U.S. patent application number 15/052817 was filed with the patent office on 2016-12-01 for systems, apparatuses, and methods for generating and/or utilizing scalar-longitudinal waves.
This patent application is currently assigned to Gradient Dynamics LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is GRADIENT DYNAMICS LLC. Invention is credited to Lee M. Hively.
Application Number | 20160352020 15/052817 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55589120 |
Filed Date | 2016-12-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160352020 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hively; Lee M. |
December 1, 2016 |
SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, AND METHODS FOR GENERATING AND/OR UTILIZING
SCALAR-LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Abstract
Scalar-longitudinal waves (SLWs) may be transmitted and/or
received. A first apparatus configured to transmit and/or receive
SLWs may include a linear first conductor configured to operate as
a linear monopole antenna at a first operating frequency. The first
apparatus may include a tubular second conductor coaxially aligned
with the first conductor and an annular balun configured to cancel
most or all return current on an outer surface of the second
conductor during operation such that the first conductor transmits
or receives SLWs. A second apparatus configured to transmit and/or
receive scalar-longitudinal waves may include a bifilar coil formed
in an alternating fashion of a first conductor and a second
conductor such that an electrical current in the coil will
propagate in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the coil
thereby cancelling any magnetic field so that during operation the
coil transmits or receives SLWs.
Inventors: |
Hively; Lee M.; (Maryville,
TN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
GRADIENT DYNAMICS LLC |
McLean |
VA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Gradient Dynamics LLC
|
Family ID: |
55589120 |
Appl. No.: |
15/052817 |
Filed: |
February 24, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14726305 |
May 29, 2015 |
9306527 |
|
|
15052817 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 30/20 20200101;
G06F 17/10 20130101; H04B 13/02 20130101; H01Q 11/04 20130101; H04W
72/0453 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01Q 11/04 20060101
H01Q011/04 |
Claims
1. An apparatus configured to transmit or receive
scalar-longitudinal waves, the apparatus comprising: two or more
conductors including a first conductor and a second conductor
physically configured and arranged to operate as an antenna at a
first operating frequency; wherein, during operation at the first
operating frequency, a field resulting from current on the first
conductor interferes with a field resulting from current on the
second conductor such that the apparatus transmits or receives
scalar-longitudinal waves which lack a magnetic field component;
and wherein scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the apparatus
propagate through a conductive medium with substantially lower
attenuation relative to a classical skin-depth attenuation.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein during operation an electrical
current wave on the first conductor is approximately 180 degrees
out of phase relative to an electrical current wave on the second
conductor thereby cancelling most or all of the return current on
the outer surface of the second conductor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein attenuation of
scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the first conductor is
inversely proportional to the square of a distance from a center of
the first conductor in free space.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conductive medium includes
a Faraday box formed by a highly-conductive material that is solid
or a fine-mesh-wire screen.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a Faraday box
enclosing the first conductor and the second conductor, the Faraday
box being configured to block most or all transverse
electromagnetic waves impinging on the Faraday box.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein there is zero or approximately
zero inductance associated with the apparatus as a result of
magnetic-field cancellation.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein there is zero or approximately
zero capacitance associated with the apparatus as a result of the
first conductor and the second conductor having the same or
approximately the same electrical charge density.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to
create a gradient driven current.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an electrical resistance of
the apparatus approximately matches a source impedance to maximize
power transfer from the source to the apparatus.
10. A method for utilizing scalar-longitudinal waves, the method
comprising: transmitting or receiving scalar-longitudinal waves
using a first apparatus in order to achieve a technical result;
wherein scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the first
apparatus propagate through a conductive medium with substantially
lower attenuation relative to a classical skin-depth attenuation;
and wherein the first apparatus comprises: two or more conductors
including a first conductor and a second conductor physically
configured and arranged to operate as an antenna at a first
operating frequency, and, during operation at the first operating
frequency, a field resulting from current on the first conductor
interferes with a field resulting from current on the second
conductor such that the apparatus transmits or receives
scalar-longitudinal waves which lack a magnetic field
component.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein: the technical result includes
communicating and/or sensing information underwater; or the
technical result includes communicating and/or sensing information
underground.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
enhancing a decay rate of a radioactive material.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
enhancing a fusion rate reaction to produce heat and/or electrical
power.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
detecting scalar-longitudinal waves emitted from a
chemical-bond-breaking process, the chemical-bond-breaking being
caused by seismic activity associated with an earthquake or a
failure of a manmade structure.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
imaging an object or a void.
16. The method of claim 10, further comprising providing a
phased-array of scalar-longitudinal waves for the imaging.
17. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
passive imaging of a living organism based on gradient-driven
currents across cellular membranes.
18. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
transmission of scalar-longitudinal waves into a living organism to
enhance health and/or treat a disease via gradient-driven currents
across cellular membranes.
19. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
transmission and/or reception of scalar-longitudinal waves for
radar imaging of an object and/or a void.
20. The method of claim 10, wherein the technical result includes
reception of solar-generated scalar-longitudinal waves to produce
electrical power.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This present application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/726,305, filed May 29, 2015, entitled
"SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, AND METHODS FOR GENERATING AND/OR UTILIZING
SCALAR-LONGITUDINAL WAVES," which is incorporated herein by
reference.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] This disclosure relates to systems, apparatuses, and methods
for generating and/or utilizing scalar-longitudinal waves.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Classical electrodynamic theory may be regarded as central
to physics. An electric field (E) arises from an electric charge
density (.rho.). Charge motion creates an electrical current
density (J) that drives dynamical changes in E and the magnetic
field, B. The classical electrodynamic model is based on a coupled
set of partial-differential equations for the quantities (B, E, J,
.rho.).
[0004] Classical electromagnetics predicts no wave creation by
radial motion of a charged sphere. More specifically, spherical
symmetry of the radial electric field on a charged, oscillating
sphere implies a curl-free electric field (.gradient..times.E=0),
which in turn yields no variation in magnetic field from Faraday's
law (.gradient..times.E=-.differential.B/.differential.t=0),
corresponding to no magnetic wave. Thus, the Poynting vector,
E.times.B/.mu., is zero, resulting in no classical electromagnetic
radiation. This statement applies more generally to no creation of
electrical waves by radial motion of any extended charge
distribution. An electrically equivalent antenna may include a
classical linear monopole that is driven by a sinusoidal current to
put charge onto and remove charge from the linear conductor
(antenna).
SUMMARY
[0005] Exemplary implementations of the disclosure provide and/or
facilitate transmission and/or reception of scalar-longitudinal
waves (SLW), together with technology and/or applications using
those waves. More specifically, this disclosure includes inter
alia: (1) a more complete electrodynamics (MCE) model that may
remove and/or lessen incompleteness and/or inconsistency in
classical electrodynamics; (2) verification of a
scalar-longitudinal wave (SLW) that arises from a gradient-driven
current density; (3) SLW antenna apparatus designs; (4)
experimental data demonstrating that the SLW exists and can be
transmitted and received by SLW antenna apparatuses; (5)
experimental data showing the SLW is not subject to the classical
skin effect, as predicted by the MCE theory; (6) technology
applications of the scalar-longitudinal waves; and (7) additional
applications that arise from MCE.
[0006] One aspect of the disclosure relates to an apparatus
configured to transmit or receive scalar-longitudinal waves. The
apparatus may include a linear first conductor configured to
operate as a linear monopole antenna at a first operating
frequency. The apparatus may include a tubular second conductor
coaxially aligned with the first conductor such that the first
conductor extends out in a first direction from within the second
conductor. The apparatus may include an annular skirt balun
disposed at an end of the second conductor from which the first
conductor extends. The balun may have a larger diameter than the
second conductor. The balun may extend in a second direction
opposite the first direction. The balun may be configured to cancel
most or all return current on an outer surface of the second
conductor during operation such that the first conductor transmits
or receives scalar-longitudinal waves.
