U.S. patent application number 15/242316 was filed with the patent office on 2016-12-08 for non-rotating wind energy generator.
The applicant listed for this patent is Northeastern University. Invention is credited to Liam BYERS, Mitchell NOAH, Thomas Richard OLSEN, Mohammad TASLIM, Dylan THORP, Evan WEINER.
Application Number | 20160356265 15/242316 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50973789 |
Filed Date | 2016-12-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160356265 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
OLSEN; Thomas Richard ; et
al. |
December 8, 2016 |
NON-ROTATING WIND ENERGY GENERATOR
Abstract
In an embodiment of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy
generator uses the fluid flow principles of vortex shedding and
transverse galloping to generate oscillatory motion of a beam, and
alternators, optionally located near both ends of the beam,
generate electrical power when the beam is in motion.
Inventors: |
OLSEN; Thomas Richard;
(Millis, MA) ; THORP; Dylan; (Melrose, MA)
; BYERS; Liam; (Lunenburg, MA) ; NOAH;
Mitchell; (Randolph, NJ) ; WEINER; Evan;
(Windham, NH) ; TASLIM; Mohammad; (Needham,
MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Northeastern University |
Boston |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50973789 |
Appl. No.: |
15/242316 |
Filed: |
August 19, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14951067 |
Nov 24, 2015 |
9447774 |
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15242316 |
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14054820 |
Oct 15, 2013 |
9222465 |
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14951067 |
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PCT/US12/33754 |
Apr 16, 2012 |
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14054820 |
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61863900 |
Aug 8, 2013 |
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61476103 |
Apr 15, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F03D 5/06 20130101; F03D
7/00 20130101; F03D 9/25 20160501; F03D 5/00 20130101; H02K 1/34
20130101; H02K 7/1876 20130101; Y02E 10/70 20130101; Y02E 10/72
20130101 |
International
Class: |
F03D 9/00 20060101
F03D009/00; H02K 7/18 20060101 H02K007/18; H02K 1/34 20060101
H02K001/34; F03D 5/06 20060101 F03D005/06; F03D 9/25 20060101
F03D009/25 |
Claims
1. A non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: at
least one beam operable to initiate and sustain non-rotational
oscillatory motion in response to wind energy; at least one
electromagnetic coil located at a first end of the beam; and at
least a first and a second magnet, wherein the first and second
magnets are located at the first end of the beam and the first and
second magnets comprise a pair of parallel magnets, wherein
oscillatory motion of the beam causes the at least one
electromagnetic coil to pass between the first and second magnets
located at the first end of the beam so as to generate electrical
energy via motion of the beam.
2. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
further comprising: a frame movably supporting the at least one
beam; one or more first springs; one or more second springs;
wherein the one or more first springs attach a first portion of the
frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or more second
springs attach a second portion of the frame to a second portion of
the beam such that the beam is suspended between the first and
second portions of the frame; and wherein the at least one
electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion
of the frame; wherein the first and second magnets are attached to
one of the third portion of the frame or the beam.
3. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the beam has a D-shape.
4. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the beam is hollow.
5. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
further comprising one or more motion guides.
6. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
further comprising: one or more additional beams; one or more
additional upper springs; one or more additional lower springs;
wherein the one or more additional upper springs attach a first
portion of the additional beam to a third portion of the beam and
the one or more additional lower springs attach a second portion of
the additional beam to a fourth portion of the beam such that the
one or more additional beams are suspended between the first and
second portions of the frame.
7. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the first portion of the frame is an upper portion, the
first portion of the beam is an upper portion, the second portion
of the frame is a lower portion, and the second portion of the beam
is a lower portion.
8. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the third portion of the frame is a side portion.
9. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the beam is suspended substantially horizontally.
10. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the motion of the beam is substantially vertical.
11. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein a surface of the beam is uniformly smooth.
12. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein a surface of the beam is partially smooth.
13. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein a surface of the beam is uniformly rough.
14. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein a surface of the beam is partially rough.
15. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the at least one electromagnetic coil is attached to the
frame at the first end of the beam and the first and second magnets
are attached to the first end of the beam.
16. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the first and second magnets are attached to the frame at
the first end of the beam and the at least one electromagnetic coil
is attached to the first end of the beam.
17. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the spring mass is selected to promote self-oscillatory
motion.
18. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the beam has a cross-sectional geometry selected from the
group consisting of a square, a cylinder, a reversed D-Beam (where
the wind is primarily incident on the round portion of the beam
rather than the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge in either a
"greater than" or "less than" orientation relative to the incident
wind.
19. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the springs are stretched in a resting state.
20. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 2,
wherein the beam mass is selected to promote self-oscillatory
motion.
21. A method of generating electrical energy from wind energy
comprising: exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating
apparatus of claim 1 to wind to generate oscillatory motion in
response to wind energy; and generating electrical energy via
motion of the non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus using
electromagnetic induction.
22. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the first and second magnets are stationary and the at
least one electromagnetic coil is moveable.
23. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the first and second magnets are moveable and the at least
one electromagnetic coil is stationary.
24. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the at least one beam is configured to oscillate based on
at least one of vortex shedding and transverse galloping.
25. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
further comprising at least one stop configured to limit a range of
motion of the at least one beam.
26. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
further comprising: a frame movably supporting the at least one
beam; one or more springs; wherein the one or more springs attach a
portion of the frame to a portion of the beam; and wherein the one
or more springs are configured to transmit energy.
27. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 26,
further comprising at least one electromagnetic coil attached to
the beam or the frame; and wherein the at least one electromagnetic
coil attaches to the one or more springs at a first end of the one
or more springs and the one or more springs attach to the other of
the frame or the beam at a second end of the one or more springs
such that the one or more springs transmit energy between the beam
and the frame.
28. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 1,
where the first and the second magnet generate a magnetic field
substantially localized at the first end of the beam between the
first and the second magnet.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 14/951,067, filed on Nov. 24, 2015, entitled "Non-Rotating Wind
Energy Generator," which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety. U.S. application Ser. No. 14/951,067 is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 14/054,820, filed on Oct. 15, 2013
entitled "Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator," which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. application Ser.
No. 14/054,820 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/863,900, filed on Aug. 8, 2013 entitled "Novel
Magnet And Coil Inductor Configurations For A Non-Rotating Wind
Energy Generator," which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety. Additionally, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/054,820 claims
the benefit of priority to and is a continuation-in-part of
PCT/US12/33754, filed Apr. 16, 2012, which claims priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 61/476,103, filed Apr. 15, 2011
entitled "Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator," which are herein
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
FIELD
[0002] This invention relates to generating electrical power from
wind.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The ever-increasing demand for sustainable,
environmentally-friendly power generation from wind is currently
met with devices such as the wind turbine. Although wind turbines
are the most commonly used method of generating electrical power
from wind, they have several inherent drawbacks. These devices are
costly, difficult to construct, install, and maintain, highly
visible, noisy, large, susceptible to damage, and relatively
difficult to transport and assemble. Their tall stature makes them
susceptible to damage from flying debris, birds, and even low
flying planes. The U.S. Military has also voiced concerns claiming
the placement of wind turbines in a radar system's line of sight
may adversely impact the unit's ability to detect threats. Rotating
wind turbines are also not suitable for military applications that
require quiet, inconspicuous power generation in remote locations.
