U.S. patent application number 15/143347 was filed with the patent office on 2016-11-03 for method and system for calculating and providing initial margin under the standard initial margin model.
The applicant listed for this patent is International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.. Invention is credited to Athanassios DIPLAS, Oliver FRANKEL, Tomo KODAMA, Kevin KRABBENHOEFT, Robert LIU, Alistair SMITH, Nicholas STEELE, Hitanshi THAMAN.
Application Number | 20160321753 15/143347 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 57199660 |
Filed Date | 2016-11-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160321753 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KODAMA; Tomo ; et
al. |
November 3, 2016 |
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CALCULATING AND PROVIDING INITIAL MARGIN
UNDER THE STANDARD INITIAL MARGIN MODEL
Abstract
A Standard Initial Margin Model (SIMM) is calculated and
provided as an overall initial margin for non-cleared derivatives.
In certain embodiments, using at least one computing device,
information associated with a plurality of risk classes is
acquired, and a delta margin, a vega margin, and a curvature margin
for each risk class based on the acquired information associated is
determined. The at least one computing device calculates initial
margin for each risk class by summing the respective delta margin,
the respective vega margin, and the respective curvature margin.
The at least one computing device determines whether product
classes will be used in calculating the overall initial margin,
calculates the overall initial margin using an equation based on
the determination, and provides the overall initial margin. The
amount of the initial margin call for the underlying derivatives
contract may then be generated based on the calculated initial
margin.
Inventors: |
KODAMA; Tomo; (New York,
NY) ; STEELE; Nicholas; (New York, NY) ;
SMITH; Alistair; (London, GB) ; DIPLAS;
Athanassios; (Chatham, NJ) ; FRANKEL; Oliver;
(New York, NY) ; KRABBENHOEFT; Kevin; (Greenwich,
CT) ; LIU; Robert; (New York, NY) ; THAMAN;
Hitanshi; (New York, NY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. |
New York |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
57199660 |
Appl. No.: |
15/143347 |
Filed: |
April 29, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62154261 |
Apr 29, 2015 |
|
|
|
62243973 |
Oct 20, 2015 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06Q 40/06 20130101;
G06Q 40/04 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G06Q 40/04 20060101
G06Q040/04; G06Q 40/06 20060101 G06Q040/06 |
Claims
1. A method for calculating and providing an overall initial margin
for non-cleared derivatives using a Standard Initial Margin Model
(SIMM), the method comprising the acts of: acquiring, by at least
one computing device, information associated with a plurality of
risk classes; determining, by the at least one computing device, a
delta margin, a vega margin, and a curvature margin for each risk
class based on the acquired information associated with the
plurality of risk classes; calculating, by the at least one
computing device, initial margin for each risk class by summing the
respective delta margin, the respective vega margin, and the
respective curvature margin; determining, by the at least one
computing device, whether product classes will be used in
calculating the overall initial margin; calculating, by the at
least one computing device, the overall initial margin using an
equation based on the determination; and providing, by the at least
one computing device, the overall initial margin.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of risk classes
includes at least: (i) interest rate, (ii) credit-qualifying, (iii)
credit-non-qualifying, (iv) equity, (v) commodity, and (vi) foreign
exchange (FX).
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more predefined risk
factors and one or more sensitivities.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more interest rate
risk weights and one or more interest rate correlations.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more
credit-qualifying risk weights and one or more credit-qualifying
correlations.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more
credit-non-qualifying risk weights and one or more
credit-non-qualifying correlations.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more equity risk
weights and one or more equity correlations.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more commodity risk
weights and one or more commodity correlations.
9. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more FX risk weights
and one or more FX correlations.
10. The method of claim 3, wherein the information associated with
the plurality of risk classes includes one or more concentration
thresholds.
11. The method of claim 1, where the initial margin for each risk
class is defined by:
IM.sub.X=DeltaMargin.sub.X+VegaMargin.sub.X+CurvatureMargin.sub.X,
wherein IM is the initial margin, x is each risk class,
DeltaMargin.sub.x is the delta margin for each risk class,
VegaMargin.sub.x is the vega margin for each risk class, and
CurvatureMargin.sub.x is the curvature margin for each risk
class.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the equation used for
calculating the overall initial margin when product classes will
not be used is defined by:
SIMM=IM.sub.IR&FX+IM.sub.Credit+IM.sub.Equity+IM.sub.Commodity,
wherein SIMM is the overall initial margin.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein
IM.sub.IR&Fx=(IM.sub.IR.sup.2+IM.sub.FX.sup.2+2.psi..sub.IRFXIM.sub.IRIM.-
sub.FX).sup.1/2.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein
IM.sub.Credit=(IM.sub.CreditQual.sup.2+IM.sub.CreditNonQual.sup.2+2.psi..-
sub.CreditIM.sub.CreditQualIM.sub.CreditNonQual).sup.1/2.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the equation used for
calculating the overall initial margin when product classes will be
used is defined by:
SIMM=SIMM.sub.RatesFX+SIMM.sub.Credit+SIMM.sub.Equity+SIMM.sub.Commodity,
wherein SIMM is the overall initial margin.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the product classes include:
(i) interest rates and foreign exchange (RatesFX), (ii) credit,
(iii) equity, and (iv) commodity.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the margin for each of the
product classes is defined by: SIMM.sub.product= {square root over
(.SIGMA..sub.rIM.sub.r.sup.2+.SIGMA..sub.r.SIGMA..sub.s.noteq.r.psi..sub.-
rsIM.sub.rIM.sub.s)}, wherein SIMM.sub.product is the margin for
one of the product classes.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of providing the overall
initial margin includes displaying, by the at least one computing
device, the overall initial margin on a display device.
19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a set of
executable instructions, the set of executable instructions when
executed by at least one processor causes the at least one
processor to perform to perform a method for calculating and
providing an overall initial margin for non-cleared derivatives
using a Standard Initial Margin Model (SIMM), the method comprising
the acts of: acquiring information associated with a plurality of
risk classes; determining a delta margin, a vega margin, and a
curvature margin for each risk class based on the acquired
information associated with the plurality of risk classes;
calculating initial margin for each risk class by summing the
respective delta margin, the respective vega margin, and the
respective curvature margin; determining whether product classes
will be used in calculating the overall initial margin; calculating
the overall initial margin using an equation based on the
determination; and providing the overall initial margin.
20. A system for calculating and providing an overall initial
margin for non-cleared derivatives using a Standard Initial Margin
Model (SIMM), the system comprising: at least one computing device
executing stored programmable instructions to: acquire information
associated with a plurality of risk classes; determine a delta
margin, a vega margin, and a curvature margin for each risk class
based on the acquired information associated with the plurality of
risk classes; calculate initial margin for each risk class by
summing the respective delta margin, the respective vega margin,
and the respective curvature margin; determine whether product
classes will be used in calculating the overall initial margin;
calculate the overall initial margin using an equation based on the
determination; and provide the overall initial margin.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the information associated with
a plurality of risk classes is maintained using a mapping table,
the method further comprising transmitting, by the at least one
computing device, the mapping table to a plurality of users.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the mapping table is updated
based on at least one or more votes from the plurality of users so
that the information associated with a plurality of risk classes is
consistent among the plurality of users.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 62/154,261, filed Apr. 29, 2015, and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 62/243,973, filed Oct. 20, 2015, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to a method and system for calculating
and providing an overall initial margin for non-cleared derivatives
based on a novel Standard Initial Margin Model ("SIMM").
BACKGROUND
[0003] Margin models are different in nature from capital models.
Risk-based margin models need to provide results, which run in time
for morning margin call processes, and they also need to be
transparent and amendable to dispute reconciliation. Moreover, the
risk-based margin models need to run quickly so that users may be
able to understand, for example, liquidity implications of
potential trades and so that dispute causes can be promptly
analyzed and resolved.
[0004] The Working Group on Margin Requirements ("WGMR"), an
initiative run by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
("BCBS") and the International Organization of Securities
Commissions ("IOSCO"), issued a final margin policy framework in
2013 for non-cleared, bilateral derivatives. Individual regulatory
authorities across jurisdictions have started to develop their own
margin rules consistent with the final framework.
[0005] Unlike the calculation of variation margin, which may be
based on day-to-day valuation changes that are often directly
observable, initial margin calculations largely may depend on the
choice of model and the assumptions used. Under the framework set
by the WGMR, firms can use their own internal models to calculate
initial margin, as long as they meet certain criteria and obtain
regulatory approval. However, the significant discrepancy and
variance among the different internal models may raise various
compatibility issues as well as inaccuracies.
[0006] In that regard, there is a need for an initial margin model
for non-cleared derivatives, which may be used by market
participants globally to provide a standard methodology and also to
permit transparent dispute resolution while allowing consistent
regulatory governance and oversight.
[0007] There is a further need to provide common classifications
for the initial margin models for uncleared derivatives so that
consistent implementation of the models may be achieved.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] According to one example of the present disclosure, a method
for calculating and providing an overall initial margin for
non-cleared derivatives using a Standard Initial Margin Model
(SIMM) is provided. The method includes acquiring, by at least one
computing device, information associated with a plurality of risk
classes and determining, by the at least one computing device, a
delta margin, a vega margin, and a curvature margin for each risk
class based on the acquired information associated with the
plurality of risk classes. The method also includes calculating, by
the at least one computing device, initial margin for each risk
class by summing the respective delta margin, the respective vega
margin, and the respective curvature margin and determining, by the
at least one computing device, whether product classes will be used
in calculating the overall initial margin. The method also includes
calculating, by the at least one computing device, the overall
initial margin using an equation based on the determination and
providing, by the at least one computing device, the overall
initial margin.
[0009] According to another example of the present disclosure, a
non-transitory computer-readable medium including a set of
executable instructions is provided. The set of executable
instructions when executed by at least one processor causes the at
least one processor to perform a method for calculating and
providing an overall initial margin for non-cleared derivatives
using a Standard Initial Margin Model (SIMM) The method includes
acquiring information associated with a plurality of risk classes
and determining a delta margin, a vega margin, and a curvature
margin for each risk class based on the acquired information
associated with the plurality of risk classes. The method also
includes calculating initial margin for each risk class by summing
the respective delta margin, the respective vega margin, and the
respective curvature margin and determining whether product classes
will be used in calculating the overall initial margin. The method
also includes calculating the overall initial margin using an
equation based on the determination and providing the overall
initial margin.
[0010] According to yet another example of the present disclosure,
a system for calculating and providing an overall initial margin
for non-cleared derivatives using a Standard Initial Margin Model
(SIMM) is provided. The system includes at least one computing
device executing stored programmable instructions to: acquire
information associated with a plurality of risk classes, determine
a delta margin, a vega margin, and a curvature margin for each risk
class based on the acquired information associated with the
plurality of risk classes, calculate initial margin for each risk
class by summing the respective delta margin, the respective vega
margin, and the respective curvature margin, determine whether
product classes will be used in calculating the overall initial
margin, calculate the overall initial margin using an equation
based on the determination, and provide the overall initial
margin.
[0011] Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present
invention will become apparent from the following detailed
description of one or more preferred embodiments when considered in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 illustrates an example system in accordance with one
or more aspects of the invention.
[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates an example flow diagram in accordance
with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0014] FIG. 3A is an example table illustrating credit qualifying
SIMM risk buckets in accordance with one or more aspects of the
invention.
[0015] FIG. 3B is an example table illustrating credit
non-qualifying SIMM risk buckets in accordance with one or more
aspects of the invention.
[0016] FIG. 3C is an example table illustrating equities SIMM risk
buckets in accordance with one or more aspects of the
invention.
[0017] FIG. 4A is an example credit qualifying submission in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0018] FIG. 4B is an example credit qualifying dummy ISIN table in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0019] FIG. 5A is an example credit non-qualifying submission in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0020] FIG. 5B is an example credit non-qualifying mapping table in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0021] FIG. 6 is an example equities submission in accordance with
one or more aspects of the invention.
[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates an example submissions and results
timeline in accordance with one or more aspects of the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 in accordance with one or
more aspects of the invention. For example, one or more components
of the system 100 may be used to calculate and provide initial
margin information using the Standard Initial Margin Model, or
SIMM, for non-cleared derivatives.