[0007] Another aspect of the disclosure relates to an apparatus
configured to transmit or receive scalar-longitudinal waves. The
apparatus may include a bifilar coil formed in an alternating
fashion of a first conductor and a second conductor such that a
given turn of the coil that is made of the first conductor is
adjacent on either side to turns of the coil made of the second
conductor. The first conductor and the second conductor may be
conductively coupled such that an electrical current in the coil
will propagate in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the coil
thereby cancelling any magnetic field so that during operation the
coil transmits or receives scalar-longitudinal waves.
[0008] These and other features, and characteristics of the present
technology, as well as the methods of operation and functions of
the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and
economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon
consideration of the following description and the appended claims
with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a
part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals
designate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to be
expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the
purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended
as a definition of the limits of the invention. Also, it is to be
expressly understood that permissive language (e.g., "may") used in
the specification to describe the present technology conveys a
present understanding of the underlying science, but any
inadequacies in that understanding should not be used to limit the
claims. As used in the specification and in the claims, the
singular form of "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents
unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates a system configured to transmit and/or
receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one or more
implementations.
[0010] FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a linear
monopole antenna apparatus 200 configured to transmit and/or
receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one or more
implementations.
[0011] FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of constant
electric field magnitude contours for a monopole antenna with a
skirt balun, in accordance with one or more implementations.
[0012] FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 show experimental results for
scalar-longitudinal wave attenuation under various conditions.
[0013] FIG. 7 illustrates a bifilar coil apparatus configured to
transmit and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance
with one or more implementations.
[0014] FIG. 8 illustrates a method for utilizing
scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one or more
implementations.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] This disclosure may demonstrate measurement of
scalar-longitudinal wave (SLW). The SLW may have
C=.gradient.A+.di-elect
cons..mu..differential..PHI./.differential.t as a non-zero,
dynamical, scalar field, together with a longitudinal E-field. A
and .PHI. may represent the vector and scalar electrical
potentials, respectively. Here, .di-elect cons. and .mu. may
represent the electrical permittivity and permeability (not
necessarily vacuum values), respectively. The SLW may have no
magnetic component. Exemplary implementations may provide and/or
facilitate transmission and/or reception of the SLW via linear
monopole antennas and/or tightly-wound, bifilar, helical coils.
Exemplary implementations may facilitate a 1S to 2S atomic
transition (mS to nS transition in general). The measurements show
that the SLW can be transmitted through a thick Faraday cage or box
(thousands of classical skin depths thick) to a companion SLW
receiver, either enclosed in a separate Faraday box or without a
Faraday box. This result may not be explainable by radiation of
classical transverse waves because such waves are eliminated via
Faraday cage(s) around the transmitting and/or receiving
antennas.
[0016] The need for an additional (arbitrary) assumption to solve
Maxwell's equations was recognized in the late 1800s. A word
equivalent to "arbitrary" was chosen, analogous to the width
variation (gauge) of railroad tracks at that time. The gauge
function (A) comes from the vector-field solution for the magnetic
field, B=.gradient..times.A. Here, A may describe the vector
potential with infinitely many choices,
A.fwdarw.A+.gradient..LAMBDA., while B is unchanged. The electric
field may be represented by
E=-.gradient..PHI.-.differential.A/.differential.t. Here, .PHI. may
represent the electric potential with an arbitrariness for the same
reason, .PHI..fwdarw..PHI.-.LAMBDA./.differential.t, while E is
unchanged. An example may include .gradient.A+.alpha..di-elect
cons..mu. .differential..PHI./.differential.t=0. The permittivity
and permeability may be represented by .di-elect cons. and .mu.
(not necessarily vacuum), respectively. The Lorenz gauge
(.alpha.=1) may imply that the effect of a charge source propagates
at the speed of light, c. The Coulomb gauge (.alpha.=0) may yield
electrostatics with .PHI. propagation at infinite speed. The
velocity gauge (0<.alpha.<1) may imply .PHI. propagation at a
speed, c/.alpha.. The need for a gauge condition may imply that
classical electrodynamics is incomplete.
[0017] Insight into the incompleteness of classical electrodynamics
may begin with the Helmholtz theorem, which states that a
sufficiently smooth three-dimensional vector field (F) can be
uniquely decomposed into two parts,
F=-.gradient..PHI.+.gradient..times.A. A generalized theorem may
exist for unique decomposition of a sufficiently smooth, Minkowski
four-vector field (three spatial dimensions, plus time) into
four-irrotational and four-solenoidal parts, together with the
tangential and normal components on the bounding three-surface.
With this background, a general electromagnetic Lagrangian density
may be written as:
L = - c 2 4 F .mu. v F .mu. v + J .mu. A .mu. - .gamma. c 2 2 (
.differential. .mu. A .mu. ) 2 - c 2 k 2 2 ( A .mu. A .mu. ) . ( 1
) ##EQU00001##
F.sup..mu.v may represent the Maxwell field tensor; .di-elect cons.
may represent the medium's permittivity (not necessarily vacuum); c
may represent the speed of light with c.sup.2=1/.di-elect cons..mu.
(not necessarily vacuum); the four-current may be represented by
J.sub..mu.=(.rho.c, J); A.sub..mu.=(.PHI./c, A) may represent the
four-potential; the Compton wave number for a photon with mass, m,
may be k=2.pi.mc/h; and h may represent Planck's constant. For
.gamma.=0 and m>0, EQN. 1 may yield the Maxwell-Proca theory,
for which recent tests set an upper bound of m.ltoreq.10.sup.-54
kg, consistent with massless photons. For .gamma.=1 and m=0, EQN. 1
may be written in terms of the potentials:
L EM = c 2 2 [ 1 c 2 ( .gradient. .PHI. + .differential. A
.differential. t ) 2 - ( .gradient. .times. A ) 2 ] - p .PHI. + J A
- c 2 2 ( 1 c 2 .differential. .PHI. .differential. t + .gradient.
A ) 2 . ( 2 ) ##EQU00002##
[0018] EQN. 2 may allow two potentially physical classes of
four-vector fields. One class may have zero divergence,
C=.differential..sub..mu.A.sup..mu.=0, consistent with classical
electrodynamics. The second class may have zero curl of
A.sup..mu.:F.sup..mu.v=.differential..sup..mu.A.sup.v-.differential..sup.-
vA.sup..mu.=.differential..sup..mu..differential..sup.v.LAMBDA.-.different-
ial..sup.v.differential..sup..mu..LAMBDA.=0 with a solution,
A.sup..mu.=.differential..sup..mu..LAMBDA., and a dynamical
quantity,
C=.differential..sub..mu.A.sup..mu.=.differential..sub..mu..differential.-
.sup..mu..DELTA.. Here, .DELTA. may represent a scalar function of
space and time. A more complete electrodynamic model (MCE) may be
derived from EQN. 2 with C.noteq.0:
E = - .gradient. .PHI. - .differential. A .differential. t ; ( 3 )
B = .gradient. .times. A ; ( 4 ) C = .gradient. A + 1 c 2
.differential. .PHI. .differential. t ; ( 5 ) .gradient. .times. B
- 1 c 2 .differential. E .differential. t - .gradient. C = .mu. J ;
( 6 ) .gradient. E + .differential. C .differential. t = .rho. . (
7 ) ##EQU00003##
[0019] The homogeneous equations (.gradient.B=0;
.gradient..times.E+.differential.B/.differential.t=0) may be
unchanged from the classical model. EQNS. 3-7 may have the caveat
that EQN. 2 is based on the least-action principle, requiring a
finite, lower bound on the Lagrangian density. However, EQN. 2 has
(-C.sup.2/2.mu.), which may imply that an arbitrarily fast change
in .PHI. over time (or an arbitrarily rapid change in A over space)
can make the action arbitrarily large and negative, in violation of
the least-action principle. This issue may be resolved by noting
that EQNS. 1-7 are based on partial derivatives, i.e.,
infinitesimal limits over time and space. However, the Planck scale
may provide finite limits, where quantum effects of gravity become
strong, corresponding to time and length scales of
5.4.times.10.sup.-44 s and 1.6.times.10.sup.-35 m, respectively.