Additionally, when facing high wind speeds, a mechanical brake must
be applied, creating losses and inefficiencies. Therefore, there is
a need for portable, non-rotating devices that can generate useful
amounts of electrical power in a quiet, inconspicuous manner.
[0004] A system created by Vortex Hydro Energy uses the principle
of vortex-induced vibration in water to harness wave energy. The
company has developed a device called the Vortex Induced Vibration
Aquatic Clean Energy (VIVACE). This product uses vortex-induced
vibration as a primary means of creating mechanical motion from
fluid flow. The system is designed to operate underwater in ocean
currents. This system uses an electrically variable spring constant
system that dynamically changes the natural frequency to allow for
optimization at different flow speeds. This system is
unsatisfactory for wind power generation due to the large
difference between the fluid flow properties of air. The frequency
of vortex shedding in air is much faster that the shedding
frequency in water. Therefore, matching the system's natural
frequency with the shedding frequency would result in an extremely
large spring constant. A spring this size would require a great
deal of force to move. The lift characteristics of this application
do not provide enough lift to overcome this spring constant, and no
vibrations will occur.
[0005] Therefore, a need exists for portable, non-rotating devices
that can generate useful amounts of electrical power from wind in a
quiet, inconspicuous manner.
SUMMARY
[0006] Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to
harnessing wind power. In an embodiment of the invention, the
device uses the fluid flow principle of vortex shedding and
self-excited oscillations, which can result from transverse
galloping phenomena to generate oscillatory, linear motion of a
beam. In an embodiment of the invention, linear magnetic inductors,
also referred to as linear alternators, optionally located near
both ends of the beam generate electrical power when the beam is in
motion.
[0007] In an aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy
generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to
initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy
and an inductor system, also referred to as a linear alternator
system, operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of
the suspended bluff body. In a further aspect of the invention, a
non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended
bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in
response to wind energy, using self-excited oscillation caused by
vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof,
and an inductor system, also referred to as a linear alternator
system, operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of
the suspended bluff body. In one or more embodiments, the suspended
bluff body may comprise a frame movably supporting at least one
beam, one or more first springs, one or more second springs,
wherein the one or more first springs attach a first portion of the
frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or more second
springs attach a second portion of the frame to a second portion of
the beam such that the beam is suspended between the first and
second portions of the frame, and wherein the linear alternator
system comprises at least one inductor, also referred to as an
electromagnetic coil, attached to one of the beam or a third
portion of the frame, at least one magnet attached to one of the
third portion of the frame or the beam, wherein motion of the beam
when exposed to wind causes the first inductor to pass the at least
one magnet. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam may have
a D-shape. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam may be
hollow. Any of the proceeding embodiments may further comprise one
or more guide rails, also referred to as motion guides. Any of the
proceeding embodiments may further comprise one or more additional
beams, one or more additional upper springs, one or more additional
lower springs, wherein the one or more additional upper springs
attach a first portion of the additional beam to a third portion of
the beam and the one or more additional lower springs attach a
second portion of the additional beam to a fourth portion of the
beam such that the one or more additional beams are suspended
between the first and second portions of the frame. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the first portion of the frame may be an
upper portion, the first portion of the beam may be an upper
portion, the second portion of the frame may be a lower portion,
and the second portion of the beam may be a lower portion. In any
of the proceeding embodiments, the third portion of the frame may
be a side portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam
may be suspended substantially horizontally. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the motion of the beam may be substantially
vertical. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the
beam may be uniformly smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments,
a surface of the beam may be partially smooth. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be uniformly
rough. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam
may be partially rough. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the
at least one electromagnetic coil or the at least one magnet may be
attached to a first end of the beam. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the spring mass or stiffness may be selected to
promote self-oscillatory motion. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the beam may have a cross-sectional geometry selected
from the group consisting of a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, a
reversed D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the round
portion of the beam rather than the flat portion), and an
equilateral wedge in either a "greater than" or "less than"
orientation relative to the incident wind. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the springs may be stretched in a resting state. In
any of the proceeding embodiments, the beam mass may be selected to
promote self-oscillatory motion. In a further aspect of the present
invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating
apparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generates
oscillatory motion in response to wind energy and generates
electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy
generating apparatus using electromagnetic induction. In a further
aspect of the present invention, exposing the non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to
wind generates oscillatory motion in response to wind energy using
self-excited oscillation caused by vortex shedding, transverse
galloping, or some combination thereof, and generates electrical
energy via motion of the non-rotating wind energy generating
apparatus using electromagnetic induction.
[0008] Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to
harnessing wind power. In an embodiment of the invention, the
device uses the fluid flow principle of vortex shedding and
transverse galloping to generate oscillatory, linear motion of a
beam. In an embodiment of the invention, linear alternators
optionally located near both ends of the beam generate electrical
power when the beam is in motion.
[0009] In an aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy
generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to
initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy
and a linear alternator system operable to generate energy via the
motion of the suspended bluff body. In one or more embodiments, the
suspended bluff body may comprise a frame movably supporting at
least one beam, one or more first springs, one or more second
springs, wherein the one or more first springs attach a first
portion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or
more second springs attach a second portion of the frame to a
second portion of the beam such that the beam is suspended between
the first and second portions of the frame, and wherein the linear
alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil
attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame, at
least one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame
or the beam, wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes
the first inductor to pass the at least one magnet. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the beam may have a D-shape. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the beam may be hollow. Any of the
proceeding embodiments may further comprise one or more motion
guides. Any of the proceeding embodiments may further comprise one
or more additional beams, one or more additional upper springs, one
or more additional lower springs, wherein the one or more
additional upper springs attach a first portion of the additional
beam to a third portion of the beam and the one or more additional
lower springs attach a second portion of the additional beam to a
fourth portion of the beam such that the one or more additional
beams are suspended between the first and second portions of the
frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the first portion of
the frame may be an upper portion, the first portion of the beam
may be an upper portion, the second portion of the frame may be a
lower portion, and the second portion of the beam may be a lower
portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the third portion of
the frame may be a side portion. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the beam may be suspended substantially horizontally.
In any of the proceeding embodiments, the motion of the beam may be
substantially vertical. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a
surface of the beam may be uniformly smooth. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be partially
smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam
may be uniformly rough. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a
surface of the beam may be partially rough. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil or the at
least one magnet may be attached to a first end of the beam. In any
of the proceeding embodiments, the spring stiffness may be selected
to promote self-oscillatory motion. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the beam may have a cross-sectional geometry selected
from the group consisting of a square, a cylinder, a reversed
D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the round portion
of the beam rather than the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge
in either a "greater than" or "less than" orientation relative to
the incident wind. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the
springs may be stretched in a resting state. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the beam mass may be selected to promote
self-oscillatory motion. In a further aspect of the present
invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating
apparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generates
oscillatory motion in response to wind energy using vortex
shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and
generates electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus using electromagnetic induction.
[0010] Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatuses where a central axis of the at least
one electromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a
longitudinal axis of the beam. In an embodiment of the invention,
the at least one magnet is positioned relative to the at least one
electromagnetic coil such that the beam when exposed to wind causes
an electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet generating
electrical power.
