U.S. patent application number 14/703917 was filed with the patent office on 2016-11-10 for system for saving energy in operating heating, ventilating and air conditioning.
The applicant listed for this patent is QM Power, Inc.. Invention is credited to CHARLES J. FLYNN.
Application Number | 20160327286 14/703917 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 57223281 |
Filed Date | 2016-11-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160327286 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
FLYNN; CHARLES J. |
November 10, 2016 |
SYSTEM FOR SAVING ENERGY IN OPERATING HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR
CONDITIONING
Abstract
The invention discloses a system for saving energy in a heating,
ventilating and air conditioning system. The system includes a
plurality of fan units installed in one or more openings in the
walls separating the rooms in a building. One or more temperature
sensors are located in each of the rooms and the fan units are
controlled by a control unit receiving inputs from the sensors or
components of the building climate control system. The control unit
monitors the temperature of the rooms, and controls the operation
of the fan units such that air is moved from one room to another
room to maintain a temperature difference between the rooms.
Inventors: |
FLYNN; CHARLES J.;
(Greenwood, MO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
QM Power, Inc. |
Kansas City |
MO |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
57223281 |
Appl. No.: |
14/703917 |
Filed: |
May 5, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F24F 11/56 20180101;
F24F 11/46 20180101; F24F 11/76 20180101; F24F 11/30 20180101; F24F
11/65 20180101; F24F 11/62 20180101; G05D 23/1932 20130101; F24F
2110/10 20180101; F24F 11/70 20180101 |
International
Class: |
F24F 3/044 20060101
F24F003/044; F24F 11/053 20060101 F24F011/053; F24F 11/00 20060101
F24F011/00 |
Claims
1.-17. (canceled)
18. A system comprising: one or nore fan units wherein each fan
unit is installed in an opening in the wall separating two rooms of
the building, each fan unit further comprising an electric motor;
at least one sensor located in the rooms; and a control unit that
receives inputs from the sensor or a building climate control
system, wherein the control unit is configured to control operation
of at least one fan unit such that air is moved from one room to
another room to maintain a temperature difference between the
rooms.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the control unit comprises
control circuitry to receive inputs from the sensors or the
building climate control system and control operation of the fan
units.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein the control unit further
includes a processor, memory, display, and communication hardware,
and wherein the processor is configured to receive inputs from the
sensor and transmit instructions to control the fan units based on
the sensor inputs according to programmed instructions.
21. The system of claim 18, wherein each sensor is selected from a
group comprising temperature sensor, flow sensor, pressure sensor,
and humidity sensor.
22. The system of claim 19, wherein the fan units are configured to
be controlled by instructions received via a manual input or a
programmed input, and wherein the instructions modify the operating
conditions of the fans.
23. The system of claim 20, wherein the fan units are configured to
be controlled by instructions received via a manual input or a
programmed input, and wherein the instructions modify the operating
conditions of the fans.
24. The system of claim 18, wherein (a) the building climate
control system further comprises at least one temperature control
panel in one or more rooms in the building, (b) the temperature
control panel is configured to accept a target temperature input
for a room and measure the temperature of the room, and (c) the
control unit is in communication with the one or more temperature
control panels.
25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control unit is configured
on a computing device such as a laptop, a wearable computer, an
embedded computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile
phone, a smart phone or a tablet.
26. The system of claim 25, wherein the control unit receives
temperature inputs via wired or wireless communication.
27. The system of claim 26, wherein the control unit is configured
to receive the temperature mode that the building climate control
system is operating in and the control unit controls the operation
of the one or more fan units based on whether the building climate
control system is in heating or cooling mode.
28. The system of claim 26, wherein the control unit is configured
to receive target temperature values from one or more temperature
control panels and the control unit controls the operation of the
one or more fan units based on the difference in the target
temperature values.
29. The system of claim 18, wherein the control unit controls the
direction of rotation of the fan units.
30. The system of claim 18, further comprising a plurality of
spaced apart openings on a wall separating the two rooms, wherein a
fan unit is mounted within each opening, and the rotation of
alternate fan units is in opposite directions.