The Planck scales may be experimentally inaccessible and may be
indistinguishable from infinitesimal, thus providing a finite lower
bound for EQN. 2. Moreover, EQN. 2 without the new term still has
-(.gradient..times.A).sup.2/2.mu.=-B.sup.2/2.mu., to which a finite
lower bound may apply for least action. Classical electrodynamics
has been well validated against experiments, so the presence of the
new term, (-C.sup.2/2.mu.), may not require any modification in the
model of EQNS. 1-7.
[0020] EQNS. 3-7 may lead to important predictions: (1)
relativistic covariance; (2) classical fields (B and E) in terms of
the usual classical potentials (A and .PHI.); (3) classical wave
equations for A, B, E, and .PHI. without use of a gauge condition;
and (4) a scalar-longitudinal wave (SLW), composed of the scalar
and longitudinal-electric fields. Regarding item (3), the MCE
theory may produce cancellation of .differential.C/.differential.t
and -.gradient.C in the classical wave equations for .PHI. and A,
thus eliminating the need for a gauge condition (and its attendant
incompleteness) in the classical electrodynamics. A necessary and
sufficient condition for the SLW may be that B=0. The wave equation
for a null magnetic field may be shown as .quadrature..sup.2
B=.mu..gradient..times.J=0, which may imply that
J=.gradient..kappa. as a result of the vector calculus identity,
.gradient..times..gradient..kappa.=0. Here, .kappa. may be a scalar
function of space and time. J for the SLW may be gradient driven
and thus may be uniquely detectable, in contrast to classical waves
that arise from a solenoidal current density
(.gradient..times.J.noteq.0). Moreover, the gradient-driven current
density may correspond to a longitudinal E-field in linearly
conductive media, since E=J/.sigma.=.gradient..kappa./.sigma..
[0021] A wave equation for C may arise by use of .di-elect
cons..mu.(.differential./.differential.t) on EQN. 7, added to the
divergence of EQN. 6:
.differential. 2 C .differential. c 2 t 2 - .gradient. 2 C .ident.
.quadrature. 2 C = .mu. ( .differential. .rho. .differential. t +
.gradient. J ) . ( 8 ) ##EQU00004##
The D'Alembertian may be represented by .quadrature..sup.2;
.di-elect cons..mu. may be 1/c.sup.2 in the propagation medium (not
necessarily vacuum). Use of C from EQN. 5 in EQN. 8 may yield an
identity via the classical wave equations for .psi. and A, and the
vector calculus identity for
.gradient..times..gradient..times.A=.gradient.(.gradient.A)-.gradient..su-
p.2A=0 to give
.gradient..sup.2.gradient.A=.gradient..gradient..sup.2A, since B=0
for the SLW. Charge conservation may give zero on the right-hand
side (RHS) of EQN. 8:
.quadrature..sup.2C=0. (9)
[0022] EQN. 9 may provide wave-like solutions, with the
lowest-order form in a spherically symmetric geometry at a distance
(r) C=C.sub.o exp[j(kr-.omega.t)]/r. The boundary condition,
C(r.fwdarw..infin.).fwdarw.0, may be trivially satisfied. The
scalar field's energy density may be (C.sup.2/2.mu.), yielding a
constant energy, 4.pi.r.sup.2(C.sup.2/2.mu.), through a spherical
boundary in arbitrary media. Classical electrodynamics may forbid a
spherically symmetric, transverse wave. This constraint may be
absent under the MCE theory, because the SLW may correspond to a
gradient-driven current. The divergence theorem on EQN. 8 may yield
interface matching in the normal component (`n`) of
.gradient.C/.mu.:
( .gradient. C .mu. ) 1 n = ( .gradient. C .mu. ) 2 n . ( 10 )
##EQU00005##
The subscripts in EQN. 10 may denote .gradient.C in medium 1 or
medium 2, respectively.
[0023] The wave equation for E may come from the curl of Faraday's
law, use of .gradient..times.B from EQN. 6, and substitution for
.gradient.E from EQN. 7 with cancellation of the terms
.gradient.(.differential.C/.differential.t)-(.differential./.differential-
.t).gradient.C:
.differential. 2 E .differential. c 2 t 2 - .gradient. 2 E .ident.
.quadrature. 2 E = - .mu. .differential. J .differential. t -
.gradient. .rho. . ( 11 ) ##EQU00006##
EQN. 11 may represent the classical E-wave form. A time derivative
of EQN. 11, and the use of classical charge conservation
(.differential..rho./.differential.t=-.gradient.J) may yield
.quadrature..sup.2 =-.mu.{umlaut over
(J)}+.gradient.(.gradient.J)/.di-elect cons.. Here, the over-dot(s)
may indicate partial time derivative(s). B=0 for the SLW may imply
.quadrature..sup.2B=.mu..gradient..times.J=0, allowing use of the
vector calculus identity,
.gradient..times..gradient..times.J=0=.gradient.(.gradient.J)-.gradient..-
sup.2J, giving .gradient.(.gradient.J)=.gradient..sup.2J, which may
imply .quadrature..sup.2( +J/.di-elect cons.)=0. Linear electrical
conductivity (.sigma.), J=.sigma.E, then may give
.quadrature..sup.2( +.sigma.E/.di-elect cons.)=0. A very rapidly
decaying, transient solution may arise by setting the terms inside
the parentheses to zero, giving E=E.sub.oexp(-.di-elect
cons.t/.sigma.). Here, E.sub.o may be the initial value of E.
[0024] A second solution may use the non-transient form,
E=E.sub.o(r) exp(-j.omega.t), which yields:
.quadrature..sup.2E=0. (12)
The lowest order, outgoing, spherical wave may be,
E=E.sub.o{circumflex over (r)} exp[j(kr-.omega.t)]/r, where
{circumflex over (r)} represents the unit vector in the radial
direction and r represents the radial distance. As before, the
electric wave's energy, 4.pi.r.sup.2(.di-elect cons.E.sup.2/2), may
be constant through a spherical boundary of arbitrary radius and
E(r.fwdarw..infin.)=0. Substitution of J=E/.alpha. into EQN. 12 may
yield an equivalent form: .quadrature..sup.2J=0. The SLW equations
for E and, J may be remarkable for several reasons. First, the
vector SLW equations for E and J may be fully captured in one
wave-equation for the scalar function (.kappa.):
.quadrature..sup.2.kappa.=0. This form may be obtained from
.quadrature..sup.2J=0 by substitution of J=.gradient..kappa. into
the above identity,
.gradient..sup.2J=.gradient..sup.2.gradient..kappa.=.gradient.(.gradient.-
J)=.gradient.(.gradient..sup.2.kappa.). Second, these forms may be
like .quadrature..sup.2C=0 in EQN. 9. Third, these equations may
have zero on the RHS for propagation in conductive media. This last
result may arise from B=0 for the SLW, implying no
back-electromagnetic field from {dot over (B)} in Faraday's law
that in turn may give no (circulating) eddy currents. Consequently,
the SLW may not be subject to the skin effect in media with linear
electrical conductivity.
[0025] C, E, and J may interact via EQN. 6, which can be rewritten
using J=.sigma.E, and identifying the electrical conductivity with
the imaginary part of the complex permittivity .di-elect
cons.=.sigma./.di-elect cons..sub.0.omega.:
C E r = ' c ( 1 + j .alpha. 1 + j / kr ) ( 13 ) ##EQU00007##
Spherical waves may be assumed: E=E.sub.r{circumflex over (r)}
exp[j(kr-.omega.t)]/r and C=C.sub.0 exp[j(kr-.omega.t)]/r,
.di-elect cons..sub.0 may represent the free space permittivity; f
may represent the frequency; .lamda., c, and .di-elect cons.', may
represent wavelength, speed of light, and real part of the
dielectric constant in the propagation medium, respectively;
k=2.pi./.lamda., and .omega.=2.pi.f EQN. 13 may predict that
|C/E.sub.r|.about..di-elect cons.'/c in a low-conductivity medium
(.alpha..ident..di-elect cons./.di-elect cons.'<<1), with a
phase shift of a between C and E.sub.r in the far field. This ratio
may be |C/E.sub.r|.about..di-elect cons.'.di-elect cons.'.di-elect
cons.'c in a good conductor (.di-elect cons./'.di-elect
cons.'>>1) with a phase shift .about..pi./2 in the far field.