[0011] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a
further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises
a frame movably supporting at least one beam, the linear alternator
system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil and at least one
magnet, a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil is
substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam, and the
at least one magnet is positioned relative to the at least one
electromagnetic coil such that motion of the beam when exposed to
wind causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one
magnet. In one or more embodiments, the at least one
electromagnetic coil is attached to one of the beam or a third
portion of the frame and the at least one magnet is attached to one
of the third portion of the frame or the beam. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be
spaced apart from the at least one beam by a mounting bracket. In
any of the proceeding embodiments, the mounting bracket can
position a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil
along the same longitudinal axis as the central axis of the at
least one beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the at least
one magnet can be positioned in a space provided between the at
least one electromagnetic coil and the beam. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can
extend beyond a face of the at least one beam. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be
attached to the at least one beam and the at least one magnet can
be attached to the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at
least one electromagnetic coil can be attached to the frame and the
at least one magnet can be attached to the at least one beam.
[0012] Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatuses where a linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the
beam or the frame and two or more pairs of magnets. In an
embodiment of the invention, an electromagnetic coil passes through
magnetic fields generated by the pairs of magnets generating
electricity.
[0013] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body, and
the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic
coil attached to one of the beam or the frame and two or more pairs
of magnets. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention, the
two or more pairs of magnets are attached to one of the frame or
the beam, and the at least one electromagnetic coil passes through
magnetic fields generated by the two or more pairs of magnets. In
one or more embodiments of the invention, a first side of a first
magnet of a first pair of magnets faces a first side of a second
magnet of the first pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the
first magnet of the first pair of magnets has a polarity of North
or South and the first side of the second magnet of the first pair
of magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity
of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets
differs from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of
the first pair of magnets, and wherein a first side of a first
magnet of a second pair of magnets faces a first side of a second
magnet of the second pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the
first magnet of the second pair of magnets has a polarity of North
or South and the first side of the second magnet of the second pair
of magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity
of the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets
differs from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of
the second pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments,
the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the first
pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of the first side of
the first magnet of the second pair of magnets and the polarity of
the first side of the second magnet of the second pair of magnets
can differ from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet
of the first pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments,
a first side of a first magnet of a third pair of magnets can face
a first side of a second magnet of the third pair of magnets,
wherein the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of
magnets can have a polarity of North or South and the first side of
the second magnet of the third pair of magnets can have a polarity
of North or South, wherein the polarity of the first side of the
first magnet of the third pair of magnets can differ from the
polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the third pair
of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the polarity of
at least one of the first side of the first magnet of the first
pair of magnets, the first side of the first magnet of the second
pair of magnets, and the first side of the first magnet of the
third pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of at least one
of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets,
the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets,
and the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of
magnets.
[0014] Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatuses wherein the linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil inset into one of a
beam or a frame and at least one magnet inset in one of the frame
or the beam. In an embodiment of the invention, motion of the beam
when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil
to pass at least one magnet generating energy.
[0015] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a
further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises
a frame movably supporting at least one beam. Additionally, in a
further aspect of the invention, the linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil inset into one of the
beam or the frame and at least one magnet inset in one of the frame
or the beam, and a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic
coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam
and motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one
electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet. In one or more
embodiments of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil
is inset in the at least one beam and the at least one magnets is
inset in the third portion of the frame. In one or more embodiments
of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil is inset in
the third portion of the frame and the at least one magnets is
inset in the at least one beam.
[0016] Further aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating
wind energy transmission apparatus and method. In an embodiment of
the invention, each of the two wire leads from each of the
electromagnetic coils connect to a spring for electricity
transmission and separate wire leads connect to each of the springs
at the location of contact between the springs and the frame to
continue the transmission of electricity from the springs to a
preferred point of use.
[0017] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy transmission apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a
further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises
a frame movably supporting at least one beam. Additionally, in a
further aspect of the invention, the linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the
beam the frame and at least one magnet attached to one of the frame
or the beam. Also, in a further aspect of the invention, motion of
the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one
electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet and a first wire
lead from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to at
least one of the one or more first springs and a second wire lead
from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to the
other of the at least one of the one or more second springs. In one
or more embodiments of the invention, a third wire lead from at
least one of the one or more first springs can be connected to the
first portion of the frame and a fourth wire lead from the other of
the at least one of the one or more second springs can be connected
to the second portion of the frame. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the first and second portions of the frame are
configured for transmission of electricity from the first and
second springs to one or more points of use.
[0018] Further aspects of the invention relate to a method for
electricity transmission comprising generating electricity using an
apparatus according to any of the embodiments described above and
transmitting electricity from one or more wire leads of the one or
more springs to the frame.
[0019] It is an object of the present invention to provide a
non-rotating alternative to wind turbines, which produces
comparable electrical power and which is portable, easy to
transport, and less susceptible to damage. In some embodiments, the
device is considerably smaller than a residential or large scale
wind turbine. In some embodiments, the device can be easily
disassembled, stowed, and transported to remote areas such as a
campsite or forward operating military base. In some embodiments,
the device operation allows for inconspicuous and virtually silent
operation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0020] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of
the invention will be apparent from the following description of
the preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the
accompanying drawings.
[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of Vortex Shedding,
demonstrating the formation of vortices and subsequent motion.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a graph of Reynolds Number vs. Strouhal Number
showing the relationship between Strouhal number and Reynolds
number for circular cylinders.
[0023] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a non-rotational wind
generating energy generator according to one aspect of the
invention as shown in side view (3A) and front view (3B).
[0024] FIGS. 4A and 4B provide perspective views of a non-rotating
wind energy generator according to an embodiment of the
invention.
[0025] FIG. 5 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to
one or more embodiments.
[0026] FIG. 6 is a plot of the coefficient of lift vs. time (sec)
for a series of beams having four different cross-sectional shapes,
each at the same characteristic length.
[0027] FIG. 7 is a plot of the coefficient of lift vs. time (sec)
for a series of D-beams having a characteristic length of 0.001 m,
0.025 m, 0.05 m, 0.075 m and 0.1 m.
[0028] FIG. 8 is a plot of lift force (N) vs. time (sec) and
demonstrates how the size of a beam (here a D-beam) affects the
lift force produced by vortex shedding.
[0029] FIG. 9 shows the electromagnetic coil assembly according to
an embodiment of the invention.
[0030] FIG. 10 is an illustration of a mounting system for the
non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more
embodiments.
[0031] FIG. 11 illustrates a mounting system for mounting a beam
onto a frame according to one or more embodiments.
[0032] FIG. 12 is a perspective drawing of a beam according to one
or more embodiments of the invention.
[0033] FIG. 13 is a voltage trace of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to one or more embodiments.
[0034] FIG. 14 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to
one or more embodiments.
[0035] FIG. 15 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to
one or more embodiments.
[0036] FIG. 16 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0037] FIG. 17 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0038] FIG. 18 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0039] FIG. 19 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0040] FIG. 20 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0041] FIG. 21 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0042] FIG. 22 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0043] FIG. 23 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0044] FIG. 24 shows magnets according to an embodiment of the
invention.
[0045] FIG. 25 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment
of the invention.
[0046] FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C show magnets and coils according to
an embodiment of the invention.