31. The system of claim 18 wherein the temperature difference
between the two rooms is zero.
32. The system of claim 18, wherein the opening in the wall is
configured to minimize the leakage of light from one room to the
other.
33. The system of claim 18, wherein the opening in the wall is
configured to minimize the transmission of sound from one room to
the other.
34. The system of claim 18, further comprising an opening between
inside and outside of the building with one or more fan units
installed that can move air between the inside and outside of the
building to regulate the temperature of a room.
35. A kit for minimizing energy consumption to achieve temperature
control within a building comprising: one or more fan units fitted
with motors operable using a communication device and installable
in an opening in the wall between rooms of a building; one or more
temperature or humidity sensors affixed with communication devices;
and a non-transitory machine-readable medium carrying one or more
sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more
processors, cause the one or more processors to: provide a user
interface to receive user inputs relating to set temperature or
humidity; receive temperature or humidity data from the one or more
temperature or humidity sensors; and send switching instructions to
the one or more fan units to control their operation in response to
the set temperature and the sensed temperature or humidity data to
eliminate hot or cold spots within the rooms by circulating air
from one room to another.
36. The kit of claim 35, wherein the sequence of instructions is
executable in a computing device such as a wearable computer, a
personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a smart phone or
a tablet.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates generally to a system for saving
energy in heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
[0002] Generally, heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems used in most residential buildings are forced air systems.
Such systems use delivery and return ductwork with air outlets and
inlets fixed in the rooms of the building. Other types of systems
use pumped cold/hot water with radiative heat exchange. Common
features of these systems include the fixed location of the system
and the arrangements for circulation of air. Once installed, the
delivery path of warm or cold air to the rooms and the return path
of air to the system are also fixed.
[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 8,374,725 discloses a system provided with
dampers individually controlled by the controller, turning climate
control equipment on and off to obtain a desired climatic condition
between the rooms. U.S. Pat. No. 4,412,478 discloses an apparatus
for distributing air between rooms by mounting an electric fan at a
doorway, actuated in response to sensed temperature, U.S. Pat. No.
4,895,002 discloses air conditioning devices that control the
amount and direction of blow off of conditioned air during room
heating or cooling.
[0004] In an ideal system, if hot air is delivered, the return is
preferably cool air, for maximum efficiency. But, this is
impossible in the forced air system, where both warm and cool air
are mixed through forced circulation and then returned. This
results in the formation of hot and cold spots within a room or
throughout the rooms in a building.
[0005] Further, existing automatic climate control systems consider
the average temperature value of the sensed inputs from sensors in
the room. The condition of opting for an average temperature value
will force the system to blow more air than required to maintain
temperature, thereby leading to higher energy consumption and
creation of hot and cold spots in the room.
[0006] Other existing devices and methods have shortcomings such as
high energy consumption and complex construction. The invention
addresses some of the drawbacks of conventional systems and
methods, and satisfies the need for a system that can be used
without complex or expensive features, with further related
advantages as set forth here.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] An energy-minimizing addition to a building climate control
system is disclosed. The system comprises one or more fan units
wherein each fan unit is installed in an opening in the wall
separating two rooms of the building, each fan unit further
comprising an electric motor. The system further comprises at least
one sensor located in the rooms and a control unit that receives
inputs from the one or more sensors or a building climate control
system. The control unit is configured to control operation of at
least one fan unit such that air is moved from one room to another
room to maintain a temperature difference between the rooms. In one
embodiment the control unit comprises control circuitry to receive
inputs from the sensors or the building climate control system and
control operation of the fan units.
[0008] In one embodiment the control unit further includes a
processor, memory, display, and communication hardware. The
processor is configured to receive inputs from the sensor and
transmit instructions to control the fan units based on the sensor
inputs according to programmed instructions. In various embodiments
each sensor of the system is selected from a group comprising
temperature sensor, flow sensor, pressure sensor, and humidity
sensor.