EQN. 13 may be consistent with the ratio for transverse magnetic
and electric fields, |B|/|E|.about.1/c. C may have the same units
as the magnetic field. The energy balance equation for the MCE
theory may be shown as:
.differential. .differential. t ( B 2 2 .mu. + C 2 2 .mu. + E 2 2 )
+ .gradient. ( E .times. B .mu. + CE .mu. ) + J E - .rho. C .mu. =
0. ( 14 ) ##EQU00008##
[0026] Use of the spherical wave forms for E and C in EQN. 14 with
B=0 and the ratio of (C/E.sub.r) from EQN. 13 may yield an
identity, 0=0; the same result may arise for plane waves, thus
explicitly verifying the no-skin-effect prediction. Table 1 shows
the unique and testable features of the MCE theory, which predicts
transmission and reception of the SLW.
[0027] The radiated SLW power (P.sub.OUT) may be obtained, e.g., as
follows. The antenna may be short, linear monopole (length=L) along
the z-axis with a gradient-driven current density (J) that is
maximal at the feed point (z=0) and zero at the end (z=L). A and
.PHI. may be obtained from the retarded potentials. E and C may be
derived from EQNS. 3 and 5. The radiated power may come from the
time-average of the radial component of CE/.mu. in EQN. 14.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Unique and Testable SLW Properties Item
number and specific SLW property Equation(s) 1) C is a dynamical
quantity (scalar field). EQN. 3-7 2) C is driven by gradients in J
and .differential.E/.differential.t. EQN. 6 3) SLW propagates in
conductive media without EQNS. 8-12 the skin effect. 4) Interface
matching involves continuity in (.gradient.C/.mu.).sub.n. EQN. 10
5) A longitudinal E-field accompanies C, as an SLW. EQNS. 11-17 6)
C, E, and J exchange energy in conductive media. EQNS. 11-17 7)
|C|/|E| .gtoreq. 1/c in conductive media, allowing normal EQN. 13
instrumentation.
[0028] Here, the impedance of the propagation medium may be
Z=(.mu./.di-elect cons.).sup.1/2, which is 376.73.OMEGA. in free
space. Terms on the order of (kr).sup.-1 and higher may be
neglected. The resultant form for P.sub.OUT may be shown as:
P OUT = I 2 4 .pi. .mu. . ( 15 ) ##EQU00009##
[0029] EQN. 15 may be obtained from the classical, retarded
potentials for a gradient-driven current. Then, a paradox arises,
since C is a non-zero dynamical field, in contrast to the
assumption under which the classical, retarded potentials were
obtained via the Lorenz gauge (C=0). The paradox may be resolved by
the MCE theory, which predicts explicitly that C is a dynamical
field without a gauge assumption.
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 configured to transmit
and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one or
more implementations. Some implementations may include an Agilent
Technologies E5071C network analyzer (300 kHz-20 GHz). The
transmitting and receiving antennas may be identical, because the
reciprocity theorem guarantees that the transmitter geometry can
also act as a receiver. This simple layout is to facilitate
experimental replication in any laboratory with the appropriate
facilities and equipment.
[0031] FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a linear
monopole antenna apparatus 200 configured to transmit and/or
receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one or more
implementations. The apparatus 200 may include a linear first
conductor 202, a tubular second conductor 204, an annular skirt
balun 206, and/or other components. The first conductor 202 may
extend from a core of a coaxial cable. The second conductor 204 may
extend from an outer conductor of a coaxial cable. The first
conductor 202 may be configured to operate as a linear monopole
antenna at a first operating frequency. The second conductor 204
may be coaxially aligned with the first conductor 202 such that the
first conductor 202 extends out in a first direction from within
the second conductor 204. The skirt balun 206 may be disposed at an
end of the second conductor 204 from which the first conductor 202
extends. The balun 206 may have a larger diameter than the second
conductor 204. The balun 206 may extend in a second direction
opposite the first direction. The balun 206 may be configured to
cancel most or all return current on an outer surface of the second
conductor during operation such that the first conductor transmits
or receives scalar-longitudinal waves. Some implementations of
apparatus 200 may include a tubular dielectric 208 coaxially
disposed between the first conductor and the second conductor, the
tubular dielectric extending out in the first direction from within
the second conductor at least part way up the first conductor.
[0032] The configuration of apparatus 200 is for illustrative
purposes and should not be viewed as limiting as other
configurations are contemplated and are within the scope of the
disclosure. In some implementations, the length of the balun 206
extending in the second direction may be approximately one fourth
of a wavelength corresponding to the first operating frequency.
During operation an electrical current wave on the balun 206 may be
approximately 180 degrees out of phase relative to an electrical
current wave on the outer surface of the second conductor 204
adjacent to the balun thereby cancelling most or all of the return
current on the outer surface of the second conductor.
[0033] Attenuation of scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the
first conductor 202 may be inversely proportional to the square of
a distance from a center of the first conductor 202 in free space.
Scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the first conductor
propagate through a conductive medium with substantially lower
attenuation relative to a classical skin-depth attenuation. The
conductive medium may include a solid-copper Faraday box. Some
implementations of apparatus 200 may include a solid-copper Faraday
box (not shown) enclosing the first conductor 202, the second
conductor 204, and the balun 206. The Faraday box may be configured
to block most or all transverse electromagnetic waves impinging the
on Faraday box.
[0034] FIG. 2B shows contours of constant |E| for an electrodynamic
simulation of a linear monopole antenna apparatus (see, e.g., FIG.
2A). A three-.lamda.-diameter ground-plane disk at the feed-point
may give essentially the same |E| contours in the
transmitter-to-receiver direction, thus confirming the linear
monopolar, counter-poise design of apparatus 200 in FIG. 2A.
[0035] High frequency (8 GHz) experiments may allow the use of an
indoor, controlled test environment. Electrodynamic simulations
predict that the skirt balun 206 in FIG. 2A attenuates the return
current on the outside of the coaxial cable (204) by -67.5 db, to
make the antenna radiate like a monopole. Grounding to a single
point may eliminate current loops. Digital instrumentation may
allow accurate measurement of field amplitudes and polarizations.
The transmitter-to-receiver distance may be accurately measured to
<1 mm. MCE theory may give radical predictions, requiring
extraordinary evidence, as shown below.
[0036] According to exemplary implementations, an antenna may be a
linear, coaxial center conductor with the outer coaxial conductor
electrically connected to the top of the skirt balun (see, e.g.,
FIGS. 2A and 2B). The currents on the coax center conductor and on
the outside of the skirt balun may be both in +Z (positive
vertical) direction, forming a monopole radiation pattern. The
skirt balun length (.lamda./4) may cause a phase shift in the
current flow along the guided path from the bottom (inside surface)
of the outer balun conductor (0.degree.) to the top (inside
surface) of the skirt balun (90.degree.) and back down the outer
surface of the coax outer conductor to the end of the balun
(180.degree.). This 180.degree.-phase shift may cause cancellation
of the return current flow along the outside of the outer coax
conductor. Return-current attenuation may allow the monopole
antenna to draw charge from the ground plane (top of the skirt
balun) and also may create a close match between the antenna-balun
impedance (49.76-j0.24.OMEGA.) and the source (50.OMEGA.). The
measured return loss was -22 db for a single skirt balun (see,
e.g., FIGS. 2A and 2B) and -42 db for a double balun (not shown).
An exemplary monopole antenna may create an oscillating,
gradient-driven current to create the SLW. Second, the skirt balun
may dramatically reduce the return current to the source, so that
essentially all of the electrical current goes into charging and
discharging the antenna. The far-field contours of constant |E| may
be mostly spherical on the receiver side (top of the diagram). The
RG-405/U coaxial cabling may use a solid, outer conductor to
minimize stray fields. The presence or absence of an outer
insulating jacket may make no difference in the results of the
electrodynamic simulation.