[0024] In a further example, the one or more components of the
system 100 may be used to treat the risk weights and correlation
parameters and sensitivity values (which will be further discussed
below) to be the same among all users (e.g., subscribers, parties,
firms, etc.) of the SIMM in order to obtain consistent
implementation of the SIMM. In this regard, the consistent
application of these parameters requires consistent allocation of
the net sensitivity values to the same risk buckets. For certain
asset classes, one or more risk weights may be clear and/or
unambiguous, and therefore treatment will be the same among the
users of the SIMM. For other asset classes, such as credit and
equity, in order to establish consistent allocation of net
sensitivity values, the sensitivities generated to each risk factor
may be mapped consistently to the risk bucket. In one example,
consistency in mapping is achieved via a crowdsourcing solution
(e.g., the use of crowdsourced information). For instance, the
crowdsourcing solution may require the maintenance and/or
dissemination of a mapping table to the SIMM users, which may map
at least asset underliers to their appropriate risk buckets. The
mappings may be based on "votes" submitted by the SIMM users. In
this regard, the value of crowdsourced information, for example, is
that it will allow parties to use consensus results instead of
their internal determinations of risk buckets and weightings. It
should be noted that the SIMM is inclusive and has no barriers to
entry, so that it can be viable for counterparties of varying
operational capabilities.
[0025] The system 100 may include a plurality of computers and/or
computing devices, such as, server computer 110, computer 120,
mobile computer 130, tablet computer 140, and storage device 150,
all connected to network 160. For example, the server computer 110
may be a back-end system computer and include a plurality of
components associated with a computer, such as one or more
processors 112, memory 113 (which includes instructions 114 and
data 115), display 116, and an interface 117.
[0026] The processor 112 of server computer 110 may instruct the
components therein to perform certain tasks based on the processing
of information, such as instructions 114 and/or data 115 that may
be stored in memory 113. The processor 112 may be a standard
processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU), or may be a
dedicated processor, such as an application-specific integrated
circuit (ASIC) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA). While one
processor block is shown in FIG. 1 to depict the processor 112, the
server computer 110 may also include multiple processors coupled in
series and/or in parallel.
[0027] Memory 113 stores information that can be accessed by
processor 112, such as instructions 114 executable by the processor
112 and data 115, which can be retrieved, manipulated or stored by
the processor 112. By way of example, the memory 113 may be
hardware capable of storing information accessible by the
processor, such as a ROM, RAM, hard-drive, CD-ROM, DVD,
write-capable, read-only, etc.
[0028] The instructions 114 may include a set of instructions to be
executed directly (e.g., machine code) or indirectly (e.g.,
scripts) by the processor 112. The set of instructions may be
included in software that can be implemented on the server computer
110. It is understood that the terms "instructions," "steps" and
"programs" may be used interchangeably. For example, the
instructions 114 may include at least a set of executable
instructions to calculate and provide initial margin using SIMM for
non-cleared derivatives. In another example, the instructions 114
may include at least a set of executable instructions to facilitate
the consistent application of SIMM parameters to input
sensitivities for certain asset classes and products, for example,
determining the appropriate mappings to risk buckets based on
"votes" submitted by the SIMM users.
[0029] The data 115 may be retrieved, stored, modified, and/or
manipulated by the processor 112 in accordance with the set of
instructions 114. The data 115 may be stored as a collection of
data. The invention is not limited by any particular data structure
and the data 115 may be stored in computer registers, in a database
as a table having a plurality of different fields and records, such
as an XML. The data 115 may also be formatted in any computer
readable format such as, binary values, ASCII, EBCDIC (Extended
Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code), etc.
[0030] As an example, the data 115 may include, for instance,
information and data associated with the various risk classes, as
will be further discussed below, such as interest rate,
credit-qualifying, credit-non-qualifying, equity, commodity, and
foreign exchange (FX). As a further example, the data 115 may be
received by the server computer 110 from one or more users using
the computer 120, the mobile computer 120, and/or the tablet
computer 140, and stored in storage device 150.
[0031] Moreover, the data 115 may also include crowdsourced
submissions, or votes, from SIMM users that indicate various
information, such as an International Securities Identification
Number ("ISIN"), that will facilitate the consistent application of
SIMM parameter to input sensitivities for certain asset classes and
products. As a further example, the data 115 may be received by the
server computer 110 from one or more users using the computer 120,
the mobile computer 120, and/or the tablet computer 140, and stored
in storage device 150.
[0032] The display 116 may be any type of device capable of
communicating data to a user, such as a liquid-crystal display
("LCD") screen, a plasma screen, etc. Interface 117 may be a
device, port, or a connection that allows a user to communicate
with the server computer 110, such as a keyboard, a mouse,
touch-sensitive screen, microphone, camera, etc., and may also
include one or more input/output ports, such as a universal serial
bus (USB) drive, CD/DVD drive, zip drive, various card readers,
etc.
[0033] The server computer 110 and additional server computers may
be rack mounted on a network equipment rack and/or located in a
data center. In one aspect, the server computer 110 may use the
network 160 to serve the requests of programs executed on computer
120, mobile computer 130, tablet computer 140, and/or storage
device 150.
[0034] Mobile computing devices, such as the mobile computer 130
(e.g., laptop, smartphone, PDA, tablet computer) and tablet
computer 140, may have similar components and function to the
server computer 110 and computer 120, such as a processor, memory,
input/output capabilities, display, etc. and may be communicatively
coupled to network 160 so as to communicate with other components
of the network.
[0035] The storage device 150 of FIG. 1 may be configured to store
a large quantity of data and may be accessed by other components of
network 160. For example, the storage device 150 may be a
collection of storage components, or a mixed collection of storage
components, such as ROM, RAM, hard-drives, solid-state drives,
removable drives, network storage, virtual memory, cache,
registers, etc.
[0036] The network 160 may be any type of network, wired or
wireless, configured to facilitate the communication and
transmission of data, instructions, etc. from one component to
another component. For example, the network 160 may be a local area
network (LAN) (e.g., Ethernet or other IEEE 802.03 LAN
technologies), Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11 standards, wide area
network (WAN), virtual private network (VPN), global area network
(GAN)), or any combination thereof.
[0037] Various aspects, examples, and/or operations associated with
calculating and providing initial margin using SIMM for non-cleared
derivatives will now be described based on the examples illustrated
in system 100 and the one or more components of the system 100
performing the methodology and calculations. The aforementioned
aspects, examples, and/or operations are not required to be
performed in a particular or precise order. Rather, they may be
performed in a different order, different combinations, or
simultaneously, etc.
SIMM Methodology
[0038] Calculations and methodology for calculating initial margin
using SIMM is based on sensitivities as inputs, and the
sensitivities and risk factors meet certain definitions, which will
be further described below. Sensitivities may be used as inputs
into aggregation equations, which may be intended to recognize
hedging and diversification benefits of positions in different risk
factors within a particular asset class. SIMM also includes and/or
accounts for complex trades, which are handled in the same way as
other trades.
[0039] In one aspect of the disclosure, there are at least two
variants of the SIMM methodology: one variant does not use product
classes and the second variant uses product classes. There are also
at least six risk classes: (1) interest rate, (2) credit
(qualifying), (3) credit (non-qualifying), (4) equity, (5)
commodity, and (6) foreign exchange (FX). The margin for each risk
class is defined to be the sum of a "delta margin," a "vega
margin," and a "curvature margin." For example, for each risk
class, X, the equation is:
IM.sub.X=DeltaMargin.sub.X+VegaMargin.sub.X+CurvatureMargin.sub.X.
[0040] For example, when product classes are not used, buckets may
be defined in risk terms, so that each risk class takes its
component risks from all trades, regardless of their product type.
For example, a swap with both an interest rate leg and an equity
performance-linked leg will be taken into account in both the
interest rate and equity risk classes. For instance, interest rate
sensitivities will be calculated considering offsets with interest
rate exposures of "pure" interest rate trades. The interest rate
and FX margins are then combined to give a joint IR/FX requirement
which is given by the equation:
IM.sub.IR&FX=(IM.sub.IR.sup.2+IM.sub.FX.sup.2+2.psi..sub.IRFXIM.sub.IRIM-
.sub.FX).sup.1/2
The correlation .psi..sub.IRFX has a value of 27%. The two types of
credit margin are also combined to give a joint credit requirement
using the formula:
IM.sub.Credit=(IM.sub.CreditQual.sup.2+IM.sub.CreditNonQual.sup.2+2.psi.-
.sub.CreditIM.sub.CreditQualIM.sub.CreditNonQual).sup.1/2
The .psi..sub.Credit has a value that is to be determined. The
overall SIMM margin requirement is the sum of four margins:
SIMM=IM.sub.IR&FX+IM.sub.Credit+IM.sub.Equity+IM.sub.Commodity
[0041] In another example, when product classes are used, there may
be at least four product classes: (1) interest rates and foreign
exchange (RatesFX), (2) credit, (3) equity, and (4) commodity.
Every trade is assigned to an individual product class and SIMM is
considered separately for each product class. Buckets may still be
defined in risk terms, but within each product class the risk class
takes its component risks only from trades of that product class.
For example, equity derivatives would have risk in the interest
rate risk class, as well as the equity risk class. All those risks
are kept separate from the risks of trades in the RatesFX product
class.
[0042] Within each product class, the initial margin (IM) for each
of the six risk classes is calculated. The total margin for the
product class is given by the equation:
SIMM product = r IM r 2 + r s .noteq. r .psi. rs IM r IM s
##EQU00001##
The product is one of the four product classes, and the sums on r
and s are taken over the six risk classes. The correlation matrix
.psi..sub.rs of correlations between the risk classes will be
further described in detail below.
[0043] The total SIMM is the sum of the four product class SIMM
values:
SIMM=SIMM.sub.RatesFX+SIMM.sub.Credit+SIMM.sub.Equity+SIMM.sub.Commodity
[0044] Prior to applying the delta margin calculations, positions
in identical instruments may be fully offset. Instruments,
including the underlying instruments of derivative instruments are
considered identical when they have the same contractual
parameters. This may be irrespective of whether the underlying
instrument is purchased or sold according to the derivative
instruments.
[0045] In a further example, the following approach is used to
capture delta risk that is applied to the interest-rate risk class
only. For instance, one or more computers may find a net
sensitivity across instruments to each risk factor (k, i), where k
is the rate tenor and i is the index name of the sub yield curve,
as will be defined below for the interest-rate risk class.
[0046] Subsequently, the one or more computers weight the net
sensitivity, S.sub.k,i, to each risk factor (k, i) by the
corresponding risk weight RW.sub.k based on the equation:
WS.sub.k,i=RW.sub.ks.sub.k,iCR.sub.b
CR is the concentration risk factor defined as:
CR b = max ( 1 , ( k , i s k , i T b ) 1 2 ) ##EQU00002##
For concentration threshold T.sub.b defined for each currency
b.
[0047] The one or more computers then aggregate the weighted
sensitivities within each currency.
K = i , k WS k , i 2 + i , k ( j , l ) .noteq. ( i , k ) .phi. i ,
j .rho. k , l WS k , i WS l , j ##EQU00003##
The sub-curve correlations .phi..sub.i,j and the tenor correlations
parameters .rho..sub.k,l are further discussed below.
[0048] Moreover, the one or more computers aggregate the delta
margin amounts across currencies within the risk class.
DeltaMargin = b K b 2 + b c .noteq. b .gamma. bc S b S c
##EQU00004## S b = max ( min ( i , k WS k , i , K b ) , - K b )
##EQU00004.2##
The correlation parameters .gamma..sub.bc are further discussed
below.
[0049] In yet a further example, the following approach is used to
capture delta risk that is applied to each risk class other than
interest rate. For instance, one or more computers may be used to
find a net sensitivity across instruments to each risk factor
k.
[0050] Then, the one or more computers weight the net sensitivity,
s.sub.k, to each factor k by the corresponding risk weight RW.sub.k
according to the bucketing structure for each risk class.
WS.sub.k=RW.sub.ks.sub.kCR.sub.k
Where CR.sub.k is the concentration risk factor for credit spread
risk.
CR k = max ( 1 , ( j s j T b ) 1 2 ) ##EQU00005##
With the sum j taken over tenors of the same issuer/seniority curve
as the risk weight k, and for equity, commodity, FX risk:
CR k = max ( 1 , ( j s j T b ) 1 2 ) ##EQU00006##
Where T.sub.b is the concentration threshold for the bucket b.
[0051] Weighted sensitivities is then aggregated within each bucket
using, for example, using the following equation:
K = k WS k 2 + k l .noteq. k .rho. kl WS k WS l ##EQU00007##
[0052] Delta Margin amounts is aggregated across buckets within
each risk class using, for instance, the following equation:
DeltaMargin = b K b 2 + b c .noteq. b .gamma. bc S b S c + K
residual ##EQU00008## S b = max ( min ( k = 1 k WS k , K b ) , - K
b ) ##EQU00008.2##
For all risk factors in bucket b.
