polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, silica and mixtures
thereof.
[0005] In a preferred embodiment, the particles are imbedded below
the first layer of dead skin cells in the stratum corneum and they
do not pass all the way through the stratum corneum into the living
cells of the epidermis or dermis layers of the skin. More
specifically, the particles are injected into the stratum corneum
but no deeper than from about 10 micrometers to about 40
micrometers into the mammalian skin. The particles that are
injected into the stratum corneum may remain there for at least one
day. And the particles are injected into the stratum corneum to
achieve a skin benefit selected from the group consisting of a
cosmetic, UV protection, skin radiance and mixtures thereof.
[0006] The present invention seeks to alleviate the tradeoffs of
wear versus feel by extending the duration of a cosmetic benefit by
embedding a product into the stratum corneum rather than have the
product attached to the outermost layer of the stratum corneum. The
product is only meant to reside in the stratum corneum layers and
not beyond it into nucleus containing cells. Thereby the product is
not a permanent part of the skin, and will eventually be depleted
through the natural exfoliation process. The length of time the
product resides in the skin will depend on the number of layers
deep it resides in the stratum corneum and the rate of turnover for
that part of the body.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention may be understood more readily by
reference to the following detailed description of illustrative and
preferred embodiments. It is to be understood that the scope of the
claims is not limited to the specific compositions, methods,
conditions, devices, or parameters described herein, and that the
terminology used herein is not intended to be limiting of the
claimed invention. Also, as used in the specification, including
the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the"
include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value
includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly
dictates otherwise. When a range of values is expressed, another
embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the
other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as
approximations, by use of the antecedent basis "about," it will be
understood that the particular values form another embodiment. All
ranges are inclusive and combinable.
[0008] The present invention pertains to a device that accelerates
solid particulates to a velocity capable of penetrating into but
not beyond the layers of the human stratum corneum. Methods of
accelerating particles include various ways of incorporating the
particles into a high velocity gaseous stream. Light gasses
including helium, nitrogen and oxygen can be utilized. One method
of energizing gas is by compressing it. When the gas is released,
the resulting pressure drop from the compressed state to
atmospheric pressure results in acceleration of the gas and any
entrained particles. The velocity of the gas is determined by the
pressure differential and the and flow path dimensions. The
pressure differential on either side of a gas nozzle, and the
geometry of the nozzle can be designed to create a specific gas
velocity profile.
[0009] Particles can be entrapped in a high velocity gaseous stream
by preloading a "dose" of particulates that are delivered as a
single shot or metered into the gaseous stream over time. The
desired velocity profile of the gas and entrapped particulates
should be adjusted based on the particle size and specific gravity
in order to create the appropriate momentum required to
penetrate--but not surpass--the layers of the stratum corneum. For
the purposes of this invention, the multiplicative factor of
.rho.vr will be used as a measure of the momentum and thus the
predicted penetration depth into the stratum corneum. Importantly
.rho.vr can control the gas velocity profile accurately enough to
ensure that the particles cannot penetrated beyond the stratum
corneum.
[0010] There has been prior development of devices that are
designed to inject particles into the skin beyond the stratum
corneum, primarily for drug delivery. Much of the invention of
these devices is to find ways to efficiently drive the particles
through and beyond the stratum corneum. The objective of the
present invention is very different as it is intended to be
designed in a manner that ensures that no particles pass beyond the
stratum corneum layers. This ensures that the particles reside in
the skin temporarily, not permanently.
[0011] Gas driven apparatus for accelerating particles are known in
the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,618,394, Bellhouse et al,
discloses a device that creates supersonic gas flow for therapeutic
particle delivery. In this invention the device is designed to
create accelerate the particles to a high enough velocity
(dependent on the particle size and specific gravity) to penetrate
between 100-500 microns beneath the skin. This is critical for the
treatment or drug to be bioavailable. However, this approach would
not be practical for temporary administration needs like that of
cosmetic or skin protection effects.
[0012] Particle momentum can be directly correlated to the depth of
penetration into human and animal skin. Particle momentum is
essentially a function on the density (.rho.), velocity (v), and
size, or radius (r). Prior experimentation documented in
"Comparison of the Transdermal Ballistic Delivery of
Micro-particles into Human and Porcine Skin", M. A. F. Kendall et
al, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2001, Proceedings
of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE (Volume:3),
pp 2991-2994 shows the relationship between particle momentum
(.rho.vr) and penetration depth into human and porcine cadaver
skin. Based on this experimentation velocity requirements for a
specific particle (in this gas gold micro beads) were determined in
order to have sufficient momentum to penetrate past the stratum
corneum. The results of these penetration studies formed the bases
for the required applicator design for U.S. Pat. No. 7,618,394,
Bellhouse et al.
[0013] The present apparatuses and methods are designed to operate
at different parameters than the prior art. Instead of designing a
delivery system capable of creating particle momentum high enough
to penetrate beyond the stratum corneum, which requires a
.rho.vr.gtoreq.approximately 8 kg/ms depending on the stratum
corneum thickness, the present invention is designed to accelerate
particles within the range of 0.1.ltoreq..rho.vr.ltoreq.12.0.