[0009] In various embodiments the fan units are configured to be
controlled by instructions received via a manual input or a
programmed input from the control unit, such that the received
instructions may modify the operating conditions of the fan
units.
[0010] In some embodiments the building climate control system
further comprises at least one temperature control panel in one or
more rooms in the building, the temperature control panel is
configured to accept a target temperature input for a room and
measure the temperature of the room, and the control unit is in
communication with the one or more temperature control panels. The
communication may be wired or wireless communication.
[0011] In some embodiments the control unit is configured on a
computing device such as a laptop, a wearable computer, an embedded
computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a
smart phone or a tablet. In various embodiments the control unit
receives temperature inputs via wired or wireless
communication.
[0012] In some embodiments the control unit is configured to
receive a temperature mode that the building climate control system
is operating in and the control unit determines whether the
building climate control system is in heating or cooling mode.
Depending upon the mode, the control unit controls the operation of
the one or more fan units.
[0013] In some embodiments the control unit is configued to receive
target temperature values from one or more temperature control
panels and the control unit controls the operation of the one or
more fan units based on the difference in the target temperature
values received from the one or more temperature control panels. In
one embodiment the control unit may additionally control the
direction of rotation of the fan.
[0014] In one embodiment the system may comprise a plurality of
spaced apart openings on a wall separating two rooms, such that a
fan unit is mounted within each opening, and the rotation of
alternate fan units is in opposite directions. In one embodiment
the temperature difference between the two rooms is zero.
[0015] In one embodiment the opening in the wall is configured to
minimize the leakage of light or the transmission of sound from one
room to the other. In one embodiment the system comprises an
opening between inside and outside of the building with one or more
fan units installed that can move air between the inside and
outside of the building to regulate the temperature of a room.
[0016] In one embodiment a kit for minimizing energy consumption to
achieve temperature control within a building is disclosed. The kit
comprises one or more fan units fitted with motors operable using
communication devices and installable in an opening in the wall
between rooms of a building. One or more temperature or humidity
sensors affixed with communication devices are provided with the
kit. A non-transitory machine-readable medium is provided, carrying
one or more sequences of instructions. The instructions are
configured to provide a user interface to receive user inputs to
set temperature or humidity values, receive temperature or humidity
data from the one or more temperature or humidity sensors, and send
switching instructions to the one or more fan units to control
their operation. Operation of the fan units is controlled in
response to the set temperature and the sensed temperature or
humidity so as to eliminate hot or cold spots within the rooms by
circulating air from one room to another. The instructions carried
in the kit may be executable in a computing device such as a
wearable computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile
phone, a smart phone or a tablet.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The invention has other advantages and features which will
be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of
the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] FIGS. 1A and 1B show schematics of the system for saving
energy in HVAC in various embodiments.
[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a system implementing
energy savings.
[0020] FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a system implementing
energy savings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0021] While the invention has been disclosed with reference to
certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the
art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In
addition, many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular
situation or material to the teachings of the invention without
departing from its scope.
[0022] Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms
take the meanings explicitly associated herein unless the context
clearly dictates otherwise. The meaning of "a", "an", and "the"
include plural references. The meaning of "in" includes "in" and
"on." Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts
throughout the views. Additionally, a reference to the singular
includes a reference to the plural unless otherwise stated or
inconsistent with the disclosure herein.
[0023] The proposed energy-minimizing system for temperature
control is further described with reference to the figures. The
system in its various embodiments could be an addition to an
existing heating or cooling system for temperature control by
moving air from one room or compartment to another. A building may
contain multiple rooms separated by walls and the HVAC system is
designed to maintain desired temperatures in the various rooms. The
walls may contain openings to accommodate fans. The fans move air
from one room to another. In one embodiment the energy minimizing
system 100 shown in FIG. 1A, includes a number of fan units 101-1,
101-2 . . . 101-N, hereinafter referred to as the fan units 101
installed in one or more openings in the walls separating the rooms
in a building, configured to move air from one room to another
room. One or more sensors 102-1, 102-2 . . . 102-N, hereinafter
referred to as the sensors 102 located in each of the rooms are in
communication with a control unit 120. The control unit 120
receives inputs from the sensors 102. In one embodiment the control
unit 120 is further configured to receive inputs from a building
climate control system 130. Control unit 120 is configured to send
operating instructions to each of the fan units 101 based on the
inputs received from the sensors 102 or building climate control
systems 130. Fan units 101 may comprise one or more fans driven by
electric motors. In one embodiment the building climate control
system 130 may comprise multiple handheld temperature control
panels 135-1 . . . to 135-N as shown in FIG. 1A, hereinafter
referred to as handheld units 135.