[0047] FIGS. 27A and 27B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0048] FIGS. 28A and 28B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0049] FIGS. 29A and 29B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0050] FIGS. 30A and 30B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0051] FIGS. 31A, 31B, and 31C show electricity transmission
according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0052] Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to
harnessing wind power. In one aspect, a device is provided to
generate electricity from non-rotational motion caused by wind
flow. Wind is typically characterized as unsteady flow; therefore
the device is capable of operation in unsteady flow
characteristics. To maximize the system efficiency, losses due to
friction and drag are minimized, and methods of electrical energy
harvesting are optimized. The device is easy to transport and
deploy. A nominal wind speed of approximately 6 m/s is used as the
basis for the prototype design and testing. However, the full-scale
system is able to operate over a wide range of wind speeds.
[0053] Non-rotating wind energy generation is provided by first
establishing non-rotating motion from wind flow, and then using
that motion to generate electricity. In one aspect, a device does
not use rotational motion similar to wind turbines currently on the
market, but instead, the device uses self-excited oscillation
caused, for example, by the fluid flow principle of vortex
shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, to
generate oscillatory, linear motion of a beam.
[0054] The phenomenon of vortex shedding involves the formation of
alternating vortices which form behind a bluff body when it is
placed in fluid flow. An oscillating resultant lift force acts on
the body as these vortices are shed. Vortex shedding is caused when
a fluid flows past a blunt object. The fluid flow past the object
creates alternating low-pressure vortices on the downstream side of
the object and the object will tend to move toward the low-pressure
zone. Eventually, if the frequency of vortex shedding matches the
resonance frequency of the structure, the structure will begin to
resonate and the structure's movement can become self-sustaining.
The transverse galloping phenomenon is a form of aerodynamic
instability that can result in large amplitude oscillations of a
body with certain cross sections. Galloping can occur due to the
aerodynamic forces that can be induced by the transverse motions of
the structure. These aerodynamic self-excited forces can act in the
direction of the transverse motion, which can result in negative
damping, which can increase the amplitude of the transverse motion
until it reaches a limit cycle. Galloping-induced oscillations can
be caused by forces which act on a structural element as it is
subjected to periodic variations in the angle of attack of the wind
flow. Usually the periodically varying angle of attack is generated
by a cross-wind oscillation of the structure. The potential
susceptibility of a structure to galloping starting from a given
equilibrium position can be evaluated using the well-known Den
Hartog stability criterion. Galloping is a low frequency
phenomenon, that can take place at much lower frequencies than
vortex shedding. In addition galloping instability can be caused by
the change with the body angle of attack of aerodynamic forces,
whereas vortex shedding can be a characteristic of the body wake
formation. Therefore, although in certain circumstances both
phenomena can appear simultaneously, they generally are uncoupled
and can be analyzed separately.
[0055] The intensity of these vortices and resulting lift force are
directly related to the cross-sectional shape and size of the bluff
body. The formation of vortices and subsequent motion is shown in
FIG. 1. It is possible to predict the frequency at which these
vortices will occur by using a dimensionless constant called the
Strouhal Number (St) (See Equation 1, below).
St = fL V ( 1 ) ##EQU00001##
In this equation, f is the vortex shedding frequency, L is the
characteristic length (See Equation 2, below), and .nu. is the
velocity of the fluid flow before it contacts the body.
L = 4 A P ( 2 ) ##EQU00002##
Equation 2 gives the definition of hydraulic diameter where A is
the area of the submersed body, and P is the wetted perimeter of
the body. Characteristic length L appears in both Strouhal and
Reynolds numbers.
[0056] When a body is placed in a fluid flow within a certain range
of Reynolds number, a series of vortices occur at a frequency which
can be predicted by the Strouhal number. Equation 3 defines
Reynolds number as a function of the velocity of the fluid before
it contacts the body (approach velocity), V, the characteristic
length, L, the density of the fluid .rho., and the viscosity of the
fluid, .mu..
Re = .rho. VL .mu. ( 3 ) ##EQU00003##
[0057] An acceptable range of Reynolds numbers for predictable
vortex shedding is displayed in FIG. 2. The curves in FIG. 2 are
for a circular cylinder. The reported value for the Strouhal number
for a D-Beam is 0.21 (See, e.g., Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook by
Robert D. Blevins, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984) and is
independent of the Reynolds number. FIG. 2 depicts a straight
horizontal line that is representative of the Strouhal number for a
D-beam. From equation (1) above, f=StV/L, thus with a constant St
for a D-beam, the frequency of oscillation increases with the wind
speed and decreases as L increases. For a given average wind
velocity, one can size the beam for the desired frequency. For
other shapes, the Strouhal value may differ, but a similar process
can be used to size a bluff body for a desired frequency. A certain
set of flow conditions must exist in order for the shedding
frequency to occur. Each vortex created in this series of vortices,
called a Von Karman Vortex Street, carries alternating high and low
pressure regions. The bluff body is drawn to the low pressure
regions creating an oscillating resultant force. In embodiments of
the present invention, this force is used to initiate motion of the
generator system.
[0058] In one or more embodiments, the beam design is selected to
provide self-excited vibrations when exposed to wind. Self-excited
vibration is a phenomenon in which the motion of a system causes it
to oscillate at its natural frequency with continually growing
amplitude. In one or more embodiments of the invention, vortex
shedding will initiate self-excited vibration of a beam. In one or
more embodiments, a beam will continue to oscillate at the system's
natural frequency when exposed to a wind flow. In one or more
embodiments, the system controls the amplitude of oscillation using
springs. In further more embodiments, the system utilizes stops to
limit the amplitude of oscillation.
[0059] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a non-rotational wind
energy generator 300 according to one aspect of the invention. In
one aspect, a beam 303 is slidably mounted in a frame 305 to
provide oscillatory motion of the beam due to vortex shedding,
transverse galloping, or a combination thereof, that is
substantially perpendicular to the wind direction 302, or which has
a component that is substantially perpendicular. The beam is
equipped with at least a pair of springs 304 positioned above and
below the beam to provide restorative force to the beam subjected
to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination thereof.
This provides oscillatory motion of the beam while in wind contact.
The springs can be secured to the frame using conventional methods
such as latches, hooks, welds, bonds and the like. Due to the high
stress experienced by the spring or other joining device, the
securing method desirably provides high material strength and low
fatigue life. To maintain a constant spring rate, coil diameter
and/or number of coils must increase as wire diameter increases.
Linear alternators 301 are shown located near both ends of the
beam; however, they can be located anywhere in any number. They
generate electrical power when the beam is in motion. A damping
system 307 can be provided to further control the amplitude of the
oscillations.
[0060] The non-rotating wind energy generating device uses the
interaction of the beam with wind to induce vortex shedding,
transverse galloping, and linear motion, which is then converted to
electrical power with electromagnetic inductors, also referred to
as linear alternators. In one or more embodiments, the linear
alternators incorporate magnets that are concentric with the wire
coil. Other embodiments may use multiple pairs of parallel,
stationary magnets and electromagnetic coils, such as
electromagnetic coils with a circular or square shape, that are
fixed to a beam that passes between the magnets during operation.