[0053] Instruments that are options or include an option,
including, for instance, a prepayment option or have volatility
sensitivity (e.g., instruments subject to optionality) may be
subject to additional margin requirements for vega risk and
curvature risk. By way of example, the following approach is used
to capture vega risk exposure, which may be separately applied to
each risk class.
[0054] For instance, for interest rate and credit instruments, the
volatility .sigma..sub.kj of the risk factor k at each vol-tenor j
is defined to be the implied at-the-money volatility of the risk
factor k, at each vol-tenor j, where "vol-tenor" is the underlying
swap maturity. The volatility may be quoted as normal volatility,
log-normal volatility, or the like.
[0055] For equity, FX, and commodity instruments, the volatility
.sigma..sub.kj of the risk factor k at each vol-tenor j is given by
the following equation:
.sigma. kj = RW k 365 / 14 .alpha. ##EQU00009##
Where .alpha.=.PHI..sup.-1(99%) and where RW.sub.k is the
corresponding delta risk weight of the risk factor k, and the
"vol-tenor" j is the option expiry time, which uses the following
tenor buckets: 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2
years, 3 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, 20 years, and 30
years. For commodity index volatilities, the risk weight to use is
that of the "other" bucket. For FX vega (which may depend on a pair
of currencies), the risk weight to use is the common risk weight
for FX delta sensitivity.
[0056] The vega risk exposure for each instrument i to risk factor
k is estimated using the equation:
VR ik = VRW j .sigma. kj V i .sigma. ##EQU00010##
Where VRW is the vega risk weight for the risk class concerned,
.sigma..sub.kj is the volatility defined above,
V i .sigma. ##EQU00011##
is the sensitivity of the price of the instrument i with respect to
the implied at-the-money volatility (e.g., "vega"), keeping skew
and smile constant (this may be the log-normal vega, for a 1%
increase in volatility. For example, the five year interest rate
vega is the sum of all vol-weighted interest rate caplet and
"swaption vegas," which expire in a time period of five years and
the USD/JPY FX vega is the sum of all vol-weighted USD/JPY FX
vegas.
[0057] The one or more computers then finds a net vega risk
exposure VR.sub.k across instruments i to each risk factor k, which
are further defined and discussed below. There may be special
treatment for index volatilities in credit qualifying, equity, and
commodity risk classes.
[0058] The vega risk exposure is then aggregated within each
bucket. For instance, using the equation:
K b = VCR b k VR k 2 + k l .noteq. k .rho. kl VR k VR l
##EQU00012##
VCR is the vega concentration risk factor for bucket b, defined
as:
VCR b = max ( 1 , ( k VR k VT b ) 1 2 ) ##EQU00013##
Where VT.sub.b is the vega concentration threshold for bucket
b.
[0059] The vega margin is then aggregated across buckets within
each risk class using, for instance, the following equation:
VegaMargin = b K b 2 + b c .noteq. b .gamma. bc S b S c + K
residual ##EQU00014## S b = max ( min ( VCR b k = 1 k VR k , K b )
, - K b ) ##EQU00014.2##
For all risk factors in bucket b.
[0060] In a further example of the disclosure, the following
approach is used to capture curvature risk exposure applied to each
risk class. For instance, the curvature risk exposure for each
instrument i to risk factor k is estimated using the equation:
CVR ik = j SF ( t kj ) .sigma. kj V i .sigma. ##EQU00015##
Where .sigma..sub.kj and
[0061] V i .sigma. ##EQU00016##
are the volatility and vega defined above, t.sub.kj is the expiry
time (e.g., in calendar days) from the valuation date until the
expiry date of the standard option corresponding to this volatility
and vega, and SF(t) is the value of the scaling function obtained
from the linkage between vega and gamma for vanilla options.
SF ( t ) = 0.5 min ( 1 , 14 days t days ) ##EQU00017##
The scaling function is a function of expiry only, which is
independent of both vega and vol, as shown in the example table
below.
TABLE-US-00001 Expiry 2 w 1 m 3 m 6 m 12 m 2 y 3 y 5 y 10 y SF
50.0% 23.0% 7.7% 3.8% 1.9% 1.0% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2%
The tenors are converted to calendar days using, for instance, the
convention that "12 m" equals 365 calendar days, with pro-rata
scaling for other tenors so that 1 m=365/12 days and 5y=365*5
days.
[0062] Subsequently, the curvature risk exposure CVR.sub.ik may be
netted across instrument i to each risk factor k. It is to be
understood that the same special treatment as for vega may apply
for indexes in credit, equity, and commodity risk classes.
[0063] The curvature risk exposure is then aggregated within each
bucket using, for instance, the following equation:
K b = k CVR b , k 2 + k l .noteq. k .rho. kl 2 CVR b , k CVR b , l
##EQU00018##
Where .rho..sub.kl is the assumed correlation applicable to each
risk class.
[0064] The margin is aggregated across buckets within each risk
class:
.theta. = min ( b , k CVR b , k b , k CVR b , k , 0 ) ##EQU00019##
.lamda. = ( .PHI. - 1 ( 99.5 % ) 2 - 1 ) ( 1 + .theta. ) - .theta.
##EQU00019.2##
[0065] Where the sums are taken over all the non-residual buckets
in the risk class, and .PHI..sup.-1(99.5%) is the 99.5th percentile
of the standard normal distribution. The non-residual curvature
margin is:
CurvatureMargin non - res = max ( b , k CVR b , k + .lamda. b K b 2
+ b c .noteq. b .gamma. bc 2 S b S c , 0 ) ##EQU00020## S b = max (
min ( k = 1 CVR b , k , K b ) , - K b ) ##EQU00020.2##
[0066] The residual equivalents are defined as:
.theta. residual = min ( k CVR residual , k k CVR residual , k , 0
) ##EQU00021## .lamda. residual = ( .PHI. - 1 ( 99.5 % ) 2 - 1 ) (
1 + .theta. residual ) - .theta. residual ##EQU00021.2##
CurvatureMargin residual = max ( k CVR residual , k + .lamda.
residual K residual , 0 ) ##EQU00021.3##
[0067] The total curvature margin may be defined to be the sum of
the two terms, as defined by the following equation:
CurvatureMargin=CurvatureMargin.sub.non-res+CurvatureMargin.sub.residual
Definition of the Risk Factors and the Sensitivities
[0068] Definition of the Risk Factors
[0069] The interest rate risk factors are the 10 yields at the
following vertices, for each currency: 3 months, 6 months, 1 year,
2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, 20 years and 30
years. The relevant yield curve may be the yield curve of the
currency in which an instrument is denominated. For a given
currency, there may be a number of sub yield curves used, named,
e.g., "OIS", "Libor1m", "Libor3m", "Libor6m", "Libor12m" and (for
USD only) "Prime." Each sub curve has an index name i. Risk may be
separately bucketed by currency, tenor and curve index, expressed
as risk to the outright rate of the sub curve. Any sub curve not
given on the above list is mapped to its closest equivalent. The
interest rate risk factors may also include a flat inflation rate
for each currency. When at least one contractual payment obligation
depends on an inflation rate, the inflation rate for the relevant
currency is used as a risk factor. All sensitivities to inflation
rates for the same currency are fully offset.
[0070] The credit qualifying risk factors are five credit spreads
for each issuer/seniority pair at each of the following vertices: 1
year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years. For a given
issuer/seniority, if there is more than one relevant credit spread
curve, then the credit spread risk at each vertex may be the net
sum of risk at that vertex over all the credit spread curves of
that issuer and seniority, which may differ by documentation (such
as restructuring clause), or currency. For credit qualifying
indexes and bespoke baskets (including, e.g., securitizations and
non-securitizations), delta sensitivities are computed to the
underlying issuer/seniority risk factors. The vega sensitivities of
credit indexes need not be allocated to underlying risk factors,
but rather the entire index vega risk is to be classed into the
appropriate credit qualifying bucket, using the residual bucket for
cross-sector indexes.
[0071] The credit non-qualifying risk factors are five credit
spreads for each issuer/tranche at each of the following vertices:
1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years and 10 years. Sensitivities are
to be computed to the tranche. For a given tranche, if there is
more than one relevant credit spread curve, then the credit spread
risk at each vertex may be the net sum of risk at that vertex over
all the credit spread curves of that tranche. Vega sensitivities of
credit indexes need not be allocated to underlying issuers, but
rather the entire index vega is to be classed into the appropriate
non-qualifying bucket, using the residual bucket for cross-sector
indexes.
[0072] The equity risk factors are all the equity prices: each
equity spot price is a risk factor. Sensitivities to equity
indices, funds and ETFs can be handled in one of at least two ways:
either standard approach, where the entire delta and can be put
into the "Indexes, Funds, ETFs" equity bucket, or an alternative
approach, if bilaterally agreed, the delta can be allocated back to
individual equities. The choice between standard and alternative
approach may be made on a portfolio-level basis. Delta
sensitivities to bespoke baskets are allocated back to individual
equities. Vega sensitivities of equity indexes, funds and ETFs need
not be allocated back to individual equities, but rather the entire
vega risk is to be classed into the "Indexes, Funds, ETFs" equity
bucket. Vega sensitivities to bespoke baskets may be allocated back
to individual equities. It is to be understood that not all
institutions may be able to perform the allocation of vega for
equities as described, however, it may be the preferred
approach.
[0073] The commodity risk factors are all the commodity prices:
each commodity spot price is a risk factor. Examples include, e.g.,
"Coal Europe," "Precious Metals Gold," and "Livestock Lean Hogs."
Risks to commodity forward prices may be allocated back to spot
price risks and aggregated, assuming that each commodity forward
curve moves in parallel. Sensitivities to commodity indices can be
handled in one of two ways: either (standard approach) the entire
delta can be put into the "other" bucket, or (advanced approach)
the delta may be allocated back to individual commodities. The
choice between standard and advanced approaches is to be made on a
portfolio-level basis. Delta sensitivities to bespoke baskets are
allocated back to individual commodities. For example, vega
sensitivities of commodity indexes may not be allocated back to
individual commodities, but rather the entire index vega risk may
be classed into the "other" bucket.
[0074] The FX risk factors are all the exchange rates between the
reporting currency and any currency, or currency of any FX cross
rate, on which the value of an instrument may depend. This may
exclude the reporting currency itself. The FX vega risk factors are
all the currency pairs to which an instrument has FX volatility
risk.
[0075] Definition of "Sensitivity"
[0076] The following describe the sensitivity, s, that is used as
input in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure. For
interest rate and credit, sensitivity is:
s=V(x+1 bp)-V(x)
For equity, commodity, and FX risks, sensitivity is:
s=V(x+1%x)-V(x)
[0077] Where s is the sensitivity to the risk factor x and V(x) is
the value of the instrument, given the value of the risk factor
x.
[0078] Firms, such as banks, may also make use of the central or
backward difference methods, or use a smaller shock size and
scale-up. For example, for Interest Rate and Credit:
s = V ( x + 0.5 bp ) - V ( x - 0.5 bp ) ##EQU00022## s = V ( x ) -
V ( x - 1 bp ) ##EQU00022.2## s = V ( x + 1 bp ) - V ( x )
##EQU00022.3## 0 < .ltoreq. 1 ##EQU00022.4##
[0079] For equity, commodity, and FX risk:
s = V ( x + 0.5 % x ) - V ( x - 0.5 % x ) ##EQU00023## s = V ( x )
- V ( x - 1 % x ) ##EQU00023.2## s = V ( x + 1 % x ) - V ( x )
##EQU00023.3## 0 < .ltoreq. 1 ##EQU00023.4##
[0080] For interest rate risk factors, the sensitivity is defined
as the PV01. The PV01 of an instrument i with respect to t of the
risk free curve r (e.g., the sensitivity of instrument i with
respect to the risk factor r.sub.t) is defined by the following
equation:
s(i,r.sub.t)=V.sub.i(r.sub.t+1
bp,cs.sub.t)-V.sub.i(r.sub.t,cs.sub.t)
Where r.sub.t is the risk-free interest rate at tenor t, cs.sub.t
is the credit spread at tenor t, V.sub.i is the market value of an
instrument i as a function of the risk-free interest rate and
credit spread curve, and 1 bp is 1 basis point, e.g., 0.0001 or
0.01%. For the interest rate risk factors, "market rates" is used
to construct the risk-free yield curve.