[0024] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, control unit 120
comprises control circuitry with discrete components driving power
electronics. Control unit 120 is configured to receive inputs from
sensors 102 or the building climate control system 130 and control
operation of the fan units 101. In one embodiment the control
circuitry controls operation of the fan units 101 by comparing
temperature inputs received from the sensors 102 with input values
received from the climate control system 130 so as to maintain
required temperature within each of the rooms where the fan units
101 are located. In one embodiment the fan units 101, the sensors
102, the control unit 120 and the building climate control system
130 are in communication via wired connections.
[0025] In another embodiment the energy minimizing system 200 shown
in FIG. 1B includes a number of fan units 201-1, 201-2 . . . 201-N,
hereinafter referred to as the fan units 201, installed on the wall
separating rooms in a building. Sensors 202-1, 202-2 . . . 202-N,
hereinafter referred to as sensors 202. The sensors 202 located in
each of the rooms are in communication with a control unit 220 that
receives inputs from the sensors 202. Control unit 220 may include
additional electronics including processor 221, memory 222 and a
display 223 and is in communication with building climate control
230. Processor 221 may be configured to send programmed
instructions to the control unit 220 to control operation of fan
units 201 so as to maintain temperature within the building. Such
program instructions may be stored in memory 222. In various
embodiments, the processor 221 and memory 222 may be part of
control unit 120 or may be part of a separate device that is used
with the control unit 220 when required.
[0026] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1B, system 200 further
comprises communication hardware 225 for receiving inputs from the
sensors 202 and transmitting instructions to the fan units 201. In
one embodiment fan units 201 are affixed with communication devices
205-1, 205-2 . . . 205-N, hereinafter referred to as communication
devices 205 and the sensors 202 are affixed with communication
devices 206-1, 206-2 . . . 206-N, hereinafter referred to as
communication devices 206. In one embodiment, the building climate
control system 230 may further comprise a communication device 207
and handheld temperature control panels 235-1, 235-2 . . . 235-N,
hereinafter referred to as handheld units 235. In one embodiment,
the control unit 220 is configured to receive instructions
wirelessly from building climate control system 230 and sensors 202
so as to perform control operation of fan units 201 via wireless
connectivity. In various embodiments, control unit 220 may control
the fans in fan unit 201 either in response to manual input
received via climate control system 230 or programmed input that is
either stored or generated in the control unit 220.
[0027] In various embodiments the processor 221 may be any type of
general-purpose microprocessor or microcontroller, a digital signal
processing (DSP) processor, an integrated circuit, a field
programmable gate array (FPGA), a reconfigurable processor, a
programmable read-only memory (PROM), or any combination thereof.
In various embodiments with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B the
sensors 102 or 202 may be configured to be temperature sensors,
flow sensors, pressure sensors, or humidity sensors, as would be
part of a climate control system.
[0028] The control unit 220 in various embodiments may be
configured on a laptop, a wearable computer, an embedded computer,
a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a smart phone
or a tablet. In one embodiment, the energy minimizing system 100 or
200 comprises one or more control units 120 or 220 in one or more
rooms in the building. The control unit 120 is configured to
control the operating condition of fan units 101 using information
such as a temperature set point for the room and sensed temperature
at the location. Control unit 120 in various embodiments may
receive temperature inputs via wired or wireless communication via
communication device 125.