The use of a parallel magnet/coil configuration has been
experimentally proven to be superior to a concentric magnet/coil
configuration in at least one embodiment. This configuration
permits a larger clearance between the magnets and coils. This
helps prevent damping caused by rubbing during beam motion. The use
of parallel stationary magnets increases the strength of the
magnetic field in the linear inductors, also referred to as linear
alternators. Magnetic field strength is a contributing factor of
electrical power generation in magnetic inductors using
electromagnetic induction.
[0061] FIGS. 4A and 4B depict a non-rotating wind energy generator
according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this
embodiment, there are magnets 401, inductor assemblies, also
referred to as linear alternator assemblies, 402, a beam 403,
springs 404, a frame 405, guiderails 406, and adjustable L-brackets
408. In this embodiment, the beam 403 and the frame 405 each have
four connection points consisting of J-hooks 407. The frame height
is adjusted by moving the top member up or down to pre-drilled hole
locations. The frame is constructed of wood, metal, plastic or any
other material that provides sufficient support for the beam during
oscillation. For example, the frame should not distort or bend
under operational forces. In this embodiment, four springs 404
attach the beam 403 to the frame 405 via the J-hooks 407. In this
embodiment, there is clearance space between the beam 403 and the
adjustable L-brackets 408 and between the beam 403 and the wind
guards 406. Wind guards reduce the lateral pressure of the wind
against the beam in the motion guides and keep the beam oscillating
in the correct direction while reducing the amount of friction.
[0062] In an embodiment of the invention, wind energy is used to
induce self-excited oscillations of the suspended beam 403. The
fluid flow phenomena of vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a
combination thereof, are harnessed to initiate and sustain
oscillatory motion of one or more beams 403. This reciprocating
motion is used to generate electricity via electromagnetic
induction using the magnets 401 and the linear alternator
assemblies 402. An embodiment of an linear alternator assembly is
described in greater detail in FIG. 9. In some embodiments of the
invention, magnets are stationary and electromagnetic coils, such
as wire coils, move relative to the magnets. In further embodiments
of the invention, electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, are
stationary and magnets move relative to the electromagnetic coils.
In still further embodiments of the invention, both magnets and
electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, may move.
[0063] When vortex shedding and transverse galloping occur in the
system, such as when the vortex shedding frequency matches the
natural frequency of the system, extremely large amplitude of
motion will be achieved. In embodiments of the invention, the
spring system controls and maintains oscillatory behavior. The
springs may have the same spring tension in order to keep the beam
suspended. In embodiments of the invention, the number, size, and
stiffness of the springs may be varied. Oscillatory movement is not
solely caused by vortex shedding. A phenomenon called transverse
galloping, which can result in self-excited oscillations, may also
be responsible for continuous motion in embodiments of the
invention. In embodiments of the invention, after vortex shedding
induces a small displacement input, the motion of the system itself
due to transverse galloping causes it to oscillate at its natural
frequency while in a wind flow. In some embodiments of the
invention, springs 404 range in constants from 0.1 lbs/in up to 3
lbs/in.
[0064] In embodiments of the invention, a second beam (or more) may
be mounted in parallel to the first beam for a two degree (or more)
of freedom system.
[0065] FIG. 5 shows the beam 501 according to an embodiment of the
invention. In this embodiment, the beam is hollow on the inside and
has a D-shape, and the inductor assemblies 502 are attached to each
end of the beam 501. In an embodiment of the invention, the
D-shaped beam has a length of 24 inches (exclusive of the inductor
assemblies), a diameter of 2 inches, wall thickness of 1/8 inch,
and a weight of 0.5 pounds. In an embodiment of the invention, an
equivalent spring stiffness of 0.5 lbs/in may be used with a 0.5 lb
beam.
[0066] In other embodiments, other beam shapes may be used. For
example, the beam may be a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, a
reversed D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the flat
portion of the beam rather than the round portion), and an
equilateral wedge in either a "greater than" or "less than"
orientation relative to the incident wind. Additionally, in
embodiments of the invention, the surface of the beam may be
smooth, and in further embodiments of the invention, the surface
may be rough, uniformly or at selected locations. In embodiments of
the invention, the beam may be fitted with weights for optimal mass
to adjust the frequency and amplitude.
[0067] One or more beams can be used in the non-rotating wind
energy device. In some embodiments, the plurality of beams can
include a rigid spacer between beams and the multi-beam system can
be secured to the frame by springs attached to the upper and lower
beams. In other embodiments, the plurality of beams can be joined
by springs to one another and to the frame.
[0068] Each beam can be secured to the side of the frame using a
variety of conventional means. For example, the beams can terminate
at each side in a ring 1100 having a central conduit 1101 and a rod
1102 can be mounted through the central conduit for securing the
beam to the frame 1103. The central conduit can be fitted with
linear or ball bearings to reduce resistance. An exemplary mounting
system is shown in FIG. 11. In this embodiment, four pre-stretched
springs 1106 are attached to the top and bottom of the assembly.
This pre-stretch can be adjusted by raising the top beam of the
frame.
[0069] In other embodiments, a bumper style system is used in which
the system should oscillate freely. If there is a large gust of
wind, the wind guards will keep the beam oscillating in the correct
direction while reducing the amount of friction. FIGS. 4A and 4B
show wind guards oriented vertically and placed near the sides of
the frame on the front and back of the apparatus; however, they may
be located anywhere in any number.
[0070] A further embodiment of the beam is shown in FIG. 12. The
beam 1200 itself can be hollowed out to minimize mass. At either
end, there are two cylindrical containers 1210. Weight can be added
to the containers to adjust the mass of the beam for certain
applications, or a electromagnetic coil 1230 can be fabricated to
slip into the container to accommodate the induction system.
Snap-in caps 1220 that cover the cylindrical containers also serve
the function of acting as bumpers. A hole 1240 can be drilled in
the top of each cap with a diameter larger than the guide rail on
which it lies.
[0071] FIG. 6 is a plot of coefficient of lift v. time for a beam
having different shapes. In order to provide the ability to
compare, the characteristic length of each beam was kept constant
at 0.1 m. Beams having cross-sectional shapes of cylinder, D-beam,
`greater than` wedge and `less than` wedge were compared. D-beams
showed a lift that was steady and that maintained large amplitude
as compared to other modeled beam systems.
[0072] The length of the beam can be varied to provide oscillatory
amplitude and frequency for any desired application. Each
characteristic length of a beam for a given beam shape and material
typically provides the same magnitude of the coefficient of lift.
However, as the characteristic length decreases (all things being
equal), the frequency of vortices increases. This is demonstrated
in FIG. 7, where the properties of D-beams having different
characteristic lengths were modeled. In FIG. 7, the coefficient of
lift is plotted vs. time (sec) for a series of D-beams having a
characteristic length of 0.001 m, 0.025 m, 0.05 m, 0.075 m and 0.1
m. While amplitude was similar, frequency varied with the change in
beam length. While such a relationship between frequency and beam
length is observed, the spring force will also play a significant
role in the oscillation frequency. In one or more embodiments,
amplitude is dependent upon working spring length, initial stretch,
spring constant, and wind speed. A range of springs with varying
spring constants and spring lengths can be used to provide the
desired spring constant.
[0073] FIG. 8 is a plot of lift force (N) vs. time (sec) and
demonstrates how the size of a beam (here a D-beam) affects the
lift force produced by vortex shedding. As size increases,
frequency decreases and lift force increases. The selection of the
beam having length, shape and diameter provides a non-rotating wind
energy generator having a selected (high) frequency and amplitude.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the beam has a D-shape.