[0081] For credit non-securitization risk factors, the sensitivity
is defined as the CS01. The CS01 of an instrument with respect to
tenor t is defined as:
s(i,cs.sub.t)=V.sub.i(r.sub.t,cs.sub.t+1
bp)-V.sub.i(r.sub.t,cs.sub.t)
[0082] For credit qualifying and non-qualifying securitizations,
including nth-to-default risk factors, the sensitivity is defined
as the CS01. If all the following criteria are met, the position
may be deemed to be a qualifying securitization, and the CS01, as
defined for credit (non-securitization) above, for instance, may be
computed with respect to the names underlying the securitization or
nth-to-default instrument. For example, the positions are not
re-securitization positions, nor derivatives of securitization
exposures that do not provide a pro-rate share in the proceeds of a
securitization tranche. In another example, all reference entities
are single-name products, including but not limited to single-name
credit derivatives, for which a liquid two-way market exists,
including but not limited to trade indices on the reference
entities. In yet a further example, the instrument does not
reference an underlying that would be treated as a retail exposure,
a residential mortgage exposure, or a commercial mortgage exposure
under the standardized approach to credit risk. In yet another
example, the instrument does not reference a claim on a special
purpose entity.
[0083] If any of the aforementioned criteria are not met, for
instance, the position may be deemed to be non-qualifying and then
the CS01 is calculated with respect to the spread of the instrument
(as opposed to the spread of the underlying of the instruments). A
two-way market is deemed to exist where there are independent bona
fide offers to buy and sell so that a price reasonably related to
the last sales price or current bona fide competitive bid and offer
quotations can be determined within one day and settled at such
price within a relatively short time conforming to trade
custom.
[0084] For equity risk factors, the sensitivity is defined as
follows. The value change of an instrument with respect to a 1
percentage point relative change of the equity price:
s.sub.ik=V.sub.i(EQ.sub.k+1%EQ.sub.k)-V.sub.i(EQ.sub.k))
Where k is a given equity, EQ.sub.k is the market value of equity
k, and V.sub.i is the market value of instrument i as a function of
the price of equity k.
[0085] For commodity risk factors, the sensitivity is defined as
follows. The value change of an instrument with respect to a 1
percentage point relative change of the commodity price:
s.sub.ik=V.sub.i(CTY.sub.k+1%CTY.sub.k)-V.sub.i(CTY.sub.k)
Where k is a given commodity, CTY.sub.k is the market value of
commodity k, and V.sub.i is the market value of instrument i as a
function of the price of commodity k.
[0086] For FX risk factors, the sensitivity is defined as follows.
The value change of an instrument with respect to a 1 percentage
point relative change of the FX rate:
s.sub.ik=V.sub.i(FX.sub.k+1%FX.sub.k)-V.sub.i(FX.sub.k)
Where k is a given currency, other than the reporting currency,
FX.sub.k is the spot exchange rate between currency k and the
reporting currency, expressed in units of the reporting currency
for one unit of currency k, and V.sub.i is the market value of
instrument i as a function of the exchange rate k. The FX
sensitivity of the reporting currency itself may be excluded from
the calculation. Moreover, when computing a first order sensitivity
for instruments subject to optionality, it is to be understood that
the volatility under the bump is adjusted per prevailing market
practice in each risk class.
Interest Rate Risk
[0087] Interest Rate--Risk Weights
[0088] Each risk-free yield curve (exposures in a given currency)
may be considered to be a separate bucket. The risk weights
RW.sub.k are set out in the following tables. The first table is
for regular volatility currencies, which are defined to be: the US
Dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), British Pound (GBP), Swiss Franc (CHF),
Australian Dollar (AUD), New Zealand Dollar (NZD), Canadian Dollar
(CAD), Swedish Krona (SEK), Norwegian Krone (NOK), Danish Krona
(DKK), Hong Kong Dollar (HKD), South Korean Won (KRW), Singapore
Dollar (SGD), and Taiwanese Dollar (TWD). The second table is for
low-volatility currencies, which are defined to be the Japanese Yen
(JPY) only. The third table is for high-volatility currencies,
which are defined to be all other currencies. The risk weight for
any inflation rate of currency is 32 bps. Moreover, the vega risk
weight, VRW, for the interest rate risk class is 0.18.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Risk weights per vertex (regular currencies)
3 m 6 m 1 yr 2 yr 3 yr 5 yr 10 yr 15 yr 20 yr 30 yr 77 64 58 49 47
47 45 45 48 56
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Risk weights per vertex (low-volatility
currencies) 3 m 6 m 1 yr 2 yr 3 yr 5 yr 10 yr 15 yr 20 yr 30 yr 10
10 13 16 18 20 25 22 22 23
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Risk weights per vertex (high-volatility
currencies) 3 m 6 m 1 yr 2 yr 3 yr 5 yr 10 yr 15 yr 20 yr 30 yr 89
94 104 99 96 99 87 97 97 98
[0089] Interest Rate--Correlations
[0090] The correlation matrix below for risk exposure is to be
used.
[0091] Correlations for aggregated weighted sensitivities or risk
exposures
TABLE-US-00005 3 m 6 m 1 yr 2 yr 3 yr 5 yr 10 yr 15 yr 20 yr 30 yr
3 m 78.2% 61.8% 49.8% 43.8% 36.1% 27.0% 19.6% 17.4% 12.9% 6 m 78.2%
84.0% 73.9% 66.7% 56.9% 44.4% 37.5% 34.9% 29.6% 1 yr 61.8% 84.0%
91.7% 85.9% 75.7% 62.6% 55.5% 52.6% 47.1% 2 yr 49.8% 73.9% 91.7%
97.6% 89.5% 74.9% 69.0% 66.0% 60.2% 3 yr 43.8% 66.7% 85.9% 97.6%
95.8% 83.1% 77.9% 74.6% 69.0% 5 yr 36.1% 56.9% 75.7% 89.5% 95.8%
92.5% 89.3% 85.9% 81.2% 10 yr 27.0% 44.4% 62.6% 74.9% 83.1% 92.5%
98.0% 96.1% 93.1% 15 yr 19.6% 37.5% 55.5% 69.0% 77.9% 89.3% 98.0%
98.9% 97.0% 20 yr 17.4% 34.9% 52.6% 66.0% 74.6% 85.9% 96.1% 98.9%
98.8%
[0092] For aggregated weighted sensitivities or risk exposures, the
correlation between the inflation rate and any yield for the same
currency is 33%. For sub-curves, the correlation .phi..sub.i,j
between any two sub-curves of the same currency is 98.2%. The
parameter .gamma..sub.bc=27% is to be used for aggregating across
different currencies.
Credit Qualifying Risk
[0093] Credit Qualifying--Risk Weights
[0094] Sensitivities or risk exposures to an issuer/seniority are
to be first assigned to a bucket according to the following
table:
TABLE-US-00006 Bucket number Credit quality Sector 1 Investment
Sovereigns including central banks 2 grade (IG) Financials
including government-backed financials 3 Basic materials, energy,
industrials 4 Consumer 5 Technology, telecommunications 6 Health
care, utilities, local government, government-backed corporates
(non-financial) 7 High yield Sovereigns including central banks 8
(HY) & non- Financials including government backed rated (NR)
financials 9 Basic materials, energy, industrials 10 Consumer 11
Technology, telecommunications 12 Health care, utilities, local
government, government-backed corporates (non-financial)
Residual
[0095] Sensitivities are distinguished depending on whether they
come from (i) non-securitization positions or (ii) qualifying
securitization positions.
[0096] The same risk weight is used for all vertices (1 yr, 2 yr, 3
yr, 5 yr, 10 yr), according to bucket, as set out in the following
table:
TABLE-US-00007 Bucket number Risk weight 1 97 2 110 3 73 4 65 5 52
6 39 7 198 8 638 9 210 10 375 11 240 12 152 Residual 638
The vega risk weight, VRW, for the Credit risk class is 0.35.
[0097] Credit Qualifying--Correlations
[0098] The correlation parameters .rho..sub.kC applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs within the same bucket are set
out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00008 Same issuer/seniority, Different different vertex or
issuer/seniority Aggregate sensitivities 98% 55% Residual bucket
50% 50%
Source refers to whether the sensitivity is as a result of
securitization or non-securitization, which will not be fully
offset.
[0099] The correlation parameters .gamma..sub.bp applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs across different non-residual
buckets is set out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00009 Bucket 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 51% 47% 49% 46%
47% 41% 36% 45% 47% 47% 43% 2 51% 52% 52% 49% 52% 37% 41% 51% 50%
51% 46% 3 47% 52% 54% 51% 55% 37% 37% 51% 49% 50% 47% 4 49% 52% 54%
53% 56% 36% 37% 52% 51% 51% 46% 5 46% 49% 51% 53% 54% 35% 35% 49%
48% 50% 44% 6 47% 52% 55% 56% 54% 37% 37% 52% 49% 51% 48% 7 41% 37%
37% 36% 35% 37% 29% 36% 34% 36% 36% 8 36% 41% 37% 37% 35% 37% 29%
37% 36% 37% 33% 9 45% 51% 51% 52% 49% 52% 36% 37% 49% 50% 46% 10
47% 50% 49% 51% 48% 49% 34% 36% 49% 49% 46% 11 47% 51% 50% 51% 50%
51% 36% 37% 50% 49% 46% 12 43% 46% 47% 46% 44% 48% 36% 33% 46% 46%
46%
Credit Non-Qualifying Risk
[0100] Credit Non-Qualifying--Risk Weights
[0101] Sensitivities or risk exposures are to be first assigned to
a bucket according to the following table:
TABLE-US-00010 Bucket number Credit quality Sector 1 Investment
grade (IG) RMBS/CMBS 2 Credit card, student loan ABS 3 Auto ABS 4
High yield (HY) & RMBS/CMBS 5 non-rated (NR) Credit card,
student loan ABS 6 Auto ABS Residual
If it is not possible to allocate a sensitivity or risk exposure to
one of these buckets (for example, because data on categorical
variables is not available), then the position is to be allocated
to the "residual bucket."
[0102] The risk weights are set out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00011 Bucket number Risk Weight 1 227 2 150 3 120 4 1955 5
450 6 400 Residual 700
The vega risk weight, VRW, for Credit Non-Qualifying is 0.20
[0103] Credit Non-Qualifying--Correlations
[0104] For the other buckets, the correlation parameters
.rho..sub.kC applying to sensitivity or risk exposure pairs within
the same bucket are set out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00012 Same underlying names (more Different underlying
names than 80% overlap (less than 80% overlap in notional terms) in
notional terms) Aggregate sensitivities 82% 14% Residual bucket 50%
50%
[0105] The correlation parameters .gamma..sub.bp applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs across different buckets is set
out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00013 Correlation Non-residual bucket to non-residual
bucket 14%
Equity Risk
[0106] Equity--Risk Weights
[0107] Sensitivities or risk exposures are to be first assigned to
a bucket according to the buckets defined in the following
table:
TABLE-US-00014 Bucket number Size Region Sector 1 Large Emerging
markets Consumer goods and services, transportation and storage,
administrative and support service activities, utilities 2
Telecommunications, industrials 3 Basic materials, energy,
agriculture, manufacturing, mining and 4 Financials including
gov't-backed financials, real estate activities, technology 5
Developed markets Consumer goods and services, transportation and
storage, administrative and support service activities, utilities 6
Telecommunications, industrials 7 Basic materials, energy,
agriculture, manufacturing, mining and 8 Financials including
gov't-backed financials, real estate activities, technology 9 Small
Emerging markets All sectors 10 Developed markets All sectors 11
All All Indexes, Funds, ETFs
[0108] "Large" is defined as a market capitalization equal to or
greater than USD 2 billion and "small" is defined as a market
capitalization of less than USD 2 billion. "Market capitalization"
is defined as the sum of the market capitalizations of the same
legal entity or group of legal entities across all stock markets
globally. The developed markets are defined as: Canada, US, Mexico,
the euro area, the non-euro area western European countries (the
United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland), Japan,
Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Singapore and Hong Kong. The
sectors definition is the one generally used in the market. When
allocating an equity position to a particular bucket, the bank must
prove that the equity issuer's most material activity indeed
corresponds to the bucket's definition. Acceptable proofs might be
external providers' information, or internal analysis. For
multinational multi-sector equity issuers, the allocation to a
particular bucket must be done according to the most material
region and sector the issuer operates in. If it is not possible to
allocate a position to one of these buckets (for example, because
data on categorical variables is not available) then the position
must be allocated to a "residual bucket." Risk weights are assigned
to each notional position as in the following table:
TABLE-US-00015 Bucket number Risk weight 1 22 2 28 3 28 4 25 5 18 6
20 7 24 8 23 9 26 10 27 11 15 Residual 28
The vega risk weight, VRW, for the equity risk class is 0.21.