[0037] The transmitting antenna may remain in a fixed location,
while the receiving antenna may be moved to a
transmitter-to-receiver distance (r) in the horizontal plane. The
source frequency may be 8 GHz, corresponding to a free-space
wavelength, .lamda.=3.75 cm. This choice may allow free space
measurements for r over many wavelengths in a well-controlled,
laboratory test. The measurements may include: the value of r; and
the signal attenuation (dB) between the transmitter and receiver.
Repetitions of the test provide an estimate of the statistical
error. The measurement results are saved to a database.
[0038] FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 show experimental results for
scalar-longitudinal wave attenuation under various conditions. FIG.
3 shows the attenuation versus separation distance (r) for two,
facing, collinear SLW antennas inside an anechoic, Faraday chamber.
Both antennas were enclosed by a cylindrical copper pipe with both
ends of the copper pipe soldered to hemispherical, copper end caps.
The outer conductor of the antenna's coaxial cable was soldered to
a hole in one end cap. The attenuation-versus-distance plots show
the SLW propagating through both Faraday cages at 8 GHz. The
thickness of the two spherical caps corresponds to 2885 skin
depths, which should produce a classical attenuation of -25,064 db
(down by a factor of 10.sup.-1253). The test measurement yielded an
attenuation between -115 db at r=2 cm separation to -137 db at r=30
cm. Extrapolating the straight-line fit to a separation of 2 mm
(where the Faraday-caged antennas are barely separated) gives -79
db and -86 db (down by a factor of 10.sup.-4). The difference
between the measured values and the classical estimate is -24,985
db, corresponding to >1249 orders of magnitude between
attenuation for classical waves and the measured attenuation for
the SLW.
[0039] FIG. 4 shows the attenuation versus separation distance (r)
for two, facing, collinear SLW antennas. The SLW on port-1 was
surrounded by a cylindrical copper pipe with hemispherical end caps
as a Faraday cage; the SLW antenna on port-2 had no Faraday cage.
Again, the attenuation-versus-distance plots show clear evidence
for the SLW propagating through the transmitter's Faraday cage
to/from the port-2 SLW antenna at 8 GHz.
[0040] The same attenuation-versus-distance test was performed
outside the Faraday-shielded anechoic chamber, on the ground floor
of an office building. One SLW antenna had had no Faraday cage; the
other SLW had a Faraday cage, as described above. FIG. 5 shows
representative results, which varied widely from replicate to
replicate, due to irreproducible factors (e.g., image charges and
image currents in surrounding conductors, consistent with classical
electrodynamics). A key result is propagation of the SLW through
the 1442 skin depth of the Faraday box, which attenuates classical
transverse waves to an undetectable level.
[0041] FIG. 6 shows the attenuation versus separation distance (r)
for two, vertical SLW antennas at 8 GHz. The SLW antennas were bare
(no Faraday cage around either the transmitter or receiver), and
both were oriented vertically for comparison with the attenuation
measurements for double- and single-Faraday-boxed antennas. This
test was performed outside the Faraday-shielded anechoic chamber,
on the ground floor of an office building, and consequently
displays much variability due to scattering and reflections from
nearby conductors. The results in FIGS. 3-5 provide clear evidence
for a non-classical wave that is not constrained by the classical
skin effect.
[0042] FIG. 7 illustrates a bifilar coil apparatus 700 configured
to transmit and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance
with one or more implementations. The apparatus 700 may include a
bifilar coil formed in an alternating fashion of a first conductor
702 and a second conductor 704 such that a given turn of the coil
that is made of the first conductor 702 is adjacent on either side
to turns of the coil made of the second conductor 704. The first
conductor 702 and the second conductor 704 may be conductively
coupled such that an electrical current in the coil will propagate
in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the coil thereby
cancelling any magnetic field so that during operation the coil
transmits or receives scalar-longitudinal waves. The coil may be
configured to create a gradient driven current. There may be zero
or approximately zero inductance associated with the coil as a
result of magnetic-field cancellation by counter-going electrical
currents in adjacent turns of the coil. There may be zero or
approximately zero capacitance associated with the coil as a result
of adjacent turns of the coil having the same or approximately the
same electrical charge density. An electrical resistance of the
coil approximately matches a source impedance for maximal
transmission of scalar-longitudinal waves.
[0043] The configuration of apparatus 700 is for illustrative
purposes and should not be viewed as limiting as other
configurations are contemplated and are within the scope of the
disclosure. In some implementations, the first conductor 702 and
the second conductor 704 may be conductively coupled proximate to
the center of the coil. In some implementations, the first
conductor 702 and the second conductor 704 may be conductivity
coupled proximate to an outer edge of the coil. Although shown in
FIG. 7 as being spaced apart, in exemplary implementations the
first conductor 702 and the second conductor 704 may be tightly
wound together to form the coil. In some implementations, the coil
may be substantially planar. In some implementations, the coil is
formed in a volumetric shape (e.g., a sphere or toroid). The first
conductor 702 and the second conductor 704 may include conducting
wires, conducting ribbons, and/or other shapes of conducting
materials.
[0044] Attenuation of scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the
coil shown in FIG. 7 may be inversely proportional to the square of
a distance from the center of the coil in free space.
Scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the coil may propagate
through a conductive medium with substantially lower attenuation
relative to a classical skin-depth attenuation. The conductive
medium may include a solid-copper Faraday box. In some
implementations, apparatus 700 may include a solid copper Faraday
box (not shown) enclosing the coil. The Faraday box may be
configured to block most or all transverse electromagnetic waves
impinging on the Faraday box.
[0045] According to some implementations, the coil shown in FIG. 7
may represent (in cross sectional view) of a three-dimensional
accumulator of charge, when each conductor is a flat, conductive
sheet. The conductive sheet can be wound into a bifilar, helical
pancake configuration, like a modern, cylindrical, super-capacitor.
However, unlike a super-capacitor, the apparatus 700 of FIG. 7 may
allow continuous current flow though the coil windings over a broad
range of frequencies. As one normally skilled in the art will
appreciate, other geometries are also possible for
three-dimensional (volumetric), wire-wound, charge accumulation,
such as a sphere and toroid. The apparatus 700 of FIG. 7 may be
scaled to higher (or lower) frequencies by limiting the total
length of the conductor to L<<.lamda., or more specifically
L.ltoreq..lamda./100. Table 2 shows examples of the conductor
lengths (L) versus frequency for free-space propagation.
[0046] Note that macro-scale antennas (L.gtoreq.3 cm) may occur for
frequencies less than or equal to 100 MHz, meaning that a person
normally skilled in the art may build such an antenna with the
unaided eye. Micro-scale antennas (3 .mu.m.ltoreq.L.ltoreq.cm) may
occur for frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 1 THz, meaning
that a person normally skilled in the art may need a microscope to
build such an antenna. Nano-scale antennas (L.ltoreq..mu.m) occur
for frequencies of >1 THz, meaning that a person normally
skilled in the art may need an electron-microscope (or equivalent)
to build such an antenna. High frequencies (>1 THz) may
correspond, for example, to atomic transitions from a 1S to a 2S
orbital, which are forbidden by classical quantum mechanics on the
basis of classical electrodynamics, as discussed above. As one
normally skilled in the art can appreciate, analogous molecular,
nuclear, and sub-atomic transitions, also exist. Note further that
essentially all transverse-wave transmission or reception may be
eliminated by enclosing a SLW antenna (e.g., apparatus 200 or
apparatus 700) inside a Faraday cage or box (e.g., a copper or
aluminum casing not unlike that for a modern super-capacitor).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Wavelength and L versus frequency Frequency
Wavelength L .ltoreq. 0.01 .lamda. (f in Hz) (.lamda. = 3 .times.