Beam frequency and lift force are provided in Table 1 for an
exemplary D-beam.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Characteristic Maximum Lift Shape Length
Frequency (Hz) Force (N) Forcing Function D-Beam 0.001 1041.667
0.073 F(t) = 0.073cos(6544.985t) D-Beam 0.025 40.161 2.396 F(t) =
2.396cos(252.337t) D-Beam 0.050 20.000 4.890 F(t) =
4.89cos(125.664t) D-Beam 0.075 13.423 7.312 F(t) =
7.312cos(84.338t) D-Beam 0.100 10.204 9.458 F(t) =
9.458cos(64.114t)
[0074] In one or more embodiments, the beam design is selected to
provide self-excited oscillations by, for example, inducing
transverse galloping when exposed to wind. Transverse galloping is
a phenomenon in which the motion of a system causes it to oscillate
at its natural frequency with continually growing amplitude. In the
case of this design, a D-beam will continue to oscillate at the
systems natural frequency when exposed to a wind flow. In order to
provide a self-exciting system that oscillates at its natural
frequency, the force required to move the beam can be decreased by
using lower mass and spring rates.
[0075] Linear electromagnetic induction is provided for generating
usable amounts of electrical power. Faraday's Law states that
voltage is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Faraday's
Law and magnetic flux are shown in Equations 6 and 7 respectively.
A permanent magnet forms the magnetic field and the energy is
captured via a loop of wire moving through that field.
= .PHI. B t ( 6 ) .PHI. B = BA cos ( .theta. ) ( 7 )
##EQU00004##
.epsilon. is the induced voltage, .phi..sub.B is the magnetic flux,
B is the magnetic field strength, A is the cross sectional area of
the loop, and .theta. is the angle that the magnetic field makes
with a vector normal to the area of the loop.
[0076] Some current designs involve moving a magnet through a
stationary electromagnetic coil, while others involve the movement
of an electromagnetic coil over a stationary magnet. It is
important to note that the change in magnetic flux defines the
amount of voltage generated. All rotational electric generators use
electromagnetic induction to generate voltage by spinning a coil of
wire through a magnetic field. The ever-changing magnetic flux due
to the continuously changing .theta. creates a constant
voltage.
[0077] FIG. 9 shows the electromagnetic inductor assembly 901
according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment,
the inductor assembly 901 comprises a spool 902, wire 903, which
wraps around the spool 902, and an end-cap 905 of the beam, into
which the spool 902 and wire 903 fit. In one or more embodiments,
the moving beam contains the spool of wire and the coil of wire
passes over a stationary magnet. In other embodiments, the support
frame holds the coil of wire and the moving beam bearing a
permanent or electric magnet passes over the stationary wire
coil.
[0078] In embodiments of the invention the number of turns, wire
gauge, and other properties of the inductor assembly may be varied.
In an embodiment of the invention, 32 gauge wire may be used.
[0079] In embodiments of the invention, a parallel magnet linear
alternator is used to generate electricity from the reciprocating
beam motion. Such a linear alternator can overcome motion-damping
issues that can occur in embodiments with concentric magnet and
coil configurations.
[0080] FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention. As
can be seen in FIG. 10, in this embodiment, the magnets 1001 attach
to the guide rails 1004 via an adjustable L-bracket 1005. In this
embodiment, there is clearance between the beam 1003 and the guide
rails 1004, as well as between the beam 1003 and the adjustable
L-brackets 1005. In embodiments of the invention, the location of
the magnets 1001 and the electromagnetic coil 1002 may be reversed.
In an embodiment of the invention, 8020 aluminum framing material
may be used to create the frame. Adjustable slides may be used on
both sides of the assembly to hold the magnets and aluminum guide
walls.
[0081] In an embodiment of the invention, the system is capable of
generating approximately 30 VAC and in excess of 2.7 W of
electrical power.
[0082] A prototype was constructed as shown in FIG. 4B. The
prototype was set up using a large industrial fan capable of
producing an average wind speed of 4 m/s. The D-beam had a length
of 24 inches (exclusive of the inductor assemblies), a diameter of
2 inches, a wall thickness of 1/8 inch, and a weight of 0.5 pounds.
Three sets of springs were tested to obtain a general range of
spring constant in which the system would self-excite. The springs
ranged in constants from 0.1 lbs/in up to 3 lbs/in. Using this
approximate range of spring stiffnesses, an equivalent spring
stiffness was identified to accommodate the weight of the beam and
cause self-induced vibrations to occur (e.g., 0.5 lb beam
self-excited with an equivalent stiffness of 0.5 lbs/in). 8020
aluminum framing material was used to create the frame. A prototype
with an equivalent spring constant of 3.24 lbs/in was tested with
32 gauge wire in the inductor, which resulted in a total voltage of
22 V. The voltage trace of the assembly is shown in FIG. 13. 32
gauge wire is only rated for a maximum of 0.09 Amps of current
before it will melt. Therefore, the maximum power was limited by
the current limitation of the wire. At the maximum allowable
current of 0.09 amps, the power output was calculated using the
following: P=IV=0.09 A*22 V=1.98 W.
[0083] In an embodiment of the invention, the device may be
considerably more compact and transportable than current wind
energy generators. Its compact design makes the embodiment
inherently less susceptible to airborne threats (birds, flying
debris, etc.) that can easily damage the spinning blades of wind
turbine generator. In an embodiment of the invention, the unique
design of the generator makes it more useful in a variety of
applications. Its portable and easily collapsible design makes it
practical for mobile charging of electronic devices (for consumer
and military purposes). Its compact, low profile form factor makes
it ideal for larger scale applications (e.g. wind farms,
urban/suburban settings) where visually obtrusive wind turbines are
unsuitable. Additionally, in an embodiment of the invention, the
moving parts of the embodiment are contained within the body of the
system and pose less of a safety hazard than large, rotating blades
that could be harmful to humans and animals. The potential
applications for embodiments of the invention are essentially
limitless.
[0084] Embodiments of the invention convert kinetic energy of an
oscillating bluff body (e.g., a beam driven by fluid flow
phenomena) into electrical energy via electromagnetic inductor.
[0085] In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire are located
at the ends of an oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam) and the flat
face of the wire coils is parallel to the front flat face of the
beam. The central axis of the coil can be perpendicular to the
central axis of the beam.
[0086] FIG. 14 exemplifies a further embodiment of a beam, such as
the beam depicted in FIG. 5, where the flat face of the coil of
wire is parallel to the front flat face of the beam. FIG. 14 shows
the beam 1401 according to an embodiment of the invention. In this
embodiment the coils of wire 1402 are attached to each end of the
beam 1403. The coils of wire 1402 can be located at the ends of the
moving beam such that the flat face of the coil of wire 1402 is
parallel to the front flat face of the beam 1403. The central axis
of the coil can be perpendicular to the central axis of the beam.
FIG. 26C depicts a similar embodiment to FIG. 14 and provides a
view of the coils of wire 2602.
[0087] In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire attached to
an oscillating bluff body can pass through a single pair of magnets
that have poles (North, South) that face each other.