Particles within the range of 0.1.ltoreq..rho.vr.ltoreq.12.0 will
theoretically have a penetration depth into human skin less than
the thickness of the stratum corneum, depending on the area of the
body.
[0014] The thickness of the stratum corneum varies by area of the
body as well as from individual to individual. However, for the
purposes of the current invention it is necessary to establish a
thickness to which the device is designed against. There are
numerous studies of the thickness of human stratum corneum. One of
the more comprehensive studies which will be referenced here is "In
Vivo Estimation of Stratum Corneum Thickness from Water
Concentration Profiles Obtained with Ramen Spectroscopy," M. Egawa
et al, Acta Derm Venereologica, vol. 87, pp 4-8. In this study it
the mean apparent thickness of the stratum corneum of 15 subjects
was found to be 16.8 microns with a standard deviation of 2.84
microns for the cheek, 21.8 microns with a standard deviation of
3.63 microns for the upper forearm, 22.6 microns with a standard
deviation of 4.33 microns for the forearm, and 29.3 microns with a
standard deviation of 6.84 microns for the back of the hand. Based
on these average thicknesses the device of the present invention
will need to be varied to account for the appropriate .rho.vr for
each area of the body.
[0015] Based on known penetration studies referenced in the
"Comparison of the Transdermal Ballistic Delivery of
Micro-particles into Human and Porcine Skin", M. A. F. Kendall et
al, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2001, Proceedings
of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE (Volume:3),
pp 2991-2994, the relationship between the .rho.vr of the given
particle and the corresponding penetration can be predicted. Based
on this data, in order to ensure that the particle does not
penetrate beyond the stratum corneum for the areas of the body with
thin stratum corneum like the cheek, the device of the current
invention is designed to deliver a .rho.vr between 0.1 and 12.0
kg/ms.
[0016] The particles of interest for the present invention are
chosen from a list of organic and inorganic cosmetic grade pigment
particles, sunscreen particles, particles encapsulating skin
actives, polymeric particles, oil absorbing particles, water
absorbing particles, and antibacterial particles. In one embodiment
of the invention the particulates delivered into the stratum
corneum are inorganic metal oxides. Titanium dioxide and iron
oxides are of particular interest. This is because they are
FD&C approved for contact with human skin.
[0017] In one embodiment the present invention creates long lasting
cosmetic benefit of coloration.
[0018] Conventional makeups and concealers utilize a combination of
titanium dioxide and iron oxides to cover skin discolorations but
their cosmetic benefit only lasts for hours, not days since they
are applied to the surface of the skin. Furthermore they induce a
negative skin feel. One benefit of the present invention is that
the cosmetic benefits will last for multiple days, depending on how
many layers into the stratum corneum the particles are embedded.
Cosmetic grade pigments preferred for use herein are most commonly
between 200 nanometers and 10 microns in particle size. Below 200
nanometers they become less opaque as the optimal light scatter for
a particle is 1/2 the wavelength of light. Since the visible
wavelengths of light are between 400 and 700 nanometers below 200
nanometers the light scatter and hence the opacity of the particle
decreases.
[0019] In another embodiment of the present invention a much
smaller particle size of either titanium dioxide or zinc oxide is
preferred. In this embodiment the benefit is to scatter ultraviolet
wavelengths of light, which are between 290 and 400 nanometers. For
this purpose it is desirable to have non-visible UV scattering
particles. Therefore, the desired particle size is substantially
less than 200 nanometers, which scatter at least 90% of UV light in
the wave lengths of from about 290 nanometers to about 400
nanometers. The preferred particle size range of titanium dioxide
or zinc oxide for effective scattering of UVA and UVB wavelengths
is between 10 and 100 nm.
[0020] In yet another embodiment of the present invention the
particles delivered into the stratum corneum are designed to
scatter little or none of the visible wavelengths of light (400-700
nm). In this embodiment the intention is to allow more visible
light to penetrate through the stratum corneum. The benefit of
allowing more light to transmit through the stratum corneum is to
increase the perception of skin radiance. One measure of skin
radiance is the amount of visible light that emanates from the
skin. The amount of light that emanates from the skin is
proportional to the amount of light that is allowed to enter the
skin. The main barrier to light passing into the skin is the
stratum corneum. As humans age the stratum corneum layers scatter
more of the visible light, allowing less light to pass through the
stratum corneum and thus less light to emanate from the skin. By
embedding optically transparent particles into the skin the
effective amount of visible light that enters the skin will be
greater and thus the amount of light emanating from the skin will
also increase, thereby increasing the perceived skin radiance. Any
optically transparent or translucent particle safe for contact with
human skin may be used. Preferred particle size ranges are between
10 nanometers and 10 microns. The preferred level of optical
transparency of the particles would allow no less than 40% of the
visible wavelengths of light to pass through the particle.
Materials that may be used to provide the radiance benefit include,
but are not limited to: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene
terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, glass, and
silica.
[0021] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be
understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values
recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension
is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension
disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm."
[0022] Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced
or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise
limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it
is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed
herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other
reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such
invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of
a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of
the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning
or definition assigned to that term in this document shall
govern.
[0023] While particular embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those
skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims
all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of
this invention.
* * * * *