[0029] Each of the handheld units 135 or 235 in FIGS. 1A and 1B is
configured to accept a target temperature input for a room and a
sensor (not shown) to measure the temperature of the room, and
communicated to control unit 120 or 220 via building climate
control system 130 or 230, respectively.
[0030] In various embodiments, communication hardware (FIGS. 1B)
205, 206, 207 and 225 can either be wired or wireless communication
devices configured to operate on a wireless communication protocol
such as Wi-Fi.TM., infrared, Bluetooth.RTM. or ZigBee.RTM..
[0031] In operation, the processor 221 is configured to monitor the
temperature of the rooms based on inputs from the sensors 202 or
the building climate control system 230, and control the operation
of the fan units 201 such that air is moved from one room to
another room to maintain a temperature difference between the
rooms. The maintenance of a temperature difference may be in
response to separate control inputs received via the one or more
handheld units 235 located in different rooms. In one embodiment,
the operation of the frill units 101 or 201 is controlled to
maintain the same temperature in the rooms.
[0032] In some embodiments, the system 100 or 200 is configured to
operate in the installed rooms solely on measured temperature
inputs received from the building climate control system 130 or
230. In these embodiments, system 100 or 200 is envisaged to assist
the operation of the HVAC system in achieving more uniform
temperatures. For example, in various embodiments, the placement of
fan units 101 or 201 may be such that cross-flow or mixing of air
streams is provided, to eliminate hot or cold spots in the rooms by
complementing or augmenting air circulation in an energy-efficient
manner. In various embodiments, the operation of the fan units 101
or 201 may be controlled to switch ON or OFF based on temperature
values sensed by the building climate control system 130 or 230. In
an alternative or additional embodiment, the system 100 or 200 may
be programmed to provide air circulation periodically without
reference to sensed temperature.
[0033] In various embodiments, the operation and control of the fan
units 101 or 201 depends on the mode of operation, i.e. whether the
building climate control system 100 or 200 is set to cool the
building or to heat the building. Further in one embodiment,
direction of rotation of the fan units 101 or 201 depends on the
temperature settings on the handheld units 135 or 235 in the rooms
separated by the wall that the fan unit 101 is mounted on. In one
embodiment, fan unit 101 comprises two fans that are mounted within
openings of a wall separating two rooms, wherein the openings are
spaced apart and the directions of rotation of the fans are
opposite to one another such that one fan is blowing air out of the
room while the other fan is blowing air into the room. In one
embodiment the fans 101 are installed in a plurality of openings
within the walls separating two rooms, and the direction of
rotation of the fans is alternately reversed.
[0034] In various embodiments, the system 100 or 200 (FIGS. 1A and
1B) installed in the opening between walls of rooms in a building
as described above is configured to minimize light leakage from one
room to another via the flow path, either using dark colored
surfaces or by avoiding line of sight or both. In some embodiments,
the system 100 or 200 is configured to reduce sound propagation
through the flow path, as for example, by using sound absorbing
materials through the air flow passage or using a convoluted flow
path or both.
[0035] In one embodiment of the system 100 or 200 the fan units 101
or 201 may be set in one or more openings between walls of rooms
that are climate controlled. Alternatively, such fan units 101 or
201 may be set on a wall that opens to a space within the building
that is not climate controlled. In some embodiments, the system 100
or 200 may further include an opening in contact with air outside
the building affixed with fan units 101-1 or 201-1, for example.
Fan unit 101 or 201 may, if required, blow fresh air into the
interior of the rooms, or alternatively, exhaust air from the
interior of the rooms, on receiving a suitable input at the control
unit 120 or 220. In these embodiments, the fan unit 101-1 or 201-1
is affixed on the exterior wall could be operated based either on
user preference for fresh air or exhaust, or in response to a
temperature control signal received from control unit 120 based on
sensor inputs received from various locations within the rooms as
well as the exterior of the building.