[0088] FIG. 16 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according
to an embodiment of the present invention where the beam of FIG. 14
is used. In this embodiment, there are magnets 1601, coil of wire
1602, a beam 1603, springs 1604, and a frame 1605. In this
embodiment, the beam 1603 and the frame 1605 each have four
connection points 1607. Coil of wire 1602 located at the ends of
the moving beam 1603 pass through a single pair of parallel magnets
1601 on each end of the system frame 1605.
[0089] In embodiments of the invention, multiple pairs of magnets
can be positioned in specific arrangements. Such embodiments can
have improved kinetic energy to electrical energy conversion. For
example, multiple pairs of magnets can be positioned above and
below other pairs of magnets such that as the bluff body (e.g., a
beam) carrying the coils travels up and down, the coils pass
through several magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets.
In an embodiment of the invention, the relative polarity of each
stacked magnet pair is reversed (North, South, North, South, etc.).
In at least one embodiment of the invention, the change in magnetic
flux direction that the coil of wire experiences as the bluff body
(e.g., beam) oscillates has a significant improvement in electrical
energy conversion/generator power output. A gap of any distance
between adjacent pairs of magnets may or may not be present.
[0090] FIG. 17 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according
to an embodiment of the present invention in which there are
multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each other and
in which the polarities can be switched. In this embodiment, there
are magnets 1701, coils of wire 1702, a beam 1703, springs 1704,
and a frame 1705. In this embodiment, the beam 1703 and the frame
1605 each have four connection points 1707. In this embodiment,
there are multiple pairs of magnets 1701, comprising first magnets
1701a and second magnets 1701b, that are stacked on top of each
other. As the beam 1703 carrying the coils of wire 1702 travels up
and down, the coils of wire 1702 pass through several magnetic
fields generated by the parallel magnets 1701. In embodiments of
the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701 can be
switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In further embodiments
of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701 is not
switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also include a
combination of stacked magnets 1701 where the polarity is switched
and stacked magnets 1701 that are not switched. In at least one
embodiment of the invention, utilizing stacked magnets 1701 where
the polarity is switched can improve power output.
[0091] FIG. 23 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according
to an additional embodiment of the present invention in which there
are multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each
other. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2301, coils of wire
2302, a beam 2303, springs 2304, and a frame 2305. In this
embodiment, the beam 2303 and the frame 2305 each have four
connection points 2307. In this embodiment, there are multiple
pairs of magnets 2301 that are stacked on top of each other. As the
beam 2303 carrying the coils of wire 2302 travels up and down, the
coils of wire 2302 pass through several magnetic fields generated
by the parallel magnets 2301.
[0092] FIGS. 24-26 further illustrate the use of multiple pairs of
magnets that are stacked on top of each other and in which the
polarities can be switched according to an aspect of the
invention.
[0093] FIG. 24 shows magnets according an embodiment of the
invention. In these embodiments, there can be multiple pairs of
magnets 2401.
[0094] FIG. 25 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment
of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2502
attached to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) can pass through
multiple sets of magnets 2501.
[0095] FIGS. 26A, 26B, and 26C show magnets and coils according to
an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, as shown in
FIG. 26A, the coils of wire 2602 attached to a moving bluff body
(e.g., beam) 2603 can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2601.
FIG. 26B shows a further view where the coils of wire 2602 attached
to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) 2603 can pass through multiple
sets of magnets 2601 and where the magnetic polarity of the magnets
2601 are indicated with the notation |Magnet Polarity Orientation|
(e.g., "|North|South|" or "|South|North|"). FIG. 26C shows a
further view of bluff body 2603 and the coils of wire 2602.
[0096] In alternate embodiments of the invention, the coil of wire
can be located at the ends of oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam)
with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam.
The central axis of the coil can be parallel to the central axis of
the beam. In at least one such embodiment, lateral motion of the
bluff body caused by excessive wind forces acting on the front face
of the beam will not cause the beam to come in contact with the
magnet holders, guide plate, or any other surface. In an embodiment
of the invention, the coils can be mounted on extended "U-shape"
mounting brackets to permit them to pass through one or several
sets of parallel magnets. The "U-shape" mounting bracket can
position the center of mass of the coils of wire in the same plane
as the center of mass of the beam. In certain embodiments, this can
provide improved stability.
[0097] FIG. 15 shows the beam 1501 in an alternate embodiment of
the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face
perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the central axis of the
coil of wire is parallel to the central axis of the beam. In this
embodiment the coil of wire 1502 are attached to each end of the
beam 1503. The coil of wire 1502 can be located at the ends of the
moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of
the beam 1503. The central axis of the coil of wire 1502 can be
parallel to the central axis of the beam 1503. The coil of wire
1502 can be mounted on extended "U-shape" mounting brackets 1504.
The coil of wire 1502 can pass through one or more sets of parallel
magnets.
[0098] FIGS. 20-22 provide further views of alternate embodiments
of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face
perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the central axis of the
coil of wire is parallel to the central axis of the beam.
[0099] FIG. 20 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an alternate
embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire
2002 is attached to each end of the beam 2003. The coils of wire
2002 can be located at the ends of the moving beam with their flat
face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 2003. The central
axis of the coil of wire 2002 can be parallel to the central axis
of the beam 2003. The coils of wire 2002 can be mounted on extended
"U-shape" mounting brackets 2004. The coil of wire 2002 can pass
through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2005.
[0100] FIG. 21 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In
this embodiment, the coil of wire 2102 is attached to each end of
the beam 2103. The coils of wire 2102 can be located at the ends of
the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front
face of the beam 2103. The central axis of the coil of wire 2102
can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2103. The coil of
wire 2102 can be mounted on extended "U-shape" mounting brackets
2104. The coil of wire 2102 can pass through one or more sets of
parallel magnets 2105.
[0101] FIG. 22 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In
this embodiment, the coils of wire 2202 are attached to each end of
the beam 2203. The coil of wire 2202 can be located at the ends of
the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front
face of the beam 2203. The central axis of the coil of wire 2202
can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2203. The coil of
wire 2202 can be mounted on extended "U-shape" mounting brackets
2204. The coil of wire 2202 can pass through one or more sets of
parallel magnets 2205.
[0102] In further alternate embodiments, the coils can be extended
beyond the front face of the bluff body (e.g., beam). In these
further alternate embodiments, the center of mass of the coils is
not in the same plane as the center of mass of the beam.
[0103] FIG. 18 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternate
embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat
face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend
beyond the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a
coil of wire 1802 and a beam 1803. The coil of wire 1802 can pass
through one or more sets of parallel magnets 1805.
[0104] FIG. 19 provides an additional cross-sectional top-view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternate
embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat
face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend
beyond the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a
coil of wire 1902 and a beam 1903. The coil of wire 1902 can pass
through one or more sets of parallel magnets 1905.
[0105] FIGS. 27-30 depict additional alternate embodiments of the
invention in which the magnets and coils of wire can be inset in
the frame and the beam. In these embodiments, lateral beam motion
perpendicular to the flat face of the beam can avoid causing
frictional contact with any surface, or alternatively, can reduce
frictional contact with the surface.