10.sup.8/f in meters) (in meters) 1 3 .times. 10.sup.8 (300,000 km)
3,000 km 10.sup.2 3 .times. 10.sup.6 (3,000 km) 30 km 10.sup.4 3
.times. 10.sup.4 (30 km) 300 m 10.sup.6 3 .times. 10.sup.2 (300 m)
3 m 10.sup.8 3 .times. 1 (3 m) 3 cm 10.sup.10 3 .times. 10.sup.-2
(3 cm) 0.3 mm 10.sup.12 3 .times. 10.sup.-4 (0.3 mm) 3 .mu.m
10.sup.14 3 .times. 10.sup.-6 (3 .mu.m) 30 nm
[0047] More complete electrodynamics (MCE) may be important for
several reasons. First, the MCE theory may involve a radical
revision of Maxwell's equations with one new term
(.differential.C/.differential.t) in Gauss' law and one new term
(-.gradient.C) in Ampere's law. These new terms may arise from
(-C.sup.2/2.mu.) in the Stueckelberg Lagrangian. Second, the MCE
theory may give relativistic covariance; preservation of the fields
(B and E) in terms of the classical potentials (A and .PHI.); and
the classical wave equations for A and .PHI. without a gauge
condition. Third, the MCE theory may predict new force terms in the
MCE momentum balance equation that might explain "dark matter" as a
placeholder for unexplained cosmological attractive forces. Fourth,
new terms in the MCE energy balance (EQN. 15) may explain "dark
energy" as a placeholder for unexplained repulsive cosmological
forces. Fifth, the MCE theory (along with classical theory) may
predict that a gradient-driven current produces a
scalar-longitudinal photon, consisting of both scalar (C) and
longitudinal E-field components. This last prediction may make the
SLW wave uniquely detectable via a gradient-driven current density
in the novel antenna, distinct from classical transverse photons
that require a circulating current (.gradient..times.J.noteq.0).
The existence of dark matter and dark energy may signify that our
physics understanding is incomplete, likely requiring a new idea as
profound as general relativity. Scalar-longitudinal waves/photons
may be that new idea, as validated by our experimental results.
[0048] In some implementations, system 100 (see FIG. 1) may be
configured for providing a computational simulator based on
scalar-longitudinal waves. The system 100 may include one or more
hardware processors (not depicted) configured by machine-readable
instructions. The machine-readable instructions may include a
simulation component, a classical transverse electromagnetic wave
component, a scalar-longitudinal wave component, an evaluation
component, an optimization component, and/or other components. The
simulation component may be configured to provide a computerized
physical simulation environment in which electromagnetic
simulations of an antenna or device are performed. In some
implementations, the computerized physical simulation environment
may include a reflector added to the antenna or device to form a
directed beam for transmission and/or reception of
scalar-longitudinal waves. The classical transverse electromagnetic
wave component may be configured to provide simulated classical
transverse electromagnetic waves that are received or transmitted
in the electromagnetic simulation of the antenna or device. The
scalar-longitudinal wave component may be configured to provide
simulated scalar-longitudinal waves that are received or
transmitted in the electromagnetic simulations of the antenna or
device. The evaluation component may be configured to evaluate
characteristics of the antenna or device based on information
associated with simulated classical transverse electromagnetic
waves and/or simulated scalar-longitudinal waves. The optimization
component may be configured to optimize one or more characteristics
of the antenna or device based on the evaluation of the
characteristics.
[0049] A given processor may be configured to provide information
processing capabilities in system 100. As such, the given processor
may include one or more of a digital processor, an analog
processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an
analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine,
and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information.
In some implementations, system 100 may include a plurality of
processing units. These processing units may be physically located
within the same device, or the given processor may represent
processing functionality of a plurality of devices operating in
coordination. The given processor may be configured to execute
machine-readable instructions include the simulation component, the
classical transverse electromagnetic wave component, the
scalar-longitudinal wave component, the evaluation component, the
optimization component, and/or other components of machine-readable
instructions. The given processor may execute machine-readable
instructions by software; hardware; firmware; some combination of
software, hardware, and/or firmware; and/or other mechanisms for
configuring processing capabilities on the given processor.
[0050] It should be appreciated that the description of the
functionality provided by the different machine-readable
instruction components described herein is for illustrative
purposes, and is not intended to be limiting, as any of the
machine-readable instruction components may provide more or less
functionality than is described. For example, one or more of the
machine-readable instruction components may be eliminated, and some
or all of its functionality may be provided by other ones of the
machine-readable instruction components. As another example, the
given processor may be configured to execute one or more additional
machine-readable instruction components that may perform some or
all of the functionality attributed herein to one of the
machine-readable instruction components.
[0051] The system 100 may include electronic storage (not
depicted). The electronic storage may store machine-readable
instructions and/or other information. Electronic storage may
comprise non-transitory storage media that electronically stores
information. The electronic storage media of electronic storage may
include one or both of system storage that is provided integrally
(i.e., substantially non-removable) with a physical computing
platform and/or removable storage that is removably connectable to
a physical computing platform via, for example, a port (e.g., a USB
port, a firewire port, etc.) or a drive (e.g., a disk drive, etc.).
Electronic storage may include one or more of optically readable
storage media (e.g., optical disks, etc.), magnetically readable
storage media (e.g., magnetic tape, magnetic hard drive, floppy
drive, etc.), electrical charge-based storage media (e.g., EEPROM,
RAM, etc.), solid-state storage media (e.g., flash drive, etc.),
and/or other electronically readable storage media. Electronic
storage may include one or more virtual storage resources (e.g.,
cloud storage, a virtual private network, and/or other virtual
storage resources). Electronic storage may store software
algorithms, information determined by processors, and/or other
information that enables system 100 to function as described
herein.
[0052] FIG. 8 illustrates a method 800 for utilizing
scalar-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one or more
implementations. The operations of method 800 presented below are
intended to be illustrative. In some implementations, method 800
may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not
described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed.
Additionally, the order in which the operations of method 800 are
illustrated in FIG. 8 and described below is not intended to be
limiting.
[0053] In some implementations, one or more operations of method
800 may be implemented in one or more processing devices (e.g., a
digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed
to process information, an analog circuit designed to process
information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for
electronically processing information). The one or more processing
devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of
the operations of method 800 in response to instructions stored
electronically on an electronic storage medium. The one or more
processing devices may include one or more devices configured
through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically
designed for execution of one or more of the operations of method
800.
[0054] At an operation 802, a first apparatus or a second apparatus
configured to transmit and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves may
be obtained. The first apparatus (see, e.g., apparatus 200 of FIG.
2A) may include a linear first conductor, a tubular second
conductor, and an annular skirt balun. The first conductor may
configured to operate as a linear monopole antenna at a first
operating frequency. The second conductor may be coaxially aligned
with the first conductor such that the first conductor extends out
in a first direction from within the second conductor. The balun
may disposed at an end of the second conductor from which the first
conductor extends. The balun may have a larger diameter than the
second conductor. The balun may extend in a second direction
opposite the first direction. The balun may be configured to cancel
most or all return current on an outer surface of the second
conductor during operation such that the first conductor transmits
or receives scalar-longitudinal waves. The second apparatus (see,
e.g., apparatus 700 of FIG. 7) may include a bifilar coil formed in
an alternating fashion of a first conductor and a second conductor
such that a given turn of the coil that is made of the first
conductor is adjacent on either side to turns of the coil made of
the second conductor. The first conductor and the second conductor
may be conductively coupled such that an electrical current in the
coil will propagate in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the
coil thereby cancelling any magnetic field so that during operation
the coil transmits or receives scalar-longitudinal waves.
[0055] At an operation 804, scalar-longitudinal waves may be
transmitted and/or received using the first apparatus or the second
apparatus in order to achieve a technical result. Exemplary
technical results are described herein but should not be viewed as
limiting as other technical results involving scalar-longitudinal
waves are contemplated and are within the scope of the
disclosure.
[0056] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include communicating and/or sensing information
underwater.
[0057] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include communicating and/or sensing information
underground.
[0058] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include enhancing (or de-enhancing) a decay rate of a
radioactive material. (De)enhancement of radio-active decay rates
may be achieved because the Stueckelberg Lagrangian density in EQN.