[0109] Equity--Correlations
[0110] The correlation parameters .rho..sub.kC applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs within the same bucket are set
out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00016 Bucket number Correlation 1 14% 2 24% 3 25% 4 20% 5
26% 6 34% 7 33% 8 34% 9 21% 10 24% 11 63% Residual 0%
[0111] The correlation parameters .gamma..sub.bp applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs across different non-residual
buckets are set out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00017 Buckets 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 17% 18% 16% 8% 10%
10% 11% 16% 8% 18% 2 17% 24% 19% 7% 10% 9% 10% 19% 7% 18% 3 18% 24%
21% 9% 12% 13% 13% 20% 10% 24% 4 16% 19% 21% 13% 17% 16% 17% 20%
13% 30% 5 8% 7% 9% 13% 28% 24% 28% 10% 23% 38% 6 10% 10% 12% 17%
28% 30% 33% 13% 26% 45% 7 10% 9% 13% 16% 24% 30% 29% 13% 25% 42% 8
11% 10% 13% 17% 28% 33% 29% 14% 27% 45% 9 16% 19% 20% 20% 10% 13%
13% 14% 11% 25% 10 8% 7% 10% 13% 23% 26% 25% 27% 11% 34% 11 18% 18%
24% 30% 38% 45% 42% 45% 25% 34%
Commodity Risk
[0112] Commodity--Risk Weights
[0113] The risk weights depend on the commodity type; they are set
out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00018 Bucket Commodity Risk Weight 1 Coal 9 2 Crude 19 3
Light Ends 18 4 Middle Distillates 13 5 Heavy Distillates 24 6
North America Natural Gas 17 7 European Natural Gas 21 8 North
American Power 35 9 European Power 20 10 Freight 50 11 Base Metals
21 12 Precious Metals 19 13 Grains 17 14 Softs 15 15 Livestock 8 16
Other 50
The vega risk weight, VRW, for the commodity risk class is
0.36.
[0114] Commodity--Correlations
[0115] The correlation parameters .rho..sub.kC applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs within the same bucket are set
out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00019 Bucket Correlation 1 71% 2 92% 3 97% 4 97% 5 99% 6
98% 7 100% 8 69% 9 47% 10 1% 11 67% 12 70% 13 68% 14 22% 15 50% 16
0%
[0116] The correlation parameters .gamma..sub.bp applying to
sensitivity or risk exposure pairs across different buckets are set
out in the following table:
TABLE-US-00020 Bucket 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 --
11% 16% 13% 10% 6% 20% 5% 17% 3% 18% 9% 10% 5% 4% 0% 2 11% -- 95%
95% 93% 15% 27% 19% 20% 14% 30% 31% 26% 26% 12% 0% 3 16% 95% -- 92%
90% 17% 24% 14% 17% 12% 32% 26% 16% 22% 12% 0% 4 13% 95% 92% -- 90%
18% 26% 8% 17% 8% 31% 25% 15% 20% 9% 0% 5 10% 93% 90% 90% -- 18%
37% 13% 30% 21% 34% 32% 27% 29% 12% 0% 6 6% 15% 17% 18% 18% -- 7%
62% 3% 15% 0% 0% 23% 15% 7% 0% 7 20% 27% 24% 26% 37% 7% -- 7% 66%
20% 6% 6% 12% 9% 9% 0% 8 5% 19% 14% 8% 13% 62% 7% -- 9% 12% -1% 0%
18% 11% 4% 0% 9 17% 20% 17% 17% 30% 3% 66% 9% -- 12% 10% 6% 12% 10%
10% 0% 10 3% 14% 12% 8% 21% 15% 20% 12% 12% -- 10% 7% 9% 10% 16% 0%
11 18% 30% 32% 31% 34% 0% 6% -1% 10% 10% -- 46% 20% 26% 18% 0% 12
9% 31% 26% 25% 32% 0% 6% 0% 6% 7% 46% -- 25% 23% 14% 0% 13 10% 26%
16% 15% 27% 23% 12% 18% 12% 9% 20% 25% -- 29% 6% 0% 14 5% 26% 22%
20% 29% 15% 9% 11% 10% 10% 26% 23% 29% -- 15% 0% 15 4% 12% 12% 9%
12% 7% 9% 4% 10% 16% 18% 14% 6% 15% -- 0% 16 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% --
Foreign Exchange Risk
[0117] For foreign exchange--risk weights, a unique risk weight
equal to 7.9 applies to all the FX sensitivities or risk exposures.
The vega risk weight, VRW, for FX volatility is 0.21.
[0118] For foreign exchange--correlations, a unique correlation
.rho..sub.kC equal to 0.5 applies to all the pairs of FX
sensitivities or risk exposures.
Concentration Thresholds
[0119] The concentration thresholds for interest-rate risk are,
given by currency group:
TABLE-US-00021 Currency Group Concentration threshold (USD/bp) G10
+ DKK TBD All other currencies TBD
[0120] The concentration thresholds for credit spread risk are,
given by credit risk type:
TABLE-US-00022 Credit risk type Concentration threshold (USD/bp)
Qualifying TBD Non-Qualifying TBD
[0121] The concentration thresholds for equity risk are:
TABLE-US-00023 Equity risk type Concentration threshold (USD/bp)
Emerging Markets TBD Developed Markets TBD Indexes, Funds, ETFs
TBD
[0122] The concentration thresholds for commodity risk are:
TABLE-US-00024 Concentration Commodity risk type threshold (USD/bp)
Coal, Crude, Light Ends, Middle Distillates, TBD Heavy Distillates,
NA Natural Gas, European NA Power, European Power, Freight TBD Base
Metals, Precious Metals, Grains, Softs, TBD Livestock, Other
[0123] The concentration thresholds for FX risk are:
TABLE-US-00025 Concentration Commodity risk type threshold (USD/bp)
All currencies TBD
[0124] The concentration thresholds for vega risk are:
TABLE-US-00026 Concentration Vega risk type threshold (USD/bp) All
buckets TBD
Correlation Between Risk Classes if using Product Classes
[0125] The correlation parameters .psi..sub.Cr applying to initial
margin risk classes within a single product class are set out in
the following table:
TABLE-US-00027 Interest Credit Credit Risk Class Rate Qualiryin
Non- Equity Commodit FX Interest Rate 9% TBD 18% 32% 27% Credit 9%
TBD 58% 34% 29% Qualifying Credit Non- TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
qualifying Equity 18% 58% TBD 26% 31% Commodity 32% 34% TBD 26% 37%
FX 27% 29% TBD 31% 37%
Risk Data Standards
[0126] The following describes a way of describing risk on
portfolios and trades, which may be required by both market
participants as part of the reconciliation process to resolve
differences in calculated SIMM values, and also for IM calculation.
The proposal is for a simple, robust format, which can be read by
automated processes as well as being capable of manual inspection.
The format is specified for the current set of risk factors, but
can also easily be extended to handle new risk factors in future.
The objective is to have a format which is capable of achieving two
different objectives--both risk reconciliation and the basis for IM
calculation. Given risk data in this format, it is understood that
the format be straightforward and mechanical to calculate the IM of
a portfolio.
[0127] The format is a simple flat file, with rows separated by
end-of-line markers, and columns separated by "TAB" characters
(ASCII 9). Elements can be either textual, or numerical
(represented as strings), and type can be context-dependent. The
first row of the file is a header row which contains the name of
the columns, with TAB-separation as usual. Each additional row
contains a single risk factor for a trade or portfolio.
[0128] The five keys for the risk factors are as follows.
RiskType--string describing the type of risk factor, such as
interest-rate risk, qualifying credit risk, etc. Examples include
Risk_IRCurve (interest-rate delta), Risk_Inflation (inflation
delta) Risk_CreditQ (credit qualifying), Risk_CreditNonQ (credit
non-qualifying), Risk_Equity (equity risk), Risk_Commodity
(commodity risk), Risk_FX (FX risk), Risk_IRVol (interest-rate
vega), Risk_CreditVol (credit vega), Risk_CreditVolNonQ (Credit
non-qualifying vega), Risk_EquityVol (equity vega),
Risk_CommodityVol (commodity vega), Risk_FXVol (FX vega). This
specifies the risk category for each factor that contributes to the
IM. Qualifier--string description of the particular risk factor,
such as currency (interest rate), issuer (qualifying credit), etc.
Bucket--numerical bucket number of the qualifier (where
applicable). This corresponds to the buckets described in the SIMM
methodology for credit, equity and commodity risk factors. For
instance, any position in a large-size developed market equity in
the "Consumer, utilities" sector would have a Bucket value of 5.
Label1--tenor label describing the vertex of the risk factor, such
as "3m", "5y", etc. Label2--second tenor label used if the risk
factor is a matrix.
[0129] These keys may be fixed and/or immutable, but the allowed
values may be flexible and can evolve over time. Any risk, whether
scalar, vector or matrix shaped, can be represented with these
keys. There are a further three columns to contain the amount of
risk: (1) Amount--amount of the risk, in units of a given currency,
which is a number, (2) AmountCurrency--currency of the "amount"
field, which can be a standard three-letter ISO currency code, (3)
AmountUSD--amount of the risk, expressed in USD (this has the
additional benefit of implying the effective FX rate used by the
data-producer to convert between the amount currency and USD). A
further column which is useful for meeting important regional
regulations: ProductClass--a string identifier describing which
product class the trade (or portfolio of trades) belongs to, and
the allowed values are "RatesFX," "credit," "equity,"
"commodity."
[0130] Optional other columns are permitted and encouraged. The
standard allows for any other further additional columns containing
trade or portfolio identifiers and so forth as may be required by
any user or context. Other columns which might be useful include:
PortfolioID (e.g, an optional identifier to describe which
portfolio/netting-set the sensitivities belong to), TradeID (e.g.,
an optional identifier to describe which trade within a netting-set
the sensitivities belong to), and/or CounterpartyName,
CounterpartyID, NettingSetNumber, etc. (e.g., additional grouping
fields could be useful as necessary when mutually agreed between
users of the format).
[0131] Where dates are used in CRIF files, they may be formatted
according to the ISO 8601 standard, which can be described as
"YYYY-MM-DD", so that 1 Sep. 2016 would be "2016-09-01."
[0132] As described above, the five headers that are used to
describe the risk factor sensitivities are as follows.
[0133] RiskType--string describing the type of risk factor:
interest rate (e.g., Risk_IRCurve, Risk_Inflation, Risk_IRVol);
credit qualifying (e.g., Risk_CreditQ, Risk_CreditVol); credit
non-Qualifying (e.g., Risk_CreditNonQ, Risk_CreditVolNonQ); Equity
(e.g., Risk_Equity, Risk_EquityVol); foreign exchange (FX) (e.g.,
Risk_FX, Risk_FXVol); and commodity (e.g., Risk_Commodity,
Risk_CommodityVol).
[0134] Qualifier: all interest rate types (the ISO currency name,
e.g., USD, EUR, SEK). All credit qualifying types (e.g, ISIN). This
is a representative ISIN for the issuer/seniority combination. All
credit non-qualifying types. All equity types (e.g., ISIN for all
equities, except for indexes, funds and ETFs which have a
user-defined string description). Risk_FX (e.g., non-base currency
for delta, "EUR" or "CHF", etc. for delta. Risk_FXVol (e.g.,
currency pair for vega, "EURJPY" or "SEKCHF" for vega). Commodity
(e.g., String description of the commodity).
[0135] Bucket: Risk_IRCurve: Integer code. A value of 1 (meaning
Bucket #1) corresponds to regular vol currencies, a value of 2
corresponds to low-volatility currencies, and 3 corresponds to
high-volatility currencies. If other categories of currencies are
introduced, they will be given subsequent integer codes.
Risk_Inflation, Risk_IRVol: unused. All credit qualifying types:
integer code from 1-12 or the string "residual," corresponding to
the SIMM buckets for qualifying credit. Bucket values run from 1
(IG Sovereigns) to 12 (HY Parastatals) plus "residual." All credit
mon-qualifying types: integer code from 1-6 or the string
"residual", corresponding to the SIMM buckets for non-qualifying
credit. Bucket values run from 1 (IG RMBS/CMBS) to 6 (HY Auto ABS)
plus "residual." All equity types: Integer code from 1-11 or the
string "residual", corresponding to the SIMM buckets for equity.