[0106] FIGS. 27A and 27B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2701, coils of
wire 2702, a beam 2703, springs 2704, and a frame 2705. In this
embodiment the coils of wire 2702 are attached to stationary
members of the frame 2705. The coils of wire 2702 can be located
with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of a beam
2703. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2701 are mounted to
the beam 2703. In this embodiment, the magnets 2701 are positioned
close to the flat face of the coils of wire 2702 such that the
magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire
2702 as the beam 2703 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam
motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2703 can avoid
causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this
embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of
the beam 2703 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.
[0107] FIGS. 28A and 28B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2801, coil of
wire 2802, a beam 2803, springs 2804, and a frame 2805. In this
embodiment multiple coils of wire 2802 are attached to stationary
members of the frame 2806. The coils of wire 2802 can be located
with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam.
In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2801 are mounted to beam
2803. The magnet 2801 is positioned close to the flat face of the
coils of wire 2802 such that the magnetic field lines periodically
pass through each of the coils of wire 2802 as the beam oscillates.
In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat
face of the beam 2803 can avoid causing frictional contact with any
surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motion
perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2803 can reduce
frictional contact with a surface.
[0108] FIGS. 29A and 29B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2901, coils of
wire 2902, a beam 2903, springs 2904, and a frame 2905. In this
embodiment the permanent magnets 2901 are attached to stationary
members of the frame 2905. The permanent magnets 2901 can be
located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the
beam 2903. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 2902 are mounted
to beam 2903. In this embodiment, the magnet 2901 is positioned
close to the flat face of the coil of wire 2902 such that the
magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire
2902 as the beam 2902 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam
motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2903 can avoid
causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this
embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of
the beam 2903 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.
[0109] FIGS. 30A and 30B provide perspectives view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 3001, coils of
wire 3002, a beam 3003, springs 3004, and a frame 3005. In this
embodiment multiple permanent magnets 3001 are attached to
stationary members of the frame 3005. The permanent magnets 3001
can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face
of the beam 3003. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 3002 are
mounted to beam 3003. The magnets 3001 are positioned close to the
flat face of the coil of wire 3002 such that the magnetic field
lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 3002 as the beam
3003 oscillates. In one embodiment the stacked magnets have the
same relative polarity (e.g., N-N-N or S-S-S). In another
embodiment the stacked magnets have reversing relative polarities
(e.g., N-S-N or S-N-S). In this embodiment, lateral beam motion
perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 3003 can avoid causing
frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this
embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of
the beam 3003 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.
[0110] In a further aspect of the invention, electricity is
transmitted from a generation source located onboard a moving bluff
body (e.g., a beam) to a terminal statically located elsewhere on a
non-rotating wind energy generator (NRWEG). In certain embodiments
of the invention, the embodiment may advantageously permit the
transmission of electricity from the generation source located on a
moving bluff body (e.g., a beam) to a static terminal location
without the need for additional wire leads or points of contact. In
certain embodiments of the invention, the springs used to suspend
the bluff body (e.g., a beam) may advantageously act as wire leads
that conduct electricity from the electromagnetic coils that are
mounted onboard the moving bluff body (e.g., beam).
[0111] By using springs as leads for electricity transmission, the
need for additional wires or points of contact can be reduced or
eliminated. This can reduce the drag force on a beam due to
mechanical friction from rubbing contact or periodic flexing of
separate wire leads. The use of spring wire leads can also be more
cost effective, reliable, and less susceptible to failure.
[0112] Aspects of the invention related to electricity transmission
have significant economic potential when paired with aspects of the
invention related to non-rotating wind energy generator systems.
For most or all commercial applications of embodiments of
non-rotating wind energy generator systems, aspects of the
invention related to electricity transmission could be used for
efficient operation/power generation.
[0113] In an embodiment of the non-rotating wind energy generator
(NRWEG) apparatus, electromagnetic coils are mounted to a bluff
body (e.g., a beam) that is suspended by springs. In this
embodiment, during operation, airflow passes over the bluff body
and causes it to oscillate rapidly. As the bluff body oscillates in
this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils pass through magnetic
fields formed by permanent magnets statically mounted to the NRWEG
frame. When this occurs, electricity can be generated in the
electromagnetic coils. To effectively use this electricity, it can
be transmitted from the electromagnetic coils to a statically
mounted terminal location. An effective method for electricity
transmission can include using the springs as electrical leads. To
do this, each of the two wire leads from the electromagnetic coil
can be connected (e.g., via solder, clip, screw, etc.) to one of
the springs that is used to suspend the bluff body. The other end
of the spring can be mounted to some portion (e.g., the top and
bottom horizontal members) of an NRWEG frame. A separate wire lead
can be connected to each of the springs (at the location of contact
between the spring and frame) to continue the transmission of
electricity from the springs to the preferred point of use (e.g.,
terminal box, power conditioning circuitry, etc.).
[0114] FIGS. 31A, 31B, and 31C show electricity transmission
according to an embodiment of the invention where a method for
electricity transmission can include using each of the two wire
leads from each of the electromagnetic coils connected to a spring
for electricity transmission, and further using separate wire leads
connected to each of the springs at the location of contact between
the springs and the frame to continue the transmission of
electricity from the springs to a preferred point of use. In this
embodiment, there are magnets 3101, electromagnetic coils 3102, a
beam 3103, springs 3104, and a frame 3105. In this embodiment,
electromagnetic coils 3102 are mounted to beam 3103 that is
suspended by springs 3104. In this embodiment, the beam 3103 and
the frame 3105 each have four connection points 3107. In this
embodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 3101 that are
stacked on top of each other. As the beam 3103 carrying the coil
3102 travels up and down, the coil 3102 pass through several
magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 3101. In
embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets
3101 can be switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In further
embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets
3101 is not switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also
include a combination of stacked magnets 3101 where the polarity is
switched and stacked magnets 3101 that are not switched. In at
least one embodiment of the invention, utilizing stacked magnets
3101 where the polarity is switched can improve power output. In
FIG. 31A, the magnets 3101 are depicted as opaque, whereas in FIG.
31B, the magnets 3101 are depicted transparently so that the coil
3102 can be seen. In this embodiment, during operation, airflow can
pass over beam 3103 and causes it to oscillate rapidly. As the beam
3103 oscillates in this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils 3102
pass through magnetic fields formed by magnets 3101 statically
mounted to the frame 3105. When this occurs, electricity can be
generated in the electromagnetic coils 3102. To effectively use
this electricity, it can be transmitted from the electromagnetic
coils 3102 to a statically mounted terminal location (not shown),
along electricity transmission paths 3108, as illustrated in FIG.
31C. In FIG. 31C, the positive and negative terminals of the
terminal location (not shown) are represented with "+" and "-,"
respectively. A method for electricity transmission according to
this embodiment can include using the springs 3104 as electrical
leads. To do this, each of the two wire leads from each of the
electromagnetic coils 3102 can be connected (e.g., via solder,
clip, screw, etc.) to one of a spring 3104 that is used to suspend
the beam 3103. The other end of the spring 3104 can be mounted to
some portion (e.g., the top and bottom horizontal members) of the
frame 3105. A separate wire lead can be connected to each of the
springs 3104 at the location of contact between the spring 3104 and
frame 3105 to continue the transmission of electricity from the
springs 3104 to the preferred point of use (e.g., terminal box,
power conditioning circuitry, etc.).
* * * * *