2 corresponds to new terms (involving C) in the electrodynamic
Hamiltonian:
EM = ( E 2 2 + B 2 2 .mu. ) + ( .rho. - .gradient. E ) .PHI. - J A
+ C 2 2 .mu. + C .gradient. A .mu. . ( 16 ) ##EQU00010##
[0059] This MCE Hamiltonian may modify the charged-particle
interactions via the SLW (e.g., orbital electrons and nuclear
protons in electron-capture decay, and bound electrons and protons
in beta decay of neutrons). These new terms may modulate the
nuclear barrier potential, causing decay-rate variations in
proportion to the SLW power. Indeed, time-variable
radioactive-decay rates have been reported (typically .+-.0.3%) in
.sup.3H, .sup.22Na, .sup.6Cl, .sup.44Ti, .sup.54Mn, .sup.60Co,
.sup.85Kr, .sup.90Sr, .sup.108mAg, .sup.133Ba, .sup.137Cs,
.sup.152Eu, .sup.154Eu, .sup.222Rn, .sup.236Ra, and .sup.239Pu.
Typical periods in the decay rate may include: one day, 12.08/year
(solar rotation rate), one year, and .about.12 years (sun-spot
cycle). Classical low-energy nuclear theory is a collection of ad
hoc models whose predictions cannot explain these observations. The
sun is a sphere of charged particles (plasma) that is well-known to
oscillate radially (breathing mode) and in multi-pole modes. The
oscillation amplitude of ions is much different from electrons,
giving rise to a net radial current density that creates the SLW,
which in turn may modulate the radioactive decay rate according to
the new terms in EQN. 16. One specific application is use of SLW
power to enhance decay of radioactive fission-waste products from a
nuclear reactor, and isotopes of proliferation concern.
[0060] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include enhancing a fusion rate reaction to produce heat and/or
electrical power. Classical methods and apparatus for controlled
fusion typically involve maintaining a high enough fuel density
(e.g., deuterium and tritium) at a sufficient temperature (e.g.,
100 million degrees K) for a long enough time (e.g., many seconds).
EQN. 16 predicts modulation of the nuclear barrier potential,
allowing fusion reactions at room temperature. Nuclear reactions
could be enhanced directly (e.g.,
.sup.2D.sub.1+.sup.2D.sub.1+SLW.fwdarw..sub.2He.sup.4+energy) via
cold fusion of D.sub.2O without intermediate steps (and
correspondingly complex infrastructure).
[0061] Existing electromagnetic/multi-physics simulators use the
classical version of Maxwell's equations. A specific application of
the MCE theory (EQNS. 1-17) may be a more complete simulator for
detailed design of antennas and other electrical/electronic devices
that use SLW technology.
[0062] A specific application of exemplary implementations may
include a focusing SLW antenna. The above tests showed scattering
and reflections of the SLW. This observation is consistent with
classical electrodynamics, which predicts scattering of electric
fields from conductors due to image-charges and image-currents.
This observation implies that MCE modifications of electrodynamic
simulators may be used for development of SLW antenna(s) for
focused transmission (and reception). Such antennas may reduce
power, weight, and cost in practical applications.
[0063] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include detecting scalar-longitudinal waves emitted from a
chemical-bond-breaking process. The chemical-bond-breaking may be
caused by seismic activity associated with an earthquake, a failure
of a manmade structure, and/or other processes. Earthquake
prediction has been sought for decades, and typically may depend on
quantitative measurement of underground motion and/or slip-stick
stress at tectonic plate boundaries. The seismic activity causes
grinding of rock to powder, which may generate high voltages by
molecular bond breaking. The voltage corresponds to an electric
field, which drives a current gradient, as the SLW driver. These
signals occur well in advance of the slip events, and may allow
prediction of the time and location of events with suitable SLW
detection/imaging. "Earthquake clouds" and electromagnetic
precursors of seismic events have been reported. Geophysicists
recently discovered low-frequency toroidal oscillations with a
period of 2 to 5 minutes; these low-frequency waves may cause
excited animal behavior prior to an earthquake. The peeling of tape
is another example of bond breaking. The specific applications may
include passive detection/prediction of structural failures of all
kinds, such as bridges, buildings, critical equipment, and seismic
activity.
[0064] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include passive imaging of a living organism based on
gradient-driven currents across cellular membranes. In some
implementations, the technical result of method 800 may include
transmission of scalar-longitudinal waves into a living organism to
enhance health and/or treat a disease via gradient-driven currents
across cellular membranes. Generally speaking, living processes are
driven by charged ion transport across the cell membranes. The ion
transport is driven, in turn by concentration gradients in the
intra- and extra-cellular media. This gradient-driven transport of
charged ions creates a gradient-driven electrical current, which is
the basis for SLW creation. Consequently, all living organisms
create SLWs, which can be imaged by a phased-array of receivers.
This new imaging modality may allow passive imaging of living
organisms (including people) for research and disease diagnosis and
treatment. As one who is normally skilled in the art can
appreciate, standard techniques may be used to convert variation in
line-of-sight SLW amplitude into an image, not unlike a CT scan.
One application is passive imaging of live animals and humans (e.g,
brain, heart, lungs). Human electrophysiology has a typical
frequency range of 0.5-1000 Hz, implying SLW might be efficacious
in this frequency range.
[0065] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include imaging an object or a void. The method 800 may include
providing a phased-array of scalar-longitudinal waves for the
imaging. A phased array of SLW receivers may passively image
objects of interest or voids (e.g., underground tunnels,
facilities, and pipelines) using the background solar SLW flux for
illumination. One specific example is imaging of buildings'
interiors, which would be bathed in solar SLW. Detection of
underground nuclear tests is part of the nuclear test-ban treaty
verification. A nuclear explosion ejects concentric,
radially-expanding shells of fast electrons (outer shell) and
slower-moving positive-ions (inner shell). These charged shells
form a spherical capacitor with a radial E-field (gradient-driven
current), thus creating a SLW. The sun is a hot ball of ions and
electrons (in the form of a plasma) that oscillates radially, thus
creating the SLW that then image solar storms for
prediction/mitigation of adverse events (e.g., power outages). More
generally, the SLW may be used to create three-dimension images
(e.g., via binocular image) that sees through fog, clouds, dust,
rain, and building fires during the day or night. Another
application is astronomical imaging in the across the entire
frequency spectrum.
[0066] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include transmission and/or reception of scalar-longitudinal
waves for radar imaging of an object and/or a void. The sun emits
low-loss SLW, which may be used to form passive images of
underwater objects via a phased array that looks upward from the
ocean floor. An active, phased-array (or synthetic-aperture)
SLW-RADAR from ships, aircraft, and satellites may detect and
identify underwater objects, underwater vehicles, underground
tunnels, pipelines, underground facilities, stealth aircraft under
adverse weather conditions, and/or other objects. The SLW
transmission may not need to be limited to one frequency. The SLW
transmission may be hyper-spectral (e.g., MHz to THz). A
space-based implementation may use satellite arrays to transmit the
SLW signal at many frequencies, receive the reflections in
synthetic-aperture mode, and process the results on-board for
real-time imaging. SLW RADAR can be used for detection of
improvised explosive devices (IEDs) on the battlefield.
[0067] SLW propagation through conductive media may include ionized
plasma around a space vehicle that re-enters the earth's
atmosphere. More specifically, SLW-RADAR may be used to
characterize space vehicles that re-enter the earth's atmosphere,
while surrounded by a hot sheath of plasma. Classical (transverse)
electromagnetic waves cannot penetrate the plasma sheath.