Bucket values run from 1 (large emerging-markets "consumer,
utilities") to 11 (Indexes, Funds, ETFs) plus "residual." All
commodity types: integer code from 1-16, corresponding to the SIMM
buckets for commodity. Bucket values run from 1 (Coal) to 16
(Other).
[0136] Label1. Risk_IRCurve and Risk_IRVol: The risk tenor T, for T
in ["3m", "6m", "1y", "2y", "3y", "5y", "10y", "15y", "20y",
"30y"]. All credit types: the risk tenor T, for T in ["1y", "2y",
"3y", "5y", "10y"]. Risk_EquityVol, Risk_FXVol, Risk_CommodityVol:
The vol-tenor (option expiry) T, for T in ["3m", "6m", "1y", "2y",
"3y", "5y", "10y", "15y", "20y", "30y"].
[0137] Label2. Risk_IRCurve: The subcurve name. Can be "OIS",
"Libor1m", "Libor3m", "Libor6m", "Libor12m", or (for USD only)
"Prime." Risk_CreditQ: the string "Sec" if the risk arises from a
qualifying securitization. Also useful for future expansion, such
as vega becoming a fully two-dimensional risk.
[0138] These first five keys are to be fixed, but the allowed
values are flexible and can evolve over time. The other three
fields (Amount, AmountCurrency, AmountUSD) have fixed names, but
their content is variable and are the numbers used for
reconciliation of risk factor sensitivities. The first five keys
define a five-tuple, which may give a precise description of any
risk. It is to be understood for the file to contain more than one
instance of the same five-tuple. For instance, if the file is
listing risk broken out by TradeID, then the five-tuple
("Risk_IRCurve", "USD", 1, "5y", " "), which means 5y USD Interest
Rate Delta may occur several times in the file, if there are
several USD trades in the portfolio.
[0139] For interest-rate risk, the five keys and the amount value
are used in the following way:
TABLE-US-00028 Label Value RiskType "Risk_IRCurve" Qualifier
Currency of curve, such as "USD", "EUR", etc. Use standard ISO
codes. Bucket Integer which can be: 1 (Regular), 2 (Low
volatility), or 3 (High volatility) Label1 Tenor: "3m", "6m", "1y",
"2y", "3y", "5y", "10y", "15y", "20y", or "30y" Label2 Sub curve
name. Can be "OIS", "Libor1m", "Libor3m", "Libor6m", "Libor12m", or
(for USD only) "Prime". Amount Sensitivity value in base currency
units, quoted per 1 bp increase in par market spot rate (Cash rates
for "3m" and "6m", swap rates for "1y" and longer). Show risk
separately for swap rates against different references, eg Libor3m
or Libor6m or OIS. Intra-currency spread risk, for example 3m/6m,
can be converted into a combination of outright Libor3m and Libor6m
risks. Cross-currency basis swap risk can be ignored. Where the
source system risk needs to be rebucketed onto the standard SIMM
tenors, this can be done with linear allocation. For example,
sensitivity to the 7y tenor may be allocated 60% to 5y and 40% to
10y (100% .times. 7y = 60% .times. 5y + 40% .times. 10y). Risk
below 3m or beyond 30y may be allocated using flat extrapolation.
Valuation may also be sensitive to choice of discounting, according
to how trades are collateralized. The recommended best practice is
for IR delta to include the risk of collateral funding adjustments.
For example, a USD swap trade collateralized in EUR may show some
risk to the EUR curve. It is acknowledged that this may be
difficult for some market participants, so it is permitted to use
the unadjusted delta. When computing deltas for instruments subject
to optionality, participants can assume that delta is calculated
keeping constant the relevant standard volatility and skew for the
market concerned, which might be log-normal or normal volatility,
sticky strike or sticky delta, etc.
[0140] For inflation, the values for the six labels have the
following values:
TABLE-US-00029 Label Value RiskType "Risk_Inflation" Qualifier
Currency of inflation curve, such as "USD", "EUR", etc Bucket
Unused, blank Label1 Unused, blank Label2 Unused, blank Amount
Sensitivity value in base currency units, quoted per 1 bp parallel
increase in inflation zero coupon swap market rates. Add up over
different inflation indexes in the same currency.
[0141] For qualifying credit risk, the six labels take these
values:
TABLE-US-00030 Label Value RiskType "Risk_CreditQ" Qualifier ISIN
code of a representative security of the given issuer for the given
seniority. Must be a string of the form "ISIN:" plus the
12-character ISIN string, such as "ISIN:XS1081333921". Bucket
Integer between 1 and 12, or the string "Residual" Label1 Tenor
"1y", "2y", "3y", "5y", or "10y" Label2 Set to the string "Sec" if
the risk arises from a qualifying securitization Amount Sensitivity
value in base currency units, quoted per 1 bp increase in par
credit default swap spread (standard spreads preferred, but natural
spreads acceptable). Add up over all credit spread curves for the
issuer, which may differ by seniority, documentation (such as
restructuring clause), or currency. Index or bespoke basket delta
may be allocated back to the individual single names.
[0142] For non-qualifying credit risk, the six labels take these
values:
TABLE-US-00031 Label Value RiskType "Risk_CreditNonQ" Qualifier TO
BE DETERMINED BY DATA SOURCES GROUP Bucket Integer between 1 and 6
or the string "Residual" Label1 Tenor "1y", "2y", "3y", "5y", or
"10y" Label2 Unused, blank Amount Sensitivity value in base
currency units, quoted per 1 bp increase in par credit default swap
spread (standard spreads preferred, but natural spreads
acceptable). Add up over all credit spread curves for the tranche
if applicable. Risk to non-qualifying tranches is not decomposed to
single name risk.
[0143] For equity risk, the six labels take these values:
TABLE-US-00032 Label Value RiskType "Risk_ Equity" Qualifier ISIN
for single-stock equities, must be of the form "ISIN:GB0001383545".
May be a user-defined string description for bucket 11 (Indexes,
Funds, ETFs). Bucket Integer between 1 and 11 or the string
"Residual". Label1 Unused, blank Label2 Unused, blank Amount
Sensitivity value in base currency units, quoted per 1% increase in
spot equity price. Can be added up for the same equity over
different trading venues. Dividend risk is not included.
Index/Fund/ETF delta may not be allocated back to single names, but
kept intact and put into bucket 11 (Indexes, Funds, ETFs). Delta
risk to bespoke baskets (not indexes) may be allocated back to
their constituents.
[0144] For commodity risk, the six labels take these values:
TABLE-US-00033 Label Value RiskType "Risk_ Commodity" Qualifier
String description of the commodity (see Appendix 1 for details)
Bucket Integer between 1 and 16 Label1 Unused, blank Label2 Unused,
blank Amount Sensitivity value in base currency units, quoted per
1% increase in commodity price. May be added up along the forward
curve - assuming a "parallel" shock of 1% increase in all forward
prices. Index delta can either (standard approach) be put into
bucket 16 (Other), or alternatively (advanced approach) be
allocated back to the individual single names. Bespoke basket delta
is allocated back to the individual commodity names.
[0145] For foreign exchange risk, the six labels take these
values:
TABLE-US-00034 Label Value RiskType "Risk_ FX" Qualifier Currency
of the FX position, eg "EUR", "CHF", etc. Can be equal to the base
currency. Bucket Unused, blank Label1 Unused, blank Label2 Unused,
blank Amount Sensitivity value in base currency units, quoted per
1% increase in worth of the currency given in Qualifier. Needs to
be quoted for the base currency as well. There are two equivalent
definitions for the base currency FX risk. Either: (a) sensitivity
of the portfolio's value, when quoted in an alternative base
currency, to a 1% increase in worth of the original base currency
(with that sensitivity converted back into base currency units), or
(b) one percent of the total PV of the trade's value in base
currency, less the sum of the other FX risks. The total sum of all
FX risks may be one percent of the total PV of the portfolio/trade.
See examples for more details.
[0146] There are different vega types for each asset type. The
options available are described in the following table:
TABLE-US-00035 RiskType Qualifier Bucket Label1 Label2 Amount
Risk_IRVol Currency Unused Option expiry Unused (Vega .times.
tenor, as for Volatility), Risk_IRCurve in base currency units
Risk_CreditVol As per As for Option expiry Unused (Vega .times.
Risk_CreditQ. Risk_Credit (use tenor, as for Volatility), Indexes
TBD "Residual" for Risk_CreditQ in base cross-sector currency
indexes) units Risk_EquityVol As per As for Option expiry Unused
Log-normal Risk_Equity Risk_Equity tenor, as for Vega in
Risk_IRCurve base currency units Risk_CommodityVol As per As for
Option expiry Unused Log-normal Risk_Commodity Risk_Commodity
tenor, as for Vega in (use 16 for Risk_IRCurve base indexes)
currency units Risk_FXVol Currency pair, Unused Option expiry
Unused Log-normal such as tenor, as for Vega in "EURUSD",
Risk_IRCurve base "USDJPY". currency Can units be in either
order.
[0147] For interest rates and credit the amount is equal to the
product of the vega and the volatility, which is then added up over
the underlying swap maturities, so that the reported vega is a
column of numbers which are equal to the sums along each row of the
matrix (over all underlying swap tenors). For equity, commodity,
and FX, the reported vega is a column of numbers, being the
log-normal volatility for each expiry in the set "3m" "6m" "1y",
"2y" "3y" "5y" "10y" "15y" "20y" or "30y."
[0148] For indexes and baskets, please note the following special
cases. Credit (qualifying): vega to credit indexes may not be
allocated back to single-name volatility risk, but may be put
completely into the relevant bucket, or "residual" bucket for
cross-sectoral indexes. Equity index: vega to equity
indexes/funds/ETFs may not be allocated back to index constituents,
but may be put completely into bucket 11 ("Indexes, Funds, ETFs").
Equity bespoke basket: vega to equity bespoke baskets may be
allocated back to the basket constituents, and those vegas put into
the relevant buckets. Commodity index: vega to commodity indexes
may not be allocated back to index constituents, but may be put
completely into the relevant bucket, or bucket 16 ("other") for
cross-sectoral indexes.
[0149] The following are descriptions of various examples in
accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure.
[0150] Interest-rate swap: 5y USD Interest rate par swap, we
receive fixed on USD 10 million. The risk is -4,881 USD per 1 bp
increase in the 5y par swap rate, so the file contents would
be:
TABLE-US-00036 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount RatesFX Risk_IRCurve USD 1 5 y -4,881
[0151] Inflation swap: 7y USD CPI inflation zero coupon swap, we
receive fixed on USD 10 million. The 7y inflation risk is -6,968,
which is allocated to inflation risk in its entirety since SIMM
uses a flat inflation rate for each currency as a risk factor. The
relevant lines of the file would show:
TABLE-US-00037 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount RatesFX Risk_Inflation USD -6,968
[0152] Credit default swap: 5y CDS on General Electric Co., we buy
protection on USD 10 million. The CDS risk is 4,939 USD per 1 bp
increase in the standard CDS spread. The file has:
TABLE-US-00038 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount Credit Risk_CreditQ ISIN: 3 5 y 4,939
XS1081333921
[0153] Equity option: 1y at-the-money call option on FTSE100 index,
on GBP 10 million notional (1526.655 units of index). The equity
spot price is 6,550.27, and the equity delta is equivalent to
854.161 units of index (56% delta), which in GBP cash terms is GBP
5,594,785. Thus a 1% increase in the equity price would be worth
GBP 55,948. Given a GBP/USD fx rate of 1.5103, gives a USD equity
risk of USD 84,498. The equity vega is GBP 39,448 for a 1% increase
in ATM log-normal volatility, which is simply converted into the
reporting currency as USD 59,578.
TABLE-US-00039 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount Equity Risk_Equity FTSE100 11 84,498 Equity
Risk_EquityVol FTSE100 11 1 y 59,578
[0154] Commodity option: 3m call option on Gold, on 10,000 oz
notional, strike 1185 USD/oz. The Gold spot price is 1187, and the
option delta is USD 5,571 per unit increase in the gold price (also
described as a delta of 5,571 oz). Thus a 1% increase in the gold
price would be worth USD 66,124. The vega is USD 23,754 for a 1%
increase in the ATM Black-Scholes volatility, which does not need
further processing.