[0036] In addition to the use of temperature sensors to maintain
set temperature in the rooms to which the system 100 or 200 is
installed, in some embodiments, the fan units 101 or 201 could be
set to operate, for example, when the humidity is above or below
threshold values, as measured by humidity sensors located at 102 or
202. The fan units 101 or 201 may be set to reduce or to increase
humidity as instructed by control unit 120 or 220 for a desired
level of comfort. In one embodiment, sensors 102 or 202 could be
configured to be flow sensors, so that they may detect airflow at
various locations within the rooms to prevent hot or cold
spots.
[0037] The system described herein can be implemented in various
ways, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. In one embodiment of the
system shown in FIG. 2, system 300 for saving energy in an HVAC
system has fan unit 301 installed at the opening between wall W of
adjoining rooms R1 and R2 with temperature sensors 302-1 . . .
302-N and handheld units 303-1 . . . 303-N communicating with
control unit 320. As shown in FIG. 2, the fan unit 301 may be
affixed along the wall W dividing rooms R1 and R2 and air can be
moved across the rooms via fan unit 301 until the required
temperature distribution is achieved, the fan unit 301 shutting off
thereafter, in response to control unit 320.
[0038] In another embodiment of the system 400 shown in FIG. 3, fan
unit 401 can be configured to move air from rooms R1 and R2, with
control unit 420 providing control inputs to fan unit 401 in
response to inputs from temperature sensors 402-1, 402-2 . . .
402-N and handheld units 403-1 . . . 403-N. In the embodiment shown
in FIG. 3, an opening between the interior and exterior of the
building is provided so fan unit 401 may, in addition to drawing
upon air within the rooms, take in outside air. In another
embodiment, the fan unit 401 may exhaust air from the building to
the exterior.
[0039] Fan unit 401 is configured to shut OFF once the control unit
420 detects that the set temperature in rooms R1 and R2 is
achieved. This results in additional energy savings from not
running the fans constantly.
[0040] In one embodiment of the system shown in FIG. 2, the system
300 is constructed in two halves including a sealing flange, bolted
together to fix onto the opposite sides of the wall.
[0041] In some embodiments, the system as envisaged with reference
to FIGS. 1-3 is sold as a kit or package unit installable by a user
with minimal professional help or equipment. The kit may comprise
one or more fan units, and one or more sensors for temperature or
humidity, and an installable software product on suitable
nonvolatile media. The fan units and the sensors are affixed with
communication devices connectable to a control unit including a
processor, such as a laptop computer, an embedded computer, a
wearable computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile
phone, a smart phone or a tablet. The software product, when
installed on the computing device, could provide a control
interface for receiving a set temperature or humidity input from a
user, and receive inputs from the one or more temperature or
humidity sensors. The software also carries instructions for
storage of control programming and instructions to cause the
control unit to control the operation of the one or more fan units
with reference to the set values by the user and in response to the
temperature and humidity values received from the one or more
sensors. In some embodiments the software product may be
installable in a system running the Android, iOS Linux and its
variants, Windows.RTM. or other environment used in the control
device.
[0042] While the embodiments discussed with reference to the
figures are indicative, any number of fan units and sensors could
be set up across adjacent rooms to potentially realize the
objectives envisaged by the system of the invention, including the
elimination of hot or cold spots in the rooms. The wireless
connectivity envisaged in some embodiments provides sufficient
flexibility to implement a complex system where several fan units
could be controlled to effectively reduce energy requirements for
heating or cooling.
[0043] The system in various embodiments may be implemented as an
independent system or it could be retrofitted to an existing HVAC
system between the adjoining rooms in the building. In various
embodiments, depending upon the operating mode set in the control
unit of the system, air is moved from one room to the other until
the air temperature is equal on both sides of the unit i.e. in heat
mode air is moved from the warmer room to the cooler room, or take
in outside air to heat or cool both the rooms, before shutting off
the fan unit. The system saves energy in residential or commercial
buildings by redistributing cool or warm air between the rooms in
the building and could minimize load on existing HVAC systems
through energy-efficient means.
[0044] While the invention has been disclosed with reference to
certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the
art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In
addition, many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular
situation or material the teachings of the invention without
departing from its scope.
* * * * *