[0068] In some implementations, the technical result of method 800
may include reception of solar-generated scalar-longitudinal waves
to produce electrical power. The MCE theory may predict that a
charged sphere, oscillating in a ballooning (monopolar) mode
(expanding and contracting radially) will radiate the SLW. The MCE
theory may predict that higher-order (multi-pole) oscillations will
create the SLW. The sun is a very hot ball of charged particles
(electrons and ions in the form of a plasma) that undergoes such
oscillations. Consequently, SLW power reaches the earth, just as
sunlight does. A specific application may include conversion of
solar SLW power into electric power for (re)charging batteries
and/or powering electrical device, such as electric vehicles could
be replaced by power convertors for the SLW, which is not limited
by the skin effect. Harvesting of this solar power may be scalable
via advanced photovoltaics that convert the variable-frequency SLW
to direct current, then invert the DC power to stable 60 Hz
alternating current (for example). An extension of this approach is
wireless SLW power transmission that could then be converted to
usable electrical power.
[0069] A specific application of exemplary implementations may
involve electrical power generation from solar SLWs, on the basis
of new terms in the MCE momentum balance equation:
.mu. .differential. .differential. t ( E .times. B .mu. - CE .mu. )
+ J .times. B + .rho. E - CJ + .gradient. .times. BC = .gradient. T
_ _ + .gradient. C 2 .mu. . ( 17 ) ##EQU00011##
[0070] T may represent the Maxwell stress tensor. More
specifically, electrical power may be generated by charging a
flat-plate capacitor to give a large, directed E-field. SLW
emission from the sun may generate force variations across the
capacitor plates via the term, (EC/.mu.) in EQN. 17, corresponding
to a voltage to drive a power-producing current. This power may be
proportional to E (and therefore the capacitor voltage) and/or may
be proportional to the amplitude of the solar SLW emissions (C) The
variable-frequency power may be rectified, and subsequently
converted to alternating current via an alternator. More
specifically, the sun is an oscillating sphere (monopolar antenna)
of charged matter (plasma) that will produce SLW under the MCE
theory, because the oscillation distance for ions is different than
for electrons for various plasma waves. Earth is a spherical
conductor (monopole antenna) that would receive the solar SLW
emissions, and would re-radiate them (along with other planets,
comets, asteroids). So, near-stellar regions are bathed in SLW
emissions, day and night, allowing SLW power-conversion to operate
day and night, rain or shine.
[0071] The term (EC/.mu.) in EQN. 17 may be an additional term that
forms a generalized Poynting vector, corresponding to the magnitude
and direction of power density transmission by the SLW. This new
term may imply that SLW power can be transmitted wirelessly over
large distances in a directed fashion, for example to power
satellites or aircraft from the ground, electrical power
transmission, and advanced forms of (directed) beams.
[0072] MCE theory may predict new terms in electromagnetic momentum
balance and power balance, EQNS. 14 and 17. The term CE/.mu. may
correspond to an increase (or decrease) in longitudinal
electrodynamic momentum in EQN. 17 along the direction of motion,
with a concomitant decrease (increase) in electrical power per EQN.
14. This sign change may be important because longitudinal
electrodynamic power loss (or gain) may drive a corresponding
kinetic energy gain (loss) in the physically massive object that is
emitting these waves. Consequently, the MCE theory may predict a
propulsion mechanism without the use of propellant mass, which is a
severe constraint on all transportation systems. This mechanism may
depend on adequate energy to create the SLW. The potential
applications include all transportation modes on land, sea, air,
and space for propellant-less propulsion.
[0073] MCE theory may predict a new term, CJ, in EQN. 17. Emission
of the SLW from a physically massive object may have at least two
components: the longitudinal electric field (E) and the scalar
field (C) The electric field may induce an electrical current
density (J) in any (distant) conductive object in its path,
according to J=.sigma.E. The concomitant presence of the scalar
field (C) may interact with this current to product a force (CJ) on
the distant object. By use of a phased array of SLW emitters, the
relative of phase of E (and thus J) may be shifted relative to the
phase of C. The resultant force, CJ, may be adjusted to have a
positive (repulsive) force or a negative (attractive) force,
commonly called a "tractor beam." Potential applications may range
from the nano- to macro-scales on any conductive object (e.g.,
sub-atomic particles, molecules, living cells, people, animals,
vehicles, comets, asteroids, planets, stars, galaxies).
[0074] A mathematical theorem states that nonlinear quantum systems
can be used to solve the hardest, non-deterministic,
polynomial-time (NP-hard) problems in deterministic polynomial
time. The Hamiltonian in EQN. 16 may be inherently nonlinear, and
therefore may provide a path to construct such a computer, which
would then enable the solution of grand-challenge class problems in
a very finite time (minutes to hours, instead of years or
more).
[0075] High-temperature superconductivity was (HTS) discovered in
1986. The highest critical temperature for HTS is >150K.
However, the physical mechanism for HTS is one of the major
unsolved problems in theoretical condensed matter physics, in part
because the materials are very complex, multi-layered crystals.
Moreover, this theoretic effort uses classical electrodynamic
interactions in condensed matter, while the MCE theory may provide
an explanation on the basis of gradient-driven currents between (or
among) the crystal layers. The well-known London model of
superconductivity is not gauge invariant. Specifically, the London
model works only for the Coulomb gauge, .gradient.A=0. Recent
experiments show evidence for a Higgs-like mode in two-dimensional
superconductors, namely excess absorption of THz radiation.
However, the Higgs-like mode may not be an actual particle, but a
collective quantum mode. The new Hamiltonian of EQN. 16 may include
the SLW due to gradient-driven currents among the crystalline
layers, as an explanation of HTS. Many commercial and military
applications exist, including sensitive magnetometers based on
SQUIDS, fast digit circuits, rapid single-flux quantum technology,
maglev trains, MRI imaging, magnetic confinement fusion, magnetics
in particle accelerators, microware filters, high sensitivity
particle detectors, nanowire single-photon detector, railguns and
coilguns, electric motors and generators, fault current limiters,
and electrical power storage and transmission.
[0076] Recent research has investigated a connection between the
SLW, high-temperature superconductors, and gravity. Initial work
placed a small, non-conducting, non-magnetic mass (5.48 g) over a
levitating, rotating, superconducting disk at <77 K; the mass
weighed 0.05-0.3% less, depending on the disk's rotation speed.
Subsequent work used a rotating, toroidal, current-carrying,
superconducting disk at <70 K; masses placed over the disk
weighed 0.3-0.5% less initially and 1.9-2.1% less as the rotation
speed was reduced. Further work used a superconducting electrode at
40 K to generate discharges (10.sup.4 amps at >1 MV with a
trapped magnetic field of .ltoreq.1 T). The resultant focused beam
propagated without noticeable attenuation through different
materials and exerted a short repulsive force on small movable
objects in proportion to their mass, independent of the sample's
composition. More recent work used a superconducting cathode at
50-70 K and a copper anode to create discharges (10.sup.4 amps at
.ltoreq.2 MV) in low pressure gases. The discharge changed from a
spark to a flat glowing plasma that originated from the
superconducting cathode at >500 kV. A collimated,
non-electromagnetic "radiation pulse" propagated from the cathode,
toward and beyond the anode, apparently without attenuation. Recent
work used this device to measure the scattering of laser light
whose attenuation lasted 34-48 ns and increased with discharge
voltage up to 7% at 2 MV. The radiation-pulse propagation speed was
measured by two piezoelectric crystals over 1211 m with a time
delay of 63.+-.1 ns, corresponding to 64 times the speed of light.
Different targets (ballistic pendulums, photons, piezoelectric
crystals) are affected differently by the radiation pulse, possibly
reacting to beam components at different speeds. This approach may
be the basis for a SLW laser.
[0077] Spectrum allocation of the SLW may be important for greater
data rates over less bandwidth. Examples for higher data rates may
be applied to the SLW, such as frequency hopping/re-use,
spread-spectrum technology, polarization, code division, and/or
other examples. The SLW may be independent of TEM spectrum,
effectively doubling the present transmission/reception
capacity.
[0078] Although the present technology has been described in detail
for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently
considered to be the most practical and preferred implementations,
it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose
and that the technology is not limited to the disclosed
implementations, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover
modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the
spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be
understood that the present technology contemplates that, to the
extent possible, one or more features of any implementation can be
combined with one or more features of any other implementation.
* * * * *