TABLE-US-00040 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount Commodity Risk_Commodity Precious Metals Gold 12
66,124 Commodity Risk_CommodityVol Precious Metals Gold 12 3 m
23,754
[0155] FX forward #1: off market 1y FX forward, where we receive
USD 10 million, and pay EUR 8 million. The EUR/USD FX (today) rate
is 1.149575. The PV of this position is USD 744,484, with a EUR/USD
FX delta of EUR -8,030,825 (equivalent to a USD delta of USD
+9,232,035). Some firms may employ the concept of "component PV" or
"equivalent position". Given an FX delta to a certain currency, the
component PV is the amount of cash in that currency that has the
same FX delta. In this example, the EUR component PV is EUR
-8,030,825, and the USD component PV is USD 9,976,518 (which is the
sum of the total PV plus the USD delta). The file contents would
be:
TABLE-US-00041 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount RatesFX Risk_FX EUR -92,320 RatesFX Risk_FX USD
99,765
[0156] FX forward #2: off market 1y FX forward, where we receive
GBP 10 million, and pay EUR 12 million. The GBP/USD today FX rate
is 1.510296. The PV of this position is USD 1,190,303. There are
two deltas: EUR/USD Delta=EUR -12,046,237 (equivalent to a USD
delta of USD +13,848,052), and GBP/USD Delta=GBP+9,957,220
(equivalent to a USD delta of USD -15,038,354). For comparison, the
component PVs are EUR -12,046,237 and GBP +9,957,220. The file
contents in this case are:
TABLE-US-00042 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount RatesFX Risk_FX EUR -138,481 RatesFX Risk_FX GBP
150,384 RatesFX Risk_FX USD 0
In this case, the total USD delta is zero (so it does not need to
be included in the file). Moreover, the sum of all the deltas is
equal to 11,903, which again is one percent of the total PV.
[0157] Interest rate vega example: bermudan swaption 2% coupon, 10y
no call 2y, our option to stop paying fixed. A simple example vega
matrix for this trade is in terms of normal volatility risk (USD
per 1 bp/year normal vol):
TABLE-US-00043 6 M 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 Y 8 Y 9 Y 18 M 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 18 18 21 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172 885 0
3 Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 166 342 179 0 4 Y 0 0 0 0 0 125 689 171 0 0 5 Y 0 0
0 0 121 249 130 0 0 0 6 Y 0 0 0 91 491 122 0 0 0 0 7 Y 0 0 84 174
90 0 0 0 0 0 8 Y 0 58 339 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Y 88 59 60 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
[0158] The meaning of this table is that the swaption expiries are
in the vertical axis on the left-hand side, and the maturities of
the underlying swap are in the horizontal axis along the top. For
instance, the 2y.times.8y point (with vega of USD 885) corresponds
to an option, which expires in 2 years, on an 8 year swap. This
vega matrix is the raw input from the example firm's risk
management system, and the row and column tenor labels do not yet
match the SIMM standards. The actual normal volatility levels (in
bp/year) are:
TABLE-US-00044 6 M 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 Y 8 Y 9 Y 18 M 74.1
79.5 85.8 89.6 90.2 91.2 91.0 90.5 90.1 89.6 21 M 76.9 84.3 88.6
90.9 91.5 91.8 91.5 91.0 90.5 90.0 2 Y 78.9 88.1 90.7 91.7 92.1
91.9 91.5 91.0 90.5 90.0 3 Y 102.0 97.2 95.8 94.8 93.9 92.9 92.3
91.7 91.1 90.6 4 Y 103.8 99.2 96.4 95.1 94.1 93.2 92.4 91.7 91.0
90.3 5 Y 102.3 100.1 96.2 94.9 93.9 93.0 92.2 91.4 90.6 89.8 6 Y
101.0 99.2 95.8 94.2 92.9 91.6 90.7 89.8 88.9 88.1 7 Y 100.2 98.1
95.2 93.3 91.6 90.0 89.0 88.1 87.1 86.2 8 Y 97.6 96.0 93.3 91.4
89.6 87.9 86.9 85.9 85.0 84.0 9 Y 95.3 93.8 91.2 89.3 87.4 85.7
84.7 83.7 82.8 81.8
[0159] The vegas is multiplied by the volatilities and add up along
each row to get a single column of vega:
TABLE-US-00045 18 M 3,281 21 M 0 2 Y 95,780 3 Y 62,993 4 Y 91,016 5
Y 46,512 6 Y 65,359 7 Y 32,481 8 Y 44,996 9 Y 19,355 10 Y 8,385
[0160] This is then re-gridded onto the SIMM standard tenor labels
for interest-rates:
TABLE-US-00046 3 m 0 6 m 0 1 y 1,640 2 y 97,420 3 y 108,502 5 y
185,665 10 y 76,930 15 y 0 20 y 0 30 y 0
[0161] The file contents for this risk would be:
TABLE-US-00047 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 1 y 1,640 RatesFX
Risk_IRVol USD 2 y 97,420 RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 3 y 108,502
RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 5 y 185,665 RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 10 y
76,930
[0162] FX vega example: FX Option, 3m call on USD/JPY, call USD 10
million, struck at 117.484. The USD/JPY FX 3m vega is WY 2,325,092
(USD 19,768) for a 1% increase in log-normal volatility. The file
rows for this position is:
TABLE-US-00048 Qual- La- La- ProductClass RiskType ifier Bucket
bel1 bel2 Amount RatesFX Risk_FXVol USDJPY 3 m 19,768
[0163] Risk can be aggregated (added up) where it has the same
keys, including any trade identifier keys (where present). Any row
which represents a zero risk can be dropped from the file.
Otherwise rows are simply stacked one on top of another. For
example, suppose we had a portfolio of all the example trades
above, then the total file would look like:
TABLE-US-00049 Product Qual- La- La- Amount Amount Class RiskType
ifier Bucket bel1 bel2 Amount Currency USD RatesFX Risk_IRCurve USD
1 5 y -4,881 USD -4,881 RatesFX Risk_Inflation USD -6,968 USD
-6,968 Credit Risk_CreditQ ISIN: 3 5 y 4,939 USD 4,939 XS1081
333921 Equity Risk_Equity FTSE100 11 84,498 USD 84,498 Equity
Risk_EquityVol FTSE100 11 1 y 59,578 USD 59,578 Commodity
Risk_Commodity Precious 12 66,124 USD 66,124 Metals Gold Commodity
Risk_CommodityVol Precious 12 3 m 23,754 USD 23,754 Metals Gold
RatesFX Risk_FX EUR -230,801 USD -230,801 RatesFX Risk_FX USD
80,417 USD 99,765 RatesFX Risk_FX GBP 150,384 USD 150,384 RatesFX
Risk_IRVol USD 1 y 1,640 USD 1,640 RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 2 y
97,420 USD 97,420 RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 3 y 108,502 USD 108,502
RatesFX Risk_IRVol USD 5 y 185,665 USD 185,665 RatesFX Risk_IRVol
USD 10 y 76,930 USD 76,930 RatesFX Risk_FXVol USDJPY 3 m 19,768 USD
19,768
[0164] The data in this format may have several desirable features.
For example, straightforward basis for comparison of risks between
participants; data is prepared for SIMM calculation itself; the
"amount" column corresponds exactly to the net sensitivities of the
SIMM rules; it only remains to multiply by the respective risk
weight and apply the variance-covariance formulas; and provides
both a cross-check of and the ability to crowd source the link
between qualifier and bucket.
[0165] The following table lists standardized commodity names to be
used as the qualifier for commodity price and volatility risk. Risk
from different sources to the same commodity name can be
netted:
TABLE-US-00050 Commodity Name Example Contract Bucket Coal Americas
Powder River Basin Coal (Platts) Futures 1 Coal Europe NYMEX Coal
(API2) CIF ARA (ARGUS-McCloskey) 1 Coal Africa NYMEX Coal (API4)
FOB Richards Bay (ARGUS- 1 McCloskey) Futures Coal Australia NYMEX
Coal (API5) FOB Newcastle (Argus/McCloskey) 1 Crude oil Americas
Light Sweet Crude Oil (WTI) 2 Crude oil Europe Brent Crude Oil 2
Crude oil Asia/Middle East DME Oman Crude Futures Contract (OQD) 2
Light Ends Americas RBOB Gasoline Physical Futures 3 Light Ends
Eurorpe Premium Unleaded Gasoline 10 ppm FOB Rotterdam 3 Barges
(Platts) Futures Light Ends Asia Singapore Mogas 92 Unleaded
(Platts) Future (SMT) 3 Middle Distillates Americas NY Harbor ULSD
Futures 4 Middle Distillates Europe Low Sulphur Gasoil Futures 4
Middle Distillates Asia Singapore Gasoil Futures (SWS) 4 Heavy
Distillates Americas Gulf Coast No. 6 Fuel Oil 3.0% (Platts)
Futures 5 Heavy Distillates Europe Fuel Oil 3.5% FOB Rotterdam
Barges Future (BAR) 5 Heavy Distillates Asia Fuel Oil 180 CST
Singapore Future (SZS) 5 NA Natural Gas Gulf Coast NYMEX Henry Hub
Natural Gas Futures 6 NA Natural Gas North East TETCOM3 Natural Gas
Forward 6 NA Natural Gas West SoCal Natural Gas Forward 6 EU
Natural Gas Europe ICE UK Natural Gas Futures 7 NA Power Eastern
Interconnect PJM West On-Peak monthly forward 8 NA Power ERCOT
ERCOT West Zone Forward 8 NA Power Western Interconnect SP15
On-Peak Forward 8 EU Power Germany German Power Peakload monthly
forward 9 EU Power UK UK Baseload Power Futures 9 Freight Wet BE
Worldscale Clean Tanker FFA Route TC2 10 Freight Dry BE Dry
Capesize FFA Route C3 10 Base Metals Aluminium LME Aluminium
Futures 11 Base Metals Copper LME Copper Futures 11 Base Metals
Lead LME Lead Futures 11 Base Metals Nickel LME Nickel Futures 11
Base Metals Tin LME Tin Futures 11 Base Metals Zinc LME Zinc
Futures 11 Precious Metals Gold COMEX Gold Futures 12 Precious
Metals Silver COMEX Silver Futures 12 Precious Metals Palladium
NYMEX Palladium Futures 12 Precious Metals Platinum NYMEX Platinum
Futures 12 Grains Corn CBOT Corn Future 13 Grains Soybeans CBOT
Soybean Future 13 Grains Wheat CBOT Chicago SRW Wheat Future 13
Softs Cocoa ICE Cocoa Futures 14 Softs Coffee ICE Coffee Futures 14
Softs Cotton ICE Cotton Futures 14 Softs Sugar ICE Sugar No 11
Futures 14 Livestock Live Cattle CBOT Live Cattle Futures 15
Livestock Feeder Cattle CBOT Feeder Cattle Futures 15 Livestock
Lean Hogs CBOT Lean Hog Futures 15
[0166] In some circumstances it may be helpful to change the base
currency of the CRIF file. This may be useful to compare two CRIF
files for the same portfolio which have been calculated using
different base currencies. To convert from one base currency to
another is straightforward. All that is needed is to multiply the
number in the amount column by the FX rate between the two base
currencies. For example, to convert the risk file above from USD to
WY, we would just multiply all the values in the "amount" column by
the USDJPY FX rate, and change the "amount currency" column values
from "USD" to "WY."
[0167] FIG. 2 illustrates an example flow diagram in accordance
with one or more aspects of the disclosure.
[0168] At block 210, one or more computing devices, such as the
computers illustrated in system 100 of FIG. 1, may acquire
information associated with a plurality of risk classes. As
described above, the risk classes may be interest rate,
credit-qualifying, credit-non-qualifying, equity, commodity, and
foreign exchange (FX). The information, for instance, may include
risk factors and sensitivity values.
[0169] The one or more computing devices determines, at block 212,
a Delta Margin, a Vega Margin, and a Curvature Margin for each risk
class using the equations described above. At block 214, the
initial margin for each risk class is calculated by summing the
respective Delta Margin, the respective Vega Margin, and the
respective Curvature Margin determined at block 212.
[0170] At block 216, the one or more computing devices, determines
whether product classes will be used in calculating the overall
initial margin (e.g., the SIMM margin). Based on the determination,
the overall initial margin is calculated using a particular
equation. The equation, for instance, may be different based on
whether the product classes are used or not. At block 220, the
overall initial margin is provided, for example, on a display
device of the one or more computing devices.
[0171] Finally, the initial margin amount, calculated through the
use of the SIMM, may serve as the basis for the minimum margin
amount required by the applicable regulation (under the provision
for the use of internal models) for over-the-counter non-cleared
derivative portfolios of covered entities. As such, the amount of
the initial margin call for the underlying derivatives contract is
generated based on the calculated initial margin.
SIMM Crowdsourcing Utility and Operation
[0172] Various aspects and examples associated with the
crowdsourcing utility are described below. As will be further
described below, "Utility" or "the Utility" or any variations
thereof, may be considered to be, for example, the back-end
server-side system that implements software and/or program
instructions to facilitate and maintain the crowdsourcing
functionalities (receive and organize data) of the SIMM and also
determine the appropriate mappings to various risk buckets based on
votes submitted by the SIMM users.
[0173] As described above, each asset class may contain risk
buckets that are used to classify one or more risk factor
sensitivities to be input into the SIMM. FIG. 3A is an example
table illustrating "credit qualifying" SIMM risk buckets in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention. FIG. 3B is an
example table illustrating "credit non-qualifying" SIMM risk
buckets in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
Moreover, FIG. 3C is an example table illustrating "equities" SIMM
risk buckets in accordance with one or more aspects of the
invention. As illustrated, each of the examples tables shown in
FIGS. 3A-C show a "bucket number" column, a "credit quality"
column, and a "sector" column.
[0174] It is understood that any party subject to the uncleared
margin requirements is eligible to participate in crowdsourcing. In
one embodiment, the users, parties utilizing the SIMM may submit
data only for positions on their books that are in scope for
uncleared margin requirements.
[0175] By way of example, for each underlying asset, each
submitting firm can provide one identifier with a corresponding
SIMM bucket as shown in FIGS. 3A-C to the Utility. This is to be
considered to be one "vote." For instance, each submitting firm may
apply its own internal logic and/or criteria to determine the vote
to be submitted to the Utility. For example, current credit ratings
can be used.
[0176] The frequency of the submission of votes to the Utility may
vary, e.g., daily, weekly, bi-weekly, etc. However, in one example,
submissions are made at least monthly. Thus, in this example, the
votes submitted to the crowdsourcing Utility will "expire" after
one month to ensure data is current, and to dynamically "manage
out" votes from firms that no longer hold a position.
[0177] A new vote from a firm may, for instance, override the
firm's previous vote for a specific asset underlier. In this
regard, previously submitted votes for specific asset underliers
may remain valid until they are overridden (or, in the above
example, upon their monthly expiration).
[0178] The firms submitting votes may decide to supplement their
vote with "optional" information. As an example, the optional
information may include information, such as sector, region, etc.
in order to ease the reconciliation process. This may be dependent
on a firm's data licensing with its data vendors.
[0179] If new firms come into scope for uncleared margin
requirements, the Utility may be configured to accommodate the new
users to submit their votes for crowdsourcing.
[0180] In some instances, the Utility may need to perform certain
checks on incoming data to ensure the integrity of the data.
[0181] Various aspects and examples associated with data submission
to the Utility are described below. For example, data submission
may include asset identifiers and asset class scope.
[0182] In examples related to credit qualifying assets, and further
in the context of single names, an International Securities
Identification Number ("ISIN") may be used to identify an underlier
asset. For example, SIMM users may submit one ISIN for each
underlier and seniority pairing and a corresponding relevant SIMM
bucket in FIG. 3A. By way of example, FIG. 4A is a submission
example from a template. As shown in FIG. 4A, the submission
example includes three columns: "Red Preferred ISIN/ISIN," "Select
ISDA SIMM Bucket," and "Name of issuer/underlying," which further
includes entry "XS0741962681," "CRQ 2," and "ABN AMRO Bank N. V.,"
respectively.
[0183] Since there may be multiple ISINs for each issuer/seniority
pairing, users may provide the ISIN designated by Markit.RTM. as
the RED Preferred ISIN, if known and available, including for
Standard Reference Obligation (SRO) trades. If a RED Preferred ISIN
is not known or available, then the ISIN agreed or confirmed on the
trade(s) may be submitted. (For instance, Markit.RTM. has confirmed
that the SRO ISIN is the RED preferred ISIN associated with each
SRO trade).
[0184] In examples related to credit qualifying assets, and further
in the context of indices, credit qualifying indices may be
decomposed into constituents, each constituent being mapped to a
SIMM bucket following a similar methodology for single names.
[0185] In this example, a known list of reference entities which
have no ISINs may exist. In that regard, for purposes of the SIMM
Crowdsourcing Utility, a set of static Dummy ISINs may be provided
for purposes of submission. FIG. 4B illustrates an example table of
dummy ISINs. For example, the table includes a first column that
recites "List of Reference Entity Long Names with No ISINs" and a
second column that recites "ISDA SIMM Dummy ISINs."
[0186] In examples related to credit non-qualifying assets, and
further in the context of single names, users may, for instance,
submit one ISIN for each underlier and a corresponding relevant
SIMM bucket in FIG. 3B. By way of example only, FIG. 5A is a
submission example from a template. As shown in FIG. 5A, the
submission example includes three columns: "Red Preferred
ISIN/ISIN," "Select ISDA SIMM Bucket," and "Name of
issuer/underlying," which further includes entry "XS0259419400,"
"Credit Non Q 1," and "Residential Mortgage Security,"
respectively
[0187] In some examples related to credit non-qualifying assets,
and further in the context of indices, there may not be any ISINs
for credit non-qualifying indices (e.g. ABX/CMBX/TRS on Interest
Only ("IO") and TRS on Principal Only ("PO")). In this regard, the
Utility may host, maintain, and/or publish a standard best practice
mapping table which maps specific credit non-qualifying indices to
appropriate ISDA SIMM risk buckets as agreed, in order to minimize
discrepancies in risk buckets between firms. As such, the mapping
table may be maintained at the index level by the Utility. Thus,
the Utility may make the sources of input for the table, as well as
the rules for maintenance of the table, transparent to users of the
SIMM. For example, FIG. 5B illustrates an example mapping table
maintained at the index level by the Utility. As shown, the mapping
table may include a first column "Mortgage Index" and a second
column "ISDA SIMM bucket."
[0188] In examples related to equities assets, and further in the
context of single names, users may submit one ISIN for each
underlier and a corresponding relevant SIMM bucket in FIG. 3C. By
way of example, FIG. 6 is a submission example from a template. As
shown in FIG. 6, the submission example includes five columns:
"ISIN," "Select ISDA SIMM Bucket," "Issuer Name--per Bloomberg,"
"Additional Identifier Type," and "Input Identifier," which further
includes entry "FR0000121667," "EQ 5," "Essilor International SA,"
a no-entry, and a no-entry, respectively.
[0189] In some examples related to equities assets, and further in
context of indices, equity indices may have distinct SIMM risk
buckets for "Equity indices," "ETFs," and/or "Funds."
[0190] In addition the examples described above, crowdsourcing
functionalities may be contemplated for and applied to other types
of assets that may require the consistent application of SIMM
parameter to input sensitivities for certain asset classes and
products.
[0191] Various aspects and examples associated with the
determination and output of results from the Utility are described
below.
[0192] At predetermined time intervals, e.g., hourly, daily,
weekly, monthly, etc., the Utility may be configured to tally all
the votes, such as the voted buckets, and publish a final results
report of consensus SIMM buckets for firms to utilize.
[0193] For example, the Utility may determine consensus mappings to
risk buckets based on the bucket that receives the most votes from
the SIMM users. In the event of a split-decision (e.g., a tie vote
with no majority), the more punitive bucket in terms or risk
weighting may be considered the "winner" or the bucket that is
chosen, and reported as the resulting crowdsourced SIMM risk
bucket. If a tie vote includes risk buckets with the same risk
weighting, the lowest bucket numerically may be considered the
winner and will be reported as the resulting crowdsourced SIMM risk
bucket. For example, the SIMM risk bucket number 1 ("one") can be
considered the lowest numerical bucket. In the event of a
split-decision based on the votes in the "Residual" bucket, the
SIMM bucket which is outside of the residual bucket may be
considered the winner and subsequently chosen as the resulting
crowdsourced SIMM risk bucket.
[0194] As an example, the Utility can provide a consensus SIMM
bucket in the results even when only one vote from a SIMM user is
received.
[0195] The Utility may provide the output of results at
predetermined times, e.g., daily at a certain time, such as 1:00
.mu.m. EST on T+1. For instance, FIG. 7 illustrates an example
submissions and results timeline. If the output of the results are
provided daily, then the output each day may be based on all
relevant votes received prior to that day's cut-off and up to one
month prior. Since votes submitted to the crowdsourcing Utility may
"expire" after one month, as discussed above, the votes that are
considered to be expired would not be tallied by the Utility and
therefore not affect the results. In some instances, SIMM users may
reserve the right to further assess the timing of the results, such
as during industry testing.
[0196] The Utility may publish the consensus results, including the
number of votes per SIMM bucket. Users of the Utility may also
receive all output data, not just the asset underliers they
submitted to the Utility. It is envisioned that there may be
different tiers of subscribers for reports on results.
[0197] In order to ensure that the consensus crowdsourced results
are available to users with varying operational capabilities, the
Utility may be able to deliver results reports via multiple methods
and data platforms, while also taking into account privacy issues
during the delivery of the results reports. Data results or reports
may periodically be requested by the entity operating the SIMM for
purposes of maintaining the integrity of the SIMM, or by SIMM users
or regulators for audit purposes.
[0198] Various aspects and examples associated with consumption,
e.g., application of results by the SIMM users, are described
below.
[0199] As an example, the data published by the Utility may be used
for margin calculations by those parties in scope for margin
requirements for uncleared derivatives as part of the broader
application of the SIMM.
[0200] Institutions, firms, users, and the like must be able to
consume (e.g., utilize, analyze, review, etc.) crowdsourcing
results, including each underlying asset identifier and
corresponding consensus SIMM bucket, from the Utility through FTP,
as well as other data delivery channels to be proposed by the
Utility.
[0201] Utility output results may be applied by firms or end users
for risk calculations with a lag of T+2 days. FIG. 7 illustrates a
submissions and results timeline. It depicts the timeline of when
"Trade A" is executed, for example, and when the firms vote on
"Trade A," when firms received the Utility results, and also
depicts margin calls. Participants may again reserve the right to
further assess this timing of the results, such as during industry
testing.
[0202] If necessary, in some situations, each institution can
override its internal SIMM bucket with the Utility output SIMM
buckets for IM calculations, etc.
[0203] Various aspects and examples associated with other possible
functions of the Crowdsourcing Utility, such as risk factor
netting, are described below. As an example, for trades within the
same SIMM bucket, proper identifiers may need to be used to net
across different security issuances.
[0204] For example, in the context of equity assets, the ISIN may
be used to net across different stocks traded across multiple
exchanges, which is depicted by the chart below:
TABLE-US-00051 Bloomberg SECU- SIMM ISIN SEDOL Ticker RITY_NAME
BUCKET GB00B03MLX29 B09CBL4 RDSA NA Royal Dutch 7 Shell PLC
GB00B03MLX29 B03MLX2 RDSA LN Royal Dutch 7 Shell PLC GB0005405286
6158163 5 HK HSBC 8 Holdings PLC GB0005405286 0540528 HSBA LN HSBC
8 Holdings PLC
[0205] In another example, in the context of credit qualifying
assets, internally maintained issuer fields, such as the TICKER,
may be used, as depicted by the chart below. The below chart
illustrates that the TICKER provides full offset across different
bond issues, whereas the "RED ENTITY CODE" field may not.
TABLE-US-00052 RED CREDIT SIMM ENTITY ISIN QUALITY BUCKET
SECURITY_NAME NAME SHORT_NAME TICKER CODE XS0564563921 HY 11 ALUPP
8 1/2 01/15/16 ALCATEL- ALCATEL- ALUFP FF1AAK LUCENT LUCENT
US549463AC10 HY 11 ALUPP 8 1/2 01/15/28 ALCATEL- LUCENT TECH ALUFP
014ALT LUCENT USA INC US655422AU70 IG 3 GLENLN 5 1/2 06/15/17
GLENCORE NORANDA INC GLENLN 3AFA95 CANADA CORP XS0305188533 IG 3
GLENLN 5 1/4 06/13/17 GLENCORE XTRATA FIN GLENLN GPHAA6 FINANCE CAN
CANADA XS0288783979 IG 3 GLENLN 6 1/2 02/27/19 GLENCORE GLENCORE
GLENLN HK5754 FINANCE FINANCE EUROPE
[0206] The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to
illustrate the invention and is not intended to be limiting. Since
modifications of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit
and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the
art, the invention should be construed to include everything within
the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof. Although
the disclosure use terminology and acronyms that may not be
familiar to the layperson, those skilled in the art will be
familiar with the terminology and acronyms used herein.
* * * * *